Донецкая народная республика как пишется

Donetsk People’s Republic

Донецкая Народная Республика

Military occupation and annexation

Flag of Donetsk People's Republic

Flag

Coat of arms of Donetsk People's Republic

Coat of arms
Anthem: Государственный Гимн Донецкой Народной Республики
Gosudarstvennyy Gimn Donetskoy Narodnoy Respubliki
«State Anthem of the Donetsk People’s Republic»[4][5]
Location of Donetsk People's Republic.png

  • Location of the Donetsk People’s Republic, occupying parts of Ukraine’s Donetsk Oblast, in Europe

  •   Russian advances within Donetsk Oblast since 24 February 2022[6]

  •   Russian claimed territories within Donetsk Oblast[7]
Occupied country Ukraine
Occupying power Russia
Breakaway state[a] Donetsk People’s Republic (2014–2022)
Disputed republic of Russia Donetsk People’s Republic (2022–present)
Entity established 7 April 2014[8]
Eastern Ukraine offensive 24 February 2022
Annexation by Russia 30 September 2022
Administrative centre Donetsk
Government
 • Body People’s Council
 • Head of the DPR Denis Pushilin
Population

 (2019)[9]
 • Total 2,220,500[b]

The Donetsk People’s Republic (Russian: Донецкая Народная Республика, tr. Donetskaya Narodnaya Respublika, IPA: [dɐˈnʲetskəjə nɐˈrodnəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə]; abbreviated as DPR or DNR, Russian: ДНР) is a disputed entity created by Russian-backed separatists[10][11] in eastern Ukraine, which claims Donetsk Oblast. It began as a breakaway state (2014–2022) and was then annexed by Russia in 2022. The city of Donetsk is the claimed capital city.

Pro-Russian unrest erupted in the Donbas region in response to the Ukrainian Revolution of Dignity. In April 2014, armed pro-Russian separatists seized government buildings and declared the Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People’s Republic (LPR) as independent states, which received no international recognition prior to 2022. Ukraine and others viewed them as Russian puppet states[1][2][3] and as terrorist organisations.[12] This sparked the War in Donbas, part of the wider Russo-Ukrainian War which also saw the Russian occupation and annexation of Crimea. The Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Militias occupied almost half of the two oblasts and were at war with the Ukrainian military for the next eight years.

On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised the DPR and LPR as sovereign states. According to some observers, this made the DPR a partially recognized state.[13][14] Three days later, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, partially under the pretext of protecting the republics. Russian forces captured more of Donetsk Oblast, which became part of the DPR. In September 2022, Russia announced the annexation of the DPR and other occupied territories, following disputed referendums. The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling on countries not to recognise what it called the «attempted illegal annexation» and demanded that Russia «immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw».[15][16]

The Head of the Donetsk People’s Republic is Denis Pushilin, and its parliament is the People’s Council. The ideology of the DPR is said to combine various strands of Russian nationalism: Fascist, Orthodox, neo-imperialist and neo-Soviet.[17][18] Russian far-right groups played an important role in the DPR, especially in its early days.[17][18] Organizations such as the United Nations Human Rights Office and Human Rights Watch have reported human rights abuses in the DPR, including internment, torture, extrajudicial killings, forced conscription, as well as political and media repression. The Donetsk People’s Militia has also been held responsible for war crimes, among them the shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17.[19]

History

Ukrainian riot police guarding the entrance to the RSA building on 7 March 2014

Ukrainian military roadblocks in Donetsk oblast on 8 May 2014

The Luhansk and Donetsk Peoples Republics are located in the historical Donbas region of Eastern Ukraine. Since Ukraine’s independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Eastern and Western Ukraine typically have voted for different candidates in presidential elections. Viktor Yanukovych, a Donetsk native, was elected as President of Ukraine in 2010. Eastern Ukrainian dissatisfaction with the government can also be attributed to the Euromaidan Protests which began in November 2013,[20] as well as Russian support[21] due to tension in Russia–Ukraine relations over Ukraine’s geopolitical orientation.[22] President Yanukovych’s overthrow in the 2014 Ukrainian revolution led to protests in Eastern Ukraine, which gradually escalated into an armed conflict between the newly formed Ukrainian government and the local armed militias.[23] The pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine was originally characterised by riots and protests which had eventually escalated into the storming of government offices.[24]

Formation (2014–2015)

Foundations

Pro-Russian separatists occupying the Donetsk RSA building on 7 April 2014

Sloviansk city council under the control of heavily armed men on 14 April 2014

On 7 April 2014, between 1,000 and 2,000[25] pro-Russian rebels attended a rally in Donetsk pushing for a Crimea-style referendum on independence from Ukraine. Ukrainian media claimed that the proposed referendum had no status-quo option.[26] Afterwards, 200–1000 separatists[27][25] stormed and took control of the first two floors of the government headquarters of the Regional State Administration (RSA), breaking down doors and smashing windows. The separatists demanded a referendum to join Russia, and said they would otherwise take unilateral control and dismiss the elected government.[28][29][30] When the session was not held, the unelected separatists held a vote within the RSA building and overwhelmingly backed the declaration of a Donetsk People’s Republic.[31] According to the Russian ITAR-TASS, the declaration was voted by some regional legislators, while Ukrainian media claimed that neither the Donetsk city council nor district councils of the city delegated any representatives to the session.[32][33]

The political leadership initially consisted of Denis Pushilin, self-appointed as chairman of the government,[34][35] while Igor Kakidzyanov was named as the commander of the People’s Army.[36] Vyacheslav Ponomarev became the self-proclaimed mayor of the city of Sloviansk.[37] Ukrainian-born pro-Russian activist Pavel Gubarev,[38][39] an Anti-Maidan activist, a former member of the neo-Nazi Russian National Unity paramilitary group in 1999–2001 and former member of the left-wing populist Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, proclaimed himself the People’s Governor of the Donetsk Region.[40][41][42][43] He was arrested on charges of separatism and illegal seizure of power but released in a hostage swap.[44][45] Alexander Borodai, a Russian citizen claiming to be involved in the Russian annexation of Crimea, was appointed as Prime Minister, while Igor Girkin was made Defence Minister. Borodai had a past working for an openly anti-semitic and fascist Russian newspaper Zavtra which had called for pogroms against Jews.[46][47]

On 6 April, the group’s leaders announced that a referendum on whether Donetsk Oblast should «join the Russian Federation», would take place «no later than May 11th, 2014.»[48] Additionally, the group’s leaders appealed to Russian President Vladimir Putin to send Russian peacekeeping forces to the region.[48][49]

On the morning of 8 April, the ‘Patriotic Forces of Donbas’, a pro-Kyiv group that was formed on 15 March earlier that year by 13 pro-Kyiv NGOs, political parties and individuals,[50][51] issued a statement «cancelling» the other group’s declaration of independence, citing complaints from locals.[52][53][54]

The Donetsk Republic organisation continued to occupy the RSA and upheld all previous calls for a referendum and the release of their leader Pavel Gubarev.[55][c] On 8 April, about a thousand people rallied in front of the RSA listening to speeches about the Donetsk People’s Republic and to Soviet and Russian music.[56] Ukrainian media stated that a number of Russian citizens, including one leader of a far-right militant group, had also taken part in the events.[57] The OSCE reported that all the main institutions of the city observed by the Monitoring Mission seemed to be working normally as of 16 April.[58] On 22 April, separatists agreed to release the session hall of the building along with two floors to state officials.[59] The ninth and tenth floors were later released on 24 April.[60] On the second day of the Republic, organisers decided to pour all of their alcohol out and announce a prohibition law after issues arose due to excessive drinking in the building.[61]

People carrying the DPR flag in Donetsk, 9 May 2014

On 7 May, Russian president Vladimir Putin asked the separatists to postpone the proposed referendum to create the necessary conditions for dialogue. Despite Putin’s comments, the Donetsk Republic group said they would still carry out the referendum.[62] The same day, Ukraine’s security service (SBU) released an alleged audio recording of a phone call between a Donetsk separatist leader and leader of one of the splinter groups of former Russian National Unity Alexander Barkashov.[63] In the call, the voice said to be Barkashov insisted on falsifying the results of the referendum.[64] SBU stated that this tape is a definitive proof of the direct involvement of Russian government with preparations for the referendum.[63]

Polling during this period indicated that around 18 per cent of Donetsk Oblast residents supported the seizures of administrative buildings while 72 per cent disapproved. Twelve per cent were in favour of Ukraine and Russia uniting into a single state, a quarter were in favour of regional secession to join Russia, 38.4 per cent supported federalisation, 41.1 per cent supported a unitary Ukraine with decentralisatised power, and 10.6 per cent supported the status quo.[65][66] In an August 2015 poll, with 6500 respondents from 19 cities of Donetsk Oblast, 29 per cent supported the DPR and 10 per cent considered themselves to be Russian patriots.[67]

Ukrainian authorities released separatist leader Pavel Gubarev and two others in exchange for three people detained by the Donetsk Republic.[68]

On 15 April 2014, acting Ukrainian President Olexander Turchynov announced the start of a military counteroffensive to confront the pro-Russian militants, and on 17 April, tensions de-escalated as Russia, the US, and the EU agreed on a roadmap to eventually end the crisis.[69][70] However, officials of the People’s Republic ignored the agreement and vowed to continue their occupations until a referendum was accepted or the government in Kyiv resigned.[71]

11 May independence referendum

The planned referendum was held on 11 May, disregarding Vladimir Putin’s appeal to delay it.[72] The organisers claimed that 89% voted in favour of self-rule, with 10% against, on a turnout of nearly 75%. The results of the referendums were not officially recognised by any government;[73] Germany and the United States also stated that the referendums had «no democratic legitimacy»,[74] while the Russian government expressed respect for the results and urged a civilised implementation.[75]

On the day after the referendum, the People’s Soviet of the DPR proclaimed Donetsk to be a sovereign state with an indefinite border and asked Russia «to consider the issue of our republic’s accession into the Russian Federation».[citation needed] It also announced that it would not participate in the Ukrainian presidential election which took place on 25 May.[76]

The first full Government of the DPR was appointed on 16 May 2014.[77] It consisted of several ministers who were previously Donetsk functionaries, a member of the Makiivka City Council, a former Donetsk prosecutor, a former member of the special police Alpha Group, a member of the Party of Regions (who allegedly coordinated «Titushky» (Viktor Yanukovych supporters) during Euromaidan) and Russian citizens.[77] This government imposed martial law on 16 July.[78]

Elections in the DPR and LPR were held on 2 November 2014, after the territories had boycotted the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election on 26 October.[79] The results were not recognised by any country.[80][81]

The DPR adopted a memorandum on 5 February 2015, declaring itself the successor to the Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic and Bolshevik revolutionary Fyodor Sergeyev—better known by his alias «Artyom»—as the country’s founding father.[82]

Static war period (2015–2022) | Peace proposals and stalemate

On 12 February 2015, the DPR and LPR leaders, Alexander Zakharchenko and Igor Plotnitsky, signed the Minsk II agreement.[83] According to the agreement, amendments to the Ukrainian constitution should be introduced, including «the key element of which is decentralisation» and the holding of elections in the LPR and DPR within the lines of the Minsk Memorandum. In return, the rebel-held territory would be reintegrated into Ukraine.[83][84] In an effort to stabilise the ceasefire in the region, particularly the disputed and strategically important town of Debaltseve, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko called for a UN-led peacekeeping operation in February 2015 to monitor compliance with the Minsk agreement.[85] The Verkhovna Rada did not ratify the changes in the constitution needed for the Minsk agreement.[86][87][88]

On 20 May 2015, the leadership of the Federal State of Novorossiya, a proposed confederation of the DPR and LPR, announced the termination of the confederation project.[89][90]

On 15 June 2015, several hundred people protested in the centre of Donetsk against the presence of BM-21 «Grad» launchers in a residential area. The launchers had been used to fire at Ukrainian positions, provoking return fire and causing civilian casualties.[91] A DPR leader said that its forces were indeed shelling from residential areas (mentioning school 41 specifically), but that «the punishment of the enemy is everyone’s shared responsibility».[92]

Issuance of the first DPR passports in March 2016 by DPR leader Alexander Zakharchenko. Zakharchenko was assassinated in 2018.[93]

On 2 July 2015, DPR leader Aleksandr Zakharchenko ordered local elections to be held on 18 October 2015 «in accordance with the Minsk II agreements».[94] The 2015 Ukrainian local elections were set for 25 October 2015.[95] This was condemned by Ukraine.[94]

On 4 September 2015, there was a sudden change in the DPR government, where Denis Pushilin replaced Andrey Purgin in the role of speaker of the People’s Council and, in his first decision, fired Aleksey Aleksandrov, the council’s chief of staff, Purgin’s close ally. This happened in absence of Purgin and Aleksandrov who were held at the border between Russia and DPR, preventing their return to the republic. Aleksandrov was accused of «destructive activities» and an «attempt to illegally cross the border» by the republic’s Ministry of Public Security. Russian and Ukrainian media commented on these events as yet another coup in the republic’s authorities.[96][97]

After a Normandy four meeting in which the participants agreed that elections in territories controlled by DPR and LPR should be held according to Minsk II rules, both postponed their planned elections to 21 February 2016.[98] Vladimir Putin used his influence to reach this delay.[99] The elections were then postponed to 20 April 2016 and again to 24 July 2016.[100] On 22 July the elections were again postponed to 6 November.[101]

In July 2016, over a thousand people, mainly small business owners, protested in Horlivka against corruption and taxes, which included charging customs fees on imported goods.[102]

On 2 October 2016, the DPR and LPR held primaries in were voters voted to nominate candidates for participation in the 6 November 2016 elections.[103] Ukraine denounced these primaries as illegal.[103] The DPR finally held elections on 11 November 2018. These were described as «predetermined and without alternative candidates»[104] and not recognised externally.[105]

On 16 October 2016, a prominent Russian citizen and DPR military leader Arsen Pavlov was killed by an improvised explosive device in his Donetsk apartment’s elevator.[106] Another DPR military commander, Mikhail Tolstykh, was killed by an explosion while working in his Donetsk office on 8 February 2017.[107] On 31 August 2018, Head and Prime Minister Alexander Zakharchenko was killed in an explosion in a cafe in Donetsk.[108] After his death Dmitry Trapeznikov was appointed as head of the government until September 2019 when he was nominated mayor of Elista, capital of Kalmyk Republic in Russia.[109] According to Ukrainian authorities, 50 Ukrainian soldiers were killed in clashes with Donbas separatists in 2020.[110]

In January 2021, the DPR and LPR stated in a «doctrine Russian Donbas» that they aimed to seize all of the territories of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblast under control by the Ukrainian government «in the near future.»[111] The document did not specifically state the intention of DPR and LPR to be annexed by Russia.[111]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

The general mobilization in the Donetsk People’s Republic began on 19 February 2022 – 5 days before the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Tens of thousands of local residents were forcibly mobilized for the war. According to the Eastern Human Rights Group, as of mid-June, about 140,000 people were forcibly mobilized in the DPR and LPR, of which from 48,000 to 96,000 were sent to the front and the rest to logistics support.[112][113]

On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised the independence of the DPR and LPR.[114] The next day, the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force, and Russian forces openly advanced into the separatist territories.[115] Russian president Vladimir Putin declared that the Minsk agreements «no longer existed», and that Ukraine, not Russia, was to blame for their collapse.[116] A Russian military attack into Ukrainian government-controlled territory began on the morning of 24 February,[117] when Putin announced a «special military operation» to «demilitarise and denazify» Ukraine.[118][119]

In the course of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, around 55% of Donetsk Oblast came under the control of Russia and the DPR by June 2022.[120] In the south of Donetsk Oblast, the Russian Armed Forces laid siege to Mariupol for almost three months.[121] According to Ukrainian sources, an estimated 22,000 civilians were killed[122] and 20,000 to 50,000 were illegally deported to Russia by June 2022.[123][124][125] A vehicle convoy of 82 ethnic Greeks was able to leave the city via a humanitarian corridor.[126][127]

On 19 April 2022, a town hall assembly was reportedly organized in Russian-occupied Rozivka, where a majority of attendees (mainly seniors) voted by hand to join the Donetsk People’s Republic. This came despite two hurdles: the raion was outside the borders claimed by the DPR, and the raion had not existed since 18 July 2020. The vote was claimed to be rigged, and organizers threatened anyone voting against it with arrest.[128][129]

On 21 May 2022, the town of Oskil in the Kharkiv Oblast was declared part of the DPR. [130] The town was later recaptured by Ukrainian forces during the Kharkiv Counteroffensive.

Dmitry Medvedev, the former Russian president and as of July 2022 vice chairman of the Russian Security Council, in July 2022 shared a map of Ukraine where most of Ukraine, including DPR, had been absorbed by Russia.[131]

A map of Russia (including illegally annexed territories), with the Donetsk People’s Republic highlighted

Der Spiegel reported that forcibly recruited men from Donbas were used as cannon fodder. According to DPR officials, more than 3,000 were killed and over 13,000 wounded, «a casualty rate of 80 percent of the initial fighting force.»[132] Human rights activists reported a huge – up to 30,000 people as of August 2022 – death toll among mobilized recruits in clashes with the well-trained Armed Forces of Ukraine.[112][113] On 16 August 2022, Vladimir Putin stated that «the objectives of this operation are clearly defined – ensuring the security of Russia and our citizens, protecting the residents of Donbass from genocide.»[133]

Annexation by Russia

On 20 September 2022, the People’s Council of the Donetsk People’s Republic scheduled a «referendum» on the republic’s entry into Russia as a federal subject for 23–27 September.[134] On 21 September, Russian President Putin announced a partial mobilization in Russia. He said that «in order to protect our motherland, its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and to ensure the safety of our people and people in the liberated territories», he decided to declare a partial mobilization.[135] On 12 October 2022, the United Nations General Assembly voted in Resolution ES-11/4 to condemn the annexation. The resolution received a vast majority of 143 countries in support of condemning Russia’s annexation, 35 abstaining, and only 5 against condemning Russia’s annexation.[16]

Government and politics

In early April 2014, a Donetsk People’s Council was formed out of protesters who occupied the building of the Donetsk Regional Council on 6 April 2014.[28][29][136] The New York Times described the self-proclaimed state as neo-Soviet,[137] while Al Jazeera described it as neo-Stalinist and a «totalitarian, North Korea-like statelet».[138] Administration proper in DPR territories is performed by those authorities which performed these functions prior to the war in Donbas.[139] The DPR leadership has also appointed mayors.[140][141] Some sources described the «Donetsk People’s Republic» during this period as a Russian puppet government.[142][143][144]

On 5 February 2020, Denis Pushilin unexpectedly appointed Vladimir Pashkov, a Russian citizen and former deputy governor of Russia’s Irkutsk Oblast, as the chairman of the government.[145] This appointment was received in Ukraine as a demonstration of direct control over DPR by Russia.[146]

Several Russian officials were appointed to cabinet posts and prime ministership of the DPR in June and July 2022.[147]

Legislature

The parliament of the Donetsk People’s Republic is the People’s Council[148] and has 100 deputies.[79]

Political parties

Political rally in the DPR, 20 December 2014

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Political parties active in the DPR include Donetsk Republic, the Communist Party of the Donetsk People’s Republic, Free Donbas, and the New Russia Party. Donetsk Republic and the Communists endorsed Prime Minister Alexander Zakharchenko’s candidature for the premiership in 2014.[149][150][better source needed] In the ensuing 2014 elections, the Communists were banned from participating independently because they had «made too many mistakes» in their submitted documents.[151] Donetsk Republic gained a majority in the DPR People’s Soviet with 68.53% of the vote and 68 seats. Free Donbas, including candidates from the Russian-nationalist extremist New Russia Party, won 31.65% of the vote and 32 seats.

Passports and citizenship

In March 2016, the DPR began to issue passports[152] despite a 2015 statement by Zakharchenko that, without at least partial recognition of DPR, local passports would be a «waste of resources».[152] In November 2016 the DPR announced that all of its citizens had dual Ukrainian/Donetsk People’s Republic citizenship.[153]

In June 2019, Russia started giving Russian passports to the inhabitants of the DPR and Luhansk People’s Republic under a simplified procedure allegedly on «humanitarian grounds» (such as enabling international travel for eastern Ukrainian residents whose passports have expired).[154] Since December 2019 Ukrainian passports are no longer considered a valid identifying document in the DPR and Ukrainian licence plates were declared illegal.[155] Meanwhile, the previous favourable view of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky in the DPR press was replaced with personal accusations of genocide and «crimes against Donbas», and proposals of organising a tribunal against him in absentia.[155] In March 2020 Russian was declared to be the only state language of the DPR;[156][unreliable source?] previously in its May 2014 constitution, the DPR had declared both Russian and Ukrainian its official languages.[77]

According to the Ukrainian press, by mid-2021, local residents received half a million Russian passports.[157] Deputy Kremlin Chief of Staff Dmitry Kozak stated in a July 2021 interview with Politique internationale that 470,000 local residents had received Russian passports; he added that «as soon as the situation in Donbass is resolved ….The general procedure for granting citizenship will be restored.»[158]

Military

Banner of the Ministry of Defence

The Donbas People’s Militia was formed by Pavel Gubarev, who was elected People’s Governor of Donetsk Oblast and Igor Girkin, appointed the Minister of Defence of the Donetsk People’s Republic.[159]
The People’s Militia of the DPR (Russian: Вооружённые силы ДНР) comprise the Russian separatist forces in the DPR.
On 10 January 2020 president of the non-recognised pro-Russian Abkhazia accused DPR of staging a coup in his country. DPR commander Akhra Avidzba was commanding on the spot.[160] Unlike South Ossetia, Abkhazia had not then recognised DPR.[161]

Problems of governance

Police in Donetsk wearing insignia related to the Donetsk People’s Republic, 20 September 2014

DPR military parade in Donetsk, 9 May 2018

OSCE monitors met with the self-proclaimed mayor of Sloviansk, Volodymyr Pavlenko, on 20 June 2014.[162] According to him, sewage systems in Sloviansk had collapsed, resulting in the release of least 10,000 litres of untreated sewage into the river Sukhyi Torets [uk], a tributary of the Seversky Donets. He called this an «environmental catastrophe», and said that it had the potential to affect both Russia and Ukraine.[162]

As of May 2014, the Ukrainian Government was paying wages and pensions for the inhabitants of the DPR.[163][164][165] The closing of bank branches led to problems in receiving these,[166][167][168] especially since the National Bank of Ukraine ordered banks to suspend financial transactions in places which are not controlled by the Ukrainian authorities on 7 August 2014.[169] Only the Oschadbank (State Savings Bank of Ukraine) continued to function in territories controlled by the DPR, but it also closed its branches there on 1 December 2014.[169][170] In response, tens of thousands of pensioners have registered their address as being in Ukrainian-controlled areas while still living in separatist-controlled areas, and must travel outside of separatist areas to collect their pensions on a monthly basis.[171]

In October 2014, the DPR announced the creation of its own central bank and tax office, obliging residents to register to the DPR and pay taxes to it.[172] Some local entrepreneurs refused to register.[172]

According to the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine a number of local mutinies have taken place due to unpaid wages and pensions, the council claims that on 24 November 2014, the local «Women Resistance Battalion» presented to Zakharchenko an ultimatum to get out of Donetsk in two months.[173]

Since April 2015, the DPR has been issuing its own vehicle number plates.[174]

The OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine reported that in the DPR, «parallel ‘justice systems’ have begun operating».[175] They found this new judiciary to be «non-transparent, subject to constant change, seriously under-resourced and, in many instances, completely non-functional».[175]

Law and order

The Ministry of Internal Affairs is the DPR’s agency responsible for implementing law and order.[176]

In 2014, the DPR introduced the death penalty for cases of treason, espionage, and assassination of political leaders. There had already been accusations of extrajudicial execution.[177] After 2015 a number of DPR and LPR field commanders and other significant figures were killed or otherwise removed from power.[178][179] This included Cossack commander Pavel Dryomov, commander of Private Military Company (ЧВК) Dmitry Utkin («Wagner»), Alexander Bednov («Batman»), Aleksey Mozgovoy, Yevgeny Ishchenko, Andrei Purgin and Dmitry Lyamin (the last two arrested).[180][181] In August 2016 Igor Plotnitsky, head of LPR, was seriously injured in a car bombing attack in Luhansk.[182] In September 2016 Evgeny Zhilin (Yevhen Zhylin), leader of the separatist «Oplot» unit, was killed in a restaurant near Moscow.[183][184] In October 2016 military commander Arseniy Pavlov («Motorola») was killed by an IED planted at his house.[185] In February 2017 a bomb planted in an office killed Mikhail Tolstykh («Givi»).[186] On 31 August 2018 DPR leader Alexander Zakharchenko was killed by a bomb in a restaurant in Donetsk.[187] The DPR and Russia blamed the Security Service of Ukraine; Ukraine rejected these accusations, stating that Zakharchenko’s death was the result of civil strife in the DPR.[179]

In May 2015, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed four laws concerning decommunisation in Ukraine. Various cities and many villages in Donbas were renamed. The Ukrainian decommunisation laws were condemned by the DPR.[188]

In addition to Ukrainian prisoners of war there are reports of «thousands» of prisoners who were arrested as part of internal fighting between various militant groups inside DPR.[189]

Aiden Aslin, Shaun Pinner, Brahim Saadoune have been sentenced to death. The DPR lifted the death penalty moratorium. [190]

Right-wing nationalism

According to a 2016 report by the French Institute of International Relations (IFRI), Russian ethnic and imperialist nationalism has shaped the official ideology of the Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics.[18] During the War in Donbas, especially at the beginning, far-right groups played an important role on the pro-Russian side, arguably more so than on the Ukrainian side.[18][17] Afterward, the pro-Russian far-right groups gradually became less important in Donbas as the need for Russian radical nationalists started to disappear.[18]

According to Marlène Laruelle, separatist ideologues in Donbas produced an ideology composed of three strands of Russian nationalism: Fascist, Orthodox, and Soviet.[17]

Members and former members of Russian National Unity (RNU), the National Bolshevik Party, Eurasian Youth Union, and Cossack groups formed branches to recruit volunteers to join the separatists.[18][191][192][193] A former RNU member, Pavel Gubarev, was founder of the Donbas People’s Militia and first «governor» of the Donetsk People’s Republic.[18][194] RNU is particularly linked to the Russian Orthodox Army,[18] one of a number of separatist units described as «pro-Tsarist» and «extremist» Orthodox nationalists.[195][18] Neo-Nazi unit ‘Rusich’[18] is part of the Wagner Group, a Russian mercenary group in Ukraine which has been linked to far-right extremism.[196][197]

Some of the most influential far-right nationalists among the Russian separatists are neo-imperialists, who seek to revive the Russian Empire.[18] These included Igor ‘Strelkov’ Girkin, the minister of defence of the Donetsk People’s Republic, who espouses Russian neo-imperialism and ethno-nationalism.[18] The Russian Imperial Movement, a white supremacist militant group,[196] has recruited thousands of volunteers to join the separatists.[195] Some separatists have flown the black-yellow-white Russian imperial flag,[18] such as the Sparta Battalion. In 2014, volunteers from the National Liberation Movement joined the Donetsk People’s Militia bearing portraits of Tsar Nicholas II.[191]

Other Russian nationalist volunteers involved in separatist militias included members of the Eurasian Youth Union, and of banned groups such as the Slavic Union and Movement Against Illegal Immigration.[192] Another Russian separatist paramilitary unit, the Interbrigades, is made up of activists from the National Bolshevik (Nazbol) group Other Russia.[18] An article in Dissent noted that «despite their neo-Stalinist paraphernalia, many of the Russian-speaking nationalists Russia supports in the Donbass are just as right-wing as their counterparts from the Azov Battalion».[198]

In July 2015, the head of the Donetsk People’s Republic, Alexander Zakharchenko, said at a press conference that he respected Ukraine’s far-right party Right Sector «when they beat up the gays in Kyiv and when they tried to depose Poroshenko».[199]

While far-right activists played a part in the early days of the conflict, their importance was often exaggerated, and their importance on both sides of the conflict declined over time. The political climate in Donetsk further pushed far-right groups into the margins.[18]

In April 2022, news outlets noted that a video posted on Donetsk People’s Republic’s website showed Denis Pushilin awarding a medal to Lieutenant Roman Vorobyov (Somalia Battalion) while Vorobyov was wearing patches affiliated with neo-Nazism: the Totenkopf used by the 3rd SS Panzer Division, and the valknut. However, the video did not show Vorobyov getting his medal when it was posted on Pushilin’s website.[200][201]

Recognition and international relations

Crimea, which Russia annexed in 2014, is shown in pink. Pink in the Donbas region represents areas held by the DPR/LPR in September 2014 (cities in red)

The Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) initially sought recognition as a sovereign state following its declaration of independence in April 2014. Subsequently, the DPR willingly acceded to the Russian Federation as a Russian federal subject in September–October 2022, effectively ceasing to exist as a sovereign state in any capacity and revoking its status as such in the eyes of the international community. The DPR claims direct succession to Ukraine’s Donetsk Oblast.

From 2014 to 2022, Ukraine, the United Nations, and most of the international community regarded the DPR as an illegal entity occupying a portion of Ukraine’s Donetsk Oblast (see: International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War). The Luhansk People’s Republic (LPR), which had a similar backstory, was regarded in the exact same way. Crimea’s status was treated slightly differently since Russia annexed that territory immediately after its declaration of independence in March 2014.

Up until February 2022, Russia did not recognise the DPR, although it maintained informal relations with the DPR. On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognised the DPR and the LPR at the same time,[202] marking a major escalation in the 2021–2022 diplomatic crisis between Russia and Ukraine. Three days later, on 24 February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of the entire country of Ukraine, partially under the pretext of protecting the DPR and the LPR. The war had wide-reaching repercussions for Ukraine, Russia, and the international community as a whole (see: War crimes, Humanitarian impact, Environmental impact, Economic impact, and Ukrainian cultural heritage). In September 2022, Russia made moves to consolidate the territories that it had occupied in Ukraine, including Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts. Russia officially annexed these four territories in September–October 2022.

Between February 2022 and October 2022, in addition to receiving Russian recognition, the DPR was recognised by North Korea (13 July 2022)[203] and Syria (29 June 2022).[204][205] This means that three United Nations member states recognised the DPR in total throughout its period of de facto independence. The DPR was also recognised by three other breakaway entities: the LPR, South Ossetia (19 June 2014),[206] and Abkhazia (25 February 2022).[207]

Relations with Ukraine

The Ukrainian government passed the «Law on the special status of Donbas [uk]» on 16 September 2014, which designated a special status within Ukraine on certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions (CADLR), in line with the Minsk agreements.[citation needed] The status lasted for three years, and then was extended annually several times.[208]

In January 2015, Ukraine declared the Russia-backed separatist republics in Donbas to be terrorist organizations.[209]

Relations with Russia

Russia has recognised identity documents, diplomas, birth, and marriage certificates and vehicle registration plates as issued by the DPR and the LPR since 18 February 2017,[210] enabling people living in DPR-controlled territories to travel, work, or study in Russia.[210] According to the decree, it was signed «to protect human rights and freedoms» in accordance with «the widely recognised principles of international humanitarian law».[211]

On February 21, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed agreements on friendship, cooperation, and assistance with DPR and the LPR, coinciding with Russia’s official recognition of the two quasi-states.[202] The Russian State Duma had approved a draft resolution appealing for him to recognize both quasi-states on 15 February.[212] Shortly afterwards, Abkhazia also recognized the independence of the DPR.

Relations with extremist groups in Europe

According to the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group, a number of European politicians from extreme-right and extreme-left have received all-expenses-paid trips to the Donetsk People’s Republic.[213]

Far-right

As well as Russian far-right groups (see #Right-wing nationalism), the DPR has cultivated relations with other European far-right groups and activists. The Lansing Institute for Global Threats and Democracies Studies acquired a memorandum of cooperation between the DPR and the far-right Russian Imperial Movement, which trains foreign volunteers; including members of the neo-Nazi Atomwaffen Division and Der Dritte Weg.[214][215][216][217][218][219] Professor Anton Shekhovtsov, an expert on far-right movements in Russia and abroad, reported in 2014 that Polish neo-fascist group «Falanga», Italian far-right group «Millennium» and French Eurasianists had joined the Donbas separatists.[220][221][222] Members of Serbian Action have also joined the Donbas separatists.[223]

According to Italian newspaper la Repubblica, well-known Italian neo-fascist Andrea Palmeri (former member of the far-right New Force party) has been fighting for the DPR since 2014, and was hailed by DPR leader Gubarev as a «real fascist».[224] Other far-right activists with links to the DPR include French far-right MEP Jean-Luc Schaffhauser, Italian nationalist Alessandro Musolino, German neo-Nazi journalist Manuel Ochsenreiter, and Emmanuel Leroy, a far-right adviser to Marine Le Pen, former leader of the National Rally.[225][226]

Finnish neo-Nazis have been recruited for pro-Russian forces by Johan Bäckman and Janus Putkonen, who are aligned with the local far-right pro-Russian party Power Belongs to the People.[227][228][229][230] Putkonen also runs the Russian-funded DONi (Donbass International News Agency) and MV-media, which publish pro-Russian propaganda about the DPR.[231][232]

Far-left

The DPR has also cultivated relations with various far-left groups. A small number of Spanish socialists travelled to Ukraine to fight for the separatists, with some explaining they were «repaying the favour» to Russia for the USSR’s support to Republicans during the Spanish Civil War.[233] Spanish fighters founded the ‘Carlos Palomino International Brigade’, which flew the flag of the Second Spanish Republic. In 2015, it reportedly had less than ten members, and was later disbanded.[234]

A female member of the Israeli Communist Party also reportedly fought for the separatists in 2015.[235] Other examples of far-left groups fighting for the separatists were the ‘DKO’ (Volunteer Communist Unit) and the Interunit, which has been inactive since 2017.[236][237]

The Italian communist ska punk group Banda Bassotti has also been active in support of the DPR and has organized trips to Donetsk, one of which saw the participation of Eleonora Forenza, a member of the European Parliament for the Communist Refoundation Party.[238] Andrej Hunko, a member of the German parliament for the far-left party Die Linke, also travelled to Donetsk to support the separatists.[239]

Economy

The DPR has its own central bank, the Donetsk Republican Bank. The republic’s economy is frequently described as dependent on contraband and gunrunning,[240] with some labelling it a mafia state. Joining DPR military formations or its civil services has become one of the few guarantees for a stable income in the DPR.[139]

By late October 2014, many banks and other businesses in the DPR were shut, and people were often left without social benefits payments.[172] Sources (who declined to be identified, citing security concerns) inside the DPR administration have told Bloomberg News that Russia transfers 2.5 billion Russian rubles ($37 million) for pensions every month.[241] By mid-February 2016 Russia had sent 48 humanitarian convoys to rebel-held territory that were said to have delivered more than 58,000 tons of cargo including food, medicines, construction materials, diesel generators and fuel and lubricants.[242] President Poroshenko called this a «flagrant violation of international law» and Valentyn Nalyvaychenko said it was a «direct invasion».[243]

Reuters in late October 2014 reported long lines at soup kitchens.[172] In the same month in at least one factory, workers no longer received wages, only food rations.[244]

By June 2015, due to logistical and transport problems, prices in DPR-controlled territory are significantly higher than in territory controlled by Ukraine.[139] This led to an increase of supplies (of more expensive products and those of lower quality) from Russia.[139] Mines and heavy-industry facilities damaged by shelling were forced to close, undermining the wider chain of economic ties in the region.[244] Three industrial facilities were under DPR «temporary management» by late October 2014.[244] By early June 2015, 80% of companies physically located in the Donetsk People’s Republic had re-registered on territory under Ukrainian control.[240]

The new ruling elites of the DPR have displaced the previous oligarchic structures in the region.[245] The new powerholders expropriated profitable businesses. For instance, Rinat Akhmetov lost control over his assets in the region after they were nationalised. Under Russia’s guidance, the republic set up trade and production monopolies through which the trade in coal and steel is organised. Lacking private banks, its own currency, and direct access to the Black Sea, DPR’s survival depends exclusively on Russia’s economic support and trade through the common border.[246]

Marketplace in Donetsk in 2015

A DPR official often promised financial support from Russia without giving specific details.[172] Prime Minister Aleksandr Zakharchenko in late October 2014 stated that «We have the Russian Federation’s agreement in principle on granting us special conditions on gas (deliveries)».[172] Zakharchenko also claimed that «And, finally, we managed to link up with the financial and banking structure of the Russian Federation».[172] When Reuters tried to get more details from a source close to Zakharchenko the only reply was «Money likes silence».[172] Early October 2014 Zakharchenko stated, «The economy will be complete, if possible, oriented towards the Russian market. We consider Russia our strategic partner». According to Zakharchenko this would «secure our economy from impacts from outside, including from Ukraine».[247] According to Yury Makohon, from the Ukrainian National Institute for Strategic Studies, «Trade volume between Russia and Donetsk Oblast has seen a massive slump since the beginning of 2014».[248] Since Russia did not recognise the legal status of the self-proclaimed republic, all the trade it did with it was on the basis of Ukrainian law.[240]

DPR authorities have created a multi-currency zone in which both the rouble (Russia’s currency) and the hryvnia (Ukraine’s currency) can be used, and also the Euro and U.S. Dollar.[139][247] Cash shortages are widespread and, due to a lack of roubles, the hryvnia is the most-used currency.[139] According to Ukraine’s security services in May 2016 alone the Russian government has passed US$19 million in cash to fund the DPR administration as well as 35,000 blank Russian passports.[249]

Since late February 2015, DPR-controlled territories receive their natural gas directly from Russia.[250] According to Russia, Ukraine should pay for these deliveries; Ukraine claims it does not receive payments for the supplies from DPR-controlled territory.[250][251] On 2 July 2015, Ukrainian Energy Minister Volodymyr Demchyshyn announced that he «did not expect» that Ukraine would supply natural gas to territory controlled by separatist troops in the 2015–2016 heating season.[252] Since 25 November 2015 Ukraine has halted all its imports of (and payments for) natural gas from Russia.[253]

Products from the factory in Chystiakove at the trade fair in Donetsk in 2018

The DPR set up its own mobile network operator called Feniks, which was to be fully operational by the end of the summer of 2015.[254] On 5 February 2015, Kyivstar claimed that Feniks illegally used equipment that they officially gave up in territories controlled by pro-Russian separatists.[254] On 18 April 2015, Prime Minister Zakharchenk issued a decree stating that all equipment given up by Kyivstar fell under the control of the separatists in order to «meet the needs of the population in the communication services».[254] The SIM cards of Feniks display the slogan «Connection for the victory».[255]

In June 2015, the DPR authorities announced the start of military pension payments in US dollars.[256]

In mid-March 2017, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed a temporary ban on the movement of goods to and from territory controlled by DPR and LPR. Ukraine has not bought coal from the Donets Black Coal Basin since then.[257]

Anthracite mines under DPR control reportedly supply coal to Poland through Russian shell companies to disguise its real origin.[258]

According to Ukrainian and Russian media, the coal export company Vneshtorgservis, owned by Serhiy Kurchenko, owes massive debts to coal mines located in separatist-controlled territory and other local companies.[259]

Sergey Zdrilyuk («Abwehr»), former deputy of DPR militia, stated in an interview in 2020 that large-scale disassembly of mining equipment for scrap metal and other forms of looting took place routinely during Igor Girkin’s time as a militia commander, and that Girkin took significant amounts of money with him to Moscow. Militia groups such as «Vostok» and «Oplot» as well as various «Cossack formations», were involved in looting on systematic basis.[260][261]

Human rights

An early March 2016 United Nations OHCHR report stated that people that lived in separatist-controlled areas were experiencing «complete absence of rule of law, reports of arbitrary detention, torture and incommunicado detention, and no access to real redress mechanisms».[262]

Freedom House evaluates the eastern Donbas territories controlled by the DPR and LPR as «not free», scoring 4 out of 100 in its 2022 Freedom in the World index, noting issues with severe political and media repression, numerous reports of torture, and arbitrary detention.[263] The Guardian noted on 17 February 2022 «Public opposition in the DPR is virtually non-existent.»[246]

War crimes

Protest in Donetsk against OSCE’s inaction in Donbas, 23 October 2021

An 18 November 2014 United Nations report on eastern Ukraine stated that the DPR was in a state of «total breakdown of law and order».[264] The report noted «cases of serious human rights abuses by the armed groups continued to be reported, including torture, arbitrary and incommunicado detention, summary executions, forced labour, sexual violence, as well as the destruction and illegal seizure of property may amount to crimes against humanity».[264] The November report also stated «the HRMMU continued to receive allegations of sexual and gender-based violence in the eastern regions. In one reported incident, members of the pro-Russian Vostok Battalion «arrested» a woman for violating a curfew and beat her with metal sticks for three hours. The woman was also raped by several pro-Russian rebels from the battalion. The report also states that the UN mission «continued to receive reports of torture and ill-treatment by the Ukrainian law enforcement agencies and volunteer battalions and by the (pro-Russian separatist) armed groups, including beating, death threats, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, and lack of access to medical assistance».[265] In a 15 December 2014 press conference in Kyiv, UN Assistant Secretary-General for human rights Ivan Šimonović stated that the majority of human rights violations were committed in areas controlled by pro-Russian rebels.[266]

The United Nations report also accused the Ukrainian Army and Ukrainian (volunteer) territorial defence battalions, including the neo-Nazi Azov Battalion,[267][268] of human rights abuses such as illegal detention, torture and ill-treatment of DPR and LPR supporters, noting official denials.[264][269] Amnesty International reported on 24 December 2014 that pro-government volunteer battalions were blocking Ukrainian aid convoys from entering separatist-controlled territory.[270]

On 24 July, Human Rights Watch accused the pro-Russian fighters of not taking measures to avoid encamping in densely populated civilian areas.»[271][272] It also accused Ukrainian government forces and pro-government volunteer battalions of indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas, stating that «The use of indiscriminate rockets in populated areas violates international humanitarian law, or the laws of war, and may amount to war crimes.»[271][272]

A report by the OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights that was released on 2 March 2015 described media postings and online videos which indicated that the pro-Russian armed groups of the DPR carried out «summary, extrajudicial or arbitrary executions» of captured Ukrainian soldiers. In one incident, corpses of Ukrainian servicemen were found with «their hands tied with white electrical cable» after the pro-Russian rebel groups captured Donetsk International Airport. In January a DPR leader claimed that the rebel forces were detaining up to five «subversives» between the ages of 18 and 35 per day. A number of captured prisoners of war were forced to march in Donetsk while being assaulted by rebel soldiers and onlookers. The report also said that Ukrainian law enforcement agencies had engaged in a «pattern of enforced disappearances, secret detention and ill-treatment» of people suspected of «separatism» and «terrorism».[273] The report also mentions videos of members of one particular pro-Russian unit talking about running a torture facility in the basement of a Luhansk library. The head of the unit in question was the pro-Russian separatist commander Aleksandr Biednov, known as «Batman» (who was later killed) and the «head» of the torture chamber was a rebel called «Maniac» who «allegedly used a hammer to torture prisoners and surgery kit to scare and extract confessions from prisoners».[273][274]

In September 2015, OSCE published a report on the testimonies of victims held in places of illegal detention in Donbas.[275] In December 2015, a team led by Małgorzata Gosiewska published a comprehensive report on war crimes in Donbas.[276]

Allegations of anti-semitism

Alleged members of the Donetsk Republic carrying the flag of the Russian Federation,[277] passed out a leaflet to Jews that informed all Jews over the age of 16 that they would have to report to the Commissioner for Nationalities in the Donetsk Regional Administration building and register their property and religion. It also claimed that Jews would be charged a $50 ‘registration fee’.[278] If they did not comply, they would have their citizenship revoked, face ‘forceful expulsion’ and see their assets confiscated. The leaflet stated the purpose of registration was because «Jewish community of Ukraine supported Bandera Junta,» and «oppose the pro-Slavic People’s Republic of Donetsk».[277] The authenticity of the leaflet could not be independently verified.[279] The New York Times, Haaretz, and The New Republic said the fliers were «most likely a hoax».[280][281][282] France 24 also reported on the questionable authenticity of the leaflets.[283] According to Efraim Zuroff of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, the leaflets looked like some sort of provocation, and an attempt to paint the pro-Russian forces as anti-semitic.[284] The chief rabbi of Donetsk Pinchas Vishedski stated that the flyer was a fake meant to discredit the self-proclaimed republic,[285] and saying that anti-Semitic incidents in eastern Ukraine are «rare, unlike in Kiev and western Ukraine»[286] and believes the men were ‘trying to use the Jewish community in Donetsk as an instrument in the conflict;’[287] however, he also called the DPR Press Secretary Aleksander Kriakov «the most famous anti-Semite in the region» and questioned DPR’s decision to appoint him.[288]

Religion

Religion in Donbas (Donetsk + Luhansk) (2016)[289]

  Other religions (16.1%)

At first the DPR adopted a constitution which stated that the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate was the official religion of the self-declared state.[290][291] This was changed with the promulgation of a law «on freedom of conscience and religious organisation» in November 2015, backed by three deputies professing Rodnovery (Slavic native faith), whose members organised the Svarozhich Battalion (of the Vostok Brigade) and the Rusich Company.[292][293] The new law caused the dissatisfaction of Metropolitan Hilarion of Donetsk and Mariupol of the Moscow Patriarchate church.[294]

Donetsk separatists consider Christian denominations such as the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and wider Roman Catholic Church, and Protestantism, as all being anti-Russian and see them as obstacles in the path of the separatist goal of uniting the region with Russia.[291] To complement this emphasis on Orthodoxy against churches deemed «heretical» and anti-Russian, the separatists have been successful in enlisting the widespread support of many people in Donetsk belonging to the indigenous Greek Orthodox community. These are mainly Pontic Greeks settled in Donetsk and elsewhere in southern Russia and Ukraine since the Middle Ages, and are in the main descendants of refugees from the Pontic Alps, Eastern Anatolia, and the Crimea, dating to the Ottoman conquests of these regions in the late 15th century. There have been widespread media reports of these ethnic Greeks and those with roots in southern Ukraine now living mainly in Northern Greece fighting with Donetsk separatist forces on the justification that their war represents a struggle for Christian Orthodoxy against the forces of what they often describe as «schismatics» and «fascists».[citation needed]

Romani people

Hundreds of Romani families fled Donbas in 2014.[295] The News of Donbas reported that members of the Donbas People’s Militia engaged in assaults and robbery on the Romani (also known as gypsies) population of Sloviansk. The armed separatists beat women and children, looted homes, and carried off the stolen goods in trucks, according to eyewitnesses.[296][better source needed][297][298][299] Romani fled en masse to live with relatives in other parts of the country, fearing ethnic cleansing, displacement and murder. Some men who decided to remain formed militia groups to protect their families and homes.[298] DPR Mayor Ponomarev said the attacks were only against gypsies who were involved in drug trafficking, and that he was ‘cleaning the city from drugs.’[300] The US mission to the OSCE and Ukrainian Prime Minister Yatsenyuk condemned these actions.[296][297][301]

On 8 June 2014, it was reported that armed militants from the Donetsk Republic attacked a gay club in the capital of Donetsk, injuring several. Witnesses said 20 people forced their way into the club, stealing jewellery and other valuables; the assailants fired shots in the club, and several people were hurt.[302] In July 2015, a DPR Ministry of Information spokesperson stated «there are no gays in Donetsk, as they all went to Kyiv».[303] In 2015, the Deputy Minister of Political Affairs of the Donetsk People’s Republic stated: «A culture of homosexuality is spreading … This is why we must kill anyone who is involved in this.»[304]

Prejudice against Ukrainian speakers

On 18 April 2014, Vyacheslav Ponomarev asked local residents of Sloviansk to report all suspicious persons, especially if they were speaking Ukrainian. He also promised that the local media would publish a phone number to report them.[305]

An 18 November 2014 United Nations report on eastern Ukraine stated that the DPR violated the rights of Ukrainian-speaking children because schools in rebel-controlled areas teach only in Russian and forbid pupils to speak Ukrainian.[264] In its May 2014 constitution, the DPR regime declared Russian and Ukrainian its official languages.[77] However, in March 2020, Russian was declared to be the sole official language of the DPR.[156]

Abductions

The Committee to Protect Journalists said that separatists had seized up to ten foreign reporters during the week following the shooting down of the Malaysian aircraft.[306] On 22 July 2014, armed men from the DPR abducted Ukrainian freelance journalist Anton Skiba as he arrived with a CNN crew at a hotel in Donetsk.[306] The DPR often counters such accusations by pointing towards non-governmental organisations, such as Amnesty International’s reporting that pro-Ukrainian volunteer paramilitary battalions, such as the Aidar Battalion, Donbas Battalion, Azov Battalion often acted like «renegade gangs», and were implicated in torture, abductions, and summary executions.[270][307] Amnesty International and the (OHCHR) also raised similar concerns about Radical Party leader and Ukrainian MP Oleh Lyashko and his militia.[308]

Donetsk has also observed significant rise in violent crime (homicide, rape, including underage victims) under the control of separatist forces.[309] In July 2015 local authorities of Druzhkovka, previously occupied by separatist forces, exposed a previous torture site in one of the town’s cellars.[310]

On 2 June 2017 the freelance journalist Stanislav Aseyev was abducted. Firstly the DPR «government» denied knowing his whereabouts but on 16 July, an agent of the DPR’s Ministry of State Security confirmed that Aseyev was in their custody and that he was suspected of espionage. Independent media is not allowed to report from the DPR-controlled territory.[311] Amnesty International, the Committee to Protect Journalists, the European Federation of Journalists, Human Rights Watch, the Norwegian Helsinki Committee, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, PEN International, Reporters Without Borders and the United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe have called for the immediate release of Aseyev.[312][313][314][315][316][317] He was released as part of a prison exchange and handed over to Ukrainian authorities on 29 December 2019.[318]

Sergey Zdrilyuk («Abwehr»), former deputy of DPR militia, confirmed in 2020 that Igor Girkin personally executed prisoners of war he considered «traitors» or «spies».[260][261] This statement was first made in Girkin’s interview earlier that year, although Girkin insisted the executions were part of his «military tribunal based on laws of war». Girkin also confessed that he was involved in the murder of Volodymyr Ivanovych Rybak, a representative of Horlivka who was abducted on 17 April 2014 after trying to raise a Ukrainian flag: «Naturally, Rybak, as a person who actively opposed the «militias», was an enemy in my eyes. And his death, probably, is to some extent also under my responsibility».[319]

Education

Jewish-Russian singer Joseph Kobzon meets with school children in Donetsk, 28 May 2015

By the start of the 2015–2016 school-year DPR’s authorities had overhauled the curriculum.[320] Ukrainian language lessons were decreased from around eight hours a week to two hours; while the time devoted to Russian language and literature lessons were increased.[320] The history classes were changed to give greater emphasis to the history of Donbas.[320] The grading system was changed from (Ukraine’s) 12-point scheme to the five-point grading system that is also used in Russia.[320] According to the director of a college in Donetsk «We give students the choice between the two but the Russian one is taken into greater account».[320] School graduates will receive a Russian certificate, allowing them to enter both local universities and institutions in Russia.[320]

In April 2016 DPR authorities designed «statehood awareness lessons» were introduced in schools (in territory controlled by them).[321]

On 25 September 2017 a new law on education was signed by Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko (draft approved by Verkhovna Rada on 5 September 2017) which says that Ukrainian language is the language of education at all levels.[322]

Culture and sports

A Donetsk People’s Republic national football team has represented the country in international games organised by ConIFA,[323][non-primary source needed] although as of August 2022, it is not listed as a member on the organization’s website.

See also

  • List of states with limited recognition
  • Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
  • Russian occupation of Donetsk Oblast

Notes

  1. ^ Alleged Russian puppet state[1][2][3]
  2. ^ The population of the entire Donetsk Oblast in 2019 was estimated to be 4,165,900, while 2,220,500 resided in areas under the control of the Donetsk People’s Republic. Figures are from before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
  3. ^ The group stated they:
    1) do not recognise the Ukrainian government;
    2) consider themselves the legitimate authority;
    3) «dismiss» of all law enforcement officials appointed by the central government and Governor Serhiy Taruta;
    4) «appoint» on the 11 May referendum about self-determinat Donetsk;
    5) require the extradition of their leader Pavel Gubarev and other already detained separatists;
    6) require Ukraine to withdrawal its troops and paramilitary forces;
    7) start the process of finding mechanisms of cooperation with the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia (since 2015, the Eurasian Economic Union, also including Armenia and Kyrgyzstan) and other separatist groups (in Kharkiv and Luhansk).[55]

References

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  3. ^ a b «Russian Analytical Digest No 214: The Armed Conflict in Eastern Ukraine». css.ethz.ch. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
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  6. ^ «Institute for the Study of War».
  7. ^ «Путин: Россия признала ДНР и ЛНР в границах Донецкой и Луганской областей». BBC Russia. 22 February 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
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  11. ^ Toal, Gerard (2017). Near Abroad : Putin, the West, and the contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus. New York, NY. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-19-025331-8. OCLC 965543300. this does not mean that the Kremlin was behind all forms of protest against Euromaidan— this is clearly not the case— or that the Kremlin controlled the actions of all secessionist leaders, also clearly not so. Secessionist leaders and later rebel fighters had their own motivations. Having said that, there is considerable evidence to indicate that Russian state security structures worked in partnership with ostensibly private but functionally extended state networks of influence—oligarchic groups, veteran organizations, nationalist movements, biker gangs, and organized criminal networks— to encourage, support, and sustain separatist rebellion in eastern Ukraine from the very outset.
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External links

  • Official website
  • Donetsk People’s Republic on Twitter Edit this at Wikidata
Источник

Donetsk People’s Republic

Донецкая Народная Республика

Military occupation and annexation

Flag of Donetsk People's Republic

Flag

Coat of arms of Donetsk People's Republic

Coat of arms
Anthem: Государственный Гимн Донецкой Народной Республики
Gosudarstvennyy Gimn Donetskoy Narodnoy Respubliki
«State Anthem of the Donetsk People’s Republic»[4][5]
Location of Donetsk People's Republic.png

  • Location of the Donetsk People’s Republic, occupying parts of Ukraine’s Donetsk Oblast, in Europe

  •   Russian advances within Donetsk Oblast since 24 February 2022[6]

  •   Russian claimed territories within Donetsk Oblast[7]
Occupied country Ukraine
Occupying power Russia
Breakaway state[a] Donetsk People’s Republic (2014–2022)
Disputed republic of Russia Donetsk People’s Republic (2022–present)
Entity established 7 April 2014[8]
Eastern Ukraine offensive 24 February 2022
Annexation by Russia 30 September 2022
Administrative centre Donetsk
Government
 • Body People’s Council
 • Head of the DPR Denis Pushilin
Population

 (2019)[9]
 • Total 2,220,500[b]

The Donetsk People’s Republic (Russian: Донецкая Народная Республика, tr. Donetskaya Narodnaya Respublika, IPA: [dɐˈnʲetskəjə nɐˈrodnəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə]; abbreviated as DPR or DNR, Russian: ДНР) is a disputed entity created by Russian-backed separatists[10][11] in eastern Ukraine, which claims Donetsk Oblast. It began as a breakaway state (2014–2022) and was then annexed by Russia in 2022. The city of Donetsk is the claimed capital city.

Pro-Russian unrest erupted in the Donbas region in response to the Ukrainian Revolution of Dignity. In April 2014, armed pro-Russian separatists seized government buildings and declared the Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People’s Republic (LPR) as independent states, which received no international recognition prior to 2022. Ukraine and others viewed them as Russian puppet states[1][2][3] and as terrorist organisations.[12] This sparked the War in Donbas, part of the wider Russo-Ukrainian War which also saw the Russian occupation and annexation of Crimea. The Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Militias occupied almost half of the two oblasts and were at war with the Ukrainian military for the next eight years.

On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised the DPR and LPR as sovereign states. According to some observers, this made the DPR a partially recognized state.[13][14] Three days later, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, partially under the pretext of protecting the republics. Russian forces captured more of Donetsk Oblast, which became part of the DPR. In September 2022, Russia announced the annexation of the DPR and other occupied territories, following disputed referendums. The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling on countries not to recognise what it called the «attempted illegal annexation» and demanded that Russia «immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw».[15][16]

The Head of the Donetsk People’s Republic is Denis Pushilin, and its parliament is the People’s Council. The ideology of the DPR is said to combine various strands of Russian nationalism: Fascist, Orthodox, neo-imperialist and neo-Soviet.[17][18] Russian far-right groups played an important role in the DPR, especially in its early days.[17][18] Organizations such as the United Nations Human Rights Office and Human Rights Watch have reported human rights abuses in the DPR, including internment, torture, extrajudicial killings, forced conscription, as well as political and media repression. The Donetsk People’s Militia has also been held responsible for war crimes, among them the shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17.[19]

History

Ukrainian riot police guarding the entrance to the RSA building on 7 March 2014

Ukrainian military roadblocks in Donetsk oblast on 8 May 2014

The Luhansk and Donetsk Peoples Republics are located in the historical Donbas region of Eastern Ukraine. Since Ukraine’s independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Eastern and Western Ukraine typically have voted for different candidates in presidential elections. Viktor Yanukovych, a Donetsk native, was elected as President of Ukraine in 2010. Eastern Ukrainian dissatisfaction with the government can also be attributed to the Euromaidan Protests which began in November 2013,[20] as well as Russian support[21] due to tension in Russia–Ukraine relations over Ukraine’s geopolitical orientation.[22] President Yanukovych’s overthrow in the 2014 Ukrainian revolution led to protests in Eastern Ukraine, which gradually escalated into an armed conflict between the newly formed Ukrainian government and the local armed militias.[23] The pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine was originally characterised by riots and protests which had eventually escalated into the storming of government offices.[24]

Formation (2014–2015)

Foundations

Pro-Russian separatists occupying the Donetsk RSA building on 7 April 2014

Sloviansk city council under the control of heavily armed men on 14 April 2014

On 7 April 2014, between 1,000 and 2,000[25] pro-Russian rebels attended a rally in Donetsk pushing for a Crimea-style referendum on independence from Ukraine. Ukrainian media claimed that the proposed referendum had no status-quo option.[26] Afterwards, 200–1000 separatists[27][25] stormed and took control of the first two floors of the government headquarters of the Regional State Administration (RSA), breaking down doors and smashing windows. The separatists demanded a referendum to join Russia, and said they would otherwise take unilateral control and dismiss the elected government.[28][29][30] When the session was not held, the unelected separatists held a vote within the RSA building and overwhelmingly backed the declaration of a Donetsk People’s Republic.[31] According to the Russian ITAR-TASS, the declaration was voted by some regional legislators, while Ukrainian media claimed that neither the Donetsk city council nor district councils of the city delegated any representatives to the session.[32][33]

The political leadership initially consisted of Denis Pushilin, self-appointed as chairman of the government,[34][35] while Igor Kakidzyanov was named as the commander of the People’s Army.[36] Vyacheslav Ponomarev became the self-proclaimed mayor of the city of Sloviansk.[37] Ukrainian-born pro-Russian activist Pavel Gubarev,[38][39] an Anti-Maidan activist, a former member of the neo-Nazi Russian National Unity paramilitary group in 1999–2001 and former member of the left-wing populist Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, proclaimed himself the People’s Governor of the Donetsk Region.[40][41][42][43] He was arrested on charges of separatism and illegal seizure of power but released in a hostage swap.[44][45] Alexander Borodai, a Russian citizen claiming to be involved in the Russian annexation of Crimea, was appointed as Prime Minister, while Igor Girkin was made Defence Minister. Borodai had a past working for an openly anti-semitic and fascist Russian newspaper Zavtra which had called for pogroms against Jews.[46][47]

On 6 April, the group’s leaders announced that a referendum on whether Donetsk Oblast should «join the Russian Federation», would take place «no later than May 11th, 2014.»[48] Additionally, the group’s leaders appealed to Russian President Vladimir Putin to send Russian peacekeeping forces to the region.[48][49]

On the morning of 8 April, the ‘Patriotic Forces of Donbas’, a pro-Kyiv group that was formed on 15 March earlier that year by 13 pro-Kyiv NGOs, political parties and individuals,[50][51] issued a statement «cancelling» the other group’s declaration of independence, citing complaints from locals.[52][53][54]

The Donetsk Republic organisation continued to occupy the RSA and upheld all previous calls for a referendum and the release of their leader Pavel Gubarev.[55][c] On 8 April, about a thousand people rallied in front of the RSA listening to speeches about the Donetsk People’s Republic and to Soviet and Russian music.[56] Ukrainian media stated that a number of Russian citizens, including one leader of a far-right militant group, had also taken part in the events.[57] The OSCE reported that all the main institutions of the city observed by the Monitoring Mission seemed to be working normally as of 16 April.[58] On 22 April, separatists agreed to release the session hall of the building along with two floors to state officials.[59] The ninth and tenth floors were later released on 24 April.[60] On the second day of the Republic, organisers decided to pour all of their alcohol out and announce a prohibition law after issues arose due to excessive drinking in the building.[61]

People carrying the DPR flag in Donetsk, 9 May 2014

On 7 May, Russian president Vladimir Putin asked the separatists to postpone the proposed referendum to create the necessary conditions for dialogue. Despite Putin’s comments, the Donetsk Republic group said they would still carry out the referendum.[62] The same day, Ukraine’s security service (SBU) released an alleged audio recording of a phone call between a Donetsk separatist leader and leader of one of the splinter groups of former Russian National Unity Alexander Barkashov.[63] In the call, the voice said to be Barkashov insisted on falsifying the results of the referendum.[64] SBU stated that this tape is a definitive proof of the direct involvement of Russian government with preparations for the referendum.[63]

Polling during this period indicated that around 18 per cent of Donetsk Oblast residents supported the seizures of administrative buildings while 72 per cent disapproved. Twelve per cent were in favour of Ukraine and Russia uniting into a single state, a quarter were in favour of regional secession to join Russia, 38.4 per cent supported federalisation, 41.1 per cent supported a unitary Ukraine with decentralisatised power, and 10.6 per cent supported the status quo.[65][66] In an August 2015 poll, with 6500 respondents from 19 cities of Donetsk Oblast, 29 per cent supported the DPR and 10 per cent considered themselves to be Russian patriots.[67]

Ukrainian authorities released separatist leader Pavel Gubarev and two others in exchange for three people detained by the Donetsk Republic.[68]

On 15 April 2014, acting Ukrainian President Olexander Turchynov announced the start of a military counteroffensive to confront the pro-Russian militants, and on 17 April, tensions de-escalated as Russia, the US, and the EU agreed on a roadmap to eventually end the crisis.[69][70] However, officials of the People’s Republic ignored the agreement and vowed to continue their occupations until a referendum was accepted or the government in Kyiv resigned.[71]

11 May independence referendum

The planned referendum was held on 11 May, disregarding Vladimir Putin’s appeal to delay it.[72] The organisers claimed that 89% voted in favour of self-rule, with 10% against, on a turnout of nearly 75%. The results of the referendums were not officially recognised by any government;[73] Germany and the United States also stated that the referendums had «no democratic legitimacy»,[74] while the Russian government expressed respect for the results and urged a civilised implementation.[75]

On the day after the referendum, the People’s Soviet of the DPR proclaimed Donetsk to be a sovereign state with an indefinite border and asked Russia «to consider the issue of our republic’s accession into the Russian Federation».[citation needed] It also announced that it would not participate in the Ukrainian presidential election which took place on 25 May.[76]

The first full Government of the DPR was appointed on 16 May 2014.[77] It consisted of several ministers who were previously Donetsk functionaries, a member of the Makiivka City Council, a former Donetsk prosecutor, a former member of the special police Alpha Group, a member of the Party of Regions (who allegedly coordinated «Titushky» (Viktor Yanukovych supporters) during Euromaidan) and Russian citizens.[77] This government imposed martial law on 16 July.[78]

Elections in the DPR and LPR were held on 2 November 2014, after the territories had boycotted the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election on 26 October.[79] The results were not recognised by any country.[80][81]

The DPR adopted a memorandum on 5 February 2015, declaring itself the successor to the Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic and Bolshevik revolutionary Fyodor Sergeyev—better known by his alias «Artyom»—as the country’s founding father.[82]

Static war period (2015–2022) | Peace proposals and stalemate

On 12 February 2015, the DPR and LPR leaders, Alexander Zakharchenko and Igor Plotnitsky, signed the Minsk II agreement.[83] According to the agreement, amendments to the Ukrainian constitution should be introduced, including «the key element of which is decentralisation» and the holding of elections in the LPR and DPR within the lines of the Minsk Memorandum. In return, the rebel-held territory would be reintegrated into Ukraine.[83][84] In an effort to stabilise the ceasefire in the region, particularly the disputed and strategically important town of Debaltseve, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko called for a UN-led peacekeeping operation in February 2015 to monitor compliance with the Minsk agreement.[85] The Verkhovna Rada did not ratify the changes in the constitution needed for the Minsk agreement.[86][87][88]

On 20 May 2015, the leadership of the Federal State of Novorossiya, a proposed confederation of the DPR and LPR, announced the termination of the confederation project.[89][90]

On 15 June 2015, several hundred people protested in the centre of Donetsk against the presence of BM-21 «Grad» launchers in a residential area. The launchers had been used to fire at Ukrainian positions, provoking return fire and causing civilian casualties.[91] A DPR leader said that its forces were indeed shelling from residential areas (mentioning school 41 specifically), but that «the punishment of the enemy is everyone’s shared responsibility».[92]

Issuance of the first DPR passports in March 2016 by DPR leader Alexander Zakharchenko. Zakharchenko was assassinated in 2018.[93]

On 2 July 2015, DPR leader Aleksandr Zakharchenko ordered local elections to be held on 18 October 2015 «in accordance with the Minsk II agreements».[94] The 2015 Ukrainian local elections were set for 25 October 2015.[95] This was condemned by Ukraine.[94]

On 4 September 2015, there was a sudden change in the DPR government, where Denis Pushilin replaced Andrey Purgin in the role of speaker of the People’s Council and, in his first decision, fired Aleksey Aleksandrov, the council’s chief of staff, Purgin’s close ally. This happened in absence of Purgin and Aleksandrov who were held at the border between Russia and DPR, preventing their return to the republic. Aleksandrov was accused of «destructive activities» and an «attempt to illegally cross the border» by the republic’s Ministry of Public Security. Russian and Ukrainian media commented on these events as yet another coup in the republic’s authorities.[96][97]

After a Normandy four meeting in which the participants agreed that elections in territories controlled by DPR and LPR should be held according to Minsk II rules, both postponed their planned elections to 21 February 2016.[98] Vladimir Putin used his influence to reach this delay.[99] The elections were then postponed to 20 April 2016 and again to 24 July 2016.[100] On 22 July the elections were again postponed to 6 November.[101]

In July 2016, over a thousand people, mainly small business owners, protested in Horlivka against corruption and taxes, which included charging customs fees on imported goods.[102]

On 2 October 2016, the DPR and LPR held primaries in were voters voted to nominate candidates for participation in the 6 November 2016 elections.[103] Ukraine denounced these primaries as illegal.[103] The DPR finally held elections on 11 November 2018. These were described as «predetermined and without alternative candidates»[104] and not recognised externally.[105]

On 16 October 2016, a prominent Russian citizen and DPR military leader Arsen Pavlov was killed by an improvised explosive device in his Donetsk apartment’s elevator.[106] Another DPR military commander, Mikhail Tolstykh, was killed by an explosion while working in his Donetsk office on 8 February 2017.[107] On 31 August 2018, Head and Prime Minister Alexander Zakharchenko was killed in an explosion in a cafe in Donetsk.[108] After his death Dmitry Trapeznikov was appointed as head of the government until September 2019 when he was nominated mayor of Elista, capital of Kalmyk Republic in Russia.[109] According to Ukrainian authorities, 50 Ukrainian soldiers were killed in clashes with Donbas separatists in 2020.[110]

In January 2021, the DPR and LPR stated in a «doctrine Russian Donbas» that they aimed to seize all of the territories of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblast under control by the Ukrainian government «in the near future.»[111] The document did not specifically state the intention of DPR and LPR to be annexed by Russia.[111]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

The general mobilization in the Donetsk People’s Republic began on 19 February 2022 – 5 days before the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Tens of thousands of local residents were forcibly mobilized for the war. According to the Eastern Human Rights Group, as of mid-June, about 140,000 people were forcibly mobilized in the DPR and LPR, of which from 48,000 to 96,000 were sent to the front and the rest to logistics support.[112][113]

On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised the independence of the DPR and LPR.[114] The next day, the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force, and Russian forces openly advanced into the separatist territories.[115] Russian president Vladimir Putin declared that the Minsk agreements «no longer existed», and that Ukraine, not Russia, was to blame for their collapse.[116] A Russian military attack into Ukrainian government-controlled territory began on the morning of 24 February,[117] when Putin announced a «special military operation» to «demilitarise and denazify» Ukraine.[118][119]

In the course of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, around 55% of Donetsk Oblast came under the control of Russia and the DPR by June 2022.[120] In the south of Donetsk Oblast, the Russian Armed Forces laid siege to Mariupol for almost three months.[121] According to Ukrainian sources, an estimated 22,000 civilians were killed[122] and 20,000 to 50,000 were illegally deported to Russia by June 2022.[123][124][125] A vehicle convoy of 82 ethnic Greeks was able to leave the city via a humanitarian corridor.[126][127]

On 19 April 2022, a town hall assembly was reportedly organized in Russian-occupied Rozivka, where a majority of attendees (mainly seniors) voted by hand to join the Donetsk People’s Republic. This came despite two hurdles: the raion was outside the borders claimed by the DPR, and the raion had not existed since 18 July 2020. The vote was claimed to be rigged, and organizers threatened anyone voting against it with arrest.[128][129]

On 21 May 2022, the town of Oskil in the Kharkiv Oblast was declared part of the DPR. [130] The town was later recaptured by Ukrainian forces during the Kharkiv Counteroffensive.

Dmitry Medvedev, the former Russian president and as of July 2022 vice chairman of the Russian Security Council, in July 2022 shared a map of Ukraine where most of Ukraine, including DPR, had been absorbed by Russia.[131]

A map of Russia (including illegally annexed territories), with the Donetsk People’s Republic highlighted

Der Spiegel reported that forcibly recruited men from Donbas were used as cannon fodder. According to DPR officials, more than 3,000 were killed and over 13,000 wounded, «a casualty rate of 80 percent of the initial fighting force.»[132] Human rights activists reported a huge – up to 30,000 people as of August 2022 – death toll among mobilized recruits in clashes with the well-trained Armed Forces of Ukraine.[112][113] On 16 August 2022, Vladimir Putin stated that «the objectives of this operation are clearly defined – ensuring the security of Russia and our citizens, protecting the residents of Donbass from genocide.»[133]

Annexation by Russia

On 20 September 2022, the People’s Council of the Donetsk People’s Republic scheduled a «referendum» on the republic’s entry into Russia as a federal subject for 23–27 September.[134] On 21 September, Russian President Putin announced a partial mobilization in Russia. He said that «in order to protect our motherland, its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and to ensure the safety of our people and people in the liberated territories», he decided to declare a partial mobilization.[135] On 12 October 2022, the United Nations General Assembly voted in Resolution ES-11/4 to condemn the annexation. The resolution received a vast majority of 143 countries in support of condemning Russia’s annexation, 35 abstaining, and only 5 against condemning Russia’s annexation.[16]

Government and politics

In early April 2014, a Donetsk People’s Council was formed out of protesters who occupied the building of the Donetsk Regional Council on 6 April 2014.[28][29][136] The New York Times described the self-proclaimed state as neo-Soviet,[137] while Al Jazeera described it as neo-Stalinist and a «totalitarian, North Korea-like statelet».[138] Administration proper in DPR territories is performed by those authorities which performed these functions prior to the war in Donbas.[139] The DPR leadership has also appointed mayors.[140][141] Some sources described the «Donetsk People’s Republic» during this period as a Russian puppet government.[142][143][144]

On 5 February 2020, Denis Pushilin unexpectedly appointed Vladimir Pashkov, a Russian citizen and former deputy governor of Russia’s Irkutsk Oblast, as the chairman of the government.[145] This appointment was received in Ukraine as a demonstration of direct control over DPR by Russia.[146]

Several Russian officials were appointed to cabinet posts and prime ministership of the DPR in June and July 2022.[147]

Legislature

The parliament of the Donetsk People’s Republic is the People’s Council[148] and has 100 deputies.[79]

Political parties

Political rally in the DPR, 20 December 2014

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Political parties active in the DPR include Donetsk Republic, the Communist Party of the Donetsk People’s Republic, Free Donbas, and the New Russia Party. Donetsk Republic and the Communists endorsed Prime Minister Alexander Zakharchenko’s candidature for the premiership in 2014.[149][150][better source needed] In the ensuing 2014 elections, the Communists were banned from participating independently because they had «made too many mistakes» in their submitted documents.[151] Donetsk Republic gained a majority in the DPR People’s Soviet with 68.53% of the vote and 68 seats. Free Donbas, including candidates from the Russian-nationalist extremist New Russia Party, won 31.65% of the vote and 32 seats.

Passports and citizenship

In March 2016, the DPR began to issue passports[152] despite a 2015 statement by Zakharchenko that, without at least partial recognition of DPR, local passports would be a «waste of resources».[152] In November 2016 the DPR announced that all of its citizens had dual Ukrainian/Donetsk People’s Republic citizenship.[153]

In June 2019, Russia started giving Russian passports to the inhabitants of the DPR and Luhansk People’s Republic under a simplified procedure allegedly on «humanitarian grounds» (such as enabling international travel for eastern Ukrainian residents whose passports have expired).[154] Since December 2019 Ukrainian passports are no longer considered a valid identifying document in the DPR and Ukrainian licence plates were declared illegal.[155] Meanwhile, the previous favourable view of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky in the DPR press was replaced with personal accusations of genocide and «crimes against Donbas», and proposals of organising a tribunal against him in absentia.[155] In March 2020 Russian was declared to be the only state language of the DPR;[156][unreliable source?] previously in its May 2014 constitution, the DPR had declared both Russian and Ukrainian its official languages.[77]

According to the Ukrainian press, by mid-2021, local residents received half a million Russian passports.[157] Deputy Kremlin Chief of Staff Dmitry Kozak stated in a July 2021 interview with Politique internationale that 470,000 local residents had received Russian passports; he added that «as soon as the situation in Donbass is resolved ….The general procedure for granting citizenship will be restored.»[158]

Military

Banner of the Ministry of Defence

The Donbas People’s Militia was formed by Pavel Gubarev, who was elected People’s Governor of Donetsk Oblast and Igor Girkin, appointed the Minister of Defence of the Donetsk People’s Republic.[159]
The People’s Militia of the DPR (Russian: Вооружённые силы ДНР) comprise the Russian separatist forces in the DPR.
On 10 January 2020 president of the non-recognised pro-Russian Abkhazia accused DPR of staging a coup in his country. DPR commander Akhra Avidzba was commanding on the spot.[160] Unlike South Ossetia, Abkhazia had not then recognised DPR.[161]

Problems of governance

Police in Donetsk wearing insignia related to the Donetsk People’s Republic, 20 September 2014

DPR military parade in Donetsk, 9 May 2018

OSCE monitors met with the self-proclaimed mayor of Sloviansk, Volodymyr Pavlenko, on 20 June 2014.[162] According to him, sewage systems in Sloviansk had collapsed, resulting in the release of least 10,000 litres of untreated sewage into the river Sukhyi Torets [uk], a tributary of the Seversky Donets. He called this an «environmental catastrophe», and said that it had the potential to affect both Russia and Ukraine.[162]

As of May 2014, the Ukrainian Government was paying wages and pensions for the inhabitants of the DPR.[163][164][165] The closing of bank branches led to problems in receiving these,[166][167][168] especially since the National Bank of Ukraine ordered banks to suspend financial transactions in places which are not controlled by the Ukrainian authorities on 7 August 2014.[169] Only the Oschadbank (State Savings Bank of Ukraine) continued to function in territories controlled by the DPR, but it also closed its branches there on 1 December 2014.[169][170] In response, tens of thousands of pensioners have registered their address as being in Ukrainian-controlled areas while still living in separatist-controlled areas, and must travel outside of separatist areas to collect their pensions on a monthly basis.[171]

In October 2014, the DPR announced the creation of its own central bank and tax office, obliging residents to register to the DPR and pay taxes to it.[172] Some local entrepreneurs refused to register.[172]

According to the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine a number of local mutinies have taken place due to unpaid wages and pensions, the council claims that on 24 November 2014, the local «Women Resistance Battalion» presented to Zakharchenko an ultimatum to get out of Donetsk in two months.[173]

Since April 2015, the DPR has been issuing its own vehicle number plates.[174]

The OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine reported that in the DPR, «parallel ‘justice systems’ have begun operating».[175] They found this new judiciary to be «non-transparent, subject to constant change, seriously under-resourced and, in many instances, completely non-functional».[175]

Law and order

The Ministry of Internal Affairs is the DPR’s agency responsible for implementing law and order.[176]

In 2014, the DPR introduced the death penalty for cases of treason, espionage, and assassination of political leaders. There had already been accusations of extrajudicial execution.[177] After 2015 a number of DPR and LPR field commanders and other significant figures were killed or otherwise removed from power.[178][179] This included Cossack commander Pavel Dryomov, commander of Private Military Company (ЧВК) Dmitry Utkin («Wagner»), Alexander Bednov («Batman»), Aleksey Mozgovoy, Yevgeny Ishchenko, Andrei Purgin and Dmitry Lyamin (the last two arrested).[180][181] In August 2016 Igor Plotnitsky, head of LPR, was seriously injured in a car bombing attack in Luhansk.[182] In September 2016 Evgeny Zhilin (Yevhen Zhylin), leader of the separatist «Oplot» unit, was killed in a restaurant near Moscow.[183][184] In October 2016 military commander Arseniy Pavlov («Motorola») was killed by an IED planted at his house.[185] In February 2017 a bomb planted in an office killed Mikhail Tolstykh («Givi»).[186] On 31 August 2018 DPR leader Alexander Zakharchenko was killed by a bomb in a restaurant in Donetsk.[187] The DPR and Russia blamed the Security Service of Ukraine; Ukraine rejected these accusations, stating that Zakharchenko’s death was the result of civil strife in the DPR.[179]

In May 2015, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed four laws concerning decommunisation in Ukraine. Various cities and many villages in Donbas were renamed. The Ukrainian decommunisation laws were condemned by the DPR.[188]

In addition to Ukrainian prisoners of war there are reports of «thousands» of prisoners who were arrested as part of internal fighting between various militant groups inside DPR.[189]

Aiden Aslin, Shaun Pinner, Brahim Saadoune have been sentenced to death. The DPR lifted the death penalty moratorium. [190]

Right-wing nationalism

According to a 2016 report by the French Institute of International Relations (IFRI), Russian ethnic and imperialist nationalism has shaped the official ideology of the Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics.[18] During the War in Donbas, especially at the beginning, far-right groups played an important role on the pro-Russian side, arguably more so than on the Ukrainian side.[18][17] Afterward, the pro-Russian far-right groups gradually became less important in Donbas as the need for Russian radical nationalists started to disappear.[18]

According to Marlène Laruelle, separatist ideologues in Donbas produced an ideology composed of three strands of Russian nationalism: Fascist, Orthodox, and Soviet.[17]

Members and former members of Russian National Unity (RNU), the National Bolshevik Party, Eurasian Youth Union, and Cossack groups formed branches to recruit volunteers to join the separatists.[18][191][192][193] A former RNU member, Pavel Gubarev, was founder of the Donbas People’s Militia and first «governor» of the Donetsk People’s Republic.[18][194] RNU is particularly linked to the Russian Orthodox Army,[18] one of a number of separatist units described as «pro-Tsarist» and «extremist» Orthodox nationalists.[195][18] Neo-Nazi unit ‘Rusich’[18] is part of the Wagner Group, a Russian mercenary group in Ukraine which has been linked to far-right extremism.[196][197]

Some of the most influential far-right nationalists among the Russian separatists are neo-imperialists, who seek to revive the Russian Empire.[18] These included Igor ‘Strelkov’ Girkin, the minister of defence of the Donetsk People’s Republic, who espouses Russian neo-imperialism and ethno-nationalism.[18] The Russian Imperial Movement, a white supremacist militant group,[196] has recruited thousands of volunteers to join the separatists.[195] Some separatists have flown the black-yellow-white Russian imperial flag,[18] such as the Sparta Battalion. In 2014, volunteers from the National Liberation Movement joined the Donetsk People’s Militia bearing portraits of Tsar Nicholas II.[191]

Other Russian nationalist volunteers involved in separatist militias included members of the Eurasian Youth Union, and of banned groups such as the Slavic Union and Movement Against Illegal Immigration.[192] Another Russian separatist paramilitary unit, the Interbrigades, is made up of activists from the National Bolshevik (Nazbol) group Other Russia.[18] An article in Dissent noted that «despite their neo-Stalinist paraphernalia, many of the Russian-speaking nationalists Russia supports in the Donbass are just as right-wing as their counterparts from the Azov Battalion».[198]

In July 2015, the head of the Donetsk People’s Republic, Alexander Zakharchenko, said at a press conference that he respected Ukraine’s far-right party Right Sector «when they beat up the gays in Kyiv and when they tried to depose Poroshenko».[199]

While far-right activists played a part in the early days of the conflict, their importance was often exaggerated, and their importance on both sides of the conflict declined over time. The political climate in Donetsk further pushed far-right groups into the margins.[18]

In April 2022, news outlets noted that a video posted on Donetsk People’s Republic’s website showed Denis Pushilin awarding a medal to Lieutenant Roman Vorobyov (Somalia Battalion) while Vorobyov was wearing patches affiliated with neo-Nazism: the Totenkopf used by the 3rd SS Panzer Division, and the valknut. However, the video did not show Vorobyov getting his medal when it was posted on Pushilin’s website.[200][201]

Recognition and international relations

Crimea, which Russia annexed in 2014, is shown in pink. Pink in the Donbas region represents areas held by the DPR/LPR in September 2014 (cities in red)

The Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) initially sought recognition as a sovereign state following its declaration of independence in April 2014. Subsequently, the DPR willingly acceded to the Russian Federation as a Russian federal subject in September–October 2022, effectively ceasing to exist as a sovereign state in any capacity and revoking its status as such in the eyes of the international community. The DPR claims direct succession to Ukraine’s Donetsk Oblast.

From 2014 to 2022, Ukraine, the United Nations, and most of the international community regarded the DPR as an illegal entity occupying a portion of Ukraine’s Donetsk Oblast (see: International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War). The Luhansk People’s Republic (LPR), which had a similar backstory, was regarded in the exact same way. Crimea’s status was treated slightly differently since Russia annexed that territory immediately after its declaration of independence in March 2014.

Up until February 2022, Russia did not recognise the DPR, although it maintained informal relations with the DPR. On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognised the DPR and the LPR at the same time,[202] marking a major escalation in the 2021–2022 diplomatic crisis between Russia and Ukraine. Three days later, on 24 February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of the entire country of Ukraine, partially under the pretext of protecting the DPR and the LPR. The war had wide-reaching repercussions for Ukraine, Russia, and the international community as a whole (see: War crimes, Humanitarian impact, Environmental impact, Economic impact, and Ukrainian cultural heritage). In September 2022, Russia made moves to consolidate the territories that it had occupied in Ukraine, including Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts. Russia officially annexed these four territories in September–October 2022.

Between February 2022 and October 2022, in addition to receiving Russian recognition, the DPR was recognised by North Korea (13 July 2022)[203] and Syria (29 June 2022).[204][205] This means that three United Nations member states recognised the DPR in total throughout its period of de facto independence. The DPR was also recognised by three other breakaway entities: the LPR, South Ossetia (19 June 2014),[206] and Abkhazia (25 February 2022).[207]

Relations with Ukraine

The Ukrainian government passed the «Law on the special status of Donbas [uk]» on 16 September 2014, which designated a special status within Ukraine on certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions (CADLR), in line with the Minsk agreements.[citation needed] The status lasted for three years, and then was extended annually several times.[208]

In January 2015, Ukraine declared the Russia-backed separatist republics in Donbas to be terrorist organizations.[209]

Relations with Russia

Russia has recognised identity documents, diplomas, birth, and marriage certificates and vehicle registration plates as issued by the DPR and the LPR since 18 February 2017,[210] enabling people living in DPR-controlled territories to travel, work, or study in Russia.[210] According to the decree, it was signed «to protect human rights and freedoms» in accordance with «the widely recognised principles of international humanitarian law».[211]

On February 21, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed agreements on friendship, cooperation, and assistance with DPR and the LPR, coinciding with Russia’s official recognition of the two quasi-states.[202] The Russian State Duma had approved a draft resolution appealing for him to recognize both quasi-states on 15 February.[212] Shortly afterwards, Abkhazia also recognized the independence of the DPR.

Relations with extremist groups in Europe

According to the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group, a number of European politicians from extreme-right and extreme-left have received all-expenses-paid trips to the Donetsk People’s Republic.[213]

Far-right

As well as Russian far-right groups (see #Right-wing nationalism), the DPR has cultivated relations with other European far-right groups and activists. The Lansing Institute for Global Threats and Democracies Studies acquired a memorandum of cooperation between the DPR and the far-right Russian Imperial Movement, which trains foreign volunteers; including members of the neo-Nazi Atomwaffen Division and Der Dritte Weg.[214][215][216][217][218][219] Professor Anton Shekhovtsov, an expert on far-right movements in Russia and abroad, reported in 2014 that Polish neo-fascist group «Falanga», Italian far-right group «Millennium» and French Eurasianists had joined the Donbas separatists.[220][221][222] Members of Serbian Action have also joined the Donbas separatists.[223]

According to Italian newspaper la Repubblica, well-known Italian neo-fascist Andrea Palmeri (former member of the far-right New Force party) has been fighting for the DPR since 2014, and was hailed by DPR leader Gubarev as a «real fascist».[224] Other far-right activists with links to the DPR include French far-right MEP Jean-Luc Schaffhauser, Italian nationalist Alessandro Musolino, German neo-Nazi journalist Manuel Ochsenreiter, and Emmanuel Leroy, a far-right adviser to Marine Le Pen, former leader of the National Rally.[225][226]

Finnish neo-Nazis have been recruited for pro-Russian forces by Johan Bäckman and Janus Putkonen, who are aligned with the local far-right pro-Russian party Power Belongs to the People.[227][228][229][230] Putkonen also runs the Russian-funded DONi (Donbass International News Agency) and MV-media, which publish pro-Russian propaganda about the DPR.[231][232]

Far-left

The DPR has also cultivated relations with various far-left groups. A small number of Spanish socialists travelled to Ukraine to fight for the separatists, with some explaining they were «repaying the favour» to Russia for the USSR’s support to Republicans during the Spanish Civil War.[233] Spanish fighters founded the ‘Carlos Palomino International Brigade’, which flew the flag of the Second Spanish Republic. In 2015, it reportedly had less than ten members, and was later disbanded.[234]

A female member of the Israeli Communist Party also reportedly fought for the separatists in 2015.[235] Other examples of far-left groups fighting for the separatists were the ‘DKO’ (Volunteer Communist Unit) and the Interunit, which has been inactive since 2017.[236][237]

The Italian communist ska punk group Banda Bassotti has also been active in support of the DPR and has organized trips to Donetsk, one of which saw the participation of Eleonora Forenza, a member of the European Parliament for the Communist Refoundation Party.[238] Andrej Hunko, a member of the German parliament for the far-left party Die Linke, also travelled to Donetsk to support the separatists.[239]

Economy

The DPR has its own central bank, the Donetsk Republican Bank. The republic’s economy is frequently described as dependent on contraband and gunrunning,[240] with some labelling it a mafia state. Joining DPR military formations or its civil services has become one of the few guarantees for a stable income in the DPR.[139]

By late October 2014, many banks and other businesses in the DPR were shut, and people were often left without social benefits payments.[172] Sources (who declined to be identified, citing security concerns) inside the DPR administration have told Bloomberg News that Russia transfers 2.5 billion Russian rubles ($37 million) for pensions every month.[241] By mid-February 2016 Russia had sent 48 humanitarian convoys to rebel-held territory that were said to have delivered more than 58,000 tons of cargo including food, medicines, construction materials, diesel generators and fuel and lubricants.[242] President Poroshenko called this a «flagrant violation of international law» and Valentyn Nalyvaychenko said it was a «direct invasion».[243]

Reuters in late October 2014 reported long lines at soup kitchens.[172] In the same month in at least one factory, workers no longer received wages, only food rations.[244]

By June 2015, due to logistical and transport problems, prices in DPR-controlled territory are significantly higher than in territory controlled by Ukraine.[139] This led to an increase of supplies (of more expensive products and those of lower quality) from Russia.[139] Mines and heavy-industry facilities damaged by shelling were forced to close, undermining the wider chain of economic ties in the region.[244] Three industrial facilities were under DPR «temporary management» by late October 2014.[244] By early June 2015, 80% of companies physically located in the Donetsk People’s Republic had re-registered on territory under Ukrainian control.[240]

The new ruling elites of the DPR have displaced the previous oligarchic structures in the region.[245] The new powerholders expropriated profitable businesses. For instance, Rinat Akhmetov lost control over his assets in the region after they were nationalised. Under Russia’s guidance, the republic set up trade and production monopolies through which the trade in coal and steel is organised. Lacking private banks, its own currency, and direct access to the Black Sea, DPR’s survival depends exclusively on Russia’s economic support and trade through the common border.[246]

Marketplace in Donetsk in 2015

A DPR official often promised financial support from Russia without giving specific details.[172] Prime Minister Aleksandr Zakharchenko in late October 2014 stated that «We have the Russian Federation’s agreement in principle on granting us special conditions on gas (deliveries)».[172] Zakharchenko also claimed that «And, finally, we managed to link up with the financial and banking structure of the Russian Federation».[172] When Reuters tried to get more details from a source close to Zakharchenko the only reply was «Money likes silence».[172] Early October 2014 Zakharchenko stated, «The economy will be complete, if possible, oriented towards the Russian market. We consider Russia our strategic partner». According to Zakharchenko this would «secure our economy from impacts from outside, including from Ukraine».[247] According to Yury Makohon, from the Ukrainian National Institute for Strategic Studies, «Trade volume between Russia and Donetsk Oblast has seen a massive slump since the beginning of 2014».[248] Since Russia did not recognise the legal status of the self-proclaimed republic, all the trade it did with it was on the basis of Ukrainian law.[240]

DPR authorities have created a multi-currency zone in which both the rouble (Russia’s currency) and the hryvnia (Ukraine’s currency) can be used, and also the Euro and U.S. Dollar.[139][247] Cash shortages are widespread and, due to a lack of roubles, the hryvnia is the most-used currency.[139] According to Ukraine’s security services in May 2016 alone the Russian government has passed US$19 million in cash to fund the DPR administration as well as 35,000 blank Russian passports.[249]

Since late February 2015, DPR-controlled territories receive their natural gas directly from Russia.[250] According to Russia, Ukraine should pay for these deliveries; Ukraine claims it does not receive payments for the supplies from DPR-controlled territory.[250][251] On 2 July 2015, Ukrainian Energy Minister Volodymyr Demchyshyn announced that he «did not expect» that Ukraine would supply natural gas to territory controlled by separatist troops in the 2015–2016 heating season.[252] Since 25 November 2015 Ukraine has halted all its imports of (and payments for) natural gas from Russia.[253]

Products from the factory in Chystiakove at the trade fair in Donetsk in 2018

The DPR set up its own mobile network operator called Feniks, which was to be fully operational by the end of the summer of 2015.[254] On 5 February 2015, Kyivstar claimed that Feniks illegally used equipment that they officially gave up in territories controlled by pro-Russian separatists.[254] On 18 April 2015, Prime Minister Zakharchenk issued a decree stating that all equipment given up by Kyivstar fell under the control of the separatists in order to «meet the needs of the population in the communication services».[254] The SIM cards of Feniks display the slogan «Connection for the victory».[255]

In June 2015, the DPR authorities announced the start of military pension payments in US dollars.[256]

In mid-March 2017, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed a temporary ban on the movement of goods to and from territory controlled by DPR and LPR. Ukraine has not bought coal from the Donets Black Coal Basin since then.[257]

Anthracite mines under DPR control reportedly supply coal to Poland through Russian shell companies to disguise its real origin.[258]

According to Ukrainian and Russian media, the coal export company Vneshtorgservis, owned by Serhiy Kurchenko, owes massive debts to coal mines located in separatist-controlled territory and other local companies.[259]

Sergey Zdrilyuk («Abwehr»), former deputy of DPR militia, stated in an interview in 2020 that large-scale disassembly of mining equipment for scrap metal and other forms of looting took place routinely during Igor Girkin’s time as a militia commander, and that Girkin took significant amounts of money with him to Moscow. Militia groups such as «Vostok» and «Oplot» as well as various «Cossack formations», were involved in looting on systematic basis.[260][261]

Human rights

An early March 2016 United Nations OHCHR report stated that people that lived in separatist-controlled areas were experiencing «complete absence of rule of law, reports of arbitrary detention, torture and incommunicado detention, and no access to real redress mechanisms».[262]

Freedom House evaluates the eastern Donbas territories controlled by the DPR and LPR as «not free», scoring 4 out of 100 in its 2022 Freedom in the World index, noting issues with severe political and media repression, numerous reports of torture, and arbitrary detention.[263] The Guardian noted on 17 February 2022 «Public opposition in the DPR is virtually non-existent.»[246]

War crimes

Protest in Donetsk against OSCE’s inaction in Donbas, 23 October 2021

An 18 November 2014 United Nations report on eastern Ukraine stated that the DPR was in a state of «total breakdown of law and order».[264] The report noted «cases of serious human rights abuses by the armed groups continued to be reported, including torture, arbitrary and incommunicado detention, summary executions, forced labour, sexual violence, as well as the destruction and illegal seizure of property may amount to crimes against humanity».[264] The November report also stated «the HRMMU continued to receive allegations of sexual and gender-based violence in the eastern regions. In one reported incident, members of the pro-Russian Vostok Battalion «arrested» a woman for violating a curfew and beat her with metal sticks for three hours. The woman was also raped by several pro-Russian rebels from the battalion. The report also states that the UN mission «continued to receive reports of torture and ill-treatment by the Ukrainian law enforcement agencies and volunteer battalions and by the (pro-Russian separatist) armed groups, including beating, death threats, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, and lack of access to medical assistance».[265] In a 15 December 2014 press conference in Kyiv, UN Assistant Secretary-General for human rights Ivan Šimonović stated that the majority of human rights violations were committed in areas controlled by pro-Russian rebels.[266]

The United Nations report also accused the Ukrainian Army and Ukrainian (volunteer) territorial defence battalions, including the neo-Nazi Azov Battalion,[267][268] of human rights abuses such as illegal detention, torture and ill-treatment of DPR and LPR supporters, noting official denials.[264][269] Amnesty International reported on 24 December 2014 that pro-government volunteer battalions were blocking Ukrainian aid convoys from entering separatist-controlled territory.[270]

On 24 July, Human Rights Watch accused the pro-Russian fighters of not taking measures to avoid encamping in densely populated civilian areas.»[271][272] It also accused Ukrainian government forces and pro-government volunteer battalions of indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas, stating that «The use of indiscriminate rockets in populated areas violates international humanitarian law, or the laws of war, and may amount to war crimes.»[271][272]

A report by the OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights that was released on 2 March 2015 described media postings and online videos which indicated that the pro-Russian armed groups of the DPR carried out «summary, extrajudicial or arbitrary executions» of captured Ukrainian soldiers. In one incident, corpses of Ukrainian servicemen were found with «their hands tied with white electrical cable» after the pro-Russian rebel groups captured Donetsk International Airport. In January a DPR leader claimed that the rebel forces were detaining up to five «subversives» between the ages of 18 and 35 per day. A number of captured prisoners of war were forced to march in Donetsk while being assaulted by rebel soldiers and onlookers. The report also said that Ukrainian law enforcement agencies had engaged in a «pattern of enforced disappearances, secret detention and ill-treatment» of people suspected of «separatism» and «terrorism».[273] The report also mentions videos of members of one particular pro-Russian unit talking about running a torture facility in the basement of a Luhansk library. The head of the unit in question was the pro-Russian separatist commander Aleksandr Biednov, known as «Batman» (who was later killed) and the «head» of the torture chamber was a rebel called «Maniac» who «allegedly used a hammer to torture prisoners and surgery kit to scare and extract confessions from prisoners».[273][274]

In September 2015, OSCE published a report on the testimonies of victims held in places of illegal detention in Donbas.[275] In December 2015, a team led by Małgorzata Gosiewska published a comprehensive report on war crimes in Donbas.[276]

Allegations of anti-semitism

Alleged members of the Donetsk Republic carrying the flag of the Russian Federation,[277] passed out a leaflet to Jews that informed all Jews over the age of 16 that they would have to report to the Commissioner for Nationalities in the Donetsk Regional Administration building and register their property and religion. It also claimed that Jews would be charged a $50 ‘registration fee’.[278] If they did not comply, they would have their citizenship revoked, face ‘forceful expulsion’ and see their assets confiscated. The leaflet stated the purpose of registration was because «Jewish community of Ukraine supported Bandera Junta,» and «oppose the pro-Slavic People’s Republic of Donetsk».[277] The authenticity of the leaflet could not be independently verified.[279] The New York Times, Haaretz, and The New Republic said the fliers were «most likely a hoax».[280][281][282] France 24 also reported on the questionable authenticity of the leaflets.[283] According to Efraim Zuroff of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, the leaflets looked like some sort of provocation, and an attempt to paint the pro-Russian forces as anti-semitic.[284] The chief rabbi of Donetsk Pinchas Vishedski stated that the flyer was a fake meant to discredit the self-proclaimed republic,[285] and saying that anti-Semitic incidents in eastern Ukraine are «rare, unlike in Kiev and western Ukraine»[286] and believes the men were ‘trying to use the Jewish community in Donetsk as an instrument in the conflict;’[287] however, he also called the DPR Press Secretary Aleksander Kriakov «the most famous anti-Semite in the region» and questioned DPR’s decision to appoint him.[288]

Religion

Religion in Donbas (Donetsk + Luhansk) (2016)[289]

  Other religions (16.1%)

At first the DPR adopted a constitution which stated that the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate was the official religion of the self-declared state.[290][291] This was changed with the promulgation of a law «on freedom of conscience and religious organisation» in November 2015, backed by three deputies professing Rodnovery (Slavic native faith), whose members organised the Svarozhich Battalion (of the Vostok Brigade) and the Rusich Company.[292][293] The new law caused the dissatisfaction of Metropolitan Hilarion of Donetsk and Mariupol of the Moscow Patriarchate church.[294]

Donetsk separatists consider Christian denominations such as the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and wider Roman Catholic Church, and Protestantism, as all being anti-Russian and see them as obstacles in the path of the separatist goal of uniting the region with Russia.[291] To complement this emphasis on Orthodoxy against churches deemed «heretical» and anti-Russian, the separatists have been successful in enlisting the widespread support of many people in Donetsk belonging to the indigenous Greek Orthodox community. These are mainly Pontic Greeks settled in Donetsk and elsewhere in southern Russia and Ukraine since the Middle Ages, and are in the main descendants of refugees from the Pontic Alps, Eastern Anatolia, and the Crimea, dating to the Ottoman conquests of these regions in the late 15th century. There have been widespread media reports of these ethnic Greeks and those with roots in southern Ukraine now living mainly in Northern Greece fighting with Donetsk separatist forces on the justification that their war represents a struggle for Christian Orthodoxy against the forces of what they often describe as «schismatics» and «fascists».[citation needed]

Romani people

Hundreds of Romani families fled Donbas in 2014.[295] The News of Donbas reported that members of the Donbas People’s Militia engaged in assaults and robbery on the Romani (also known as gypsies) population of Sloviansk. The armed separatists beat women and children, looted homes, and carried off the stolen goods in trucks, according to eyewitnesses.[296][better source needed][297][298][299] Romani fled en masse to live with relatives in other parts of the country, fearing ethnic cleansing, displacement and murder. Some men who decided to remain formed militia groups to protect their families and homes.[298] DPR Mayor Ponomarev said the attacks were only against gypsies who were involved in drug trafficking, and that he was ‘cleaning the city from drugs.’[300] The US mission to the OSCE and Ukrainian Prime Minister Yatsenyuk condemned these actions.[296][297][301]

On 8 June 2014, it was reported that armed militants from the Donetsk Republic attacked a gay club in the capital of Donetsk, injuring several. Witnesses said 20 people forced their way into the club, stealing jewellery and other valuables; the assailants fired shots in the club, and several people were hurt.[302] In July 2015, a DPR Ministry of Information spokesperson stated «there are no gays in Donetsk, as they all went to Kyiv».[303] In 2015, the Deputy Minister of Political Affairs of the Donetsk People’s Republic stated: «A culture of homosexuality is spreading … This is why we must kill anyone who is involved in this.»[304]

Prejudice against Ukrainian speakers

On 18 April 2014, Vyacheslav Ponomarev asked local residents of Sloviansk to report all suspicious persons, especially if they were speaking Ukrainian. He also promised that the local media would publish a phone number to report them.[305]

An 18 November 2014 United Nations report on eastern Ukraine stated that the DPR violated the rights of Ukrainian-speaking children because schools in rebel-controlled areas teach only in Russian and forbid pupils to speak Ukrainian.[264] In its May 2014 constitution, the DPR regime declared Russian and Ukrainian its official languages.[77] However, in March 2020, Russian was declared to be the sole official language of the DPR.[156]

Abductions

The Committee to Protect Journalists said that separatists had seized up to ten foreign reporters during the week following the shooting down of the Malaysian aircraft.[306] On 22 July 2014, armed men from the DPR abducted Ukrainian freelance journalist Anton Skiba as he arrived with a CNN crew at a hotel in Donetsk.[306] The DPR often counters such accusations by pointing towards non-governmental organisations, such as Amnesty International’s reporting that pro-Ukrainian volunteer paramilitary battalions, such as the Aidar Battalion, Donbas Battalion, Azov Battalion often acted like «renegade gangs», and were implicated in torture, abductions, and summary executions.[270][307] Amnesty International and the (OHCHR) also raised similar concerns about Radical Party leader and Ukrainian MP Oleh Lyashko and his militia.[308]

Donetsk has also observed significant rise in violent crime (homicide, rape, including underage victims) under the control of separatist forces.[309] In July 2015 local authorities of Druzhkovka, previously occupied by separatist forces, exposed a previous torture site in one of the town’s cellars.[310]

On 2 June 2017 the freelance journalist Stanislav Aseyev was abducted. Firstly the DPR «government» denied knowing his whereabouts but on 16 July, an agent of the DPR’s Ministry of State Security confirmed that Aseyev was in their custody and that he was suspected of espionage. Independent media is not allowed to report from the DPR-controlled territory.[311] Amnesty International, the Committee to Protect Journalists, the European Federation of Journalists, Human Rights Watch, the Norwegian Helsinki Committee, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, PEN International, Reporters Without Borders and the United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe have called for the immediate release of Aseyev.[312][313][314][315][316][317] He was released as part of a prison exchange and handed over to Ukrainian authorities on 29 December 2019.[318]

Sergey Zdrilyuk («Abwehr»), former deputy of DPR militia, confirmed in 2020 that Igor Girkin personally executed prisoners of war he considered «traitors» or «spies».[260][261] This statement was first made in Girkin’s interview earlier that year, although Girkin insisted the executions were part of his «military tribunal based on laws of war». Girkin also confessed that he was involved in the murder of Volodymyr Ivanovych Rybak, a representative of Horlivka who was abducted on 17 April 2014 after trying to raise a Ukrainian flag: «Naturally, Rybak, as a person who actively opposed the «militias», was an enemy in my eyes. And his death, probably, is to some extent also under my responsibility».[319]

Education

Jewish-Russian singer Joseph Kobzon meets with school children in Donetsk, 28 May 2015

By the start of the 2015–2016 school-year DPR’s authorities had overhauled the curriculum.[320] Ukrainian language lessons were decreased from around eight hours a week to two hours; while the time devoted to Russian language and literature lessons were increased.[320] The history classes were changed to give greater emphasis to the history of Donbas.[320] The grading system was changed from (Ukraine’s) 12-point scheme to the five-point grading system that is also used in Russia.[320] According to the director of a college in Donetsk «We give students the choice between the two but the Russian one is taken into greater account».[320] School graduates will receive a Russian certificate, allowing them to enter both local universities and institutions in Russia.[320]

In April 2016 DPR authorities designed «statehood awareness lessons» were introduced in schools (in territory controlled by them).[321]

On 25 September 2017 a new law on education was signed by Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko (draft approved by Verkhovna Rada on 5 September 2017) which says that Ukrainian language is the language of education at all levels.[322]

Culture and sports

A Donetsk People’s Republic national football team has represented the country in international games organised by ConIFA,[323][non-primary source needed] although as of August 2022, it is not listed as a member on the organization’s website.

See also

  • List of states with limited recognition
  • Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
  • Russian occupation of Donetsk Oblast

Notes

  1. ^ Alleged Russian puppet state[1][2][3]
  2. ^ The population of the entire Donetsk Oblast in 2019 was estimated to be 4,165,900, while 2,220,500 resided in areas under the control of the Donetsk People’s Republic. Figures are from before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
  3. ^ The group stated they:
    1) do not recognise the Ukrainian government;
    2) consider themselves the legitimate authority;
    3) «dismiss» of all law enforcement officials appointed by the central government and Governor Serhiy Taruta;
    4) «appoint» on the 11 May referendum about self-determinat Donetsk;
    5) require the extradition of their leader Pavel Gubarev and other already detained separatists;
    6) require Ukraine to withdrawal its troops and paramilitary forces;
    7) start the process of finding mechanisms of cooperation with the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia (since 2015, the Eurasian Economic Union, also including Armenia and Kyrgyzstan) and other separatist groups (in Kharkiv and Luhansk).[55]

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External links

  • Official website
  • Donetsk People’s Republic on Twitter Edit this at Wikidata
Источник

Всего найдено: 15

Здравствуйте! Помогите, пожалуйста, ответить на вопрос: как правильно — «в городе Ясиноватой» или «в городе Ясиноватая» (город Ясиноватая расположен недалеко от Донецка). Есть прямая аналогия: «в городе Москве, Самаре, Туле…», поэтому склоняюсь к первому варианту. Но это всего лишь логика: по факту никто так не говорит и не пишет в интернете. Говорят и пишут: «в Ясиноватой», но «в городе Ясиноватая». Если это норма, то подскажите, пожалуйста, чем она обоснована.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В словаре Е. А. Левашова «Географические названия» дается рекомендация это название в сочетании со словом город не склонять, например: в городе Ясиноватая.

Здравствуйте! Скажите, пожалуйста, почему в слове «дамасский» пишется два «с», а в слове «свердловский» — одна буква «с»? Спасибо за ответ.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

От основ нерусских топонимов на -ск или -ско прилагательные образуются с усечением финали -к или -ко, например: Дамаск – дамасский, этруски – этрусский, Сан-Франциско – сан-францисский.

При образовании прилагательных от русских названий населенных пунктов с основами на -ск-, -цк- с помощью суффиксов -ск-, -цк- конечные согласные ск и цк совмещаются с суффиксами: Свердловск – свердловский, Брянск – брянский, Донецк – донецкий.

Уважаемая Справка, в очередной раз задаю вам один и тот же вопрос, так как ответов на мои предыдущие письма вам нет. В свете ваших ответов № 282901, 272430, 263616, 263602, 254952, какие буквы (прописные или строчные) нужно использовать в официальных названиях исторических государств, закончивших своё существование в результате Первой мировой войны и её последствий? Примеры: Украинская Народная Республика или Украинская народная республика? Украинская Держава или Украинская держава? Донецко-Криворожская Советская Республика или Донецко-Криворожская советская республика? Литовско-Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика или Литовско-Белорусская советская социалистическая республика? Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Мы ответили Вам. См. ответ на вопрос № 284608.

Как назвать жителей Ростовской области. Дончане? Но Дончане ведь жители Донецка.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Жителей российского города Донецка (Ростовская обл.) тоже правильно называть дончане (как и жителей украинского Донецка). См.: И. Л. Городецкая, Е. А. Левашов. Русские названия жителей. Словарь-справочник. М., 2003.

Справочная служба утверждает, что правильно говорить «в Донбассе». В соответствии с какими нормами русского языка?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Всё очень просто: Донбасс – сокращение от Донецкий угольный бассейн. По-русски говорят в бассейне, не на бассейне. Поэтому в Донбассе.

Как правильно пишется Донецкая народная республика?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Устоявшегося (и нормативного, правильного) написания нет, предложенный Вами вариант оформления возможен.

День добрый! Помогите, пожалуйста, разобраться, как теперь писать: Областной краеведческий музей г. Донецка, Украина или ДНР? Спасибо!!!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Это не регламентируется правилами русского языка.

День добрый!

Подскажите, пожалуйста, как оформить на письме словосочетание Донецкая народная республика с учетом того, что это пока не является официальным названием?

Спасибо :)

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Устоявшегося (и нормативного) написания нет, предложенный Вами вариант оформления возможен.

Здравствуйте! Вопрос такой. Мы работаем на предприятии, которое называется Ясиновский коксохимический завод. Предприятие находится в городе Макеевке Донецкой области. В заводской газете часто употребляется слово «ясиновцы» — так называют тружеников завода. Скажите, пожалуйста, уместно ли употреблять кавычки в слове «ясиновцы»? Или правильно писать ясиновцы? Спасибо за ответ.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно написание без кавычек: ясиновцы.

Подскажите, правильно ли построена фраза?

Вот уж и вправду, Донецк – угольная столица.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Вправду — наречие, характерное для разговорной речи, обособление не требуется: Вот уж и вправду Донецк – угольная столица.

житель города Донецка всегда был дончанин
в последнее время употребляется донетчанин (реклама на русском языке).
правильное ли такое употребление или нет?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Такое употребление нельзя признать правильным. Верно: _дончанин_.

Жители Донецка — дончане или донетчане?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно: _дончане_.

В последнее время я все чаще слышу в речи политиков, журналистов, ведущих теле- и радиопрограмм слово «ровно», используемое в значении «точно», «именно», например, «ровно то же самое будет и с Донецкой областью Украины», «ровно об этом я и говорю». Насколько грамотным и стилистически оправданным является использование слова «ровно» в этих значениях в речи людей, профессионально занимающихся журналистикой и политикой? Нет ли в нем какого-то приниженно-жаргонного оттенка, которого следует избегать человеку, стремящемуся пользоваться языком в соответсвии с литературными нормами?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В МАСе и «Большом толковом словаре русского языка» под редакцией С. А. Кузнецова среди прочих значений слова _ровно_ есть значение: в значении частицы «точно, как раз».

Скажите, пожалуйста, с какой буквы (большой или маленькой)нужно писать словосочетание:Донецко-Макеевская агломерация?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Вы написали корректно.

Скажите пожалуйста, с какой буквы (заглавной или маленькой) пишутся прилагательные, образованные от имен собственных? Например: Б/бориспольский аэропорт, Д/донецкий вокзал и есть ли исключения из этих правил. Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В названиях железнодорожных станций, вокзалов, аэропортов и т. п. с прописной буквы пишутся все слова, кроме родовых обозначений: _Бориспольский аэропорт, Донецкий вокзал_ (_Донецкий_ пишется с прописной, если это название вокзала в каком-либо городе, ср. _Московский вокзал_ в Санкт-Петербурге, в противном случае: _донецкий вокзал_).

Источник

Русский

Флаг Донецкой Народной Республики

Тип и синтаксические свойства сочетания

До—не́ц—ка·я На—ро́д—на·я Рес—пу́б—ли—ка

Устойчивое сочетание (имя собственное). Используется в качестве именной группы.

Произношение

  • МФА: [dɐˈnʲet͡skəɪ̯ə nɐˈrodnəɪ̯ə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə] 

Семантические свойства

Значение

  1. республика в составе Российской Федерации, входящая (по версии России) в её состав с октября 2022 года ◆ Отсутствует пример употребления (см. рекомендации).
  2. истор. частично признанное государство на юго-востоке Европы, провозглашённое в 2014 году в пределах Донецкой области Украины; в октябре 2022 года вошло в состав Российской Федерации в качестве Донецкой Народной Республики [1] ◆ «Мы, народ Донецкой Народной Республики, по результатам референдума, проведенного 11 мая 2014 года, и основываясь на декларации о суверенитете ДНР, объявляем, что отныне Донецкая Народная Республика является суверенным государством» — такое объявление сделал сопредседатель Донецкой Народной Республики (ДНР) Денис Пушилин. Дарья Цой, «Донецк и Луганск объявили независимость» // «Известия», 2014 г. [НКРЯ] ◆ Киев и самопровозглашенная Донецкая Народная Республика (ДНР) завершили процедуру обмена пленными, которая стала первой в 2020 году. «Киев и ДНР завершили первый в 2020 году обмен пленными» // «Известия», 2020 г. [НКРЯ] ◆ В преддверии выборов депутатов Госдумы заметно активизировались украинские «информационные войска», также усилились обстрелы городов и посёлков Донецкой Народной Республики с украинской стороны. «Пушилин рассказал об активизации украинских войск накануне российских выборов» // «Парламентская газета», 2021 г. [НКРЯ]

Синонимы

  1. ДНР; разг. Донетчина, Донбасс; пренебр. Донбабве
  2. ДНР; разг. Донетчина, Донбасс; пренебр. Донбабве

Антонимы

  1. —
  2. —

Гиперонимы

  1. субъект федерации, республика
  2. государство, республика

Гипонимы

  1. —

Этимология

Перевод

Список переводов
  • Азербайджанскийaz: Donetsk Xalq Respublikası
  • Английскийen: Donetsk People’s Republic
  • Арабскийar: جمهورية دونيتسك الشعبية (jumhūriyyat donetsk aš-šaʿbiyya)
  • Арагонскийan: Republica Popular de Donetsk ж.
  • Армянскийhy: Դոնեցկի Ժողովրդական Հանրապետություն (Donecʿki Žołovrdakan Hanrapetutʿyun)
  • Африкаансaf: Volksrepubliek Donetsk
  • Баскскийeu: Donetskeko Herri Errepublika
  • Башкирскийba: Донецк Халыҡ Республикаһы
  • Белорусскийbe: Данецкая Народная Рэспубліка
  • Бенгальскийbn: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী দোনেৎস্ক
  • Болгарскийbg: Донецка Народна Република ж.
  • Боснийскийbs: Donjecka Narodna Republika ж.
  • Бретонскийbr: Republik Pobl Donetsk
  • Валлийскийcy: Gweriniaeth Pobl Donetsk
  • Венгерскийhu: Donyecki Népköztársaság
  • Вепсскийvep: Doneckan Rahvahaline Tazovaldkund
  • Верхнелужицкийhsb: Donjecka ludowa republika ж.
  • Вьетнамскийvi: Cộng hòa Nhân dân Donetsk
  • Галисийскийgl: República Popular de Donetsk ж.
  • Греческийel: Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Ντονέτσκ ж. (Laïkí Dimokratía tou Donétsk)
  • Грузинскийka: დონეცკის სახალხო რესპუბლიკა
  • Датскийda: Folkerepublikken Donetsk
  • Ивритhe: הרפובליקה העממית של דונצק
  • Идишyi: דאנעצקער מענטשנ’ס רעפובליק
  • Индонезийскийid: Republik Rakyat Donetsk
  • Интерлингвеиie: Popul Republica Donetsk
  • Исландскийis: Alþýðulýðveldið Donetsk
  • Испанскийes: República Popular de Donetsk ж.
  • Итальянскийit: Repubblica Popolare di Doneck
  • Казахскийkk: Донецк Халық Республикасы
  • Каталанскийca: República Popular de Donetsk ж.
  • Киргизскийky: Донецк Эл Республикасы
  • Китайскийzh: 頓涅茨克人民共和國
  • Коми-зырянскийkom: Донецк Йӧзкостса Республика
  • Корейскийko: 도네츠크 인민 공화국 (donecheukeu inmin gonghwaguk)
  • Курдскийckb (сорани): کۆماری گەلی دۆنێتسک
  • Курманджиkmr (севернокурдский): Komara Gel a Donetskê
  • Латышскийlv: Doneckas Tautas Republika ж.
  • Лимбургскийli: Volksrepubliek Donetsk
  • Литовскийlt: Donecko Liaudies Respublika ж.
  • Ломбардскийlmo: Republega Popolar de Doneck
  • Македонскийmk: Донечка Народна Република ж.
  • Малайскийms: Republik Rakyat Donetsk
  • Марийскийchm: Донецк Калык Республик
  • Мегрельскийxmf: დონეცკიშ ოაკთე რესპუბლიკა
  • Монгольскийmn: Донецкийн Бүгд Найрамдах Ард Улс
  • Науатльnah: Tlācatlahtocāyōtl Āltepēhuahcāyōtl Donetsk
  • Немецкийde: Volksrepublik Donezk
  • Нидерландскийnl: Volksrepubliek Donetsk
  • Норвежскийno: Folkerepublikken Donetsk
  • Осетинскийos: Донецчы Адæмон Республикæ
  • Панджабиpa: دونیتسک عوامی لوکراج
  • Персидскийfa: جمهوری خلق دونتسک
  • Польскийpl: Doniecka Republika Ludowa ж.
  • Португальскийpt: República Popular de Donetsk ж.
  • Пуштуps: د ډونيټسک د خلکو جمهوريت
  • Румынскийro: Republica Populară Donețk ж.
  • Русинскийrue: Донецка Людова Република ж.
  • Сардинскийsc: Repùblica Populare de Doneck ж.
  • Сербскийsr (кир.): Доњецка Народна Република ж.
  • Сербскийsr (лат.): Donjecka Narodna Republika ж.
  • Сицилийскийscn: Ripùbbrica Pòpulari di Donetsk ж.
  • Словацкийsk: Donecká ľudová republika ж.
  • Словенскийsl: Doneška ljudska republika ж.
  • Тайскийth: สาธารณรัฐประชาชนดอแนตสก์
  • Тамильскийta: தனியெத்சுக் மக்கள் குடியரசு
  • Татарскийtt: Донецк Халык Республикасы
  • Турецкийtr: Donetsk Halk Cumhuriyeti
  • Узбекскийuz: Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi, Донецк Халқ Республикаси
  • Украинскийuk: Донецька Народна Республіка ж.
  • Урдуur: دونیتسک عوامی جمہوریہ
  • Финскийfi: Donetskin kansantasavalta
  • Французскийfr: République populaire de Donetsk ж.
  • Хиндиhi: डोनेट्स्क पीपुल्स रिपब्लिक
  • Хорватскийhr: Donjecka Narodna Republika
  • Чешскийcs: Doněcká lidová republika ж.
  • Чувашскийcv: Донецк Халӑх Республики
  • Шведскийsv: Folkrepubliken Donetsk
  • Шотландскийsco: Donetsk Fowkrepublic
  • Эсперантоиeo: Popola Respubliko de Donecko
  • Эстонскийet: Donetski Rahvavabariik
  • Якутскийsah: Донецк Дьон Республиката
  • Японскийja: ドネツク人民共和国 (Donetsuku jinmin kyōwakoku)

Библиография

Источник
Субъект Российской Федерации
Донецкая Народная Республика
ДНР
Флаг Герб
Флаг Герб
Страна  Россия
Входит в Федеральный округ не образован
Включает 18 районов
Столица Донецк
Глава Денис Пушилин
История и география
Дата образования 30 сентября 2022 года,
12 мая 2014 года (независимость от Украины)
Площадь

26 517 км²

  • (68-е место)
Высота
 • Максимальная 367,1 м
 • Минимальная -0.4 м
Часовой пояс МСК (UTC+3)
Крупнейшие города Донецк, Макеевка Мариуполь, Горловка, Краматорск, Славянск, Торез
Население
Население

▼ 4 100 280[1] чел. (2022)

  • (7-е место)
Плотность 162,49 чел./км²
Национальности русские, украинцы
Конфессии православные
Государственный язык русский
Цифровые идентификаторы
Код ОКАТО 21
Код субъекта РФ 80
Телефонный код 7 (856)
+7 (949) (мобильный)
Преемственность
← Донецкая область
https://днронлайн.рф/
Донецкая Народная Республика на карте
Донецкая Народная Республика на карте

Донецкая Народная Республика (ДНР) — субъект Российской Федерации, до 30 сентября 2022 года независимое государство, провозглашённое в 2014 году в результате пророссийских акций протеста в границах Донецкой области Украины.
Как государство прекратило существование в связи с вхождением в состав России по итогам проведённого в ДНР референдума. Западная часть ДНР до сих пор оккупирована войсками Украины, не признающей её отделение.
Глава ДНР с 2018 года — Денис Пушилин.

Территория республики покрыта многочисленными терриконами, хлебными полями и ландшафтными парками. Имеется крупный порт на берегу Азовского моря, на территории республики располагается крупнейший промышленный комплекс бывшей УССР, а в недрах содержатся огромные запасы угля и лития.

Столица — город Донецк.

Граничит с Ростовской и Запорожской областями, Луганской Республикой и Украиной.

Официальный язык: русский[2].

История ДНР

Донецкая Народная Республика была провозглашена 7 апреля 2014 года в ходе охвативших города Юго-Востока Украины массовых общественно-политических акций против руководства Украины, пришедшего к власти в результате государственного переворота.

11 мая на части территорий Донецкой области состоялся референдум о самоопределении. 12 мая была провозглашена независимость ДНР. В ходе последовавшего вооружённого конфликта в Донбассе (2014—2015) ДНР сохранила контроль над центральными и южными районами, составляющими около трети территории Донецкой области.

В феврале 2015 года ДНР провозгласила себя правопреемницей Донецко-Криворожской Советской Республики[3].

До начала 2022 года ДНР находилась в тесной зависимости от России, опираясь на её экономическую, финансовую, политическую и военную поддержку. Российское руководство при этом воздерживалось от официального признания ДНР и предпринимало усилия по дипломатическому урегулированию внутриукраинского конфликта на основе Минских соглашений 2014-2015 годов, рассчитывая на возвращение ДНР в состав Украины и особый статус этой территории, который позволил бы ей поддерживать более тесные отношения с Россией.

Однако процесс урегулирования конфликта в Донбассе фактически зашёл в тупик из-за отказа украинского руководства выполнять «политические положения» Минских соглашений. Киев категорически отказывался от прямых переговоров с ДНР и ЛНР, выступал против закрепления в конституции их особого статуса, а также требовал передать под свой контроль участок границы с Россией в Донбассе.

16 февраля 2022 года на линии соприкосновения в Донбассе произошло резкое обострение обстановки. В Донецкой и Луганской народных республиках сообщили о самых интенсивных за последние месяцы обстрелах со стороны Украины, которые привели к повреждению ряда объектов гражданской инфраструктуры, а также к жертвам среди мирного населения. Руководство республик в связи с нарастающей угрозой боевых действий объявило о начале эвакуации населения на территорию России.

21 февраля главы ДНР и ЛНР Денис Пушилин и Леонид Пасечник обратились к президенту РФ с просьбой признать независимость республик, предусмотрев сотрудничество в сфере обороны. Они объяснили это готовностью украинской стороны к силовому решению конфликта в Донбассе[4]. Обращения были рассмотрены на расширенном заседании Совета безопасности РФ[5]. Вечером того же дня Владимир Путин выступил с телевизионным обращением к гражданам России и подписал указы о признании независимости ДНР и ЛНР[6], после чего были подписаны договоры о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи между Россией, ДНР и ЛНР[7].

22 февраля Владимир Путин получил от Совета Федерации право на использование российских войск за границей в связи с донбасским конфликтом[8][9].

Путин заявил, что после признания Москвой Донецкой и Луганской народных республик Минских соглашений больше не существует. По его словам, Россия была вынуждена принять решение о признании ДНР и ЛНР из-за нежелания Киева выполнять Минские соглашения, которые фактически «были убиты» ещё задолго до признания народных республик Донбасса[10].

23 февраля пресс-секретарь президента России Дмитрий Песков сообщил о поступивших обращениях глав республик к российскому лидеру с просьбой «оказания помощи в отражении военной агрессии украинского режима»[11]. 24 февраля Владимир Путин объявил о начале специальной военной операции на территории Украины для помощи населению Донбасса[12].

Российская армия и формирования ДНР установили полный контроль над побережьем Азовского моря, в мае заняли Мариуполь и принудили к сдаче в плен остатки украинской группировки. Были освобождены города Светлодарск, Лиман (Красный Лиман). В начале июня был освобождён Святогорск.

19 сентября на фоне непрекращающихся обстрелов украинской армией жилых кварталов населённых пунктов Донбасса и проведения украинскими спецслужбами диверсий и терактов на территории ДНР и ЛНР Общественные палаты республик выступили с инициативой безотлагательно провести референдумы о присоединении к Российской Федерации. Власти ДНР и ЛНР поддержали это предложение, назначив датой референдума 23-27 сентября[13].

Вопрос, вынесенный на голосование в ДНР и ЛНР, предусматривал ответ «да» или «нет»:

  • «Вы за вхождение Донецкой Народной Республики (Луганской Народной Республики) в состав Российской Федерации на правах субъекта Российской Федерации?»[14][15].

Голосование было признано состоявшимся. Жители ДНР подавляющим большинством голосов поддержали присоединение к Российской Федерации[16].

30 сентября в Кремле президент России Владимир Путин и главы ДНР, ЛНР, а также главы военно-гражданских администраций Херсонской и Запорожской области Денис Пушилин, Леонид Пасечник, Владимир Сальдо и Евгений Балицкий подписали договоры о вхождении этих территорий в состав России.

5 октября Путин подписал федеральные конституционные законы о ратификации договоров[17] и назначил действующих руководителей новых субъектов Федерации временно исполняющими обязанности глав и губернаторов[18].

География

Согласно конституции ДНР, обнародованной 16 мая 2014 года, территорией республики была заявлена территория в границах «бывшей Донецкой области в составе республики Украина»[19][20].

В феврале 2022 года Россия признала ДНР в заявленных ею границах — то есть в границах «бывшей Донецкой области в составе республики Украина».

Площадь ДНР — 26,5 тыс. км² (площадь Донецкой области, в границах которой Россия признала ДНР). По состоянию на 10 сентября 2022 года штаб территориальной обороны ДНР сообщал, что под контролем союзных сил находилось 277 населённых пунктов[21].

Крупнейший город и столица — Донецк, другие крупные подконтрольные города на начало 2022 года — Макеевка и Горловка. В мае 2022 года был освобождён Мариуполь.

Рельеф местности представляет собой холмистую равнину, расчленённую речными долинами. Средняя высота над уровнем моря — 140 м. Полезные ископаемые: уголь, известняки, гипс, глины, стекольный песок, гравий и литий.

Климат

Умеренно континентальный.

Зимой в Республике температура в среднем между -4 °C и +5 °C с нередкими отклонениями от нормы. Каждой зимой выпадает снег, в среднем 60 см за год.

Весна мягкая с температурой в среднем от +8 °C до + 19 °C.

Летом в Республике сравнительно жарко, средняя температура +24 °C, имеются периоды с высокой влажностью воздуха. Часто температура в период летнего солнцестояния превышает +35 °C.

Осень мягкая, как и весна, средняя температура колеблется от +11°C до +20°C.

Абсолютный минимум −36 °C, максимум +42 °C. Среднее годовое количество осадков сохраняется в пределах 380—550 мм.

Государственное устройство ДНР (2014—2022)

Высшим должностным лицом и руководителем исполнительной власти ДНР в 2014—2022 гг. являлся глава Донецкой Народной Республики. 11 ноября 2018 года на этот пост был избран Денис Пушилин. Глава ДНР избирался на пять лет тайным голосованием на всеобщих прямых выборах. Глава ДНР формировал правительство.

Высшим органом законодательной власти являлся Народный Совет Донецкой Народной Республики. В 2022 году председателем Народного Совета являлся Владимир Бидёвка.

Депутаты Народного Совета избирались на пятилетний срок в ходе прямых всеобщих парламентских выборов, проводимых по пропорциональной системе в многомандатных округах. Количественный состав Совета, регламентируемый действующим законодательством, — 100 человек.

Функции зарегистрированных политических партий в ДНР выполняли общественные организации. Наиболее крупными из них являлись две — «Донецкая республика», которую после гибели Александра Захарченко возглавляет Денис Пушилин, и «Свободный Донбасс» (Павел Губарев). Только они имели право выдвигать кандидатов в депутаты Народного Совета[22].

Высшая судебная власть принадлежала Верховному суду Донецкой Народной Республики. В его ведении находились системы уголовного, гражданского и административного правосудия, он являлся высшей апелляционной инстанцией по соответствующим делам. 17 августа 2014 года Президиум Совета министров ДНР принял два постановления: «Об утверждении „Положения о военных судах Донецкой Народной Республики“» и «Об утверждении Уголовного кодекса Донецкой Народной Республики»[23][24]. 20 ноября 2014 года власти ДНР ввели институт военно-полевых судов[25]. 12 июля 2022 года глава ДНР Денис Пушилин подписал указ об отмене моратория на смертную казнь[26].

Государственная символика ДНР

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Государственные награды

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Вооружённые силы

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Административно-территориальное деление

Административно-территориальное деление Донецкой Народной Республики в границах, существовавших на день её провозглашения, представлено 46 административно‑территориальными единицами, в том числе 18 районами[27]:

1) Александровский,
2) Амвросиевский
3) Артемовский
4) Великоновоселковский
5) Волновахский
6) Володарский
7) Добропольский
8) Константиновский
9) Красноармейский
10) Краснолиманский
11) Марьинский
12) Новоазовский
13) Першотравневый
14) Славянский
15) Старобешевский
16) Тельмановский
17) Шахтерский
18) Ясиноватский

и 28 городами центрального подчинения: Донецк, Авдеевка, Артёмовск, Горловка, Дебальцево, Дзержинск, Димитров, Докучаевск, Доброполье, Дружковка, Енакиево, Ждановка, Кировское, Краматорск, Красный Лиман, Константиновка, Красноармейск, Макеевка, Мариуполь, Новогродовка, Селидово, Славянск, Снежное, Торез, Угледар, Харцызск, Шахтёрск, Ясиноватая.

Экономика

Республика является одним из крупнейших промышленных регионов мира.

Основными отраслями промышленности являются угледобыча, чёрная металлургия, коксохимическая отрасль. Развиты добыча каменной соли в двух крупных месторождениях, химическая промышленность (ГП «Стирол» — это крупнейший в странах СНГ производитель минеральных удобрений, который поставляет на рынок до 3 % мирового экспорта аммиака и карбамида, аммиачной селитры, полистиролов различных марок), тяжёлое машиностроение (крупнейшие предприятия Европы «Азовмаш», «НКМЗ»), производство стройматериалов, имеются огромные запасы угля и лития. Донецкая Народная Республика обладает самой густой сетью железных дорог на всём постсоветском пространстве.

Электроэнергетика

Производство электроэнергии обеспечивается за счёт тепловых угольных электростанций (Старобешевская, Славянская, Кураховская, Углегорская,Зуевская и другие) и Новоазовской ВЭС, излишки поставляются в другие регионы Российской Федерации.

Крупнейшие производители электроэнергии:

  • Углегорская ТЭС — крупнейшая в Европе (3,6 ГВт)
  • Старобешевская ТЭС — 2,0 ГВт
  • Славянская ТЭС — 1,8 ГВт
  • Кураховская ТЭС — 1,49 ГВт
  • Зуевская ТЭС — 1,215 ГВт
  • Мироновская ТЭС — 0,085 ГВт
  • Зуевская ЭТЭЦ
  • Краматорская ТЭС-4

Топливная промышленность

За исключением угольной, другие отрасли топливной промышленности (нефтяная, газовая, торфяная) представлены в республике довольно слабо. Лишь на севере, около города Красный Лиман, промышленным путём добывают природный газ. Несколько южнее Северского Донца по направлению из ЛНР в Украину проложен нефтепровод «Самара — Кременчуг».

Угольная промышленность

На территории ДНР находится большинство предприятий Донецкого угольного бассейна. Разработка запасов Донбасса происходила с востока на запад, поэтому наиболее перспективные залежи каменного угля находятся сейчас именно на западе (Красноармейск, Доброполье, Угледар). В восточных районах республики добывают антрацит.

Крупнейшие предприятия по обогащению угля (ГОФы, ЦОФы — государственные или центральные обогатительные фабрики, УПП — углеперерабатывающие предприятия) находятся в городах: Макеевка, Донецк, Торез, Дзержинск, Горловка, Димитров, Доброполье, Селидово и другие. Большинство ЦОФ находятся в составе угледобывающих предприятий, однако некоторые из них работают отдельно. Общее количество обогатительных фабрик республики — 31.

Горнодобывающая промышленность

Республика обеспечивает львиную долю собственных потребностей металлургии в нерудном сырье (доломиты, флюсовые известняки, огнеупорные глины, формовочные пески). Кроме того, в Горловке на Никитовском ртутном комбинате разрабатывается крупнейшее в бывшем СССР месторождение ртути.

Коксохимическая промышленность

Является важным звеном цепочки «уголь-кокс-металл». Донецкая Народная Республика является абсолютным лидером в производстве кокса и количестве коксовых батарей на КХЗ (коксохимических заводах) в мире. Сырьём для коксохимической промышленности является коксующийся уголь, широко добываемый на её территории. Побочные продукты производства кокса, в том числе фенол, широко используются на предприятиях химической промышленности России.

Чёрная металлургия

ДНР — крупнейшая база отечественной металлургии. В городе Мариуполе производится самое большое количество металла на территории бывшей УССР. Чёрная металлургия является ведущей отраслью тяжёлой промышленности республики, дающей валютную выручку в конце налаженной цепочки «уголь — кокс — металл». В свою очередь, последнее звено этой цепочки имеет все составляющие этапы производства: агломерат, чугун, сталь, прокат, трубы, металлоизделия.

Чёрная металлургия — один из наиболее прибыльных секторов донецкой экономики. Сохранение её потенциала крайне важно для экономического развития России. В инфраструктуру чёрной металлургии завязаны угольная промышленность, энергетический комплекс, сеть коксохимических комбинатов, транспортная сеть, в том числе и мариупольский порт.

Цветная металлургия

В отличие от чёрной металлургии, не сильно развита. Однако в ДНР имеется ряд предприятий этого сектора экономики.

Химическая промышленность

Сектор химической промышленности в ДНР довольно значительный. В республике представлены практически все отрасли химической промышленности (за исключением нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности). Сырьём для химической промышленности являются побочные продукты местных коксохимических заводов, каменная соль, добываемая на рудниках Артёмовска и Славянска.

Добыча химического сырья и основная химия (производство соды) осуществлялось на славянском предприятии «Химпром».
Производство фенола находится на единственном в бывшем СССР Дзержинском фенольном заводе.
Крупнейшим предприятием химии Донецкой Народной Республики является государственный концерн «Стирол», выпускающий кроме своей основной продукции — азотных удобрений, синтетические смолы, пластмассы, полистирол, фармацевтические препараты и другое.

Машиностроение

Одним из крупнейших секторов промышленности ДНР является многоотраслевое машиностроение. Преобладает тяжёлое машиностроение. Крупнейшими предприятиями отрасли являются Азовмаш, НКМЗ, Донгормаш и другие. Ведущая роль принадлежит металлоёмким производствам, которые выпускают машины и оборудование для металлургической, горной, химической и других отраслей. Налажен выпуск автобусов марки ПАЗ и современных моделей трамваев Татра Т3 ДТ-1 ДОН.

Промышленность строительных материалов

В республике имеется большое количество предприятий отрасли, в том числе крупнейшее производство известняковых, гипсовых и местных вяжущих материалов — славянские, артёмовские и горловские предприятия по производству изделий из глин. По объёмам производства сборного железобетона регион занимал 1-е место в УССР.

Стекольная промышленность

Стекольная промышленность работает на базе кварцевых песков, мела, а также отходов содовой промышленности. Крупнейшие предприятия расположены в городе Константиновка, где в советские годы на базе Константиновского стекольного завода были изготовлены знаменитые кремлёвские звезды.

Фарфоро-фаянсовая промышленность

  • Дружковский фарфоровый завод
  • Славянский фарфоровый завод
  • Славянский завод «Керамические массы Донбасса»

Деревообрабатывающая и целлюлозно-бумажная промышленность

Предприятия отрасли работают на привозном сырье. Имеется 5 центров данной промышленности области: Донецк, Славянск, Торез (в том числе единственный в ДНР целлюлозно-бумажный комбинат), Константиновка, Артёмовск.

Лёгкая промышленность

Быстрый рост городского населения в 1960-70-х годах и большая его концентрация в промышленных центрах способствовали в те годы развитию комплекса лёгкой промышленности. В его составе текстильная, в том числе трикотажная, швейная, а также кожевенно-обувная отрасли.

Пищевая промышленность

Пищевая промышленность ДНР представлена предприятиями мясной, молочной, мукомольной, маслодельной, плодоовощеконсервной, рыбной и рыбоперерабатывающей, соляной отраслей.

В конце 2014 года Киевом была установлена экономическая блокада Донбасса. С декабря 2014 года, в соответствии с указом президента Украины Петра Порошенко, правительство страны прекратило там выплату всех социальных пособий, включая пенсии, обслуживание банками счетов населения и предприятий. Чтобы получить украинскую пенсию и другие украинские социальные выплаты, жители ДНР и ЛНР должны были выезжать на подконтрольную Киеву территорию[28].

В 2017 году украинские радикалы заблокировали движение грузовых поездов с углем из Донбасса и потребовали полностью прекратить все торговые связи с ДНР и ЛНР. После этого в республиках было решено ввести внешнее управление на всех украинских предприятиях и переориентировать поставки продукции и товаров на рынки России и других стран. С 15 марта 2017 года Киев по решению Совета национальной безопасности и обороны полностью приостановил транспортное сообщение с ДНР и ЛНР[28].

С августа 2022 года металлургические заводы Южного горно-металлургического комплекса — Енакиевский металлургический завод и Алчевский металлургический комбинат — начали получать железорудное сырье с Запорожского железорудного комбината. Первая партия составила порядка 5 тыс. тонн, но в будущем поставки планируется наращивать[29].

Как сообщил в конце августа 2022 года Межведомственный координационный штаб Российской Федерации по гуманитарному реагированию, в рамках реализации мероприятий по восстановлению инфраструктуры народных республик Донбасса военно-строительным комплексом Минобороны России на территории ДНР возводятся и реконструируются жизненно важные объекты:

  • в Мариуполе — первая очередь жилого микрорайона (12 жилых домов на 1 011 квартир, срок завершения строительства — сентябрь-декабрь 2022 г.) и административно-спасательный центр МЧС (срок сдачи — декабрь 2022 г.);
  • многофункциональный медицинский центр на 60 койко-мест (срок сдачи — сентябрь 2022 г.);
  • патологоанатомический корпус с отделением судебно-медицинской экспертизы (срок сдачи — октябрь 2022 г.);
  • мемориальный комплекс «Саур-Могила» (открытие запланировано в сентябре 2022 г.);
  • в Волновахе — водовод протяженностью более 20 км (срок сдачи — октябрь 2022 г.)[30].

Население

Население ДНР — 2,2 млн человек, по данным Государственной службы статистики ДНР на 1 марта 2022 года (госслужба статистики Украины на 1 января оценивала население Донецкой области в 4 млн человек)[21].

Примечания

  1. ↑ Чисельність наявного населення України (укр.). State Statistics Service of Ukraine.
  2. ↑ Конституция Донецкой Народной Республики г. 1 ст. 10
  3. ↑ ДНР провозгласила себя правопреемницей Донецко-Криворожской Советской республики. ДАН. Дата обращения: 6 февраля 2015.
  4. ↑ Главы ДНР и ЛНР попросили Путина признать независимость республик, РИА Новости. Дата обращения 23 февраля 2022.
  5. ↑ «При обычном развитии событий не будут. Не будут никогда», — сказал Козак, отвечая на вопрос Путина о том, будут ли киевские власти выполнять минские соглашения, ТАСС. Дата обращения 23 февраля 2022.
  6. ↑ Путин поручил российским военным обеспечить поддержание мира в ДНР и ЛНР // РБК, 22.02.2022
  7. ↑ Путин подписал указы о признании ЛНР и ДНР // РБК, 21.02.2022
  8. ↑ Совет Федерации дал согласие Путину на использование ВС РФ за рубежом. Interfax.ru. Дата обращения: 23 февраля 2022.
  9. ↑ Путин подтвердил оказание военной помощи в случае обращения ДНР и ЛНР. Interfax.ru. Дата обращения: 23 февраля 2022.
  10. ↑ Путин заявил о прекращении существования минских соглашений. РБК. Дата обращения: 23 февраля 2022.
  11. ↑ Главы ДНР и ЛНР обратились к Путину с просьбой помочь в отражении агрессии Киева. ТАСС. Дата обращения: 24 февраля 2022.
  12. ↑ Обращение Президента Российской Федерации. 24 февраля 2022 года
  13. ↑ Глава ЛНР призвал жителей республики проголосовать на референдуме. РИА Новости (23 сентября 2022). Дата обращения: 23 сентября 2022.
  14. ↑ Референдум на освобождённых территориях пройдет с 23 по 27 сентября. РИА Новости (21 сентября 2022). Дата обращения: 23 сентября 2022.
  15. ↑ В Херсоне утвердили текст бюллетеней для референдума о присоединении к России. Лента.ру (21 сентября 2022). Дата обращения: 23 сентября 2022.
  16. ↑ Жители Донбасса, Запорожья и Херсонщины большинством поддержали присоединение к РФ. ТАСС (28-9-2022). Дата обращения: 28 сентября 2022.
  17. ↑ Президент подписал законы о ратификации договоров о принятии в состав России ДНР, ЛНР, Запорожской и Херсонской областей // Интерфакс, 05.10.2022
  18. ↑ Путин назначил врио глав новых территорий // Коммерсантъ, 05.10.2022
  19. ↑ Донецкие активисты обзавелись правительством. Премьером самопровозглашённой «Донецкой народной республики» стал россиянин // Газета «Коммерсантъ» № 83 от 17.05.2014. Дата обращения: 17 мая 2019. Архивировано 20 февраля 2020 года.
  20. ↑ Конституция ДНР. Дата обращения: 30 апреля 2019. Архивировано 25 февраля 2022 года.
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Что известно о регионах, где идут референдумы о присоединении к России // РБК, 23.09.2022
  22. ↑ Коммунисты Донбасса просят защиты у Зюганова. Дата обращения: 4 октября 2016. Архивировано 4 октября 2016 года.
  23. ↑ Президиум совета министров принял положение о военных судах и уголовный кодекс (недоступная ссылка). Дата обращения: 18 августа 2014. Архивировано 18 августа 2014 года.
  24. ↑ Ради «социальной защиты» «ДНР» ввела смертную казнь Архивная копия от 28 октября 2014 на Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ Вера Кичанова. В ДНР легализовали военно-полевые суды Архивная копия от 29 ноября 2014 на Wayback Machine |«Slon.ru», 20.11.2014
  26. ↑ Russia-Backed Separatists In Ukraine Lift Moratorium On Death Penalty (англ.). RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Дата обращения: 13 июля 2022.
  27. ↑ Об административно-территориальном делении и наименованиях населенных пунктов на территориях, ранее временно находившихся под контролем Украины (обновлено 21.03.2022)
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Как складывалась ситуация вокруг Донецкой и Луганской народных республик после 2014 года // ТАСС, 21.02.2022
  29. ↑ Металлургические заводы ЮГМК в ДНР начали получать железную руду из Запорожья // ТАСС, 18.08.2022
  30. ↑ Заявление Межведомственного координационного штаба Российской Федерации по гуманитарному реагированию. 26.08.2022
Источник

Flag of Donetsk People's Republic.svg Доне́цкая Наро́дная Респу́блика

Герб ДНР

Флаг ДНР

Доне́цкая Наро́дная Респу́блика — регион России, расположенный на территории Донецкого каменноугольного бассейна с выходом к Азовскому морю. Столица — Донецк. Площадь — 26 517 км², величина населения (оценка 2018) — 2 293 431 человек. Глава (с 20 ноября 2018) — Денис Пушилин, председатель Совета Министров (с 8 июня 2022) — Хоценко Виталий.

Содержание

  • 1 Предыстория
  • 2 История
  • 3 Официальная символика
    • 3.1 Флаг ДНР
    • 3.2 Герб ДНР
    • 3.3 Гимн ДНР
  • 4 Органы власти
    • 4.1 Глава ДНР
    • 4.2 Совет Министров (Правительство) ДНР
    • 4.3 Народный совет ДНР
  • 5 География
  • 6 Население
  • 7 Экономика ДНР
    • 7.1 Промышленность
    • 7.2 Сельское хозяйство
  • 8 Наука и образование
    • 8.1 Научные учреждения
  • 9 См. также
  • 10 Ссылки
  • 11 Примечания

Предыстория

Подробнее см. История Новороссии.

Донецкая Народная Республика ранее называлась Донецкой и Сталинской областями СССР и Украины. Ещё ранее её территория входила в состав исторического региона Новороссия и Донецко-Криворожской Республики, ставших частью свежесозданной Украинской ССР в 1920-х гг.

Несмотря на то, что всё время существования СССР на территории области проводилась политика украинизации, значительно усилившаяся при независимой Украине, основная часть местного населения — русские по языку и культуре, хотя до начала карательной операции украинских войск 2014 года в целом относилось к Украине куда благожелательнее крымчан.

История

Подробнее см. Хронология Украинского кризиса.

Донецкая Народная Республика (ДНР) была образована на территории бывшей Донецкой области Украины в 2014 году в ходе событий Русской весны как ответ местного населения на государственный переворот в Киеве и приход к власти олигархов и националистов. См. официальную летопись. [1]

Паспорт ДНР

Паспорт ДНР на имя А. В. Захарченко

  • 2 мая 2014 года — началась карательная операция украинских войск на Донбассе и в этот же день произошла трагедия в Одессе, где националисты сожгли десятки мирно протестовавших против действий киевской хунты людей, что подтолкнуло возмущенное население к восстанию.
  • 11 мая 2014 года — состоялось юридическое оформление создания Республики, когда в ДНР, одновременно с соседней Луганской Народной Республикой (ЛНР) прошли референдумы, на которых местное население поддержало независимость обеих Республик. По данным организаторов референдума, в ДНР явка составила 74,87 %, при этом, 89,07 % голосовавших поддержали независимость региона.
  • 24 мая 2014 года — Донецкая и Луганская Народные Республики объединились в составе государства Новороссия — главы ДНР и ЛНР подписали документ об объединении на съезде регионов Юго-Востока.
  • 2 ноября 2014 года — в ДНР, как и в соседней ЛНР, состоялись выборы, на которых при высокой явке населения и наличии многочисленных наблюдателей состоялось избрание глав и парламентов ДНР и ЛНР.
  • 25 марта 2015 года — в ДНР введена мультивалютная система, при которой все юридические лица страны обязаны принимать к оплате, помимо украинской гривны, доллары США, российские рубли и евро.
  • 9 мая 2015 года — в ДНР выпущена первая собственная почтовая марка.[2]
  • 11 мая 2015 года — на границе ДНР организована первая погранзастава.[3]
  • 16 мая 2016 года — в Донецкой Народной Республике начали выдавать собственные паспорта.[4]
  • 24 апреля 2019 года — Президент России Владимир Путин подписал Указ об упрощённой процедуре выдачи российских паспортов жителям ДНР и ЛНР.[5]
  • 15 сентября 2021 года — главы ДНР и ЛНР Денис Пушилин и Леонид Пасечник в режиме видео-конференц-связи подписали договор о создании единого таможенного пространства с упразднением таможенных постов на границе между ДНР и ЛНР (см. видео). [6][7][8] 2 октября того же года после обмена ратификационными грамотами он вступил в силу. [9]
  • 21 февраля 2022 года — Россия официально признала независимость ДНР и ЛНР, а также подписала с ними договоры о дружбе, взаимопомощи и сотрудничестве.[10]
  • 24 февраля 2022 года — Россия начала Специальную военную операцию на Украине, одной из основных целей которой стали помощь Донецкой и Луганской Народным Республикам в прекращении обстрелов мирного населения со стороны Украины и освобождение оккупированных территорий этих республик.
  • 23-27 сентября 2022 года — в республике, за исключением ещё не освобождённых районов, прошёл референдум по вопросу «вхождения ДНР в состав РФ на правах субъекта России». В ходе референдума положительные ответы дали 99,23% проголосовавших при явке 97,51% (в голосовании приняли участие 2 131 207 человек).[11]
  • 30 сентября 2022 года — подписано соглашение о вхождении ДНР в состав России на правах субъекта Федерации[12] (к этому моменту Республика получила документально оформленное признание со стороны России, Сирии и КНДР, со стороны трёх частично признанных государств (Южная Осетия, Донецкая Народная Республика и Абхазия), а устное — со стороны властей ещё нескольких государств, в их числе Никарагуа, Центрально-Африканская Республика).

Официальная символика

Основная статья: Символы и достопримечательности Донецкой Народной Республики

Флаг ДНР

Флаг ДНР, представляющий собой полотнище с соотношением высоты к ширине 2:3 состоит из трёх равновеликих полос — чёрной, синей и красной. Флаг применялся практически с самого начала существования Республики и построен по принципу, аналогичному флагам других Народных Республик Новороссии, повторяя, за исключением верхней полосы, флаг России. Также на флаг иногда неофициально наносят надпись «Донецкая Народная Республика» и герб ДНР.

Герб ДНР

Герб ДНР составлен на основе российского двуглавого орла, но серебряного и без лап. Видимо, под влиянием исторических мифов орёл изображён без корон, что является, вообще говоря, неправильным, поскольку короны в геральдике отражают отнюдь не царскую власть, а государственный суверенитет обладателя герба. На червлёном щите на груди орла изображён серебряный же архангел Михаил со щитом и золотым мечом.

Гимн ДНР

В качестве гимна ДНР используется композиция «Великий Донбасс, честь и гордость народа» (автор музыки — М. Хохлов, текст написан «группой авторов»). Музыка гимна является оригинальной, однако его текст ложится также на мелодию гимна СССР/России, отдельные речевые обороты («будем всегда беззаветно верны», «дружба народов») взяты из текста гимна СССР.

Органы власти

Глава ДНР

С 20 ноября 2018 года Главой Донецкой Народной Республики является Денис Пушилин.

Ранее главой Республики являлся избранный на эту должность 2 ноября 2014 года и вступивший в неё 4 ноября 2014 года Александр Владимирович Захарченко. 31 августа 2018 года он погиб в результате взрыва в кафе «Сепар».

Совет Министров (Правительство) ДНР

Главой правительства — Совета Министров ДНР с 3 декабря 2018 года является Александр Ананченко. Кроме него в Совет Министров после выборов 2 ноября 2014 года вошли 16 профильных министров, включая МИД ДНР.[13]

Народный совет ДНР

Народный совет нового созыва был сформирован из 100 депутатов по результатам выборов 2 ноября 2014 года. Полный список депутатов доступен[14] на Официальном сайте ДНР.

Донецкая Народная Республика[1]

Границы ДНР на момент перемирия 5 сентября 2014 года

География

Центральная часть ДНР совпадает с центром Донецкого каменноугольного бассейна и в этих же местах проходит Донецкий кряж — гряда холмов, в своё время изрядно попортивших жизнь строителям железных дорог на Донбассе. На юге Республика выходит к берегу Азовского моря, на востоке граничит с Ростовской областью и Луганской Народной Республикой, на севере — с Харьковской областью (Украина), а на западе — с Днепропетровской (Украина) и Запорожской областями.

Население

Республика очень густо заселена — на начало 2014 года её население составляло 4,3 млн человек (для сравнения: в сравнимом по площади Крыму вместе с Севастополем население почти в два раза меньше), причём подавляющая его часть живет в центральной и северной части ДНР в промышленных городах Донецкого каменноугольного бассейна, крупнейшим из которых является почти миллионный Донецк, фактически слившийся с находящейся рядом 350-тысячной Макеевкой и ещё несколькими населёнными пунктами поменьше. Отдельно на юге Республики располагается 460-тысячный город-порт Мариуполь.

По состоянию на 28 сентября 2014 года по данным Государственной службы статистики Украины на 1 января 2014 года население Донецкой Народной Республики в границах Минского перемирия оценивалось в 2,35 млн человек.

Экономика ДНР

Регион является очень промышленно развитым и в центральной части, в пределах Донецкого каменноугольного бассейна, практически полностью застроен городами и заводами. Остальная часть Республики, за исключением приморского Мариуполя, заводы которого строились ещё при Царе в расчёте на совместное использование донецкого угля и керченской руды, является менее промышленно развитой и менее заселённой.

Промышленность

Электроэнергетика:

  • Зуевская ТЭС, 1270 МВт, г. Зугрэс.
  • Кураховская ТЭС, 1482 МВт, г. Курахово Марьинского района.
  • Мироновская ТЭС, 115 МВт, пгт. Мироновский неподалёку от Светлодарска.
  • Новоазовская ветроэлектростанция, 79,3 МВт, с. Безыменное Новоазовского района.
  • Славянская ТЭС, 880 (ранее 2100) МВт, г. Николаевка (около г. Славянска).
  • Старобешевская ГРЭС, 2300 МВт, пос. Новый Свет Старобешевского района.
  • Углегорская ТЭС, 3600 МВт, г. Светлодарск.

Чёрная металлургия:

  • Харцызский трубный завод, г. Харцызск — производитель стальных труб большого диаметра.
  • Завод «Силур», г. Харцызск — производитель стальных тросов и изделий из них.
  • Юзовский металлургический завод (бывш. Донецкий металлургический завод), г. Донецк
  • «Донецксталь» — металлургический завод», г. Донецк
  • Енакиевский металлургический завод, г. Енакиево
  • Артемовский машиностроительный завод «Вистек», г. Артёмовск — производство якорных цепей, высокопрочных цепей для горно-шахтного оборудования и сварочных электродов.
  • Мариупольский металлургический комбинат имени Ильича, г. Мариуполь — одно из крупнейших металлургических предприятий региона. Основан в 1897 году как Завод Никополь-Мариупольского общества.[15].
  • Металлургический комбинат «Азовсталь», г. Мариуполь крупный металлургический и машиностроительный комбинат в значительной степени разрушен в ходе боёв за город весной 2022 года и, поскольку на его доменное производство и ранее были нарекания с точки зрения экологической обстановки в центре города, находится в стадии переформирования в промышленный парк, где будут размещены менее грязные производства
  • Энергомашспецсталь, г. Краматорск — производитель спецсталей для Росатома, которому опосредованно и принадлежит.
  • Мариупольский завод «Азовэлектросталь», г. Мариуполь — предприятие по производству высококачественного стального литья и заготовок для бронетехники, железнодорожных вагонов и прочих ответственных конструкций.

Цветная металлургия:

  • Донецкий химико-металлургический завод, п. Донской — изначально производитель циркония и спецсплавов, на середину 2022 года производит порошковую проволоку для металлургической промышленности, сварочные электроды, минеральный порошок для дорожного строительства и железобетонные изделия.

Коксохимическая промышленность:

  • Авдеевский коксохимический завод, г. Авдеевка — крупнейшее в Европе коксохимическое предприятие.
  • Макеевкокс, г. Макеевка
  • Маркохим (Мариупольский коксохимический завод), г. Мариуполь
  • Ясиновский коксохимический завод, г. Макеевка

Тяжёлое машиностроение:

  • Зуевский энергомеханический завод, г. Зугрэс — производитель специальных мостовых, портовых, козловых и тяжёлых промышленных башенных кранов и другой подъёмно-транспортной техники высокой грузоподъёмности.
  • Новокраматорский машиностроительный завод, г. Краматорск — очень крупный завод тяжёлого машиностроения.
  • Старокраматорский машиностроительный завод, г. Краматорск — производитель прокатного, коксового и металлургического оборудования, а также путевых и подъёмно-транспортных машин.
  • Завод «Азовмаш», г. Мариуполь — производство железнодорожного транспорта, прежде всего различных вагонов-цистерн; тяжёлого металлургического, горнорудного и подъемно-транспортногo оборудования; автотопливозаправщиков и автоперевозчиков, бронетехники.

Производство бытовой и холодильной техники:

  • Донецкий институт холодильной техники, г. Донецк
  • ДонФрост (бывший Завод НОРД), г. Донецк — крупнейший завод по производству холодильников и другой бытовой техники.
  • Краматорский завод Кондиционер, г. Краматорск — производство всевозможных кондиционеров и отопительно вентиляционных агрегатов и комплектующих к ним.
  • Крамхолодмаш, г. Краматорск — производство транспортных кондиционеров и фильтровальных установок

Производство строительной техники:

  • Горловский завод строительных машин, г. Горловка

Судостроение:

  • Азовский судоремонтный завод «Azov Shipyard», г. Мариуполь — судоремонт и производство грейферов, имеет плавучий док грузоподъемностью 15000 тонн.
  • Опытно-конструкторское бюро «Проминь», г. Донецк — строительство судов и плавучих конструкций, а также передач и приводов.

Горное машиностроение:

  • Завод «Точмаш», г. Донецк — производство гидравлического оборудования для горнодобывающей промышленности, а также бурильного и сельскохозяйственного оборудования.[16]
  • Завод «Донецкгормаш», г. Донецк — очень крупный завод горнорудного оборудования. Выпускает мощные многоканатные и барабанные подъемные машины, центробежные и осевые вентиляторы главного проветривания шахт, лебедки, редукторы, погрузочно-транспортные машины и роторное оборудование для открытых разработок.[17]
  • Новогорловский машиностроительный завод «НГМЗ-БУР», г. Головка — производство буровых станков, шахтных машин и механизмов.
  • Петровский завод угольного машиностроения, г. Донецк — производство ленточных конвейеров и оборудования к ним.

Приборостроение:

  • Научно-исследовательский институт комплексной автоматизации, г. Донецк — разработка средств радиоэлектронного подавления.
  • Завод «Топаз», г. Донецк — производство средств радиоэлектронной борьбы и радиотехнической разведки, а также телевизоров[18][19][20]
  • Донецкий электротехнический завод
  • Торезский электротехнический завод

Строительство:

  • Макеевский государственный проектный институт, г. Макеевка — строительный проектный институт специализирующийся, в том числе, на проектировании военных и других потенциально опасных объектов.

Химическая промышленность:

  • Производственное объединение «Стирол», г. Горловка — крупный производитель аммиака и минеральных удобрений.
  • Донецкий казённый завод химических изделий, г. Донецк — занимается снаряжением и утилизацией боеприпасов, изготовлением элементов динамической танковой брони, кумулятивных зарядов[21] и производством взрывчатых веществ. Завод в сентябре 2014 года подвергся бомбёжке тактическими баллистическими ракетами и серьёзно пострадал.
  • Завод «Ингаз», г. Мариуполь — крупный производитель инертных газов, в том числе один из крупнейших в мире производителей высокочистого неона, востребованного микроэлектронной промышленностью.

Разработка и производство специальных материалов:

  • Научно-производственное предприятие «Кварцит», г. Константиновка — производство изделий из кварцевой керамики, радиопрозрачных обтекателей, изделий из кварцевого стекла, а также тротуарной плитки.

Морские порты:

  • Мариуполь (Азовское море)

Добывающая промышленность:

  • Множество крупных угледобывающих предприятий — республика является центром Донецкого каменноугольного бассейна.
  • Кальчикский и Тельмановский карьеры[22], добывающие высококачественнный нерадиоактивный гранит, пригодный для жилищного строительства — в европейской части современной России до 2022 года аналогичные полезные ископаемые добывались только в Карелии, поэтому даже на юг страны везлись за тысячи километров или из-за границы.
  • Есть два месторождения каменной соли на базе одного из которых работает одно из крупнейших предприятий отрасли — Артёмсоль, г. Соледар.
  • Мазуровское месторождение циркония и ниобия
  • Есть месторождение ртутных руд.

Пищевая промышленность (крупнейшие предприятия):

  • Артвайнери (Артёмовский завод шампанских вин), г. Артёмовск — крупное для своего направления предприятие по производству игристых вин по традиционной технологии, расположенное преимущественно в гипсовой штольне.
  • Донецкий пивоваренный завод, г. Донецк

Сельское хозяйство

Для сильно урбанизированной территории республики в районе Донецкого каменноугольного бассейна характерно сельское хозяйство пригородного типа с преобладанием животноводства и овощеводства. На юге и западе республики, помимо животноводства, выращивают бахчевые и зерновые культуры, подсолнечник и сахарную свеклу.

Наука и образование

Столица республики — город Донецк является крупным научным центром, в котором ещё с советских времён располагаются более полусотни научно-исследовательских и проектных институтов, преимущественно связанных с угольной промышленностью.

Научные учреждения

  • Донецкий ботанический сад, г. Донецк
  • Донецкий государственный научно-исследовательский угольный институт, г. Донецк
  • Донецкий физико-технический институт имени А. А. Галкина, г. Донецк
  • Институт геолого-экологических проблем Донбасса, г. Донецк
  • Институт горной геологии, геомеханики и маркшейдерского дела, г. Донецк
  • Институт неотложной и восстановительной хирургии имени В.К. Гусака, г. Донецк
  • Институт прикладной математики и механики, г. Донецк
  • Институт физики горных процессов, г. Донецк
  • Институт экономических исследований, г. Донецк

и другие

См. также

  • Города Донецкой Народной Республики
  • Новороссия
  • Регионы России
  • Символы и достопримечательности Донецкой Народной Республики
  • Хронология Украинского кризиса
  • Выборы в ДНР и ЛНР 2 ноября 2014 года

Ссылки

  • Официальный сайт ДНР
  • Официальный сайт народного совета Донецкой республики
  • Новости Донецкой республики
  • Донецкое Агентство Новостей
  • Донецкая Народная Республика — статья в Циклопедии
  • Донецкая Народная Республика — статья в Викиреальности

Примечания

  1. ↑ Аэропорт Донецка на карте показан неправильно — реально он расположен северо-западнее города.

[ + ]

Map of Russia with PhotoFlag.PNG Регионы России

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Регионы Поволжья (ПФО)  Башкортостан • Волгоградская область • Калмыкия • Кировская область • Марий Эл • Мордовия • Нижегородская область • Оренбургская область • Пензенская область • Пермский край • Самарская область • Саратовская область • Татарстан • Удмуртия • Ульяновская область • Чувашия
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Регионы Северного Кавказа (СКФО)  Дагестан • Ингушетия • Кабардино-Балкария • Карачаево-Черкесия • Северная Осетия • Ставропольский край • Чеченская Республика
Регионы Урала (УФО)  Курганская область • Свердловская область • Тюменская область • Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра • Челябинская область • Ямало-Ненецкий АО
Регионы Сибири (СФО)  Республика Алтай • Алтайский край • Иркутская область • Кемеровская область • Красноярский край • Новгородская область • Новосибирская область • Омская область • Томская область • Тыва • Хакасия
Регионы Дальнего Востока (ДВФО)  Амурская область • Бурятия • Еврейская автономная область • Забайкальский край • Камчатский край • Магаданская область • Приморский край • Якутия • Сахалинская область • Хабаровский край • Чукотский автономный округ
Прочие  Донецкая Народная Республика • Запорожская область • Луганская Народная Республика • Херсонская область
См. также  Регионы России • Федеральные округа России • Упразднённые субъекты • Экономические районы России • Города России
Источник
  • Доне́цкая Наро́дная Респу́блика (сокр. ДНР; укр. Донецька Народна Республіка) — непризнанное государство в Восточной Европе.

    Донецкая Народная Республика была провозглашена на территории Донецкой области Украины в апреле 2014 года, в ходе массовых протестов против нового руководства страны, пришедшего к власти в результате Евромайдана.

    Согласно ст. 2 Конституции Украины, на всю территорию, на которую претендует ДНР, распространяется государственный суверенитет Украины. В результате боевых действий 2014—2015 годов под фактическим контролем ДНР остаётся около трети заявленной территории. Эти районы, не контролируемые украинским правительством, согласно постановлению Верховной рады Украины, «до момента выведения всех незаконных вооружённых формирований, российских оккупационных войск и их войсковой техники», считаются временно оккупированной территорией.

    Власти Украины рассматривают ДНР как террористическую организацию, а граждан, вовлечённых в деятельность её политических и военных структур, как сепаратистов и террористов. В свою очередь, в ДНР рассматривают власти Украины как «преступный режим», который совершает на территории республики «военные преступления, вызвавшие жертвы среди мирного населения и гуманитарную катастрофу».

    Население ДНР, согласно данным её фактических властей, составляет свыше 2,3 млн человек.

    Донецкая Народная Республика была провозглашена в Донецке 7 апреля 2014 года. 12 мая того же года, после состоявшегося днём ранее референдума о самоопределении и на основании декларации о независимости от 7 апреля, был провозглашён государственный суверенитет ДНР. Самостоятельность ДНР на сегодняшний день признана только частично признанной республикой Южная Осетия и непризнанной Луганской Народной Республикой.

    Правительство Украины, ряд государств и международных организаций считают, что ДНР получает военную поддержку со стороны России. Эти обвинения отвергаются российским руководством.

    Ситуация вокруг ДНР часто характеризуется как «замороженный конфликт».

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