Albert Einstein was a Theoretical Physicist of German origin. He is the one who developed a pillar of modern Physics, the Theory of Relativity. Be it his mass-energy equivalence formula or his law of photoelectric effect, the theories he postulated changed the history of science forever. His works are still studied in standard institutions of learning throughout the world.
About Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was born on 14th March 1879 in Ulm in the Kingdom of Wurttemberg in the German empire. His father’s name was Herman Einstein and his mother’s name was Pauline Koch. His father worked as a salesman and as an engineer. In 1880, his father along with his family moved to Munich. His father and his uncle founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie. It is a company that manufactures electrical equipment based on direct current.
After birth, Albert Einstein’s head was much larger than his body and he was born as a deformed abnormal child. Usually, children start speaking at the age of 2, but Albert Einstein started speaking after 4 years of age. When Einstein was 5 years old, his father gifted him with a magnetic compass on his birthday. The needle of the compass used to be in the North Direction, and seeing this, he became very fascinated and developed an interest to explore science well.
His Childhood
Albert Einstein was born on 14th March 1879, in Ulm, where his family ran a small shop. He had two siblings, an elder sister named Maja and a younger brother named Hans Albert. The Einsteins were non-observant Jews and moved to Munich when Albert was one year old. His parents wanted him to become a businessman, but he showed scientific inclinations from his childhood days. From 1890, the family resided in Milan where Einstein underwent Technical High School education. Since his father had relocated to Italy for work purposes, Albert Einstein decided not to move with his family to Berlin after matriculating from the Zurich Polytechnic in 1896.
He had problems with authority and left his academic institutions without a degree on several occasions. He started working as a patent clerk at the Swiss Patent Office in 1902, where he spent most of his time on theoretical physics. In 1905, he published four papers that revolutionized Physics. They were on (I) Brownian motion, (ii) photoelectric effect, (iii) special relativity and (iv) equivalence of mass and energy, which is famously known as the E=mc2 equation. He worked on unified field Theory for more than ten years but was unable to complete it.
Education
At the age of 5, he joined the Catholic Elementary School in Munich. After that, he enrolled in Luitpold Gymnasium, where he received his primary and secondary school education. When Albert Einstein was 15 years old, his father wanted him to do electrical engineering but Einstein used to fight with the authority of his school, about their way of teaching. He believed that due to so many strict rules and regulations in the school, the creative mind of children was lost and they only knew the strict rote learning. Einstein was thrown out of school too many times due to this behavior of his. He used to fight with his teachers, he also raised questions about their way of teaching.
At the age of 12, Einstein started learning Calculus on his own, and when he became 14 years old, he mastered Integral and Differential Calculus. Einstein got married in 1903 to Marci. In 1904 his son named Hans Albert Einstein was born, and in 1910 his second son Eduard was born.
Contribution Towards Science
Albert received a patent officer job at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property in Bern, Switzerland, at the age of 23, after completing college. While working there, he completed his Ph.D., after which he became a professor at the University of Zurich. During this period he gave the theory of mass-energy (E = mc2). The atomic bombs dropped in Japan were built on this principle. However, throughout his life, Albert Einstein was against the atomic bomb dropped on Japan. He then gave a new theory of relativity, falsifying the old rules of relativity given by Isaac Newton, which proved that time and light are not constant. If traveling at the speed of light, i.e. 300000 km, it will be slow, and millions of years have passed on Earth. That is, he proved that time travel can be done. However, till date scientists have not been able to build a spaceship that can travel at the speed of light.
In 1977, NASA conducted an experiment to prove this theory in which they set the clock in a satellite and were left to orbit the Earth. After a few years, when the satellite’s clock was checked, it was much slower than the Earth’s clock. In this theory of quantum physics, Indian scientist Satyendra Nath Bose wrote a letter from India to Albert Einstein in which he said that Newton’s relativity theory is wrong. Albert Einstein then agreed to the letter of Satyendra Nath Bose, and he published that paper and later gave a new theory of relativity. Albert Einstein made many other inventions with this theory.
He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981 for his photoelectric effect. In 1933, Hitler killed millions of people in Germany, and at the same time, Albert Einstein was changing the whole world with science. He went to America from Europe forever, taking the citizenship there because Hitler placed a reward of [$]5000 on Albert Einstein’s head and burned all his research books.
Moving to the United States
During World War-I, he was invited to join the Bureau of Standards in Washington before accepting its offer officially. He moved to the United States of America with his family in April 1933 after Hitler’s rise to power.
He advised breaking up Bell Labs and nationalizing the electricity supply industry, worked on defense projects during World War II, and became a citizen of the United States in 1940.
In 1951, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics «for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.»
Albert Einstein died on 18th April 1955 at Princeton Hospital, New Jersey. He was 76 years old.
Death and Awards
On 17th April 1955, Einstein underwent internal bleeding in the Lower Abdominal, and he was taken to a hospital where the doctor asked him to undergo a surgery. Albert Einstein refused to undergo the surgery, and said that he would go when he wanted, and that it is tasteless to prolong life artificially. He told me that he would like to die like that. Later research was done on Albert Einstein’s brain and it was found that the parts of Einstein’s brain that were for mathematical calculus had developed 15% more as compared to the brains of normal people.
The whole world celebrates Albert Einstein’s birthday on 14th March as World Genius Day. He had published more than 300 research papers on science in his life and had contributed to the advancement of science. This is the reason that Times magazine has awarded Albert Einstein the title of Person of the Century. Einstein received numerous awards and honors, and in 1922, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics «for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect».
Conclusion
Albert Einstein was one of the best scientists, mathematicians, and physicists of the 20th century. In the early twentieth century, Albert Einstein formulated theories that changed the thinking of physicists and non-specialists alike. He will always be remembered for his law of photoelectric effect and mass-energy equivalence formula. His body of work is studied in universities across the world to this day. He is a famous and known name in the world of Physics, he also achieved a lot, and was awarded the Nobel Prize for his commendable research and accomplishments.
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Albert Einstein (1)
This German physicist is considered one of the world’s greatest thinkers in history. Not only did he shape the way people think of time, space, matter, energy, and gravity but he also was a supporter of Zionism and peaceful living.
Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany, and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his family owned a small shop. He attended schooling in Munich, which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught himself Euclidean geometry at the age of 12.
Later his family was forced to move to Milan, Italy where he then decided to withdraw from school at the age of 15. Eventually, he realized that he had to finish secondary school. On the other hand, he still often skipped class to study physics on his own.
At age 22, he became a Swiss citizen and in 1903 married a woman, named Mileva Marec. In a few years, two sons were born but in 1919 he divorced as to marry his cousin.
On the other hand, he published five major research papers at the age of 26.
The first paper was on Brownian motion, which would get him his doctorate in 1905.
The second paper laid the base of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, titled quanta or photons. The paper remade the theory of light. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are struck by light. Televisions are practical applications of Einstein’s discoveries.
The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, contained the « special theory of relativity ». He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and the speed of light is constant and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe.
The fourth was a mathematical addition to the special theory of relativity. This is where he presented his famous E = mc2, also known as the energy mass equivalence.
His fifth paper was his general theory of relativity. In which he proposed that gravity is not a force, a previously accepted theory but it’s a curved field in the space-time continuum created in the presence of mass.
In 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize for physics for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity although the other papers where still considered controversial.
In 1933, he moved to the USA where he became a citizen ir 1940. Einstein died in Princeton, NJ, on April 18,1955.
Альберт Эйнштейн (1)
Этого немецкого физика считают одним из самых великих мыслителей в истории. Мало того что он сформулировал человеческое представление о времени» пространстве, энергии и гравитации, но он также был сторонником сионизма и мира.
Эйнштейн родился в Ульме, Германия, 14 марта 1879 года и большую часть своей молодости провел в Мюнхене, где его семье принадлежал небольшой магазинчик. В Мюнхене он ходил в школу, которую он считал невыносимо скучной. К тому же он в возрасте 12 лет сам выучил евклидову геометрию.
Позже его семья была вынуждена переехать в Милан, Италия, где он позже, в возрасте 15 лет, решил уйти из школы. Возможно он и понимал, что ему необходимо закончить общеобразовательную школу. С другой стороны, он все также продолжал пропускать уроки, чтобы самостоятельно учить физику.
В возрасте 22 лет он стал гражданином Швейцарии, а в 1903 году женился на Милеве Марек. В скором времени у него рождается два сына, но в 1919 году он разводится, чтобы женится на своей двоюродной сестре.
В возрасте 26 лет он публикует пять главных исследовательских работ.
Первая его работа была посвящена броуновскому движению, она и принесет ему докторскую степень в 1905 году.
Вторая работа легла в основу фотона, или квантовой теории света. Считается, что свет состоит из отдельных частичек энергий, названных квантами, или фотонами. Работа Эйнштейна переосмысливает теорию света. В ней он также объясняет испускание электронов некоторыми твердыми телами, когда эти электроны выбиваются светом. Телевидение — это практическое применение открытий Эйнштейна.
Третья работа, которая была начата им как эссе в возрасте 16 лет, содержала «специальную теорию относительности». Он показал, что время и движение относительны для наблюдателя, если время — это константа, законы мироздания одинаковы во всей Вселенной.
Четвертая работа — математическое дополнение к специальной теории относительности. Именно здесь он представил свою знаменитую формулу E = mc2, также известную как эквивалентность массы и энергии.
Пятой работой была общая теория относительности, в которой он сделал предположение, что гравитация — это не сила, как было принято в предыдущих теориях, это искривленное поле в пространственно-временном континууме, которое образуется вблизи массивных объектов.
В 1921 году Эйнштейн выиграл Нобелевскую премию по физике за свою работу по общей теории относительности, хотя другие работы оспаривают это.
В1933 году он переехал в США, где получил гражданство в 1940 году. Эйнштейн умер в Принстоне, штат Нью-Джерси, 18 апреля 1955 года.
Questions:
1. What is Albert Einstein famous for?
2. Why did Albert usually skip classes usually?
3. Why did Albert Einstein get doctorate in 1905?
4. Why was Einstein’s second paper important?
5. What did the third paper contain?
6. What was presented in the fourth paper?
7. What theory did Einstein propose in his fifth paper?
8. What did Albert Einstein win the Nobel Prize for?
Vocabulary:
to consider — считать
gravity — гравитация
supporter — сторонник
dull — скучный, занудный
Euclidean geometry — евклидова геометрия
to move to — переехать куда-либо
to withdraw (past withdrew, p.p. withdrawn) — уходить
to skip — пропускать ( уроки )
photon — фотон
quantum theory of light — квантовоя теория света
emissions of electrons — испускание электронов
solid objects — твердые тела
theory of relativity — теория относительности
motion — движение
observer — наблюдатель
natural laws — законы природы
universe — Вселенная
energy mass equivalence — эквивалентность массы и энергии
curved field — искривленное поле
confirmation — подтверждение
controversial — спорный
A majority of people think that Albert Einstein was one of the greatest scientists ever lived on Earth. The idea of creation of the General theory of relativity and the special theory of relativity belong to him, as well as a powerful contribution to the development of other fields of physics.
Future winner Nobel prize was born on 14 March 1879 in Ulm, Germany. No one could think that the boy can have a great future in science, as he could start talking very late. Einstein spoke badly and slowly, the parents thought that the boy has problems with development.
He was not a great student and had a reputation of a quitter, because he preferred to read scientific journals in cafe instead of lectures. Many teachers did not believe that he will turn out something worthwhile.
His masterpiece – the General theory of relativity, was completed in 1915 in Berlin. It set out a whole new take on space and time. Among other phenomena, the work predicted the deflection of light rays in a gravitational field; British scientists subsequently confirmed the information. However, the Nobel prize in physics Einstein won for the explanation of the photoelectric effect, but not for his brilliant theory.
Einstein had died because of a hemorrhage in the cavity of the abdomen on 18 April 1955 and it was a bitter loss for the entire scientific world.
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Большинство людей думают, что Альберт Эйнштейн был одним из величайших ученых, когда-либо живших на Земле. Ему принадлежит идея создания общей теории относительности и специальной теории относительности, а также он сделал мощный вклад в развитие других областей физики.
Будущий лауреат Нобелевской премии родился 14 марта 1879 года в Ульме, Германия. Никто не и подумать не мог, что у мальчика может быть большое будущее в науке, так как он научился говорить очень поздно. Эйнштейн говорил плохо и медленно, родители думали, что у мальчика проблемы с развитием.
Он не был хорошим учеником и имел репутацию лодыря, потому что он предпочитал читать научные журналы в кафе вместо посещения лекций. Многие преподаватели не верили, что из него выйдет что-то стоящее.
Его шедевр – общая теория относительности, была завершена в 1915 году в Берлине. В ней он изложил совершенно новое видение пространства и времени. Среди прочих явлений, в работе предсказывалось отклонение световых лучей в гравитационном поле; впоследствии британские ученые подтвердили этот факт. Однако, Нобелевскую премию по физике Эйнштейн получил за объяснение фотоэффекта, а не за свою гениальную теорию.
Эйнштейн умер из-за кровоизлияния в полость живота от 18 апреля 1955 года. Это была большая потеря для всего научного мира.
Для хорошего запоминания рекомендуем заниматься с репетиторами по скайпу по различным языкам.
В этом материале вы можете узнать биографию Эйнштейна с переводом.
Источники информации: страница Википедии и страницы с официального сайта Нобелевской премии (1, 2), где вы можете подробнее почитать про А. Эйнштейна.
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Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. |
He moved to Switzerland in 1895 and renounced his German citizenship a year later. He entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics.
In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office.
In 1905 he published four groundbreaking papers, which attracted the attention of the academic world.
The first outlined the theory of the photoelectric effect, the second paper explained Brownian motion, the third paper introduced special relativity, and the fourth was about mass-energy equivalence.
In 1914 Albert Einstein was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914. He remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship.
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In 1933 Einstein emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton. He became a United States citizen in 1940. |
Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity. It is one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). He is best known to the general public for his mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc2.
He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics «for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.»
He died on April 18, 1955 at the age of 76 at Princeton, New Jersey.
Перевод на русский язык
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Альберт Эйнштейн родился 14 марта 1879 года в Ульме, Королевство Вюртемберг, Германия. Шесть недель спустя семья переехала в Мюнхен, где он начал учиться в Луитпольдовской гимназии. |
Он переехал в Швейцарию в 1895 году и годом позже отказался от немецкого гражданства. Он поступил в Швейцарскую высшую техническую школу в Цюрихе, чтобы получить образование учителя физики и математики.
В 1901 году, когда он получил диплом, он получил швейцарское гражданство и начал работать на должности технического ассистента в Швейцарском патентном бюро.
В 1905 году он опубликовал четыре новаторские работы, которые привлекли внимание академического мира.
В первом излагалась теория фотоэффекта, во втором – объяснение броуновского движения, в третьем – специальная теория относительности, а в четвертом – эквивалентность массы и энергии.
В 1914 году Альберт Эйнштейн был назначен директором Физического института кайзера Вильгельма и профессором Берлинского университета. Он стал гражданином Германии в 1914 году. Он оставался в Берлине до 1933 года, когда он отказался от своего гражданства.
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В 1933 году Эйнштейн эмигрировал в Америку и занял должность профессора теоретической физики в Принстоне. Он стал гражданином США в 1940 году. |
Альберт Эйнштейн разработал теорию относительности. Это один из двух столпов современной физики (наряду с квантовой механикой). Широкой публике он известен своей формулой эквивалентности массы и энергии E = mc2.
Он получил Нобелевскую премию по физике 1921 года «за заслуги в теоретической физике и особенно за открытие закона фотоэлектрического эффекта».
Он умер 18 апреля 1955 года в возрасте 76 лет в Принстоне, штат Нью-Джерси.
Albert Einstein is known all over the world as a brilliant theoretical physicist and the founder of the theory of relativity. He is perhaps the greatest scientist of the 20th century. Some of his ideas made possible the atomic bomb, as well as television and other inventions.
He was born in 1879 in a small German town. The Einstein family soon moved to Munich, where Albert went to school. Neither his parents, nor his school teachers thought much of his mental abilities. His uncle often joked: “Not everybody is born to become a professor.” In 1895 Albert failed the entrance examination to a technical college in Zurich. A year later, however, he managed to pass the exam and entered the college.
After graduating from the college, Einstein started to work at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern.
In 1905 he wrote a short article in a science magazine. This was his ‘Special Theory of Relativity’, which gave the world the most famous equation relating
mass and energy (E = me2), the basis of atomic energy.
Later, he became a professor in several European universities and in 1914 moved to Berlin as a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. After ten years of hard work he created his ‘General Theory of Relativity’.
In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for Physics.
A Jew, and a pacifist, he was attacked by the Nazis, and when Hitler came to power in 1933 he decided to settle in the United States.
In 1939 Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Roosevelt, at the request of several prominent physicists, outlining the military potential of nuclear energy and the dangers of a Nazi lead in this field. His letter greatly influenced the decision to build an atomic bomb, though he took no part in the Manhattan Project. After the war he spoke out passionately against nuclear weapons and repression.
Einstein died in 1955. The artificial element einsteinium has been named in his honour.
Перевод топика на русский язык:
Альберт Эйнштейн известен во всем мире как блестящий физик-теоретик и основатель теории относительности. Он, пожалуй, величайший
ученый двадцатого века. Некоторые его идеи сделали возможной атомную бомбу, а также телевиденье и другие изобретения.
Он родился в 1879 в маленьком немецком городке. Семья Эйнштейна вскоре переехала в Мюнхен, где Альберт пошел в школу. Ни родители, ни его учителя не оценили его умственные способности. Дядя часто шутили: “Не каждый рождается, чтобы стать профессором”. В 1895 году Альберт провалил вступительные экзамены в техникум в Цюрихе. Через год, однако, он сумел сдать экзамен и поступил в колледж.
После окончания колледжа, Эйнштейн начал работать в Швейцарском патентном бюро в Берне.
В 1905 году он написал небольшую статью в научный журнал. Это была его ‘Специальная Теория Относительности’, которая подарила миру самое знаменитое уравнение взаимосвязи массы и энергии (E = me2), – основe атомной энергии.
Позднее он стал профессором в нескольких европейских университетах и в 1914 переехал в Берлин в качестве члена Прусской академии наук. После 10 лет напряженной работы он создал свою “Общую теорию относительности”.
В 1921 году Эйнштейн получил Нобелевскую премию по физике.
Будучи евреем, и пацифистом, на него нападали нацисты, и, когда Гитлер пришел к власти в 1933 году, он решил поселиться в Соединенных Штатах.
В 1939 году Альберт Эйнштейн написал письмо президенту Рузвельту, по просьбе нескольких видных физиков, с изложением военного потенциала ядерной энергетики и опасности ведущей роли нацистов в этой области. Его письмо оказало большое влияние на решение о создании атомной бомбы, хотя он и не принимал участия в Манхэттенском проекте. После войны он горячо выступал против ядерного оружия и репрессий.
Эйнштейн умер в 1955 году. Искусственный элемент эйнштейний был назван в его честь.