Джйотиш на английском как пишется

Много лет назад, в начале 1990-х, когда в Москву приехали представители Махариши Махеш Йоги, в Москве услышали о Джотише, или Ведической Астрологии. И именно тогда какой-то очень старательный, но не очень грамотный переводчик решил, что английское слово Jyotish следует писать по-русски как Джйотиш. К сожалению, это непроизносимое сочетание букв закрепилось и распространилось.

Чтобы понять, почему оно неправильно, надо выяснить разницу между языками фонетическими и нефонетическими. Русский язык фонетичен. Это значит, что в нём «как слышится, так и пишется»: буквы в словах довольно точно соответствуют звукам. Мы просто произносим буквы друг за другом, и получается правильно произнесенное слово.

С другой стороны, английский язык — нефонетический. В нём произношение слов определяется не последовательностью букв, а специальными правилами прочтения. Возьмите, к примеру, слово thought, мысль. В нём слышатся только три звука, а букв используется целых семь.

Чтобы понять, как правильно писать по-русски слово Jyotish, надо услышать, как оно произносится, и затем просто записать это звучание русскими буквами. Я слышал много раз, как это слово произносится и англичанами, и индусами, в том числе во время конференций по Ведической Астрологии, и могу засвидетельствовать: самый точный способ изобразить это слово по-русски — именно Джотиш. Первый слог идентичен тому, как по-русски произносится имя Джо. Никто и никогда не произносит ничего напоминающего «джйотиш» или «джьотиш». Это было бы очень трудное сочетание звуков в любом языке.

Остаётся вопрос: а почему же англичане пишут это слово именно так: Jyotish? Почему не, скажем, «Jotish»? Потому что, следуя правилам чтения английского языка, «Jotish» читалось бы как «джоутиш», а это было бы неправильно. Поскольку слово это происходит из Санскрита (фонетического языка) английские своеобычные правила прочтения здесь неприменимы. Приходится изобретать. Когда англичанин читает слово «Jyotish», он понятия не имеет, как его следует произносить, но понимает, что обычные правила на него не распространяются. Потому что сочетание букв «yo» отсутствует в английском языке. Это ж Санскрит! Значит, надо спросить того, кто знает.

К счастью, в нашем фонетическом русском языке все эти ужимки и прыжки не нужны. Просто говорите Джотиш: как пишется, так и слышится. Точно так же, как английское имя Джон (John) читается по-русски как Джон, а не «джохн», и имя James читается как Джеймс (как слышится), а не как пишется («джамес»).

Я далёк от ожиданий, что после стольких лет безграмотности люди начнут писать Джотиш правильно, но если хоть один из вас поймёт, что буквосочетание «джйотиш» непроизносимо и неприемлемо, я буду считать свою задачу выполненной.

Александр Колесников

Источник

Это статья Александра Колесникова, известного Астролога, наконец-то прояснила ситуацию с правильным произношением и написанием такой популярной сейчас в России Ведической Астрологии. Можно смело перестать ломать язык, пытаясь произнести правильно это непонятное слово «Джйотиш». Все оказалось намного проще, что меня очень порадовало.

Jyotisha or Jyotishya (from Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyót “light, heavenly body» and ish — from Isvara or God) is the traditional Hindu system of astrology, also known as Hindu astrology, Indian astrology and more recently Vedic astrology. It is one of the six auxiliary disciplines in Hinduism, that is connected with the study of the Vedas.

The Vedanga Jyotisha is one of the earliest texts about astronomy within the Vedas.^[1][2][3][4] Some scholars believe that the horoscopic astrology practiced in the Indian subcontinent came from Hellenistic influences,^[5][6] however, this is a point of intense debate and other scholars believe that Jyotisha developed independently although it may have interacted with Greek astrology.^[7]

Following a judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in 2001 which favoured astrology, some Indian universities now offer advanced degrees in Hindu astrology. The scientific consensus is that astrology is a pseudoscience.^{[8][9][10][11]}

Etymology[edit]

Jyotisha, states Monier-Williams, is rooted in the word Jyotish, which means light, such as that of the sun or the moon or heavenly body. The term Jyotisha includes the study of astronomy, astrology and the science of timekeeping using the movements of astronomical bodies.^[12][13] It aimed to keep time, maintain calendars, and predict auspicious times for Vedic rituals.^[12][13]

History and core principles[edit]

Jyotiṣa is one of the Vedāṅga, the six auxiliary disciplines used to support Vedic rituals.^[14]: 376 Early jyotiṣa is concerned with the preparation of a calendar to determine dates for sacrificial rituals,^[14]: 377 with nothing written regarding planets.^[14]: 377 There are mentions of eclipse-causing «demons» in the Atharvaveda and Chāndogya Upaniṣad, the latter mentioning Rāhu (a shadow entity believed responsible for eclipses and meteors).^[14]: 382 The term graha, which is now taken to mean planet, originally meant demon.^[14]: 381 The Ṛigveda also mentions an eclipse-causing demon, Svarbhānu, however the specific term graha was not applied to Svarbhānu until the later Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa.^[14]: 382

The foundation of Hindu astrology is the notion of bandhu of the Vedas (scriptures), which is the connection between the microcosm and the macrocosm. The practice relies primarily on the sidereal zodiac, which differs from the tropical zodiac used in Western (Hellenistic) astrology in that an ayanāṃśa adjustment is made for the gradual precession of the vernal equinox. Hindu astrology includes several nuanced sub-systems of interpretation and prediction with elements not found in Hellenistic astrology, such as its system of lunar mansions (Nakṣatra). It was only after the transmission of Hellenistic astrology that the order of planets in India was fixed in that of the seven-day week.^{[14]: 383 [15]} Hellenistic astrology and astronomy also transmitted the twelve zodiacal signs beginning with Aries and the twelve astrological places beginning with the ascendant.^[14]: 384 The first evidence of the introduction of Greek astrology to India is the Yavanajātaka which dates to the early centuries CE.^[14]: 383 The Yavanajātaka (lit. «Sayings of the Greeks») was translated from Greek to Sanskrit by Yavaneśvara during the 2nd century CE, and is considered the first Indian astrological treatise in the Sanskrit language.^[16] However the only version that survives is the verse version of Sphujidhvaja which dates to AD 270.^[14]: 383 The first Indian astronomical text to define the weekday was the Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa (born AD 476).^[14]: 383

According to Michio Yano, Indian astronomers must have been occupied with the task of Indianizing and Sanskritizing Greek astronomy during the 300 or so years between the first Yavanajataka and the Āryabhaṭīya.^[14]: 388 The astronomical texts of these 300 years are lost.^[14]: 388 The later Pañcasiddhāntikā of Varāhamihira summarizes the five known Indian astronomical schools of the sixth century.^[14]: 388 Indian astronomy preserved some of the older pre-Ptolemaic elements of Greek astronomy.^{[14]: 389 [17][18][19][13]}

The main texts upon which classical Indian astrology is based are early medieval compilations, notably the Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra, and Sārāvalī by Kalyāṇavarma.
The Horāshastra is a composite work of 71 chapters, of which the first part (chapters 1–51) dates to the 7th to early 8th centuries and the second part (chapters 52–71) to the later 8th century.^{[citation needed]} The Sārāvalī likewise dates to around 800 CE.^[20] English translations of these texts were published by N. N. Krishna Rau and V. B. Choudhari in 1963 and 1961, respectively.

Modern Hindu astrology[edit]

Astrology remains an important facet of folk belief in the contemporary lives of many Hindus. In Hindu culture, newborns are traditionally named based on their jyotiṣa charts (Kundali), and astrological concepts are pervasive in the organization of the calendar and holidays, and in making major decisions such as those about marriage, opening a new business, or moving into a new home. Many Hindus believe that heavenly bodies, including the planets, have an influence throughout the life of a human being, and these planetary influences are the «fruit of karma». The Navagraha, planetary deities, are considered subordinate to Ishvara (the Hindu concept of a supreme being) in the administration of justice. Thus, it is believed that these planets can influence earthly life.^[21]

Astrology as a science[edit]

Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe. Scientific testing of astrology has been conducted, and no evidence has been found to support any of the premises or purported effects outlined in astrological traditions.^[22]: 424 There is no mechanism proposed by astrologers through which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth. In spite of its status as a pseudoscience, in certain religious, political, and legal contexts, astrology retains a position among the sciences in modern India.^[23]

India’s University Grants Commission and Ministry of Human Resource Development decided to introduce «Jyotir Vigyan» (i.e. jyotir vijñāna) or «Vedic astrology» as a discipline of study in Indian universities, stating that «vedic astrology is not only one of the main subjects of our traditional and classical knowledge but this is the discipline, which lets us know the events happening in human life and in universe on time scale»^[24] in spite of the complete lack of evidence that astrology actually does allow for such accurate predictions.^[25] The decision was backed by a 2001 judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court, and some Indian universities offer advanced degrees in astrology.^[26][27]
This was met with widespread protests from the scientific community in India and Indian scientists working abroad.^[28] A petition sent to the Supreme Court of India stated that the introduction of astrology to university curricula is «a giant leap backwards, undermining whatever scientific credibility the country has achieved so far».^[24]

In 2004, the Supreme Court dismissed the petition,^[29][30] concluding that the teaching of astrology did not qualify as the promotion of religion.^[31][32] In February 2011, the Bombay High Court referred to the 2004 Supreme Court ruling when it dismissed a case which had challenged astrology’s status as a science.^[33] As of 2014, despite continuing complaints by scientists,^[34][35] astrology continues to be taught at various universities in India,^[32][36] and there is a movement in progress to establish a national Vedic University to teach astrology together with the study of tantra, mantra, and yoga.^[37]

Indian astrologers have consistently made claims that have been thoroughly debunked by skeptics. For example, although the planet Saturn is in the constellation Aries roughly every 30 years (e.g. 1909, 1939, 1968), the astrologer Bangalore Venkata Raman claimed that «when Saturn was in Aries in 1939 England had to declare war against Germany», ignoring all the other dates.^[38] Astrologers regularly fail in attempts to predict election results in India, and fail to predict major events such as the assassination of Indira Gandhi. Predictions by the head of the Indian Astrologers Federation about war between India and Pakistan in 1982 also failed.^[38]

In 2000, when several planets happened to be close to one another, astrologers predicted that there would be catastrophes, volcanic eruptions and tidal waves. This caused an entire sea-side village in the Indian state of Gujarat to panic and abandon their houses. The predicted events did not occur and the vacant houses were burgled.^[39]

Texts[edit]

The ancient extant text on Jyotisha is the Vedanga-Jyotisha, which exists in two editions, one linked to Rigveda and other to Yajurveda.^[41] The Rigveda version consists of 36 verses, while the Yajurveda recension has 43 verses of which 29 verses are borrowed from the Rigveda.^[42][43] The Rigveda version is variously attributed to sage Lagadha, and sometimes to sage Shuci.^[43] The Yajurveda version credits no particular sage, has survived into the modern era with a commentary of Somakara, and is the more studied version.^[43]

The Jyotisha text Brahma-siddhanta, probably composed in the 5th century CE, discusses how to use the movement of planets, sun and moon to keep time and calendar.^[44] This text also lists trigonometry and mathematical formulae to support its theory of orbits, predict planetary positions and calculate relative mean positions of celestial nodes and apsides.^[44] The text is notable for presenting very large integers, such as 4.32 billion years as the lifetime of the current universe.^[45]

The ancient Hindu texts on Jyotisha only discuss time keeping, and never mention astrology or prophecy.^[46] These ancient texts predominantly cover astronomy, but at a rudimentary level.^[47] Technical horoscopes and astrology ideas in India came from Greece and developed in the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE.^[48][17][18] Later medieval era texts such as the Yavana-jataka and the Siddhanta texts are more astrology-related.^[49]

Discussion[edit]

The field of Jyotisha deals with ascertaining time, particularly forecasting auspicious day and time for Vedic rituals.^[13] The field of Vedanga structured time into Yuga which was a 5-year interval,^[40] divided into multiple lunisolar intervals such as 60 solar months, 61 savana months, 62 synodic months and 67 sidereal months.^[41] A Vedic Yuga had 1,860 tithis (तिथि, dates), and it defined a savana-day (civil day) from one sunrise to another.^[50]

The Rigvedic version of Jyotisha may be a later insertion into the Veda, states David Pingree, possibly between 513 and 326 BCE, when Indus valley was occupied by the Achaemenid from Mesopotamia.^[51] The mathematics and devices for time keeping mentioned in these ancient Sanskrit texts, proposes Pingree, such as the water clock may also have arrived in India from Mesopotamia. However, Yukio Ohashi considers this proposal as incorrect,^[17] suggesting instead that the Vedic timekeeping efforts, for forecasting appropriate time for rituals, must have begun much earlier and the influence may have flowed from India to Mesopotamia.^[50] Ohashi states that it is incorrect to assume that the number of civil days in a year equal 365 in both Hindu and Egyptian–Persian year.^[52] Further, adds Ohashi, the Mesopotamian formula is different from the Indian formula for calculating time, each can only work for their respective latitude, and either would make major errors in predicting time and calendar in the other region.^[53] According to Asko Parpola, the Jyotisha and luni-solar calendar discoveries in ancient India, and similar discoveries in China in «great likelihood result from convergent parallel development», and not from diffusion from Mesopotamia.^[54]

Kim Plofker states that while a flow of timekeeping ideas from either side is plausible, each may have instead developed independently, because the loan-words typically seen when ideas migrate are missing on both sides as far as words for various time intervals and techniques.^[55][56] Further, adds Plofker, and other scholars, that the discussion of time keeping concepts are found in the Sanskrit verses of the Shatapatha Brahmana, a 2nd millennium BCE text.^[55][57] Water clock and sun dials are mentioned in many ancient Hindu texts such as the Arthashastra.^[58][59] Some integration of Mesopotamian and Indian Jyotisha-based systems may have occurred in a roundabout way, states Plofker, after the arrival of Greek astrology ideas in India.^[60]

The Jyotisha texts present mathematical formulae to predict the length of day time, sun rise and moon cycles.^[50][61][62] For example,

The length of daytime = muhurtas^[63]

where n is the number of days after or before the winter solstice, and one muhurta equals 1⁄30 of a day (48 minutes).^[64]

Water clock
A prastha of water [is] the increase in day, [and] decrease in night in the [sun’s] northern motion; vice versa in the southern. [There is] a six-muhurta [difference] in a half year.

— Yajurveda Jyotisha-vedanga 8, Translator: Kim Plofker^[63]

Elements[edit]

There are sixteen Varga (Sanskrit: varga, ‘part, division’), or divisional, charts used in Hindu astrology:^{[65][unreliable source?]: 61–64}

Zodiac[edit]

The Nirayana, or sidereal zodiac, is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees, which, like the Sāyana, or tropical zodiac, is divided into 12 equal parts. Each part (of 30 degrees) is called a sign or rāśi (Sanskrit: ‘part’). Vedic (Jyotiṣa) and Western zodiacs differ in the method of measurement. While synchronically, the two systems are identical, Jyotiṣa primarily uses the sidereal zodiac (in which stars are considered to be the fixed background against which the motion of the planets is measured), whereas most Western astrology uses the tropical zodiac (the motion of the planets is measured against the position of the Sun on the spring equinox). After two millennia, as a result of the precession of the equinoxes, the origin of the ecliptic longitude has shifted by about 22 degrees. As a result, the placement of planets in the Jyotiṣa system is roughly aligned with the constellations, while tropical astrology is based on the solstices and equinoxes.

Nakṣhatras, or lunar mansions[edit]

The nakshatras or lunar mansions are 27 equal divisions of the night sky used in Hindu astrology, each identified by its prominent star(s).^[65]: 168

Historical (medieval) Hindu astrology enumerated either 27 or 28 nakṣatras. In modern astrology, a rigid system of 27 nakṣatras is generally used, each covering 13° 20′ of the ecliptic. The missing 28th nakshatra is Abhijeeta. Each nakṣatra is divided into equal quarters or padas of 3° 20′. Of greatest importance is the Abhiśeka Nakṣatra, which is held as king over the other nakṣatras. Worshipping and gaining favour over this nakṣhatra is said to give power to remedy all the other nakṣatras, and is of concern in predictive astrology and mitigating Karma.^{[citation needed]}

The junction of two rashis as well as Nakshatras is known as Gandanta.^[67]

Daśās – planetary periods[edit]

The word dasha (Devanāgarī: दशा, Sanskrit,daśā, ‘planetary period’) means ‘state of being’ and it is believed that the daśā largely governs the state of being of a person. The Daśā system shows which planets may be said to have become particularly active during the period of the Daśā. The ruling planet (the Daśānātha or ‘lord of the Daśā’) eclipses the mind of the person, compelling him or her to act per the nature of the planet.

There are several dasha systems, each with its own utility and area of application. There are Daśās of grahas (planets) as well as Daśās of the Rāśis (zodiac signs). The primary system used by astrologers is the Viṁśottarī Daśā system, which has been considered universally applicable in the Kali Yuga to all horoscopes.

The first Mahā-Daśā is determined by the position of the natal Moon in a given Nakṣatra. The lord of the Nakṣatra governs the Daśā. Each Mahā-Dāśā is divided into sub-periods called bhuktis, or antar-daśās, which are proportional divisions of the maha-dasa. Further proportional sub-divisions can be made, but error margins based on accuracy of the birth time grow exponentially. The next sub-division is called pratyantar-daśā, which can in turn be divided into sookshma-antardasa, which can in turn be divided into praana-antardaśā, which can be sub-divided into deha-antardaśā. Such sub-divisions also exist in all other Daśā systems.

Heavenly bodies[edit]

The navagraha (Sanskrit: नवग्रह, romanized: navagraha, lit. ‘nine planets’)^[68] are the nine celestial bodies used in Hindu astrology:^{[65]: 38–51}

• Surya (Sun)
• Chandra (Moon)
• Budha (Mercury)
• Shukra (Venus)
• Mangala (Mars)
• Bṛhaspati, or «Guru» (Jupiter)
• Shani (Saturn)
• Rahu (North node of the Moon)
• Ketu (South node of the Moon)

The navagraha are said to be forces that capture or eclipse the mind and the decision making of human beings. When the grahas are active in their daśās, or periodicities they are said to be particularly empowered to direct the affairs of people and events.

Planets are held to signify major details,^[69] such as profession, marriage and longevity.^[70] Of these indicators, known as Karakas, Parashara considers Atmakaraka most important, signifying broad contours of a person’s life.^[70]: 316

Rahu and Ketu correspond to the points where the moon crosses the ecliptic plane (known as the ascending and descending nodes of the moon). Classically known in Indian and Western astrology as the «head and tail of the dragon», these planets are represented as a serpent-bodied demon beheaded by the Sudarshan Chakra of Vishnu after attempting to swallow the sun. They are primarily used to calculate the dates of eclipses. They are described as «shadow planets» because they are not visible in the night sky. Rahu has an orbital cycle of 18 years; Ketu has an orbital cycle of seven years, and they are always retrograde in motion and 180 degrees from each other.

Gocharas – transits[edit]

A natal chart shows the position of the grahas at the moment of birth. Since that moment, the grahas have continued to move around the zodiac, interacting with the natal chart grahas. This period of interaction is called gochara (Sanskrit: gochara, ‘transit’).^[65]: 227

The study of transits is based on the transit of the Moon (Chandra), which spans roughly two days, and also on the movement of Mercury (Budha) and Venus (Śukra) across the celestial sphere, which is relatively fast as viewed from Earth. The movement of the slower planets – Jupiter (Guru), Saturn (Śani) and Rāhu–Ketu — is always of considerable importance. Astrologers study the transit of the Daśā lord from various reference points in the horoscope.

Yogas – planetary combinations[edit]

In Hindu astronomy, yoga (Sanskrit: yoga, ‘union’) is a combination of planets placed in a specific relationship to each other.^[65]: 265

Rāja yogas are perceived as givers of fame, status and authority, and are typically formed by the association of the Lord of Keṅdras (‘quadrants’), when reckoned from the Lagna (‘ascendant’), and the Lords of the Trikona (‘trines’, 120 degrees—first, fifth and ninth houses). The Rāja yogas are culminations of the blessings of Viṣṇu and Lakṣmī. Some planets, such as Mars for Leo Lagna, do not need another graha (or Navagraha, ‘planet’) to create Rājayoga, but are capable of giving Rājayoga by themselves due to their own lordship of the 4th Bhāva (‘astrological house’) and the 9th Bhāva from the Lagna, the two being a Keṅdra (‘angular house’—first, fourth, seventh and tenth houses) and Trikona Bhāva respectively.

Dhana Yogas are formed by the association of wealth-giving planets such as the Dhaneśa or the 2nd Lord and the Lābheśa or the 11th Lord from the Lagna. Dhana Yogas are also formed due to the auspicious placement of the Dārāpada (from dara, ‘spouse’ and pada, ‘foot’—one of the four divisions—3 degrees and 20 minutes—of a Nakshatra in the 7th house), when reckoned from the Ārūḍha Lagna (AL). The combination of the Lagneśa and the Bhāgyeśa also leads to wealth through the Lakṣmī Yoga.

Sanyāsa Yogas are formed due to the placement of four or more grahas, excluding the Sun, in a Keṅdra Bhāva from the Lagna.

There are some overarching yogas in Jyotiṣa such as Amāvasyā Doṣa, Kāla Sarpa Yoga-Kāla Amṛta Yoga and Graha Mālika Yoga that can take precedence over Yamaha yogar planetary placements in the horoscope.

Bhāvas – houses[edit]

The Hindu Jātaka or Janam Kundali or birth chart, is the Bhāva Chakra (Sanskrit: ‘division’ ‘wheel’), the complete 360° circle of life, divided into houses, and represents a way of enacting the influences in the wheel. Each house has associated kāraka (Sanskrit: ‘significator’) planets that can alter the interpretation of a particular house.^{[65]: 93–167} Each Bhāva spans an arc of 30° with twelve Bhāvas in any chart of the horoscope. These are a crucial part of any horoscopic study since the Bhāvas, understood as ‘state of being’, personalize the Rāśis/ Rashis to the native and each Rāśi/ Rashi apart from indicating its true nature reveals its impact on the person based on the Bhāva occupied. The best way to study the various facets of Jyotiṣa is to see their role in chart evaluation of actual persons and how these are construed.

Dṛiṣṭis[edit]

Drishti (Sanskrit: Dṛṣṭi, ‘sight’) is an aspect to an entire house. Grahas cast only forward aspects, with the furthest aspect being considered the strongest. For example, Jupiter aspects the 5th, 7th and 9th house from its position, Mars aspects the 4th, 7th, and 8th houses from its position, and its 8th house.^{[65]: 26–27}

The principle of Drishti (aspect) was devised on the basis of the aspect of an army of planets as deity and demon in a war field.^[71][72] Thus the Sun, a deity king with only one full aspect, is more powerful than the demon king Saturn, which has three full aspects.

Aspects can be cast both by the planets (Graha Dṛṣṭi) and by the signs (Rāśi Dṛṣṭi). Planetary aspects are a function of desire, while sign aspects are a function of awareness and cognizance.

There are some higher aspects of Graha Dṛṣṭi (planetary aspects) that are not limited to the Viśeṣa Dṛṣṭi or the special aspects. Rāśi Dṛṣṭi works based on the following formulaic structure: all movable signs aspect fixed signs except the one adjacent, and all dual and mutable signs aspect each other without exception.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Popular treatments

External links[edit]

• Hindu astrology at Curlie

Jyotisha or Jyotishya (from Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyót “light, heavenly body» and ish — from Isvara or God) is the traditional Hindu system of astrology, also known as Hindu astrology, Indian astrology and more recently Vedic astrology. It is one of the six auxiliary disciplines in Hinduism, that is connected with the study of the Vedas.

The Vedanga Jyotisha is one of the earliest texts about astronomy within the Vedas.^[1][2][3][4] Some scholars believe that the horoscopic astrology practiced in the Indian subcontinent came from Hellenistic influences,^[5][6] however, this is a point of intense debate and other scholars believe that Jyotisha developed independently although it may have interacted with Greek astrology.^[7]

Following a judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in 2001 which favoured astrology, some Indian universities now offer advanced degrees in Hindu astrology. The scientific consensus is that astrology is a pseudoscience.^{[8][9][10][11]}

Etymology[edit]

Jyotisha, states Monier-Williams, is rooted in the word Jyotish, which means light, such as that of the sun or the moon or heavenly body. The term Jyotisha includes the study of astronomy, astrology and the science of timekeeping using the movements of astronomical bodies.^[12][13] It aimed to keep time, maintain calendars, and predict auspicious times for Vedic rituals.^[12][13]

History and core principles[edit]

Jyotiṣa is one of the Vedāṅga, the six auxiliary disciplines used to support Vedic rituals.^[14]: 376 Early jyotiṣa is concerned with the preparation of a calendar to determine dates for sacrificial rituals,^[14]: 377 with nothing written regarding planets.^[14]: 377 There are mentions of eclipse-causing «demons» in the Atharvaveda and Chāndogya Upaniṣad, the latter mentioning Rāhu (a shadow entity believed responsible for eclipses and meteors).^[14]: 382 The term graha, which is now taken to mean planet, originally meant demon.^[14]: 381 The Ṛigveda also mentions an eclipse-causing demon, Svarbhānu, however the specific term graha was not applied to Svarbhānu until the later Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa.^[14]: 382

The foundation of Hindu astrology is the notion of bandhu of the Vedas (scriptures), which is the connection between the microcosm and the macrocosm. The practice relies primarily on the sidereal zodiac, which differs from the tropical zodiac used in Western (Hellenistic) astrology in that an ayanāṃśa adjustment is made for the gradual precession of the vernal equinox. Hindu astrology includes several nuanced sub-systems of interpretation and prediction with elements not found in Hellenistic astrology, such as its system of lunar mansions (Nakṣatra). It was only after the transmission of Hellenistic astrology that the order of planets in India was fixed in that of the seven-day week.^{[14]: 383 [15]} Hellenistic astrology and astronomy also transmitted the twelve zodiacal signs beginning with Aries and the twelve astrological places beginning with the ascendant.^[14]: 384 The first evidence of the introduction of Greek astrology to India is the Yavanajātaka which dates to the early centuries CE.^[14]: 383 The Yavanajātaka (lit. «Sayings of the Greeks») was translated from Greek to Sanskrit by Yavaneśvara during the 2nd century CE, and is considered the first Indian astrological treatise in the Sanskrit language.^[16] However the only version that survives is the verse version of Sphujidhvaja which dates to AD 270.^[14]: 383 The first Indian astronomical text to define the weekday was the Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa (born AD 476).^[14]: 383

According to Michio Yano, Indian astronomers must have been occupied with the task of Indianizing and Sanskritizing Greek astronomy during the 300 or so years between the first Yavanajataka and the Āryabhaṭīya.^[14]: 388 The astronomical texts of these 300 years are lost.^[14]: 388 The later Pañcasiddhāntikā of Varāhamihira summarizes the five known Indian astronomical schools of the sixth century.^[14]: 388 Indian astronomy preserved some of the older pre-Ptolemaic elements of Greek astronomy.^{[14]: 389 [17][18][19][13]}

The main texts upon which classical Indian astrology is based are early medieval compilations, notably the Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra, and Sārāvalī by Kalyāṇavarma.
The Horāshastra is a composite work of 71 chapters, of which the first part (chapters 1–51) dates to the 7th to early 8th centuries and the second part (chapters 52–71) to the later 8th century.^{[citation needed]} The Sārāvalī likewise dates to around 800 CE.^[20] English translations of these texts were published by N. N. Krishna Rau and V. B. Choudhari in 1963 and 1961, respectively.

Modern Hindu astrology[edit]

Astrology remains an important facet of folk belief in the contemporary lives of many Hindus. In Hindu culture, newborns are traditionally named based on their jyotiṣa charts (Kundali), and astrological concepts are pervasive in the organization of the calendar and holidays, and in making major decisions such as those about marriage, opening a new business, or moving into a new home. Many Hindus believe that heavenly bodies, including the planets, have an influence throughout the life of a human being, and these planetary influences are the «fruit of karma». The Navagraha, planetary deities, are considered subordinate to Ishvara (the Hindu concept of a supreme being) in the administration of justice. Thus, it is believed that these planets can influence earthly life.^[21]

Astrology as a science[edit]

Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe. Scientific testing of astrology has been conducted, and no evidence has been found to support any of the premises or purported effects outlined in astrological traditions.^[22]: 424 There is no mechanism proposed by astrologers through which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth. In spite of its status as a pseudoscience, in certain religious, political, and legal contexts, astrology retains a position among the sciences in modern India.^[23]

India’s University Grants Commission and Ministry of Human Resource Development decided to introduce «Jyotir Vigyan» (i.e. jyotir vijñāna) or «Vedic astrology» as a discipline of study in Indian universities, stating that «vedic astrology is not only one of the main subjects of our traditional and classical knowledge but this is the discipline, which lets us know the events happening in human life and in universe on time scale»^[24] in spite of the complete lack of evidence that astrology actually does allow for such accurate predictions.^[25] The decision was backed by a 2001 judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court, and some Indian universities offer advanced degrees in astrology.^[26][27]
This was met with widespread protests from the scientific community in India and Indian scientists working abroad.^[28] A petition sent to the Supreme Court of India stated that the introduction of astrology to university curricula is «a giant leap backwards, undermining whatever scientific credibility the country has achieved so far».^[24]

In 2004, the Supreme Court dismissed the petition,^[29][30] concluding that the teaching of astrology did not qualify as the promotion of religion.^[31][32] In February 2011, the Bombay High Court referred to the 2004 Supreme Court ruling when it dismissed a case which had challenged astrology’s status as a science.^[33] As of 2014, despite continuing complaints by scientists,^[34][35] astrology continues to be taught at various universities in India,^[32][36] and there is a movement in progress to establish a national Vedic University to teach astrology together with the study of tantra, mantra, and yoga.^[37]

Indian astrologers have consistently made claims that have been thoroughly debunked by skeptics. For example, although the planet Saturn is in the constellation Aries roughly every 30 years (e.g. 1909, 1939, 1968), the astrologer Bangalore Venkata Raman claimed that «when Saturn was in Aries in 1939 England had to declare war against Germany», ignoring all the other dates.^[38] Astrologers regularly fail in attempts to predict election results in India, and fail to predict major events such as the assassination of Indira Gandhi. Predictions by the head of the Indian Astrologers Federation about war between India and Pakistan in 1982 also failed.^[38]

In 2000, when several planets happened to be close to one another, astrologers predicted that there would be catastrophes, volcanic eruptions and tidal waves. This caused an entire sea-side village in the Indian state of Gujarat to panic and abandon their houses. The predicted events did not occur and the vacant houses were burgled.^[39]

Texts[edit]

The ancient extant text on Jyotisha is the Vedanga-Jyotisha, which exists in two editions, one linked to Rigveda and other to Yajurveda.^[41] The Rigveda version consists of 36 verses, while the Yajurveda recension has 43 verses of which 29 verses are borrowed from the Rigveda.^[42][43] The Rigveda version is variously attributed to sage Lagadha, and sometimes to sage Shuci.^[43] The Yajurveda version credits no particular sage, has survived into the modern era with a commentary of Somakara, and is the more studied version.^[43]

The Jyotisha text Brahma-siddhanta, probably composed in the 5th century CE, discusses how to use the movement of planets, sun and moon to keep time and calendar.^[44] This text also lists trigonometry and mathematical formulae to support its theory of orbits, predict planetary positions and calculate relative mean positions of celestial nodes and apsides.^[44] The text is notable for presenting very large integers, such as 4.32 billion years as the lifetime of the current universe.^[45]

The ancient Hindu texts on Jyotisha only discuss time keeping, and never mention astrology or prophecy.^[46] These ancient texts predominantly cover astronomy, but at a rudimentary level.^[47] Technical horoscopes and astrology ideas in India came from Greece and developed in the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE.^[48][17][18] Later medieval era texts such as the Yavana-jataka and the Siddhanta texts are more astrology-related.^[49]

Discussion[edit]

The field of Jyotisha deals with ascertaining time, particularly forecasting auspicious day and time for Vedic rituals.^[13] The field of Vedanga structured time into Yuga which was a 5-year interval,^[40] divided into multiple lunisolar intervals such as 60 solar months, 61 savana months, 62 synodic months and 67 sidereal months.^[41] A Vedic Yuga had 1,860 tithis (तिथि, dates), and it defined a savana-day (civil day) from one sunrise to another.^[50]

The Rigvedic version of Jyotisha may be a later insertion into the Veda, states David Pingree, possibly between 513 and 326 BCE, when Indus valley was occupied by the Achaemenid from Mesopotamia.^[51] The mathematics and devices for time keeping mentioned in these ancient Sanskrit texts, proposes Pingree, such as the water clock may also have arrived in India from Mesopotamia. However, Yukio Ohashi considers this proposal as incorrect,^[17] suggesting instead that the Vedic timekeeping efforts, for forecasting appropriate time for rituals, must have begun much earlier and the influence may have flowed from India to Mesopotamia.^[50] Ohashi states that it is incorrect to assume that the number of civil days in a year equal 365 in both Hindu and Egyptian–Persian year.^[52] Further, adds Ohashi, the Mesopotamian formula is different from the Indian formula for calculating time, each can only work for their respective latitude, and either would make major errors in predicting time and calendar in the other region.^[53] According to Asko Parpola, the Jyotisha and luni-solar calendar discoveries in ancient India, and similar discoveries in China in «great likelihood result from convergent parallel development», and not from diffusion from Mesopotamia.^[54]

Kim Plofker states that while a flow of timekeeping ideas from either side is plausible, each may have instead developed independently, because the loan-words typically seen when ideas migrate are missing on both sides as far as words for various time intervals and techniques.^[55][56] Further, adds Plofker, and other scholars, that the discussion of time keeping concepts are found in the Sanskrit verses of the Shatapatha Brahmana, a 2nd millennium BCE text.^[55][57] Water clock and sun dials are mentioned in many ancient Hindu texts such as the Arthashastra.^[58][59] Some integration of Mesopotamian and Indian Jyotisha-based systems may have occurred in a roundabout way, states Plofker, after the arrival of Greek astrology ideas in India.^[60]

The Jyotisha texts present mathematical formulae to predict the length of day time, sun rise and moon cycles.^[50][61][62] For example,

The length of daytime = muhurtas^[63]

where n is the number of days after or before the winter solstice, and one muhurta equals 1⁄30 of a day (48 minutes).^[64]

Water clock
A prastha of water [is] the increase in day, [and] decrease in night in the [sun’s] northern motion; vice versa in the southern. [There is] a six-muhurta [difference] in a half year.

— Yajurveda Jyotisha-vedanga 8, Translator: Kim Plofker^[63]

Elements[edit]

There are sixteen Varga (Sanskrit: varga, ‘part, division’), or divisional, charts used in Hindu astrology:^{[65][unreliable source?]: 61–64}

Zodiac[edit]

The Nirayana, or sidereal zodiac, is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees, which, like the Sāyana, or tropical zodiac, is divided into 12 equal parts. Each part (of 30 degrees) is called a sign or rāśi (Sanskrit: ‘part’). Vedic (Jyotiṣa) and Western zodiacs differ in the method of measurement. While synchronically, the two systems are identical, Jyotiṣa primarily uses the sidereal zodiac (in which stars are considered to be the fixed background against which the motion of the planets is measured), whereas most Western astrology uses the tropical zodiac (the motion of the planets is measured against the position of the Sun on the spring equinox). After two millennia, as a result of the precession of the equinoxes, the origin of the ecliptic longitude has shifted by about 22 degrees. As a result, the placement of planets in the Jyotiṣa system is roughly aligned with the constellations, while tropical astrology is based on the solstices and equinoxes.

Nakṣhatras, or lunar mansions[edit]

The nakshatras or lunar mansions are 27 equal divisions of the night sky used in Hindu astrology, each identified by its prominent star(s).^[65]: 168

Historical (medieval) Hindu astrology enumerated either 27 or 28 nakṣatras. In modern astrology, a rigid system of 27 nakṣatras is generally used, each covering 13° 20′ of the ecliptic. The missing 28th nakshatra is Abhijeeta. Each nakṣatra is divided into equal quarters or padas of 3° 20′. Of greatest importance is the Abhiśeka Nakṣatra, which is held as king over the other nakṣatras. Worshipping and gaining favour over this nakṣhatra is said to give power to remedy all the other nakṣatras, and is of concern in predictive astrology and mitigating Karma.^{[citation needed]}

The junction of two rashis as well as Nakshatras is known as Gandanta.^[67]

Daśās – planetary periods[edit]

The word dasha (Devanāgarī: दशा, Sanskrit,daśā, ‘planetary period’) means ‘state of being’ and it is believed that the daśā largely governs the state of being of a person. The Daśā system shows which planets may be said to have become particularly active during the period of the Daśā. The ruling planet (the Daśānātha or ‘lord of the Daśā’) eclipses the mind of the person, compelling him or her to act per the nature of the planet.

There are several dasha systems, each with its own utility and area of application. There are Daśās of grahas (planets) as well as Daśās of the Rāśis (zodiac signs). The primary system used by astrologers is the Viṁśottarī Daśā system, which has been considered universally applicable in the Kali Yuga to all horoscopes.

The first Mahā-Daśā is determined by the position of the natal Moon in a given Nakṣatra. The lord of the Nakṣatra governs the Daśā. Each Mahā-Dāśā is divided into sub-periods called bhuktis, or antar-daśās, which are proportional divisions of the maha-dasa. Further proportional sub-divisions can be made, but error margins based on accuracy of the birth time grow exponentially. The next sub-division is called pratyantar-daśā, which can in turn be divided into sookshma-antardasa, which can in turn be divided into praana-antardaśā, which can be sub-divided into deha-antardaśā. Such sub-divisions also exist in all other Daśā systems.

Heavenly bodies[edit]

The navagraha (Sanskrit: नवग्रह, romanized: navagraha, lit. ‘nine planets’)^[68] are the nine celestial bodies used in Hindu astrology:^{[65]: 38–51}

• Surya (Sun)
• Chandra (Moon)
• Budha (Mercury)
• Shukra (Venus)
• Mangala (Mars)
• Bṛhaspati, or «Guru» (Jupiter)
• Shani (Saturn)
• Rahu (North node of the Moon)
• Ketu (South node of the Moon)

The navagraha are said to be forces that capture or eclipse the mind and the decision making of human beings. When the grahas are active in their daśās, or periodicities they are said to be particularly empowered to direct the affairs of people and events.

Planets are held to signify major details,^[69] such as profession, marriage and longevity.^[70] Of these indicators, known as Karakas, Parashara considers Atmakaraka most important, signifying broad contours of a person’s life.^[70]: 316

Rahu and Ketu correspond to the points where the moon crosses the ecliptic plane (known as the ascending and descending nodes of the moon). Classically known in Indian and Western astrology as the «head and tail of the dragon», these planets are represented as a serpent-bodied demon beheaded by the Sudarshan Chakra of Vishnu after attempting to swallow the sun. They are primarily used to calculate the dates of eclipses. They are described as «shadow planets» because they are not visible in the night sky. Rahu has an orbital cycle of 18 years; Ketu has an orbital cycle of seven years, and they are always retrograde in motion and 180 degrees from each other.

Gocharas – transits[edit]

A natal chart shows the position of the grahas at the moment of birth. Since that moment, the grahas have continued to move around the zodiac, interacting with the natal chart grahas. This period of interaction is called gochara (Sanskrit: gochara, ‘transit’).^[65]: 227

The study of transits is based on the transit of the Moon (Chandra), which spans roughly two days, and also on the movement of Mercury (Budha) and Venus (Śukra) across the celestial sphere, which is relatively fast as viewed from Earth. The movement of the slower planets – Jupiter (Guru), Saturn (Śani) and Rāhu–Ketu — is always of considerable importance. Astrologers study the transit of the Daśā lord from various reference points in the horoscope.

Yogas – planetary combinations[edit]

In Hindu astronomy, yoga (Sanskrit: yoga, ‘union’) is a combination of planets placed in a specific relationship to each other.^[65]: 265

Rāja yogas are perceived as givers of fame, status and authority, and are typically formed by the association of the Lord of Keṅdras (‘quadrants’), when reckoned from the Lagna (‘ascendant’), and the Lords of the Trikona (‘trines’, 120 degrees—first, fifth and ninth houses). The Rāja yogas are culminations of the blessings of Viṣṇu and Lakṣmī. Some planets, such as Mars for Leo Lagna, do not need another graha (or Navagraha, ‘planet’) to create Rājayoga, but are capable of giving Rājayoga by themselves due to their own lordship of the 4th Bhāva (‘astrological house’) and the 9th Bhāva from the Lagna, the two being a Keṅdra (‘angular house’—first, fourth, seventh and tenth houses) and Trikona Bhāva respectively.

Dhana Yogas are formed by the association of wealth-giving planets such as the Dhaneśa or the 2nd Lord and the Lābheśa or the 11th Lord from the Lagna. Dhana Yogas are also formed due to the auspicious placement of the Dārāpada (from dara, ‘spouse’ and pada, ‘foot’—one of the four divisions—3 degrees and 20 minutes—of a Nakshatra in the 7th house), when reckoned from the Ārūḍha Lagna (AL). The combination of the Lagneśa and the Bhāgyeśa also leads to wealth through the Lakṣmī Yoga.

Sanyāsa Yogas are formed due to the placement of four or more grahas, excluding the Sun, in a Keṅdra Bhāva from the Lagna.

There are some overarching yogas in Jyotiṣa such as Amāvasyā Doṣa, Kāla Sarpa Yoga-Kāla Amṛta Yoga and Graha Mālika Yoga that can take precedence over Yamaha yogar planetary placements in the horoscope.

Bhāvas – houses[edit]

The Hindu Jātaka or Janam Kundali or birth chart, is the Bhāva Chakra (Sanskrit: ‘division’ ‘wheel’), the complete 360° circle of life, divided into houses, and represents a way of enacting the influences in the wheel. Each house has associated kāraka (Sanskrit: ‘significator’) planets that can alter the interpretation of a particular house.^{[65]: 93–167} Each Bhāva spans an arc of 30° with twelve Bhāvas in any chart of the horoscope. These are a crucial part of any horoscopic study since the Bhāvas, understood as ‘state of being’, personalize the Rāśis/ Rashis to the native and each Rāśi/ Rashi apart from indicating its true nature reveals its impact on the person based on the Bhāva occupied. The best way to study the various facets of Jyotiṣa is to see their role in chart evaluation of actual persons and how these are construed.

Dṛiṣṭis[edit]

Drishti (Sanskrit: Dṛṣṭi, ‘sight’) is an aspect to an entire house. Grahas cast only forward aspects, with the furthest aspect being considered the strongest. For example, Jupiter aspects the 5th, 7th and 9th house from its position, Mars aspects the 4th, 7th, and 8th houses from its position, and its 8th house.^{[65]: 26–27}

The principle of Drishti (aspect) was devised on the basis of the aspect of an army of planets as deity and demon in a war field.^[71][72] Thus the Sun, a deity king with only one full aspect, is more powerful than the demon king Saturn, which has three full aspects.

Aspects can be cast both by the planets (Graha Dṛṣṭi) and by the signs (Rāśi Dṛṣṭi). Planetary aspects are a function of desire, while sign aspects are a function of awareness and cognizance.

There are some higher aspects of Graha Dṛṣṭi (planetary aspects) that are not limited to the Viśeṣa Dṛṣṭi or the special aspects. Rāśi Dṛṣṭi works based on the following formulaic structure: all movable signs aspect fixed signs except the one adjacent, and all dual and mutable signs aspect each other without exception.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Popular treatments

External links[edit]

• Hindu astrology at Curlie

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

Джйотиш

джйотиша

Джйотише

Джотиш

джьотиш

Джотиша

The word Jyotish means «light».

Слово Джйотиш означает «свет».

Jyotish or Indian astrology is an ancient and complex method of exploring the nature of time and space and its effect upon the individual.

Джйотиш или индийская астрология, это многовековой и довольно обширный метод познания природы времени и пространства и их воздействия на человека.

Prarabdha, Kriyamana and Agama Karmas are, however, knowable through Jyotish.

Прарабдха-, криямана- и агама-кармы, однако, могут быть познаны посредством джйотиша.

The movement of the nine planets of Jyotish, as it is seen by us from earth, occurs within a «ribbon» that encircles the sky extending for about eight degrees to the North and the same South of the Ecliptic.

Движение девяти планет джйотиша, как оно видится нами с земли, происходит в пределах «ленты», опоясывающей небо, простирающейся примерно на восемь градусов к северу и на столько же — к югу от эклиптики.

One of the most popular synastric systems in Jyotish is Kuta system.

Одной из самых популярных синастрических систем в Джйотише является система Кут.

There is a number of systems in Jyotish, based on the same astrological concept (Rāshis (zodiac signs), Grahas (planets), etc.), which are quite different from each other having unique techniques.

В Джйотише существует несколько основных направлений, базирующихся на одних и тех же понятиях (Рāши (знаки зодиака), Грахи (планеты) и т.д.), но сильно отличающихся друг от друга в деталях.

Predictions, however, are not the only and not the most important function of Jyotish.

Предсказания, однако, не являются единственной и самой важной функцией Джйотиша.

As explained on the main page, Jyotish is a part of the Veda and thus is considered to be a «brahminical» activity.

Как объясняется на главной странице — Джйотиш является частью Веды и поэтому считается «брахманической» деятельностью.

Part of a larger system of Jyotish Shastra includes mathematics, architecture, medical and military applications.

Часть большей системы Джйотиш Шастра включает в себя математику, архитектуру, медицину и военные дисциплины.

Unique functionality for analyzing horoscopes based on Jyotish principles

Уникальный функционал для анализа гороскопа по принципам Джйотиша

Treatment may require a change in life-style and mind-set, as well as some of the same measures- recommended in Jyotish such as gemstones, concept or yantra.

Лечение может потребовать изменения в стиле жизни и настроения, а также некоторых из тех же мер, которые рекомендованы в Джйотиш, таких как драгоценные камни, концепция или янтра.

Calendars, compiled under the system of Jyotish, are individual and are calculated on the basis of date of birth and place of residence.

Календари, составленные по системе Джйотиш, являются индивидуальными и рассчитываются на основании даты рождения и места нахождения.

These various elements of Jyotish Shastra represent different aspects of human life.

Эти различные элементы Джйотиш Шастры представляют различные аспекты человеческой жизни.

Also known as «Jyotish» — the science of light, Vedic astrology deals with astral light patterns that are thought to determine our destiny.

Она также известна под названием «Джйотиш» — наука света, изучающая астральные световые узоры, которые определяют нашу судьбу.

The basic premise of the Jyotish Shastra is that all things are linked.

Основная предпосылка Джйотиш Шастры состоит в том, что все вещи связаны.

Jyotish Sastra is an integral part of Vedas and has been practiced since time immemorial.

Джйотиш Шастра является неотъемлемой частью Вед и практикуется с незапамятных времен.

Here are the names of the basic elements of Jyotish Shastra.

Вот названия основных элементов Джйотиш Шастра.

One of these is the Jyotish Vedanga — Vedic astronomy and astrology.

Одним из них является Джйотиш Веданга — ведическая астрономия и астрология.

Based on a person’s moon Nakshatra at the time of birth, Jyotish offers a most powerful predictive technique compared to other forms of astrology.

Основываясь на Луне человека Накшатра в момент рождения, Джйотиш предлагает самый мощный предсказательный метод по сравнению с другими формами астрологии.

There are various elements that affect the system of Jyotish Shastra (In Detail) and each has its own significance in predicting one’s future.

Существуют различные элементы, которые влияют на систему Джйотиш Шастра, и каждый из них имеет свое значение в прогнозировании будущего.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 78. Точных совпадений: 78. Затраченное время: 80 мс

Documents

Корпоративные решения

Спряжение

Синонимы

Корректор

Справка и о нас

Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Английский


произнести


Коллекции


Викторина


Все Языки


{{app[‘fromLang’][‘value’]}} -> {{app[‘toLang’][‘value’]}}


{{app[‘user_lang_model’]}}

x

Обычно людей интересует работа с натальной картой, по которой астролог просматривает прошлое и будущее человека, таланты, предназначение и состояние различных сфер его жизни.

Однозначно ведическая астрология Джйотиш это наука: есть области изучения и люди, которые занимаются исследованиями — учёные с признанным мировым именем. В настоящее время это пандиты Санджай Ратх и К.Н. Рао,  а также их ученики. Есть законы, на которые учёные опираются. Это всеобъемлющая и вневременная наука.

Чтобы прямо сейчас глубже соприкоснуться с этим удивительным знанием, посмотрите наше интервью с учёным Санджай Ратхом.

Автор: Елена Никитина

Астрология зародилась в Месопотамии около 4000 лет назад, откуда распространилась в Индию и Грецию. Греческое направление известно как западная астрология, а индийская разновидность астрологии — как Джйотиш. Западная и восточная использует разные координаты, в связи с чем карты этих двух астрологий кардинально различаются.

Веды стали источником философии, которая легла в основу ведической астрологии Джйотиш, именно Веды указывают правила чтения натальной карты. Веды это сборник философских метафорических текстов о законах природы и мироздания, о смысле жизни, Дхарме и способах достижения человеком счастья. Веды это сложные тексты, рассказывающие эпичные истории о жизнях, радостях, бедах, победах и поражениях героев. Впоследствии, с возникновением религии индуизм, тексты Вед стали считаться священными писаниями, герои историй были назначены богами и вокруг них образовался культ. Так сложилось, что астрология Джйотиш и религия индуизм вышли из одного источника — из Вед, и поэтому между Джйотиш и религией стали ставить чуть ли не знак равенства, хотя истинная астрология Джйотиш не имеет отношения к религии и предназначена для светских целей.

В очень давние времена астрологию полноценно могли использовать только члены высших сословий общества. Для них она по большей части и служила. Астрология помогала понять какими способами тот или иной господин, военачальник или правитель могли усилить своё могущество. То есть астрология помогала им развиться в их предназначении. Высшие сословия имели мало ограничений: экономических, территориальных и ментальных, поскольку имели возможность получать образование и совершать экспансию. В те давние времена только представители высших сословий имели возможности реализовываться в соответствии со своим гороскопом, в современном же мире возможность реализовывать свои сильные положения в картах имеют все люди, независимо от их происхождения.

Во времена, когда возможности простых людей были сильно ограничены, зародилась предсказательная астрология. Мировоззренческим фундаментом предсказательной астрологии является статичность жизни, малые возможности для развития и практически безысходность существования простого человека. Тогда же появилась традиция петь мантры для якобы гармонизации планет, потому как пение священных песен позволяет облегчить страдание, возникающее как следствие невозможности реализации сильных положений в карте. Времена изменились, жизнь стала другой и предсказательная астрология перестала работать. Сегодня каждый из нас имеет возможность задействовать в жизни все до одного активные положения в своих натальных картах и иметь положительные результаты даже в тех домах, за которые отвечают планеты, не жалуемые старорежимными астрологами, побаивающимися Сатурна, Марса, Солнца и лунных узлов Раху и Кету. Хорошие новости: Сатурн и Раху больше не предрекают нам тяжелой жизни. Просто нужно знать как можно реализовать непростые положения в натальной карте.

Неправдивость предсказательной астрологии в наше время подтверждены обширными статистическими исследованиями, произведенными сперва Мишелем Гокленом, а потом Андрэ Барбо. Предсказательный элемент в астрологии сбывается всего лишь с вероятностью 25-40%, как показали статистические данные. В то время как соответствие характера человека положениям в натальной карте, по разным исследованиям, составляет 75-85%.

Астрология Джйотиш помогает ответить на вопросы: для совершения каких действий я рождён? к чему я склонен? что для меня важно? как это важное реализовать? что может быть создано мной? на что из существенного для меня я отказываюсь смотреть? что я недоразвил, чтобы быть счастливым? каково моё предназначение? какой Путь мне подходит?

Натальная карта позволяет даже делать диагностику здоровья и находить причины болезней, — именно этим занимается Аюрведа. Когда человек не реализует сильные положения в своей карте, начинаются болезни. Ошибкой было бы считать болезни наказанием. Болезни это когда имеющийся в человеке потенциал (по сути — энергия), не будучи применено в подходящей человеку деятельности, вынужден коллапсировать внутрь тела, провоцируя болезни.

Натальная карта представляет собой математическую модель нашей психики. Ведическая астрология метафорически, через дома и планеты, рассказывает как наша личность устроена, что есть в наших генах, к чему мы склонны, какие люди подходят нам на роли супругов, любовников, учителей, бизнес-партнеров. Хороший астролог найдёт в вашей карте несколько субличностей (составных частей личности, у каждой из которых есть свои потребности и интересы) и, поставив им общую задачу, выведет предназначение, которое включает и работу, и семью, и отношения, и деньги, и многие другие вещи.

У людей, родившихся одновременно и имеющих одинаковые карты, будет разное предназначение. Причина этому в том, что натальная карта накладывается на наши интересы, способности, культурный и семейный бэкграунд. Одно и тоже положение в карте для разных людей будет иметь разное значение. Например, одному человеку с Меркурием в доме призвания нужно быть писателем, другому — финансистом, третьему — учителем музыки, четвертому — разрабатывать IT, пятому еще что-то, и так далее тысячи вариантов. Поэтому очень важно, чтобы астролог расспросил человека обо всем, из чего состоит его жизнь и мышление. Меньше чем за 1-2 часа невозможно проникнуть настолько глубоко в человека, чтобы вывести ему точное предназначение. Расшифровка карты астрологом, исходя из поверхностного предварительного анализа клиента, также поверхностна.

Натальная карта Джйотиш содержит 12 домов, каждый из которых символизирует определенную сферу жизни. В домах расположены 9 грах: 5 планет (Юпитер, Венера, Марс, Сатурн и Меркурий), 2 светила (Луна и Солнце) и два лунных узла, являющиеся математическими точками и не существующими в реальности (Раху и Кету). Каждая из планет является символом набора неких качеств и характеристик. Сферы жизни реализуются в соответствии с этими качествами. Дома, в которых стоят планеты, очень важны в жизни человека, их нереализованность приводит к заболеваниям, психическим проблемам и разного рода неудачам.

Расшифровка карты на Saturn.Love позволяет соприкоснуться с миром современной и прикладной ведической астрологии Джйотиш. Внутри вы найдёте множество подробностей относительно устройства своей жизни, поймёте что вам нужно прорабатывать и с какими особенностями. В расчете содержится множество ценных подсказок. Проект развивается и постепенно будет описано всё больше и больше тонких особенностей индивидуальности человека. Приветствуем вас на нашем ресурсе, друзья!