|
Yekaterinburg Екатеринбург |
|
|---|---|
|
City[1] |
|
|
Top-down, left-to-right: View of Yekaterinburg-City and the Iset River from Vysotsky; City Administrative Building on 1905 Square; Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center; Church of All Saints; Rastorguyev–Kharitonov Palace; the main building of the Ural Federal University. |
|
|
Flag
Coat of arms |
|
|
Location of Yekaterinburg
|
|
|
Yekaterinburg Location of Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk Oblast) |
|
| Coordinates: 56°50′08″N 60°36′46″E / 56.83556°N 60.61278°ECoordinates: 56°50′08″N 60°36′46″E / 56.83556°N 60.61278°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Sverdlovsk Oblast[1] |
| Founded | 18 November 1723[2] |
| City status since | 1781[3] |
| Government | |
| • Body | City Duma[4] |
| • Head[5] | Alexey Orlov [ru][5] |
| Area
[6] |
|
| • Total | 1,111 km2 (429 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 237 m (778 ft) |
| Population
(2010 Census)[7] |
|
| • Total | 1,349,772 |
| • Estimate
(2021)[8] |
1,495,066 |
| • Rank | 4th in 2010 |
| • Density | 1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi) |
|
Administrative status |
|
| • Subordinated to | City of Yekaterinburg[9] |
| • Capital of | Sverdlovsk Oblast[1], City of Yekaterinburg |
|
Municipal status |
|
| • Urban okrug | Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug[10] |
| • Capital of | Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug[10] |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (MSK+2  [11]) |
| Postal code(s)[12] |
620000 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 343[12] |
| OKTMO ID | 65701000001 |
| City Day | 3rd Saturday of August |
| Website | екатеринбург.рф |
Yekaterinburg ( yih-KAT-ər-in-burg;[13] Russian: Екатеринбург, IPA: [jɪkətʲɪrʲɪnˈburk]), alternatively romanized as Ekaterinburg and formerly known as Sverdlovsk (Russian: Свердло́вск, IPA: [svʲɪrˈdlofsk], 1924–1991), is a city and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Ural Federal District, Russia. The city is located on the Iset River between the Volga-Ural region and Siberia, with a population of roughly 1.5 million residents,[14] up to 2.2 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Yekaterinburg is the fourth-largest city in Russia, the largest city in the Ural Federal District, and one of Russia’s main cultural and industrial centres. Yekaterinburg has been dubbed the «Third capital of Russia», as it is ranked third by the size of its economy, culture, transportation and tourism.[15][16][17][18]
Yekaterinburg was founded on 18 November 1723 and named after the Russian emperor Peter the Great’s wife, who after his death became Catherine I, Yekaterina being the Russian form of her name. The city served as the mining capital of the Russian Empire as well as a strategic connection between Europe and Asia. In 1781, Catherine the Great gave Yekaterinburg the status of a district town of Perm Province, and built the historical Siberian Route through the city.[3] Yekaterinburg became a key city to Siberia, which had rich resources. In the late 19th century, Yekaterinburg became one of the centres of revolutionary movements in the Urals. In 1924, after the Russian SFSR became a part of the Soviet Union, and a socialist state, the city was named Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov. During the Soviet era, Sverdlovsk was turned into an industrial and administrative powerhouse. In 1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city returned to its historical name.
Yekaterinburg is one of Russia’s most important economic centres and was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The city is currently experiencing an economic and population boom, which resulted in some of the tallest skyscrapers of Russia being located in the city. Yekaterinburg is home to the headquarters of the Central Military District of the Russian Armed Forces, as well as the presidium of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and would have been the host city of the 2023 Summer World University Games.
Yekaterinburg is famous for its constructivist architecture[19][20][21] and is also considered the «Russian capital of street art».[22][23][24]
History[edit]
Prehistory[edit]
The area was settled in prehistory. The earliest settlements date to 8000–7000 BC, in the Mesolithic period. The Isetskoe Pravoberezhnoye I archaeological site contains a Neolithic settlement dated to 6000–5000 BC. It includes stone processing workshops with artefacts such as grinding plates, anvils, clumps of rock, tools, and finished products. Over 50 different types of rock and minerals were used in tool making, indicating extensive knowledge of the region’s natural resources. The Gamayun peninsula (left bank of the Upper Iset pond) has archaeological findings from the Chalcolithic Period: workshops for producing stone tools (upper area) and two dwellings of the Ayat people (lower area). There are also traces of the Koptyak people from 2000 BC: dishes decorated with bird images and evidence of metallurgical production. The Tent I site contains the only Koptyak burials discovered in the Ural Mountains. In the Bronze Age, the Gamayun people lived in the area. They left fragments of ceramics, weapons, and ornaments.[25][26][27]
Archaeological artifacts in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg were first discovered during railway construction, at the end of the 19th century. Excavation and research began in the 20th century. Artifacts are held at the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore, at the Hermitage, at the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences, and at other museums.[26]
Imperial era[edit]
The settlements within the boundaries of the future city were the villages of Uktus, and Verkhniy Uktus, Novaya Pyshma, or Novopyshminskaya. In 1702–1704, the first mining plant was built – Uktusskiy-Nizhniy, which burned down «without a trace» in the spring of 1718. In 1714–1716 on the river, the source was built and produced a small private ironworks, known as the Shuvakishsky. Since August 1718, the Nizhne-Uktussky mining plant was rebuilt, whereby the end of the year more than 500 poods of pure copper had been produced, however, the plant did not receive further development due to the lack of water in Uktus river. At this time, the manager of the burnt down Uktusskiy plant T. M. Burtsov was ordered to find out «if there is another place nearby where another mining plant could be built … on this or another river.» By February 16–17, 1723, the project of the plant and the dam on the Iset river was drawn up and approved.
Construction on the Iset river actually began in February–March 1723. Russian historian Vasily Tatishchev and Russian engineer Georg Wilhelm de Gennin founded Yekaterinburg with the construction of a massive iron-making plant under the decree of Russian emperor Peter the Great in 1723.[28] They named the city after the emperor’s wife, Yekaterina, who later became empress regnant Catherine I.[2] Officially, the city’s founding date is 18 November 1723, when the shops carried out a test run of the bloomery for trip hammers.[2] The plant was commissioned 6 days later, on 24 November.[29] 1723 also saw the establishment of Yekaterinburg fortress, which would encompass many of the settlement’s earliest buildings. Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak very vividly described the beginning of the construction of a mining plant and a fortress: “Imagine completely deserted banks of the Iset river, covered with forest. In the spring of 1723, soldiers from Tobolsk, peasants of the assigned settlements, hired craftsmen appeared, and everything around came to life, as if by the dictates of a fairy tale. They dropped the forest, prepared a place for the dam, laid blast furnaces, raised the rampart, set up barracks and houses for the authorities… ”.[30] In 1722–1726 the Verkhne-Uktussky mining plant was built,[31] which was officially called the plant of the princess Elizabeth (the future village of Elizabeth, or Elizavetinskoe) and became a part of modern Yekaterinburg in 1934.[32]
Plan of Yekaterinburg, 1743
The city was one of Russia’s first industrial cities, prompted at the start of the 18th century by decrees from the Tsar[specify] requiring the development in Yekaterinburg of metalworking industries. With extensive use of iron, the city was built to a regular square plan with ironworks and residential buildings at the centre. These were surrounded by fortified walls so that Yekaterinburg was at the same time both a manufacturing centre and a fortress at the frontier between Europe and Asia. It, therefore, found itself at the heart of Russia’s strategy for further development of the entire Ural region. The so-called Siberian Route became operational in 1763 and placed the city on an increasingly important transit route, which led to its development as a focus of trade and commerce between east and west, and gave rise to the description of the city as the «window to Asia». With the growth in trade and the city’s administrative importance, the ironworks became less critical, and the more important buildings were increasingly built using expensive stone. Small manufacturing and trading businesses proliferated. In 1781 Russia’s empress, Catherine the Great, granted Yekaterinburg town status and nominated it as the administrative centre for the wider region.[3] In 1807, the role of the capital of the mining and smelting region was confirmed by assigning it the status of the only «mountain city» in Russia. Until 1863, Yekaterinburg remained subordinate to the head of the mining plants of the Uralsky ridge, the minister of finance and personally to the emperor, and enjoyed considerable freedom from the governor’s power. Since the 1830s, mountainous Yekaterinburg has become the center of mechanical engineering.[30]
In 1820–1845, 45% of the world’s gold was mined in Yekaterinburg. This is the first ever «Gold Rush».[33] Until 1876, 80% of the coins in circulation in the Russian Empire were produced at the Yekaterinburg mint.[34]
Following the October Revolution, the family of deposed Tsar Nicholas II was sent to internal exile in Yekaterinburg where they were imprisoned in the Ipatiev House in the city. In July 1918, the Czechoslovak Legions were closing on Yekaterinburg. In the early hours of the morning of 17 July, the deposed Tsar, his wife Alexandra, and their children Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsarevich Alexei were executed by the Bolsheviks at the Ipatiev House. Other members of the Romanov family were killed at Alapayevsk later the same day. The Legions arrived less than a week later and captured the city.[35][36] The city remained under the control of the White movement in which a provisional government was established. The Red Army took back the city and restored Soviet authority on 14 July 1919.[37][38]
Soviet era[edit]
In the years following the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War, political authority of the Urals was transferred from Perm to Yekaterinburg. On 19 October 1920, Yekaterinburg established its first university, the Ural State University, as well as polytechnic, pedagogical, and medical institutions under the decree of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin. Enterprises in the city ravaged by the war were nationalised, including: the Metalist (formerly Yates) Plant, the Verkh-Isetsky (formerly Yakovleva) Plant, and the Lenin flax-spinning factory (formerly Makarov). In 1924, the city of Yekaterinburg was renamed Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov.[39][40][37]
During the reign of Stalin, Sverdlovsk was one of several places developed by the Soviet government as a centre of heavy industry. Old factories were reconstructed and new large factories were built, especially those specialised in machine-building and metalworking. These plants included Uralmash, Magnitogorsk, and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. During this time, the population of Sverdlovsk tripled in size, and it became one of the fastest-growing cities of the Soviet Union. At that time, very large powers were given to the regional authorities. By the end of the 1930s, there were 140 industrial enterprises, 25 research institutes, and 12 higher education institutions in Sverdlovsk.[41][42]
During World War II, the city became the headquarters of the Ural Military District on the basis of which more than 500 different military units and formations were formed, including the 22nd Army and the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps. Uralmash became the main production site for armoured vehicles. Many state technical institutions and whole factories were relocated to Sverdlovsk away from cities affected by war (mostly Moscow), with many of them staying in Sverdlovsk after the victory. The Hermitage Museum collections were also partly evacuated from Leningrad to Sverdlovsk in July 1941 and remained there until October 1945.[43]
In the postwar years, new industrial and agricultural enterprises were put into operation and massive housing construction began.[44][37] The lookalike five-story apartment blocks that remain today in Kirovsky, Chkalovsky, and other residential areas of Sverdlovsk sprang up in the 1960s, under the direction of Nikita Khrushchev’s government.[45] In 1977, Ipatiev House was demolished by order of Boris Yeltsin in accordance to a resolution from the Politburo in order to prevent it from being used as a rallying location for monarchists. Yeltsin later became the first President of Russia and represented the people at the funeral of the former Tsar in 1998.[46] There was an anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk in April and May 1979, which was attributed to a release from the Sverdlovsk-19 military facility.[47]
Contemporary era[edit]
During the 1991 coup d’état attempt, Sverdlovsk, the home city of President Boris Yeltsin, was selected by him as a temporary reserve capital for the Russian Federation, in case Moscow became too dangerous for the Russian government. A reserve cabinet headed by Oleg Lobov was sent to the city, where Yeltsin enjoyed strong popular support at that time.[48] Shortly after the failure of the coup and subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city regained its historical name of Yekaterinburg on 4 September 1991. However, Sverdlovsk Oblast, of which Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre, kept its name.[49][50]
In the 2000s, an intensive growth of trade, business, and tourism began in Yekaterinburg. In 2003, Russian President Vladimir Putin and German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder negotiated in Yekaterinburg. On 15–17 June 2009, the SCO and BRIC summits were held in Yekaterinburg, which greatly improved the economic, cultural, and tourist situation in the city. On 13–16 July 2010, a meeting between Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and German Chancellor Angela Merkel took place in the city.[51]
In 2018, Yekaterinburg hosted four matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup and was planned to become the host city for the 2023 Summer World University Games.[52]
Geography and climate[edit]
Location[edit]
Yekaterinburg City and vicinities, satellite image of ESA Sentinel-2
Yekaterinburg is in North Asia and Eastern Europe, close to the Ural Mountains, 1,667 km (1,036 mi) east of the nation’s capital Moscow.
The city has a total area of 1,111 km2 (429 sq mi).
Yekaterinburg is on the eastern side of the Urals. The city is surrounded by wooded hills, partially cultivated for agricultural purposes. Yekaterinburg is located on a natural watershed, so there would be many bodies of water close and in the city. The city is bisected by the Iset River, which flows from the Urals into the Tobol River. There are two lakes in the city, Lake Shuvakish and Lake Shartash. The city borders Verkh-Isetskiy Pond, through which the Iset River flows. Lake Isetskoye and Lake Baltym are both near the city, with Lake Isetskoye located near Sredneuralsk, and Lake Baltym located near the towns of Sanatornyy and Baltym.
Time[edit]
Yekaterinburg uses the Yekaterinburg Time, which is five hours ahead of UTC (UTC+5), and two hours ahead of Moscow Time.[53]
Climate[edit]
The city possesses a humid continental climate (Dfb) under the Köppen climate classification.[54] It is characterised by sharp variability in weather conditions, with well-marked seasons. The Ural Mountains, despite their insignificant height, block air from the west, from the European part of Russia. As a result, the Central Urals are open to the invasion of cold arctic air and continental air from the West Siberian Plain. Equally, warm air masses from the Caspian Sea and the deserts of Central Asia can freely penetrate from the south. Therefore, the weather in Yekaterinburg is characterised by sharp temperature fluctuations and weather anomalies: in winter, from frost at −40 °C to thaw and rain; in summer, from temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F) to frosts.[54]
-
Spring in Yekaterinburg
-
Summer in Yekaterinburg
-
Autumn in Yekaterinburg
-
Winter in Yekaterinburg
The distribution of precipitation is determined by the circulation of air masses, relief, and air temperatures. The main part of the precipitation is brought by cyclones with a western air mass transfer, that is, from the European part of Russia, while their average annual amount is 601 mm. The maximum falls on a warm season, during which about 60–70% of the annual amount falls. For the winter period is characterized by snow cover with an average capacity of 40–50 cm. The coefficient of moistening [ru] (the ratio of yearly precipitation and potential evaporation) – 1.[54]
- The average temperature in January is −14.7 °C (5.5 °F). The record minimum temperature is −44.6 °C (−48.3 °F) (6 January 1915);
- The average July temperature is 18.1 °C (64.6 °F). The record maximum temperature is 39.1 °C (102.4 °F) (16 July 2020);
- The average annual temperature is 2.1 °C (35.8 °F);
- The average annual wind speed is 2.9 m/s (10 km/h; 6.5 mph);
- The average annual humidity is 75%;
- The average annual precipitation is 601 mm (23.7 in);
| Climate data for Yekaterinburg (1991–2020, extremes 1831–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
28.8 (83.8) |
34.7 (94.5) |
36.4 (97.5) |
39.1 (102.4) |
37.2 (99.0) |
31.9 (89.4) |
24.7 (76.5) |
13.5 (56.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
39.1 (102.4) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −9.3 (15.3) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
0.9 (33.6) |
10.1 (50.2) |
18.3 (64.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
24.3 (75.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
15.0 (59.0) |
6.9 (44.4) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
7.8 (46.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.6 (9.3) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
4.7 (40.5) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.9 (62.4) |
18.9 (66.0) |
16.2 (61.2) |
10.4 (50.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
3.3 (37.9) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −15.5 (4.1) |
−14.1 (6.6) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
0.3 (32.5) |
6.9 (44.4) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.4 (57.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −44.6 (−48.3) |
−42.4 (−44.3) |
−39.2 (−38.6) |
−21.8 (−7.2) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
−39.2 (−38.6) |
−44.0 (−47.2) |
−44.6 (−48.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 25 (1.0) |
19 (0.7) |
25 (1.0) |
31 (1.2) |
47 (1.9) |
73 (2.9) |
93 (3.7) |
75 (3.0) |
45 (1.8) |
41 (1.6) |
33 (1.3) |
28 (1.1) |
535 (21.1) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 33 (13) |
42 (17) |
38 (15) |
5 (2.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
8 (3.1) |
21 (8.3) |
42 (17) |
| Average rainy days | 1 | 1 | 5 | 13 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 22 | 22 | 17 | 6 | 1 | 147 |
| Average snowy days | 26 | 23 | 18 | 10 | 4 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 23 | 25 | 144 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 75 | 68 | 60 | 58 | 63 | 68 | 73 | 75 | 75 | 78 | 79 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 47 | 94 | 164 | 206 | 256 | 272 | 269 | 217 | 143 | 78 | 51 | 37 | 1,834 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru[55] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[56] |
Demographics[edit]
Population[edit]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 43,239 | — |
| 1926 | 140,000 | +223.8% |
| 1939 | 423,000 | +202.1% |
| 1959 | 779,000 | +84.2% |
| 1970 | 1,025,000 | +31.6% |
| 1979 | 1,211,172 | +18.2% |
| 1989 | 1,364,621 | +12.7% |
| 2002 | 1,293,537 | −5.2% |
| 2010 | 1,349,772 | +4.3% |
| 2015 | 1,428,042 | +5.8% |
| 2021 | 1,495,066 | +4.7% |
According to the results of the 2010 Census, the population of Yekaterinburg was 1,349,772;[7] up from 1,293,537 recorded in the 2002 Census.[57]
At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city’s population whose ethnicity was known (1,242,932) was:
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Russians | 1,106,688 | 89.0% |
| Tatars | 46,232 | 3.7% |
| Ukrainians | 12,815 | 1.0% |
| Bashkirs | 11,922 | 1.0% |
| Mari | 6,481 | 0.5% |
| Azerbaijanis | 6,381 | 0.5% |
| Tajiks | 5,868 | 0.5% |
| Armenians | 5,271 | 0.4% |
| Jews | 4,339 | 0.3% |
| Uzbeks | 4,072 | 0.3% |
| Others | 32,863 | 2.6% |
Religion[edit]
Christianity is the predominant religion in the city, of which most are adherents to the Russian Orthodox Church. The Yekaterinburg and Verkhotursky diocese is located in the Holy Trinity Cathedral in the city. Other religions practised in Yekaterinburg include Islam, Old Believers, Catholicism, Protestantism, and Judaism.
Yekaterinburg has a significant Muslim community, but it suffers from a lack of worship space: there are only two small mosques. Another mosque was built in the nearby city of Verkhnyaya Pyshma. On 24 November 2007, the first stone was laid in the construction of a large Cathedral Mosque with four minarets, and space for 2,500 parishioners in the immediate vicinity of the cathedral and a synagogue, thus forming the «area of the three religions».[58] The mosque was planned to be built for the SCO summit, but due to funding problems, construction did not move from zero and is now frozen.
Construction of a Methodist church started in 1992, and with the help of American donations, finished in 2001.[59] A synagogue was opened in 2005, on the same place a 19th-century synagogue was demolished in 1962.
Most of the city’s religious buildings were destroyed during the Soviet era, in addition to the synagogue, the three largest Orthodox churches in Yekaterinburg were demolished – the Epiphany Cathedral, the Ekaterininsky Cathedral, and the Great Zlatoust Church. Other Christian churches such as the Lutheran Church of Yekaterinburg and the Roman Catholic Church of St. Anne (a new Catholic St. Anne’s Church was built in 2000) were demolished as well. Other churches were used as warehouses and industrial sites. The only religious building in Yekaterinburg in the Soviet era was the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist. Recently, some churches are being rebuilt. Since 2006, according to the surviving drawings, the Great Zlatoust Church was restored in 2012. On 17 April 2010, the city was visited by Patriarch Kirill.[60]
Government[edit]
Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast.[1] Within the framework of the administrative divisions, it is, together with twenty-nine rural localities, incorporated as the City of Yekaterinburg,[9] an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the City of Yekaterinburg is incorporated as Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug.[10]
Administrative districts[edit]
| Administrative districts of Yekaterinburg[61][62][63] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||||
| Label | OKATO | Name | Area
(2019)[64] |
Population
(2019)[64] |
Founded | Head | Website | Dialing code(s) | Subdivisions |
| 1 | 65 401 362 | Akademicheskiy | 81,000[65] | 2020 | Smirnyagin Nikolai Sergeevich | +7 3432, +7 3433 | 3 | ||
| 2 | 65 401 364 | Verkh-Isetsky | 240 square kilometres (93 sq mi) | 221,207 | 1919 | Morozov Andrey Mikhailovich | .cm Archived 1 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine | +7 3432, +7 3433 | 5 |
| 3 | 65 401 368 | Zheleznodorozhnyy | 126.3 square kilometres (48.8 sq mi) | 221,207 | 1938 | Pershin Vitaly Pavlovich | .cm Archived 1 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine | +7 343 | 8 |
| 4 | 65 401 373 | Kirovsky | 72 square kilometres (28 sq mi) | 228,864 | 1943 | Bolikov Vladimir Yurievich | .cm Archived 15 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine | +7 343 | 7 |
| 5 | 65 401 377 | Leninsky | 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) | 156,723 | 1934 | Beruashvili Elena Zauryevna | .cm Archived 15 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine | +7 343 | 3 |
| 6 | 65 401 380 | Oktyabrsky | 157 square kilometres (61 sq mi) | 148,981 | 1934 | Kostenko Igor Vitalievich | .cm Archived 10 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine | +7 3432 | 11 |
| 7 | 65 401 385 | Ordzhonikidzevsky | 102 square kilometres (39 sq mi) | 286,482 | 1934 | Kravchenko Roman Gennadievich | .cm Archived 16 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine | +7 3433 | 6 |
| 8 | 65 401 390 | Chkalovsky | 402 square kilometres (155 sq mi) | 275,571 | 1943 | Shipitsyn Evgeny Viktorovich | .cm Archived 9 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine | +7 3432 | 10 |
Each district is not a municipal formation, and the historical centre of the city is divided into five inner-city districts (except Chkalovsky and Ordzhonikidzevsky).
A district named Akademicheskiy was formed from the parts of Leninsky and Verkh-Isetsky districts on 3 January 2020.[62] On 1 October 2021, more settlements were transferred from Verkh-Isetsky to Akademicheskiy district.[63]
Administration[edit]
Urban[edit]
Building of the Administration of Yekaterinburg located on 1905 Square
The Charter of Yekaterinburg establishes a four-link system for the organisation of local authorities, which includes: the Head of Yekaterinburg, who serves as the chairman of the Yekaterinburg City Duma, the Yekaterinburg City Duma, the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg, and the Chamber of Accounts.[66]
According to the charter of Yekaterinburg, the highest official of the municipal formation is the mayor of Yekaterinburg. The mayor is elected by universal suffrage, but since 3 April 2018, the procedure for direct elections of the mayor of the City of Yekaterinburg was abolished. Yevgeny Roizman holds the position since 14 September 2013. The mayor of the city is endowed with representative powers and powers to organize activities and guide the activities of the City Duma. In addition, the mayor of the city exercises other powers such as concluding a contract with the head of the city administration and ensuring compliance with the Russian Constitution, Russian legislation, the city charter, and other normative acts.[67][68]
In the event of a temporary absence of the mayor of Yekaterinburg, his authority under his written order is exercised by the deputy mayor of Yekaterinburg.[69]
The representative body of the municipal formation is the Yekaterinburg City Duma, which represents the city’s entire population. The membership of the Duma is 36 deputies (18 deputies were elected in single-mandate constituencies and 18 in a single electoral district). Residents of the city elect deputies on the basis of universal suffrage for a period of 5 years.[66]
The executive and administrative body of the municipal formation is the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg, led by the head of the Administration, currently held by Aleksandr Yacob. The administration is endowed with its own powers to resolve issues of local importance, but it is under the control and accountable to the Yekaterinburg City Duma. The building of the Administration of Yekaterinburg is located on 1905 Square.[68]
The Chamber of Accounts is a permanently operating body of external municipal financial control. The Chamber is formed by the apparatus of the City Duma and is accountable to it. The Chamber consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, auditors and staff. The structure and number of staff of the chamber, including the number of auditors, is determined by the decision of the City Duma. The term of office of the Chamber staff is 5 years. The Chamber of Accounts is a legal entity.[69]
Oblast[edit]
The building of Sverdlovsk Oblast’s Legislative Assembly
In accordance with the regional charter, Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of the Sverdlovsk Oblast.[1] The executive power is exercised by the governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast, the legislative power by the legislative assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast, and the judicial power by the Sverdlovsk Regional Court, located in the building of the Palace of Justice.[70] The building serving the regional government is the White House and the building serving the legislative assembly is located next to it on October Square. The ministries of the Sverdlovsk Region are located in the building of the regional government, as well as in other separate buildings of the city.[71]
Federal[edit]
Yekaterinburg serves as the centre of the Ural Federal District. As a result, it serves as the residence of the presidential envoy, the highest official of the district and part of the administration of the President of Russia. The residence is located the building of the regional government on October Square near the Iset River embankment. The position is currently held by Igor Khalmanskikh.[72]
The Central Military District headquarters building
In addition, Yekaterinburg serves as the centre of the Central Military District and more than 30 territorial branches of the federal executive bodies, whose jurisdiction extends not only to Sverdlovsk Oblast, but also to other regions in the Ural Mountains, Siberia, and the Volga Region. Its current district commander is Lieutenant-General Aleksandr Lapin, who has held the position since 22 November 2017.[73]
Politics[edit]
According to the results of the September 2013 elections, the mayor of the city was Yevgeny Roizman, nominated by the Civil Platform party. Out of the 36 seats in the City Duma, 21 belong to United Russia, 7 to A Just Russia, 3 to the Civil Platform, 2 to the Communist Party and 1 seat to the LDPR. The turnout in the mayoral elections was 33.57%.[74]
It was the last popular vote in Yekaterinburg. Since 2018, there have been no elections, but a vote in the Municipal Duma. On 25 September 2018 the majority of the representatives in the Duma voted in favour of the Vice-Governor of Sverdlovsk oblast, Alexander Vysokinskiy.
Economy[edit]
Overview[edit]
Yekaterinburg is one of the largest economic centres in Russia. It is included in the City-600 list (it unites the 600 largest cities in the world that produce 60% of global GDP), compiled by the McKinsey Global Institute, a research organisation. In 2010, the consulting company estimated the gross product of Yekaterinburg to be about $19 billion (according to the calculations of the company, it should grow to $40 billion by 2025).[76][77]
By volume of the economy, Yekaterinburg ranks third in the country, after Moscow and St. Petersburg. According to a research of the Institute for Urban Economics, in the ranking of the largest cities and regional capital cities according to economic standards for 2015, Yekaterinburg ranked third. The city’s gross urban product (GVP) was 898 billion rubles. Per capita GDP was 621.0 thousand rubles (18th place).[78] In 2015, the gross urban product of the Yekaterinburg metropolitan area amounted to 50.7 billion international dollars (the fourth place in the country) or 25.4 thousand international dollars in terms of per inhabitant of the metropolitan area.[79]
In the Soviet era, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) was a purely industrial city, with a share of industry in the economy of 90% (of which 90% were in defense production). With Chelyabinsk and Perm, the three cities formed what to be the Urals industrial hub.[80]
The former head of Yekaterinburg, Arkady Chernetsky, has set the goal of diversifying the city’s economy, which has resulted in the development of sectors such as warehousing, transportation, logistics, telecommunications, financial sector, wholesale and retail trade, etc. in Yekaterinburg.[80] Economist-geographer Natalia Zubarevich points out that at the present stage, Yekaterinburg has practically lost its industrial specialisation.[81]
Living costs and the labor market[edit]
Aquamarine apartment complex with the topped out 188-meter Vysotsky skyscraper in the background
The standard of living in Yekaterinburg exceeds the average standard across Russia. According to the Department of Sociology of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, it is among the top ten cities with the highest standard of living. Compared to other Russian cities with a population of around or over one million, in 2015, Yekaterinburg held a leading position in terms of average monthly wages and retail turnover, in terms of the total volume of investments in fourth place of fixed assets, and second place in housing placement.[82][83]
Iset Tower is a 52-story residential skyscraper and is the tallest building in Yekaterinburg. It is located within the vicinity of Yekaterinburg-City
The average monthly wage in Yekaterinburg following the results of 2019 was 54,976 rubles. This is the first place among the millionth municipalities of the Russian Federation.[84] There are on average 440,300 people employed by large and middle-sized organisations and companies. The unemployment rate at the end of 2015 was 0.83% of the total economically active population. Locals labelled the main problems of the city such the current state of the healthcare system, housing system, and transportation system.[83][85]
The budget of Yekaterinburg in 2015 was executed on income in the amount of 32,063.6 million rubles, for expenses in the amount of 32,745.8 million rubles. Among the budget expenditures: 17 billion rubles were spent on education, over 1 billion rubles on culture, and about 900 million rubles on health. The main part of the revenue of the city treasury was its own tax and non-tax revenues (more than 18 billion rubles). The revenues from the regional and federal budgets were at the lowest level in 10 years. Specialists noted a decrease in tax revenues and an increase in tax debt (exceeded 2 billion rubles).[83][86]
The main budget expenditures are the development of the economy (which accounts for 19% of expenditures) and the social security of the townspeople (11% of expenditures go). Cities such as Perm, Kazan and Ufa, spend for these purposes in a smaller percentage of costs (from 2 to 6%). Also, a fairly strict budgetary discipline is noted—the budget deficit is kept at the level of 2% of its volume.[87]
Finance and business[edit]
Yekaterinburg is one of the largest financial and business centres in Russia, with offices of multinational corporations, representative offices of foreign companies, and a large number of federal and regional financial and credit organisations. The financial market of Yekaterinburg is characterised by stability and independence, based both on the broad presence of large foreign and Moscow credit organisations and on the availability of large and stable local financial holdings.[88]
The financial sector of Yekaterinburg has more than 100 banks, including 11 foreign banks. The list of the largest Russian banks for assets for 2016 included 10 banks registered in Yekaterinburg, including but not all: Ural Bank for Reconstruction and Development, SKB-Bank, Uraltransbank, and UM Bank.[89][90]
IT «SKB Kontur» from Yekaterinburg – the largest software manufacturer in Russia – first place according to the RAEX rating[91]
Also in Yekaterinburg is the Ural headquarters of the Central Bank of Russia. Since 7 August 2017, by order of the Bank of Russia, the branches of the Siberian, Far Eastern and part of the Prevolzhsky Federal Districts have been transferred to the control of the Ural Megaregal Directorate. Thus, this is one of the three main departments of the Mega-regulator in the territory of Russia.[92]
A major role in the formation of Yekaterinburg as a business centre has its infrastructural potential, which is growing at a high rate: transport accessibility for Russian and foreign economic entities, the availability of hotels, advanced communication services, business related services (consulting, exhibition activities, etc.).[88] Yekaterinburg has its own central business district, Yekaterinburg City.[93]
Industry[edit]
Yekaterinburg has been a major industrial centre since its foundation. In the 18th century, the main branches were smelting and processing of metal. Since the beginning of the 19th century, machine building appeared, and in the second half of the 19th century, light and food (especially milling) industry was widely spread. A new stage in the development of production occurred during the period of industrialisation – at this time in the city, factories were built, which determined the industry specialisation of heavy engineering. During World War II, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) hosted about sixty enterprises evacuated from Central Russia and Ukraine. As a result, there was a sharp increase in the production capacity of existing plants and the emergence of new branches of the Urals industry.
At present, more than 220 large and medium-sized enterprises are registered in Yekaterinburg, 197 of them in manufacturing industries.[88] In 2015, they shipped 323,288 million rubles worth of own-produced goods. Production by industry was divided accordingly: metallurgical production and metalworking 20.9%, food production 13.3%, production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment 9.2%, production of vehicles 8.4%, production of machinery and equipment 6.4%, chemical production 5.5%, production of other nonmetallic mineral products 3.7%, production of rubber and plastic products 2.8%, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing 0.5%, and other 29.3%.[94]
Several headquarters of large Russian industrial companies are located in the city: IDGC of Urals, Enel Russia, Steel-Industrial Company, Russian Copper Company, Kalina, NLMK-Sort, VIZ-Stal, Sinara Group, Uralelectrotyazhmash, Automation Association named after academician NA Semikhatov, Ural Heavy Machinery Plant (Uralmash), Fat Plant, Fores, confectionery association Sladko, Machine Building Plant named after M.I. Kalinin, Ural Turbine Plant, Uralkhimmash and others.[95]
Retail and services[edit]
Vaynera Street, where most of Yekaterinburg’s retail is centralised
Yekaterinburg ranks first in retail trade of the Russian Federation per capita, ahead of Moscow.[96] The consumer market contributes significantly to Yekaterinburg’s economy. Revenue of retail stores in 2015 amounted to 725.9 billion rubles, and the number of retailers totaled 4,290.[97] As of 1 January 2016, 36 shopping centers operate in the city, taking up a total area of which was 1,502,700 m2 (16,175,000 sq ft). The availability of shopping centres per 1,000 inhabitants increased to 597.2 m2 (6,428 sq ft).[98]
Retail areas amounted to 2,019,000 m2 (21,730,000 sq ft), with the availability of retail space reached 1,366.3 m2 (14,707 sq ft) per 1,000 inhabitants. According to these statistics, Yekaterinburg holds leading positions among other major cities of Russia. In the consumer market of Yekaterinburg, 1041 network operators are represented. The number of wholesale enterprises totalled 1,435. Among the Federal construction stores represented in the city, you can select: Leroy Merlin,[99] Castorama,[100] Domostroy,[101] Maxidom,[102] OBI,[103] Sdvor.[104] Yekaterinburg has an agricultural market named Shartashsky.[98][105]
The revenue of catering in 2015 totalled 38.6 billion rubles. The network of catering enterprises in Yekaterinburg is presented as follows: 153 restaurants, 210 bars, 445 cafes, 100 coffee houses, 582 dining rooms, 189 eateries, 173 fast-food establishments, 10 tea shops, 319 other types of institutions (buffets, cafeterias, catering companies). 82.6% of catering enterprises provide additional services to consumers.[106]
The revenue of the services industry in 2015 totalled 74.9 billion rubles. The fastest pace in the city is developing hairdressing services, sewing and knitting atelier services, pawnshop services, fitness centre services. The network of public service enterprises in Yekaterinburg includes 5,185 facilities. In 2015, the provision of service areas for service enterprises totaled 382.1 m2 (4,113 sq ft) per 1,000 citizens. The highest concentration of household services is observed in the Verkh-Isetsky, Oktyabrsky and Leninsky districts.[107]
Greenwich Shopping Center, as of 2021, is the largest shopping center in Europe.[108]
The largest store in the world by area is Sima-Land.[109]
Tourism[edit]
Yekaterinburg is a major centre for the Russian tourist industry. In 2015, the city was one of the top five most visited Russian cities (others being Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, and Vladivostok) according to the Global Destinations Cities Index, which represents the payment system Mastercard.[110] In recent years, a lot of work has been done to create a positive image of Yekaterinburg as a centre for international tourism, including holding of summits for the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in 2008 and 2009 and the international exhibition Innoprom in 2009 and 2010.[111] In 2014, Yekaterinburg ranked third among Russian cities in popularity among foreign tourists after Moscow and St. Petersburg.[112]
In 2015, the total flow of inbound tourism grew by 10% compared to the previous year and amounted to 2.1 million people.[113] In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduce the role of business tourism in the overall flow: if in 2013 about 80% of trips were business, in 2015 their number was already 67%. Most tourists go to «bow to the memory of the last and his family.» In addition, new tourist ideas are developing such as the Bazhov theme, the geological and mineralogical theme, industrial tourism, and the event calendar.[114]
Infrastructure[edit]
Transportation[edit]
Yekaterinburg is the third largest transport hub of Russia, behind Moscow and St. Petersburg. The city has 6 federal highways, 7 main railway lines, and an international airport. The location of Yekaterinburg in the central part of the region allows for 7 to 10 hours to get from it to any large city of the Urals.[115] The formation of Yekaterinburg as an important transportation hub is largely due to the city’s favourable geographical location on a low stretch of the Ural Mountains, through which it was convenient to lay the main roads connecting the European and Eastern parts of Russia.[116]
Roads[edit]
E22 bypass in the Chkalovsky District
Yekaterinburg is one of the ten Russian megacities with the largest car fleet (0.437 megacars were registered in the city in 2014), which has been intensively been increasing in recent years (by 6–14% annually).[117][118] The level of car ownership in 2015 has reached 410 cars per 1,000 people.[119] Its pace in the past few years has seriously exceeded the pace of development and the capacity of the road infrastructure. For the first time, transport problems started to appear in Yekaterinburg in the 1980s and though it did not seem threatening at first, the situation gets worse every year. Studies have shown that as early as 2005, the capacity limit for the road network was reached, which has now led to permanent congestion.[120]
To increase the capacity of the street-road network, stage-by-stage reconstruction of streets is being carried out, as well as multi-level interchanges being built. In order to reduce the transit traffic, the Sverdlovsk Oblast administration announced two road projects in 2014: the Yekaterinburg Ring Road (EKAD) and an overpass road on Sovetskaya Street. The Yekaterinburg Ring Road would surround the largest municipalities of Yekaterinburg. Its purpose would be to help the city’s economy and reduce traffic on the Middle Ring Road of the city, making it easier for civilians to commute around the city than going through the city’s traffic congestion. Eventually, the Ring Road would connect to other federal roads in order for easier access between other Russian cities. Construction of the road started in the same year. The projects were assigned to the Ministry of Transport and Communications since the projects were crucial to the city’s economy. Officials hope the road projects will build environments more conducive to improving local quality of life and outside investments. Completing these major inter-regional roads will increase productive traffic by 50% to 100%, improving the local economy with its ease of access to industries.[121]
Since 2014, the project for the introduction of paid parking in the central part of Yekaterinburg is being implemented. The project is implemented in parallel with the increase in the number of intercepting parking lots and the construction of parking lots. At the end of 2015, in the central part of the city there were 2,307 paid parking places.[119]
The total length of the road network in Yekaterinburg is 1,311.5 km (814.9 mi), of which 929.8 km (577.8 mi) is cobbled carriageways, 880 km (550 mi) is with upgraded coverage, 632 km (393 mi) is backbone networks, of which 155 km (96 mi) are on the citywide backbone network movement. 20 interchanges have been constructed at different levels within the city limits, including 11 on the EKAD and 9 on the middle ring. 74 transport facilities (27 bridges across the Iset River, Patrushikha, Mostovka, Istok Rivers, 13 dams on the Iset, Patrushikha, Istok, Olkhovka, Warm, Shilovka Rivers, 23 road overpasses, and 18 out-of-the-way pedestrian crossings) were built as well.[122]
Yekaterinburg is served by the following highways:[123]
Public transit[edit]
Yekaterinburg uses almost all types of public transport. The largest transportation services—the Municipal Association of Bus Enterprises, the Tram-Trolleybus Office, and the Yekaterinburg Metro —transported 207.4 million people in 2015.[124] The total volume of passenger transportation by all land transport modes decreases annually. If the annual passenger traffic of municipal transport was 647.1 million people in 2002, and according to this index the city occupied the third place in the country with a wide margin, then in 2008 this figure would be 412 million people (the fourth place in Russia).[125][126]
Since 1991, the city operates the sixth metro in Russia and the thirteenth in the CIS. At the moment there is one line with 9 stations. In 2015 49.9 million passengers were transported; according to this metric the Yekaterinburg Metro is the fourth in Russia, behind the Moscow Metro, Saint Petersburg Metro, and Novosibirsk Metro .[127] Although the metro is the second most popular type of public transport, in recent years significant problems have appeared in its work: loss-making, obsolete rolling stock, and a shortage of funds for modernisation.[128]
The tram network was established in 1929 and currently[when?] plays a leading role in the urban transport system. The volume of passengers carried for 2013 is 127.8 million,[129] but this declines every year (245 million people in 2013[130]). In 2016 there were 30 routes operating 459 cars. The total length of the tracks is 185.5 km. As of 2016, the construction of a tram line «Ekaterinburg-Verkhnyaya Pyshma» was planned.[131]
There are 93 bus routes operating in Yekaterinburg, including 30 municipal ones (EMUP «MOAP»).[132] In 2007, 114.5 million passengers were transported by municipal intercity buses (124.6 million in 2006).[133] The decrease in volume is due to the increasing role of the fixed-route taxis in the urban transport system of Yekaterinburg, as well as the high cost of travel. However, the city bus transport network provides significant employment for the people of Ekaterinburg, including the formidable babushkas who collect passenger fares. In the park of EMPU, there are 537 buses.[134] In 2013, there are 19 routes, which employ 250 trolleybuses. The total length of trolleybus lines is 168.4 km. The number of passengers transported by trolleybus in 2007 amounted to 78.4 million (84.3 million in 2006).[133]
In addition, the city operates an electric train route linking the north-western and the southern parts of Yekaterinburg, from Sem’ Klyuchey to Elizavet.
Rail[edit]
Yekaterinburg is a major railway junction. In the Yekaterinburg node, 7 main lines converge (to Perm, Tyumen, Kazan, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, and Tavda). The Sverdlovsk Railway Administration is located in the city, which serves trains on the territory of the Sverdlovsk and Tyumen Regions, the Perm Territory, the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, as well as parts of the Omsk Region, and there is a single road traffic control centre. The Perm–Yekaterinburg–Tyumen section is now part of the main route of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Air[edit]
Yekaterinburg is served by two primary airports: Koltsovo International Airport (SVX) and the smaller Yekaterinburg Aramil Airport. Koltsovo Airport is one of the largest airports in the country, serving 5.404 million passengers (including 3.485 million serviced by domestic airlines, 1.919 million at international flights) in 2017, making it the sixth busiest airport in Russia.[135]
Health[edit]
Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1
Yekaterinburg has an extensive network of municipal, regional and federal health facilities. There are 54 hospitals, designed at a capacity of 18,200 beds,[136] 272 ambulatory polyclinics, and 156 dental clinics and offices.[137] Some health facilities are based on medical research institutes such as the Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology,[138] the Research Institute of Dermatology and Immunopathology,[139] and the Ural State Medical University, as well as others.
In clean areas of the city, there is the Yekaterinburg Medical Centre, which includes the Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 (also includes a polyclinic and a boarding house), Central City Hospital No. 40 (polyclinic, therapeutic building, surgical building, infectious body, neuro-surgical building, maternity hospital), Regional Cardiology Centre, Centre for Prevention and Control of AIDS, and MNTK Eye Microsurgery.[140]
Other large medical centres are the Uralmash Health Centre (Hospital No. 14), the Hospital of veterans of the Great Patriotic War, the district hospital of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the district military hospital, the Oncology Centre, the Sverdlovsk Oblast Psychiatric Hospital, the Disaster Medicine Centre, the Sanguis Blood Transfusion Centre, children’s versatile hospital No. 9, and the regional rehabilitation centre on Chusovsky lake. There are about 300 pharmacies in the city.[137] The number of doctors in public medical institutions is 11,339 people (83.9 per 10,000 people) and the number of nurses is 16,795 (124 per 10,000 people).
Private medical institutions also operate in the city.[141]
Education[edit]
Yekaterinburg’s education system includes institutions of all grades and conditions: preschool, general, special (correctional), and vocational (secondary and higher education), as well as others. Today, the city is one of the largest educational centres of Russia, with Yekaterinburg considered to be the leading educational and scientific centre of the Urals.[142]
There are 164 educational institutions in Yekaterinburg: 160 of them operate in the morning and the other 4 in the evening. In 2015, 133,800 people were enrolled in general education institutions, which holds a capacity of 173,161 people.[143] Yekaterinburg’s education system also includes state pre-school educational institutions, non-state pre-school institutions, out-of-town health camps, and municipal city health facilities with a one-day stay.[144] Five educational institutions of the city: SUNC UrFU, Gymnasium No. 2, Gymnasium No. 9, Gymnasium No. 35, and Lyceum No. 135, were included in the rating of the five hundred best schools in the country by the Moscow Center for Continuous Mathematical Education and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.[145]
On 16 July 1914, the Ural Mining Institute of Emperor Nicholas II (now the Ural State Mining University) was established as Yekaterinburg’s first educational institution.[146] In 1930, the Sverdlovsk Power Engineering College (now the Ural Technical Institute of Communications and Informatics) was opened to train specialists in the field of communications. The Alexei Maximovich Gorky Ural State University (now the Ural Federal University) became the first university in Yekaterinburg by decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR, signed by Vladimir Lenin on 19 October 1920. The Sverdlovsk Engineering and Pedagogical Institute (today the Russian State Vocational and Pedagogical University) became the first university of the USSR for the training of engineering and pedagogical personnel when it was opened in 1979.
Ural State Mining University
In terms of the level of qualification of the graduates, Yekaterinburg’s universities are among the leading in Russia, in particular in terms of the number of graduates representing the current managing elite of the country, Yekaterinburg universities are second only to the educational institutions of Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[147][148] Currently, there are 20 state universities in the city, which currently holds a total of 140,000 students.[149] In addition, there are 14 non-state institutions of higher education in the city, such as the Yekaterinburg Academy of Contemporary Art and the Yekaterinburg Theological Seminary. The prestigious architecture school, the Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts, is also located within the city limits. Other institutions of higher education Ural State Pedagogical University, Ural State University of Forestry, Ural State University of Railway Transport, Ural State University of Economics, Military Institute of Artillery, Ural State Conservatory, Ural State Agricultural Academy, Ural State Law Academy, Ural State Medical University, Ural State Academy of Performing Arts, Ural Academy of Public Service, and Institute of International Relations.
In May 2011, the Ural State University and Ural State Technical University merged to form the Boris N. Yeltsin Ural Federal University, making it the largest university in the Urals and the largest university in Russia. As of 1 January 2016, the university had 35,300 students and 2,950 teachers. The university’s budget in 2015 totalled 9,1 billion rubles and the volume of research and development work totalled 1,6 billion rubles.[150] As of 2021, UrFU is the largest university in Russia in terms of the number of students, being on the 351st place in the QS World University Rankings.[151][152] The number of publications of the university in the Web of Science database is about a thousand per year.[153]
There are many branches of non-resident universities in the city, including the Ural branch of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Private Law, the Yekaterinburg branch of the Plekhanov Russian Economic Academy, the Yekaterinburg branch of the University of the Russian Academy of Education, the Yekaterinburg branch of the Moscow State University, and Sholokhov Humanitarian University, as well as others.
Media and telecommunications[edit]
In Yekaterinburg, a large number of print publications are published: about 200 newspapers, the most read being the Ural Worker, Vecherny Yekaterinburg, Oblastnaya Gazeta, and For Change!, and 70 magazines, with most read being Red Burda and I’m Buying.[154][155]
A television studio was built in Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) in 1955 and on 6 November of the same year, the first telecast appeared. Coloured television later appeared in 1976.[156] Now the television is broadcast by 19 companies, including but not all: STRC Ural, Channel Four, 41 Home, Channel 10, OTV, Union (Orthodox), and UFO 24. Broadcasting is carried out from the TV tower on Lunacharsky street (television studio GTRK Ural), the TV tower on the Moskovskiy Hill, and from the TV tower (radio relay tower) on Blyukher Street. In 1981, construction of a new television tower was started, which was to become the second tallest in Russia after the Ostankino Tower and cover the territory of most of the Sverdlovsk region, but economic difficulties postponed construction. As a result, the television tower was the tallest uncompleted structure in the world. On 24 March 2018, the television tower was demolished by detonation for the city’s beautification in preparation of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.[157] The Shartash radio mast, which broadcasts, is the tallest structure in the city, with a height of 263 meters.[158] In addition, several dozens of national and local news agencies are broadcast in Yekaterinburg, with the most watched being ITAR-TASS Ural, RUIA-Ural, and Interfax-Ural.
At the moment, there are 26 internet providers and 6 cellular operators in the city.[159] According to Yekaterinburg News, the city has signed a cooperative agreement with the Russian mobile operator Vimpelcom, working under the Beeline brand. The partnership will involve cooperation on investment projects and social programmes focused on increasing access to mobile services in the city. Beeline has launched an initiative to provide Wi-Fi services in 500 public trams and trolley buses in Yekaterinburg.[160]
| Generation | Mobile communication standard | Operators |
|---|---|---|
| 2G | GSM | MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia, Motive |
| 2.5G | GPRS | MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia, Motive |
| 2.75G | EDGE | MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia, Motive |
| 3G | UMTS, CDMA 1X | MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia |
| 3.5G | HSPA | MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia |
| 3.75G | HSPA+ | MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia |
| 4G | LTE | MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia, Motive, Yota |
| 4G+ | LTE Advanced | MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Yota |
Life and culture[edit]
Overview[edit]
Europe-Asia border marker near Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg is a multipurpose cultural centre of the Urals Federal District.[142] There are about fifty libraries in the city. The largest library organisations are the Sverdlovsk Oblast Universal Scientific Library, the V.G. Belinsky Scientific Library, which is the largest public library in Sverdlovsk Oblast, and the Municipal Library Association, which is composed of 41 libraries throughout the city, including the AI Herzen Central City Library.[161]
There are about 50 different museums in the city.[162] Yekaterinburg has unique museum collections, such as the collections of Russian paintings in the Yekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts and the Nevyansk icons in the Nevyansk Icon Museum, with more than 300 icons representing the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries on display. There is also a unique exhibit, the Kaslinsky cast iron pavilion, which received main awards at the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris. The Kasli Pavilion was registered by UNESCO as the only cast-iron architectural structure in the world, which is in the museum collection.[163] Museums of the city also have collections of jewellery and stone ornaments. The United Museum of Writers of the Urals presents exhibitions in memory of writers such as Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak and Pavel Bazhov. It also is the home of the Shigirskaya Kladovaya (Шигирская кладовая), or Shigir Collection, which includes the oldest known wooden sculpture in the world. The sculpture was found near Nevyansk and originally estimated to have been made approximately 9,500 years ago, but now is estimated to have been made 11,500 years ago.[164] Yekaterinburg museums annually participate in the international event Long Night of Museums.
Yekaterinburg has the third most theatres in Russia.[165] The influence of theatrical life of the city was made by the Moscow Art Academic Theater and the Central Theater of the Soviet Army when they evacuated to Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) during World War II, and they had their own theater in the city.[166] Notable theatres that operate in the city are Academic Theater of Musical Comedy, Drama Theater, Kolyada-Theater, the youth theatre, and the puppet theatre, as well as others. The Yekaterinburg Opera and Ballet Theater received four awards at the Golden Mask 2020 Festival in Moscow, including the main Golden Mask for the Best Opera Performance[167]
In 2014, the city showcased its education, literary, art, and theatre culture through the Russian Year of Culture Programme.[168]
The city has a well-developed film industry. Opened back in 1909, Laurage was the first cinema in Yekaterinburg. In 1943, the Sverdlovsk Film Studio was opened and produced its first feature film Silva a year later. After the Second World War, the studio produced up to ten feature films a year. There are more than 20 cinemas in Yekaterinburg, the oldest of which is the Salyut, while the most capacious is the Cosmos spacecraft.[169][170] There are also chains of movie theatres such as Premier-Zal, Kinomaks, and Kinoplex, which usually open in shopping and entertainment centres.
A number of popular Russian rock bands, such as Urfin Dzhyus, Chaif, Chicherina, Nautilus Pompilius, Nastya, Trek, Agata Kristi, Slaughter to Prevail and Smyslovye Gallyutsinatsii, were originally formed in Yekaterinburg (Ural Rock is often considered as a particular variety of rock music. Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg are actually considered to be the main centres of the genre in Russia). Also, opera singers like Boris Shtokolov, Yuri Gulyayev, Vera Bayeva graduated from the Urals State Conservatory. The Ural Philharmonic Orchestra (currently conducted by Dmitry Liss), founded by Mark Paverman and located in Yekaterinburg, is also very popular in Russia and in Europe, as well as the Ural Academic Popular Chorus, a folk-singing and dance ensemble.[citation needed]
Yekaterinburg V. I. Filatov State Circus is located in the centre of the city, on the western bank of the Iset River. In 2012, the Yekaterinburg Circus was nominated «Best Circus of the Year» for the circus show Sharivari by the Rosgoscirk and the Ministry of Culture.[171]
The Presidential Center named after Boris Yeltsin was built in Yekaterinburg in 2015. It is considered to be a public, cultural and educational center. Center has its art gallery, library, museum equipped with the newest multimedia technologies that help to present the documents, video materials and archive photos. In 2017, the Yeltsin Center was recognized as the best museum in Europe by the Council of Europe, the first of the museums in Russia.[172]
The Urals Society of Natural Science Lovers pushed Yekaterinburg to have a zoo. Currently, the zoo has more than 1,000 animals that belong to more than 350 species. The zoo covers an area of 2.7 hectares.
On 18 June 2011, Yekaterinburg launched Red Line as a pedestrian tourist route for self-guided tours by residents and visitors to go to 34 landmarks in the historical section of the city.[173]
Architecture[edit]
Many buildings of Yekaterinburg are ranged from a different number of architectural styles. The city had a regular layout, based on the fortresses of the Renaissance and by the principles of French town planning during the 17th century. By the 18th century, the Baroque movement was not that influential in Yekaterinburg, with the style being seen in churches which later declined[174]
In the first half of the 19th century, neoclassicism grew influential in the Yekaterinburg’s architecture. The estates were built in the neoclassic style, including the main house, wings, services, and often an English-style park. This style’s influence in Yekaterinburg is mostly due to the contributions of architect Michael Malakhov, who worked in the city from 1815 to 1842. He designed the assemblies of the Verkhne-Isetsky factory as well as the Novo-Tikhvinsky Monastery.[174]
At the beginning of the 20th century, eclecticism became a dominant influence in Yekaterinburg’s architecture. Buildings such as the Opera House and Yekaterinburg railway station were built in this style. During the 1920s and the 1930s, constructivism took effect, influencing residential complexes, industrial buildings, stadiums, etc. Architects Moses Ginzburg, Jacob Kornfeld, the Vesnina brothers, Daniel Friedman, and Sigismund Dombrovsky contributed greatly to the constructivism in the city. More than 140 structures in Yekaterinburg are designed through the constructivist style.[175]
During the 1930s to 1950s, there was a turn back to neoclassicism, with much attention paid to public buildings and monuments. Notable examples include the buildings of the Ural Industrial Institute on Lenin Avenue, the City Party Committee and the City Council Executive Committee building (now the City Administrative building), the District Officers’ House, and the House of Defense complex. Cultural buildings are built in the squares in orderly composition. In these years, architects Golubev, K. T. Babykin, Valenkov worked fruitfully in Yekaterinburg with this style. In the 1960s, changes in the approach to construction led to widespread distribution of apartment blocks common in the Khrushchev era. Buildings built by individuals were rare, among them being: KKT «Kosmos», the Palace of Youth, and DK UZTM.[176]
From the 1960s to the 1980s, as industrial development grew in Yekaterinburg, so did rationalism. The situation changed in the 1990s when Russia transferred into a market economy. At that time, older buildings were restored, giving the urban area a new environment such as: the Cosmos Concert Hall, the Puppet Theater, the children’s ballet theatre The Nutcracker, the Palace of Justice, the Cathedral of the Blood, and the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Lord. At the same time, the construction of new buildings was accompanied by the demolition of historical buildings, leading to the development of the «facade» phenomenon, where the facades of historic buildings are preserved while adjacent modern buildings are built.[177]
The centre of Yekaterinburg became the centre of new construction, where banks, business centres, hotels, luxury residential complexes, and sports and shopping centres were built. High-tech architecture grew influential, with buildings such as the Center for Railway Transportation Management, the Summit business centre, the Aquamarine residential complex, and the retail strip at Vaynera Street being notable examples. Along with this, postmodernism revived interest in the older architectural styles of Yekaterinburg, growing more emphasis on historicalism and contextualism. In the late 1990s, architects grew interested in regionalism.[177]
At the beginning of the 21st century, Yekaterinburg architects turned back to the Soviet-based avant-garde, and influence future city buildings with the neoconstructivist style. The practice of attracting large foreign investors to projects has become popular. In 2007, the construction of the Central business district started, being headed by the French architect Jean Pistre.[177] In 2010, Yekaterinburg became one of the largest centers for the construction of High-rise buildings. In the city, 1,189 high-rise buildings were built, including 20 skyscrapers, the tallest of which is the Iset Tower, with a height of 209 meters.[178]
Sports[edit]
Yekaterinburg is also a leading sports centre in Russia. A large number of well-known athletes, both world and Olympics champions, are associated with the city. Since 1952, Yekaterinburg athletes have won 137 medals at the Olympic Games (46 gold, 60 silver and 31 bronze). In the 2008 Summer Olympics, 8 residents of Yekaterinburg returned with medals (1 gold, 3 silver and 4 bronze).[179]
In 1965, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk), along with a number of Russian cities, hosted the Bandy World Championship. In 2018, Yekaterinburg was one of the 11 Russian cities that hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played on the upgraded Yekaterinburg Arena (called Central Stadium before the World Cup).[180]
Yekaterinburg has a total of 1728 sports facilities, including 16 stadiums with stands, 440 indoor gyms and 45 swimming pools. There are 38 sports children’s and youth schools for reserves for the Olympic Games, in which more than 30,000 people are participating.[181]
Sport clubs[edit]
Yekaterinburg has many professional sports clubs in sports such as volleyball, basketball, futsal, bandy, and ice hockey for both women and men. Bandy club SKA-Sverdlovsk, women’s volleyball club VC Uralochka-NTMK, women’s basketball club UMMC Yekaterinburg, and futsal club MFK Sinara Yekaterinburg were among the best teams in Russia and Europe.
| Club | Sport | Founded | Current League | League Tier |
Stadium |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ural Yekaterinburg | Association Football | 1930 | Russian Premier League | 1st | Central Stadium |
| Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg | Ice Hockey | 2006 | Kontinental Hockey League | 1st | KRK Uralets |
| Avto Yekaterinburg | Ice Hockey | 2009 | Minor Hockey League | Jr. 1st | KRK Uralets |
| Spartak-Merkury | Ice Hockey | 1992 | Women’s Hockey Championship | 1st | Sports Palace Snezhinka |
| Uralsky Trubnik | Bandy | 1937 | Russian Bandy Super League | 1st | Uralsky Trubnik Stadium |
| SKA-Sverdlovsk | Bandy | 1935 | Russian Bandy Supreme League | 2nd | Uralsky Trubnik Stadium |
| Ural Yekaterinburg | Basketball | 2006 | Russian Basketball Super League | 2nd | Palace of Sporting Games |
| UGMK Yekaterinburg | Basketball | 1938 | Women’s Basketball Premier League | 1st | Palace of Sporting Games |
| Lokomotiv-Izumrud Yekaterinburg | Volleyball | 1945 | Volleyball Supreme League A | 2nd | Palace of Sporting Games |
| Uralochka Yekaterinburg | Volleyball | 1966 | Women’s Volleyball Superleague | 1st | Palace of Sporting Games Metallurg-Forum |
| Sinara Yekaterinburg | Futsal | 1992 | Futsal Super League | 1st | Palace of Sporting Games |
2018 FIFA World Cup[edit]
Crowd of fans in Yekaterinburg during the 2018 World Cup
Yekaterinburg hosted four matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup[52] Yekaterinburg is one of the 11 Russian cities that hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played on the upgraded Yekaterinburg Arena.[180]
For the World Cup 2018, from 7 October 2015 to 29 December 2017, the Central Stadium was upgraded to bring it into compliance with FIFA requirements for the World Cup and was renamed Yekaterinburg Arena. The architectural concept of the new stadium is built on a combination of historical walls and the built-in core of the modern arena. During the reconstruction of the sports facility, which is a monument of history and culture, the facades are carefully preserved, and the arena itself is equipped with the latest technical achievements of the sports industry. Temporary stands extending outside the stadium’s original perimeter were erected to comply with the FIFA requirement of seating for 35,000 spectators. They can hold a total of 12,000 spectators, but the seating will be removed after the World Cup, decreasing the seating capacity back to 23,000.[182][183]
The FIFA Fan Fest in Yekaterinburg is located in the Mayakovsky Central Park of Entertainment and Culture. Located just outside the city centre in a popular and well-known amusement park, it will have a capacity to hold 17,000 people.[184]
Koltsovo Airport was also reconstructed and had a second runway built. In addition, work was done to prepare another passenger terminal, modernize the technical infrastructure, and launch the business aviation hangar. The airport’s capacity in preparation for the World Cup has increased to two thousand people per hour. The street and road network was also upgraded.[185]
International relations[edit]
Consulates[edit]
The United States,[186] United Kingdom,[187] Germany,[188] France,[189] China[190] and several other countries have consulates in Yekaterinburg.
BRIC summit[edit]
The BRIC countries met for their first official summit on 16 June 2009, in Yekaterinburg,[191] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending.
The foreign ministers of the BRIC countries had also met in Yekaterinburg previously on 16 May 2008.
World Expo[edit]
In June 2013, at the 153rd General Assembly of the Bureau of International Expositions held in Paris, representatives from Yekaterinburg presented the city’s bid to host the 2020 World Expo. Yekaterinburg’s concept for the upcoming exhibition relates to the impact of globalisation on the modern world.
Russian President Vladimir Putin confirmed during a televised statement in English to earmark the required funds to build an exhibition complex large enough to receive the estimated 30 million visitors from more than 150 countries.[192]
Yekaterinburg later bid for the Expo 2025. Yekaterinburg’s concept for the bid exhibition relates to the technologies to make people happy by changing the world with innovation and quality of life. The host was announced on 23 November 2018 and Yekaterinburg lost out to Osaka, Japan.
Yekaterinburg hosted the Global Summit on Manufacturing and Industrialization (GMIS — 2019) GMIS under the auspices of the United Nations.[193] The annual INNOPROM exhibition is among the five largest industrial exhibitions in the world.[194]
Twin towns – sister cities[edit]
Yekaterinburg is twinned with:[195]
Annaba, Annaba Province, Algeria- Ferentino, Lazio, Italy (1997)
- Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (2002)
- Incheon, South Korea (2009)
Managua, Nicaragua (2013)- Plovdiv, Plovdiv Province, Bulgaria
San Jose, California, United States (1992)
Notable people[edit]
- Anton Bakov, Leader of the Monarchist Party
- Irina Antonenko, Miss Russia 2010
- Aleksei Balabanov, film director, screenwriter, producer
- Vera Bazarova, pairs figure skater
- Pavel Bazhov, folklorist and children’s author
- Old Man Bukashkin, artist and poet
- Pavel Datsyuk, ice hockey player
- Nikolay Durakov, bandy legend
- Chiang Fang-liang, former first lady of Taiwan
- Aleksey Fedorchenko, film director, producer
- Denis Galimzyanov, sprinter cyclist
- Anna Gavrilenko, Group rhythmic gymnast Olympic Gold medalist
- Nikolay Karpol, national women volleyball team coach
- Nikolai Khabibulin, ice hockey player
- Alexei Yashin, ice hockey player
- Alexei Khvostenko, avant-garde poet, singer-songwriter, artist, and sculptor
- Nikolay Kolyada, actor, director, writer, playwright, and playwriting teacher
- Ilya Kormiltsev, poet, translator, publisher
- Olga Kotlyarova, Olympic runner
- Maxim Kovtun, figure skater
- Vladislav Krapivin, children’s author
- Valeria Savinykh, WTA Professional player
- Nikolay Krasovsky, mathematician
- Yulia Lipnitskaya, figure skater
- Iskander Makhmudov, businessman
- Vladimir Malakhov, ice hockey player
- Gennady Mesyats, vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Maxim Miroshkin, pairs figure skater
- Vladimir Mulyavin (1941 – 2003), Belarusian musician and the founder of the folk-rock band Pesniary[196]
- Alfia Nazmutdinova, rhythmic gymnast
- Ernst Neizvestny, sculptor
- Oleg Platonov, writer, historian, and economist
- Daria Pridannikova, rhythmic gymnast
- Eduard Rossel, ex-governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast
- Boris Ryzhy, poet
- Mikhail Shchennikov, race walker
- Vera Sessina, rhythmic gymnast
- Georgy Shishkin, painter
- Vassily Sigarev, playwright, screenwriter, film director
- Anastasiia Tatareva, Group rhythmic gymnast Olympic Gold medalist
- Sergei Tchepikov, Olympic biathlon competitor
- Vladimir Tretyakov, ex-rector of the Ural State University
- Lev Vainshtein, Olympic shooter
- Sergei Vonsovsky, physicist
- Alexander Dudoladov, writer
- Alexander Malinin, singer
- Petr Yan, Former UFC Bantamweight Champion
Others[edit]
- A ballistic missile submarine of the Project 667BDRM Delfin class (NATO reporting name: Delta IV) is named Ekaterinburg (K-84/»807″) in honour of the city.
- The asteroid 27736 Ekaterinburg was named in the city’s honour on 1 June 2007.
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Law #30-OZ
- ^ a b c Haywood, A. J. (2010). Siberia: A Cultural History, Oxford University Press, p. 32
- ^ a b c «Журнал «Родина»: ОКНО В АЗИЮ». archive.is. 26 January 2013. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ Charter of Yekaterinburg, Article 24.1
- ^ a b Official website of Yekaterinburg. Alexander Edmundovich Yakob, Head of Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ «Проект о внесении изменений в Генеральный план развития городского округа – муниципального образования «город Екатеринбург» на период до 2025 года» (in Russian). p. 168.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ «Federal State Statistic Service». Government of Russia. 1 January 2017. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- ^ a b Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 65 401», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 65 401, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
- ^ a b c Law #85-OZ
- ^ «Об исчислении времени». Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ a b «Срок регистрации домена закончился». www.ekaterinburg.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 1552. ISBN 978-1-138-12566-7.
- ^ «RUSSIA: Ural’skij Federal’nyj Okrug: Ural Federal District». City Population.de. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ «Рейтинг столичных городов России от Фонда «Институт экономики города»«. Urbaneconomics.ru.
- ^ Kolossov, Vladimir; Eckert, Denis (1 January 2007). «Russian regional capitals as new international actors: the case of Yekaterinburg and Rostov». Belgeo (1): 115–132. doi:10.4000/belgeo.11686.
- ^ «Central Asian Chapter by Eurasian Respiratory and Allergy Consortium». Era-cac.org. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
- ^ «Yekaterinburg — Entertainment — Russia.com». Russia.com.
- ^ «Конструктивизм. Жемчужина архитектуры Екатеринбурга». www.e1.ru (in Russian). 16 January 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ «Как Екатеринбург за 10 лет стал столицей конструктивизма». Strelka Mag (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ Урал, Наш (19 May 2016). «Советская утопия: эпоха конструктивизма в Екатеринбурге». Наш Урал (in Russian). Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ «Все кругом храпят, а Екатеринбург — пробужденный Когда уральский город объявил себя российской столицей стрит-арта, многие смеялись. А потом он стал ею». Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ «Как Екатеринбург становится столицей стрит-арта». Российская газета (in Russian). 16 April 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ «Екатеринбург – столица стрит-арта. Часть первая». www.uralweb.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ «Памятникик археологии». 1723.ru. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ a b «1.2. Палкинские каменные палатки. Проект 1. | «Образование Урала»«. uraledu.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ ГАМАЮНСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА – Уральская Историческая Энциклопедия. ural.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ «Библиотека истории: Ремесло историка в России – Бердинских В.А.» history-library.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ Завод-крепость – История основания Екатеринбурга – Информационный портал Екатеринбурга. ekburg.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ a b «Основание Екатеринбурга». Histrf.ru. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ Металлургические заводы Урала XVII—XX вв.: Энциклопедия / глав. ред. В. В. Алексеев. — Екатеринбург : Издательство «Академкнига», 2001.
- ^ ipravo.info. «О ликвидации Баженовского и Сысертского районов Уральской области и о расширении городской черты и пригородной зоны города Свердловска – Российский Правовой Портал» (in Russian). ipravo.info. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ^ «Золотой век Екатеринбурга». Уралнаш. Интересно о Екатеринбурге. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ^ «50 интересных фактов об Екатеринбурге — Общенет». obshe.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ^ Massie, Robert K. (22 February 2012). The Romanovs: The Final Chapter. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307873866.
- ^ «FSU News». fsu.edu. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ a b c История Екатеринбурга – Информационный портал Екатеринбурга. ekburg.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ «Временное Областное Правительство Урала – Энциклопедия Екатеринбурга – Энциклопедии & Словари». enc-dic.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ Главная: НОВОСТИ. familii.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ «Екатеринбург». Геральдика Свердловской области. Официальный сайт областной думы законодательного собрания. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
- ^ Rappaport, Helen (1999). Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-084-0.
- ^ Беркович Артём. «Пермь и Екатеринбург: история соперничества». Муниципальный музей истории Екатеринбурга. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
- ^ «In the name of Victory. Sverdlovsk-Yekaterinburg during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945». 2005 – via Ekaterinburg: Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
- ^ «Свердловск – 1983 год». 1723.ru. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ «Интервью – АПИ-Урал». apiural.ru. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ «President Yeltsin speaks about Tsar Murder». BBC News. 17 July 1998. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ Matthew S. Meselson, et al., «The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979», Science 266:5188 (18 November 1994): 1202–1208.
- ^ Martin McCauley, «Who’s who in Russia since 1900», Routledge, 1997: p.133.
- ^ Ровно 18 лет назад Свердловск снова стал Екатеринбургом. Официальный портал Екатеринбурга (in Russian). Retrieved 15 May 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ «О возвращении городу Свердловску его исторического названия Екатеринбург, , Указ Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 23 сентября 1991 года №1674-1». docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. «First BRIC summit concludes | DW | 16 June 2009». DW.COM. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ a b FIFA.com. «2018 FIFA World Cup Russia™ — FIFA.com». fifa.com. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ «Russia moves to year-round winter time». BBC News. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ a b c Грязнов Олег Николаевич; Гуляев Александр Николаевич; Рубан Наталья Валентиновна (2015). «Факторы инженерно-геологических условий города Екатеринбурга». Izvestiia Uralʹskogo Gorno-Geologicheskoĭ Akademii (журнал) (Известия Уральского государственного горного университета ed.). Екатеринбург: Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Уральский государственный горный университет» (3): 5–21. ISSN 2307-2091.
- ^ Погода и Климат – Климат Екатеринбург [Weather and Climate – The Climate of Yekaterinburg] (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ «WMO Climate Normals for Sverdlovsk 1961–1990». National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ «В Екатеринбурге заложили первый камень в основание соборной мечети – Уральская палата недвижимости». upn.ru. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- ^ «Четвертый канал». channel4.ru. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- ^ «Встреча Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла с общественностью Уральского федерального округа / Видеоматериалы / Патриархия.ru». Патриархия.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ «Устав Свердловской области (с изменениями на 7 декабря 2017 года), Устав Свердловской области от 23 декабря 2010 года №105-ОЗ, Закон Свердловской области от 23 декабря 2010 года №105-ОЗ». docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
- ^ a b «Закон Свердловской области Губернатора Свердловской области № 141-ОЗ». www.pravo.gov66.ru. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ a b «Закон Свердловской области от 18.02.2021 № 9-ОЗ ∙ Официальное опубликование правовых актов ∙ Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации». publication.pravo.gov.ru. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ a b The population of the Russian Federation for municipalities as of 1 January 2019 Archived 16 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine (2 May 2019)
- ^ «К 2023 году население Академического района вырастет до 120 тысяч человек». Новый День (in Russian). 27 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ a b «Chapter IV. Bodies and officials of local self-government of the municipality «city of Yekaterinburg»«. екатеринбург.рф. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
- ^ «Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации». publication.pravo.gov.ru.
- ^ a b «Вы точно человек?». КиберЛенинка. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ a b «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования «город Екатеринбург», Решение Екатеринбургской городской Думы Свердловской области от 12 октября 2010 года №62/29″. docs.cntd.ru.
- ^ Article 42 of the Charter of Sverdlovsk Oblast
- ^ «О ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИИ И РЕОРГАНИЗАЦИИ АДМИНИСТРАЦИИ СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (с изменениями на: 06.02.1997), Постановление Правительства Свердловской области от 27 сентября 1995 года №13-П». docs.cntd.ru.
- ^ Предложение президента для Игоря Холманских стало неожиданностью, retrieved 20 May 2018
- ^ Pinchuk, Alexander; Khudoleyev, Viktor (29 November 2017). Штандарты в надёжных руках [Standards in Safe Hands]. Krasnaya Zvezda (in Russian). Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
- ^ «Сведения о проводящихся выборах и референдумах». sverdlovsk.vybory.izbirkom.ru. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ «Voting results for the Federal Electoral District – Election of Deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the Seventh Convocation – September 18, 2016». CEC. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ «Российские города отстают в развитии». НИУ ВШЭ. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
- ^ «Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities». McKinsey Global Institute. March 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ «Рейтинг столичных городов России от Фонда «Институт экономики города» | Институт экономики города». urbaneconomics.ru. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ Economics of Russian cities and urban agglomeration, Institute for Urban Economics
- ^ a b Алексей Белоусов, Орнат Валентина. (13 October 2015). «Екатеринбург – глобальный город». Мегаполис. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
- ^ Зубаревич Н.В. (2013). «Крупные города России: лидеры и аутсайдеры» (PDF). Demoskop Weekly (журнал) (Демоскоп Weekly ed.). М.: НИУ ВШЭ (551–552): 1–17. ISSN 1726-2887.
- ^ «Екатеринбург вошел в топ-10 городов с самым высоким уровнем жизни». JustMedia. 17 December 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- ^ a b c «Results of social and economic development of the municipal formation «city of Yekaterinburg» in 2015″. 2016: 202 – via Ekaterinburg: Department of Economics of the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg.
- ^ «Итоги социально-экономического развития Екатеринбурга». Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- ^ Дарья Воронина. (19 June 2013). «Главными проблемами Екатеринбурга назвали медицину, ЖКХ и дороги». Российская газета. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
- ^ Юлия Позднякова. (22 April 2016). «Расходы бюджета Екатеринбурга за 2015 год составили почти 33 млрд рублей». Коммерсантъ. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
- ^ Полина Путякова. (30 August 2016). «Меряемся бюджетами: Откуда города берут деньги и на что тратят». zvzda.ru. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
- ^ a b c Kachanova E.A. Strategic Priorities for the formation of finance for municipalities in the context of reforming the budgetary system Archived 15 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, – Moscow: Russian Academy of National Economy and State Service under the President of the Russian Federation, 2013. – 354 p.
- ^ Vyacheslav, Kostyuk (12 December 2014). «His alien». The Ural Worker. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ «Крупнейшие банки России по капиталу». Журнал «Коммерсантъ Деньги». 25 July 2016. p. 60. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ «Крупнейшие производители ПО».
- ^ «О распределении обязанностей по контролю и надзору за соблюдением законодательства Российской Федерации организациями, осуществляющими профессиональную деятельность на рынке ценных бумаг, деятельность центрального депозитария, деятельность по проведению организованных торгов, клиринговую деятельность и деятельность центрального контрагента, репозитарную деятельность, а также деятельность саморегулируемых организаций в сфере финансового рынка, объединяющих профессиональных участников рынка ценных бумаг, и об отмене отдельных распорядительных актов Банка России, Приказ Банка России от 07 августа 2017 года №ОД-2228». docs.cntd.ru.
- ^ «Падающие пиксели и огромный шар: как может выглядеть «Екатеринбург-Сити»«. РБК Недвижимость. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ Development results, 2016, pg 76
- ^ «ТОП-100 крупнейших предприятий Свердловской области Екатеринбург». Деловой квартал. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
- ^ «ИТОГИ социально-экономического развития муниципального образования «город Екатеринбург» в 2019 году». Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- ^ Development results, 2016, p. 127–128
- ^ a b Development results, 2016, p. 129
- ^ «Леруа Мерлен». Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ «Castorama – строительный гипермаркет: купить товары для дома, дачи и ремонта». Castorama.ru. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ «Домострой». Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ «Максидом — интернет-магазин товаров для дома». www.maxidom.ru. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ «ОБИ строительный гипермаркет: товары для дачи, сада, дома и ремонта: каталог ОБИ». Obi.ru. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ «Строительный Двор – интернет-магазин стройматериалов, купить с доставкой строительные материалы в магазинах сети». Sdvor.com. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ Development results, 2016, pg 130
- ^ Development results, 2016, pg 131–132
- ^ Development results, 2016, pg 133–135
- ^ «Топ-20 самых больших торговых центров РФ». marketmedia.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ^ «Сима-Ленд».
- ^ Вячеславовна, Логунцова Ирина (2015). «Специфика и перспективы Российской индустрии туризма на современном этапе». Государственное управление. Электронный вестник (52): 259–278.
- ^ Геннадьевич, Шеломенцев Андрей; Сергеевна, Головина Анна (2011). «Индустрия туризма региона в контексте принципов саморегулирования региональных социально-экономических систем». Экономика региона (1): 166–170. ISSN 2072-6414.
- ^ Екатеринбург поднялся на третье место в топе российских городов по популярности среди иностранных туристов. URBC.RU – новости экономики (in Russian). Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ «Число посетивших Екатеринбург туристов выросло в 2015 году на 10%». Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ «Туристический мастер-класс». expert.ru. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ Маренков Г.В. (2012). «Транспортная инфраструктура Свердловской области – связующее звено между Европой и Азией» (PDF). Инфраструктура России (Том 1 ed.). М.: Центр стратегического партнёрства. pp. 254–260.
- ^ Мальцева Ю.; Волкова М.В. (2015). «Изучение возможности постройки современного экологического жилья в Свердловской области» (PDF) (сборник трудов IX заочной международной научно-практической конференции (Екатеринбург, 30–31 мая 2015 г.)) (Система управления экологической безопасностью ed.). Екатеринбург: УрФУ: 138–141.
- ^ Ведомости (10 March 2015). «Автопарк России увеличился в 2014 году на 1 млн легковых машин». Retrieved 8 October 2017.
- ^ «Вы точно человек?». КиберЛенинка. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
- ^ a b «ИТОГИ социально-экономического развития муниципального образования в 2015 году». 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
- ^ Цариков А.А.; Обухова Н.А.; Оглы Мирзоев Н.З. (2015). «Эволюция системы заторов на улично-дорожной сети города Екатеринбурга» (PDF) (журнал) (4) (Эксплуатация автомобильного транспорта ed.). Екатеринбург: Общероссийская общественная организация «Российская академия транспорта»: 74–86. ISSN 2311-164X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
- ^ Reports, Yekaterinburg News. «Sverdlovsk focusing on two road projects». Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
- ^ Крицкий В.П. (2009). «Дорожное хозяйство Екатеринбурга» (PDF). Дороги России-2009. Информационно-аналитический каталог (Издание второе, подготовлено к IХ Международной выставке-форуму «Дороги России XXI века» и Дню работников дорожного хозяйства 3000 экз ed.). Екатеринбург: Информационно-издательский холдинг «Реал-Медиа». pp. 204–205, 302. ISBN 978-5-98266-061-9.
- ^ «Google Maps». Google Maps. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ «Скандальный бывший МУП Мирошника лидер сферы общественного транспорта Екатеринбурга? По данным мэрии, именно трамваи перевезли больше всего горожан за 2015 год». Ведомости-Урал. 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
- ^ «БГД». gks.ru. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
- ^ «Города Свердловской области». gks.ru. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
- ^ «Основные технико-эксплуатационные характеристики метрополитенов за 2015 год» (PDF). asmetro.ru. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
- ^ Дмитрий Ольшванг. (18 March 2016). «Проблемы екатеринбургского метро: убытки, снижение пассажиропотока! Общественник Беззуб: «Если учитывать стоимость строительства станций, то цена билета на метро должна быть 144 рубля»…» Ведомости-Урал. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
- ^ «Шины для трамваев, бензин для поездов. Документы: на что транспортные МУПы Екатеринбурга тратят деньги». uralpolit.ru. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ «Города Свердловской области». gks.ru. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ «Строительство трамвайной линии Екатеринбург – Верхняя Пышма начнут в 2016 году». Портал 66.ru. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
- ^ «Официальный портал Екатеринбурга». Официальный портал Екатеринбурга. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ a b «Города Свердловской области». gks.ru. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ Автобусный парк Екатеринбурга утепляют к зиме. УралИнформБюро (in Russian). Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ «Более 5,4 миллионов пассажиров обслужил аэропорт Кольцово в 2017 году (АвиаПорт)». АвиаПорт.Ru (in Russian). Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ «БГД». gks.ru. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ a b According to the city directory Dubl.
- ^ Уральский научно-исследовательский институт фтизиопульмонологии – филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ ФПИ» Минздрава России. urniif.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ «Официальный сайт ГБУ СО «Уральский научно-исследовательский институт дерматовенерологии и иммунопатологии»«. urniidvi.ru. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ Екатеринбургский центр МНТК «Микрохирургия глаза». eyeclinic.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ Открытие второго центра МРТ-диагностики в городе Екатеринбурге!. ekaterinburg.ldc.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ a b М.м, Рогалёва (2014). «Екатеринбург как современный мегаполис». Человек в мире культуры (4): 14–17. ISSN 2227-9857.
- ^ Report of the head of the Yekaterinburg administration, 2016 Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, p. 14.
- ^ Report of the head of the Yekaterinburg administration, 2016 Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, p. 13, 15.
- ^ Лучшие школы России-2015. РИА Новости (in Russian). 12 October 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ «Общие сведения об университете – ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный горный университет»«. about.ursmu.ru. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ The second business rating of higher education Archived 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine – Federal Portal Russian Education, 22 May 2018
- ^ Formation of the state elite 2008 Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Federal Portal Russian Education, 22 May 2018
- ^ «Российская академия наук намерена готовить кадры самостоятельно | Новости образования | Обучение Екатеринбург». uchim66.ru. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ «УрФУ перестраивается в школы». Коммерсантъ (Екатеринбург). 22 April 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ «По количеству бюджетных мест мы уже обошли МГУ».
- ^ «Ural Federal University – UrFU».
- ^ Case study: Ural Federal University as a basic university of industry in the region Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine . – Ekaterinburg: Ural Federal University, 2016. – p. 2, 9–10.
- ^ «Гильдия издателей периодической печати». 18 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ «Welcome media-atlas.ru — BlueHost.com». www.media-atlas.ru. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Официальный сайт «Вести Урал» – Официальный сайт «Вести Урал». Официальный сайт «Вести Урал» (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ Вальханская, Наталья (24 March 2018). Взрыв и обрушение: снос телебашни в Екатеринбурге на видео очевидцев. Телеканал «Звезда» (in Russian). Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ «Тёмная башня». 1723.ru. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ «Uralnets». uralnets.ru. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Fletcher, Martin. «Yekaterinburg signs cooperative agreement with Vimpelcom under Beeline brand» Archived 22 July 2013 at archive.today, Yekateringburg News, 19 July 2013. (Retrieved 22 July 2013).
- ^ «WiseCms – troubles…» culture.ekburg.ru. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
- ^ «WiseCms – troubles…» Culture.ekburg.ru. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
- ^ «Триумф России на Всемирной выставке в Париже 1900 года – Новости РуАН». новости-россии.ru-an.info. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ Lykova TR Cultural and historical centres of the Sverdlovsk region // method. instructions for studying the course «Cultural and Historical Centres of the Urals» for full-time or part-time students, direction 100400 – Tourism. – Ekaterinburg: UGLTU, 2014. – P. 15-16 .
- ^ «Главная страница — АПИ-Урал». www.apiural.ru. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ «Архитектура и планировка социалистического Свердловска. Часть 2». 1723.ru. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
- ^ Вейн, Инна. «Уральские актеры и режиссеры привезли домой сразу четыре «Золотые маски»«. Ekb.dk.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ^ Fletcher, Martin. «Yekaterinburg to showcase city’s cultural achievements during Year of Culture» Archived 13 February 2014 at archive.today. Yekaterinburg News. 13 February 2014. (Retrieved 13 Feb 2014).
- ^ Pozdnyakova, Julia (27 May 2016). «Sverdlovsk Oblast was in the picture». Kommersant. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
- ^ «Интервью — АПИ-Урал». www.apiural.ru. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ «Премией «Шаривари» отметили лучших деятелей циркового искусства – В МИРЕ ЦИРКА И ЭСТРАДЫ». ruscircus.ru. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ «Ельцин Центр признали «лучшим европейским музеем 2017 года»». The Village (in Russian). Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ^ Самые популярные достопримечательности Екатеринбурга соединит красная линия на тротуаре. Interfax-Russia.ru (in Russian). 17 June 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ a b «Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia» (PDF). Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia. Yekaterinburg: «Akademkniga»: 30. 2002. ISBN 5-93472-068-6 – via PDF.
- ^ «Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia» (PDF). Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia. Yekaterinburg: «Akademkniga»: 30–31. 2002. ISBN 5-93472-068-6 – via PDF.
- ^ «Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia» (PDF). Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia. Yekaterinburg: «Akademkniga»: 31. 2002. ISBN 5-93472-068-6 – via PDF.
- ^ a b c Shvets, A. V. (2016). «Domestic architecture of the late XX – early XXI century» (PDF). New Ideas of the New Century: Scientific. Compilation. Khabarovsk: Pacific State University. 2: 355–362. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2018 – via PDF.
- ^ GmbH, Emporis. «Yekaterinburg | Buildings | EMPORIS». emporis.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- ^ «Официальный портал Екатеринбурга». Официальный портал Екатеринбурга. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ a b «The announcement ceremony of the host cities of the 2018 World Cup united the whole of Russia». ru.fifa.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ «База данных показателей муниципальных образований». gks.ru. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ sport, Guardian (4 October 2017). «Outer space: the Russia World Cup stadium with a novel seating extension». the Guardian. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ «Construction: Tsentralnyj Stadion Yekaterinburg – StadiumDB.com». stadiumdb.com. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ FIFA.com. «2018 FIFA World Cup Russia™ — News — FIFA Fan Fest venues announced for 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia — FIFA.com». fifa.com. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Azmukhanov, Alexander (3 May 2018). «The three most expensive projects of the region for the World Cup». Oblastnaya Gazeta. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ «Official website of the U.S. Consulate General in Yekaterinburg». Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ «Official website of the British Consulate General in Yekaterinburg». Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ «Official website of the German Consulate General in Yekaterinburg». Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ «Official website of the French Consulate General in Yekaterinburg». Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ «Chinese Consulate General in Yekaterinburg». Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ «First summit for emerging giants». BBC News. 16 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
- ^ Hamilton, Louis (18 June 2013). «Yekaterinburg presents city’s bid for 2020 World Expo». Yekaterinburg News. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ «Глобальный саммит по производству и индустриализации (GMIS – 2019)». Росконгресс. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
- ^ КИРЯГИН, Кирилл (22 July 2015). «ИННОПРОМ – в пятёрке крупнейших промышленных выставок мира». ural.aif.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 12 December 2021.
- ^ «Побратимы и тезки Екатеринбурга». ekb-room.ru (in Russian). The Ekb Room. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ «Museum Vladimir Mulyavin in Belarusian State Philharmonic». Retrieved 22 April 2022.
Sources[edit]
- Екатеринбургская городская Дума. Решение №8/1 от 30 июня 2005 г. «О принятии Устава муниципального образования «Город Екатеринбург»», в ред. Решения №1/27 от 27 января 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования «Город Екатеринбург»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Вестник Екатеринбургской городской Думы», №95, 15 июля 2005 г. (Yekaterinburg City Duma. Decision #8/1 of June 30, 2005 On the Adoption of the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the «City of Yekaterinburg», as amended by the Decision #1/27 of January 27, 2015 On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the «City of Yekaterinburg». Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
- Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области. Областной закон №30-ОЗ от 20 мая 1997 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №32-ОЗ от 25 апреля 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Областной закон «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования за исключением отдельных положений, вступающих в силу в иные сроки. Опубликован: «Областная газета», №81, 3 июня 1997 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Oblast Law #30-OZ of May 20, 1997 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #32-OZ of April 25, 2012 On Amending the Oblast Law «On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast». Effective as of the day of the official publication with the exception of several clauses which take effect on a different date.).
- Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области. Закон №85-ОЗ от 12 июля 2007 г. «О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №107-ОЗ от 29 октября 2013 г. «Об упразднении отдельных населённых пунктов, расположенных на территории города Ивделя, и о внесении изменений в Приложение 39 к Закону Свердловской области «О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области»». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Областная газета», №232–249, 17 июля 2007 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Law #85-OZ of July 12, 2007 On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #107-OZ of October 29, 2013 On Abolishing Several Inhabited Localities on the Territory of the Town of Ivdul and on Amending the Law of Sverdlovsk Oblast «On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast». Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication.).
Bibliography[edit]
External links[edit]
- Official website of Yekaterinburg (in Russian)
В данной статье опубликован список городов России с переводом или транслитерацией, одобренной посольством США для анкеты DS-160 на неиммиграционную визу в США, формы DS-260 и других. Список правильного перевода городов других стран по ссылкам здесь: Украина, Казахстан, Беларусь.
Для удобства поиска нужного города, области, края, республики России — список городов отсортирован в алфавитном порядке. Либо можете воспользоваться поиском в браузере: нажмите одновременно на клавиатуре 2 клавиши «Ctrl и F», откроется окно с поиском, где указываете нужный город РФ для которого требуется найти перевод на английский язык для анкеты на визу в США или для американского посольства.
Города России на английском языке для анкеты на визу в США
Ниже список городов России по английски, как требуется указать в анкетах и формах на визу США, Грин Карту и прочих, например как правильно перевести и написать русский город для анкеты DS-160.
На заметку
Если собеседование планируется не в местном консульском отделе, а заграничном.. к примеру, не в посольстве США в Москве, а в посольстве США в Польше или ином консульском отделе США за пределами России, то в названии региона указываете «Region» вместо «Oblast | Republic | Krai».
Примеры,
Moscow Oblast -> Moscow Region
Krasnodar Krai -> Krasnodar Region
Republic of Tatarstan -> Tatarstan Region
А
Абаза, Республика Хакасия -> Abaza, Republic of Khakassia
Абакан, Республика Хакасия -> Abakan, Republic of Khakassia
Абдулино, Оренбургская область -> Abdulino, Orenburg Oblast
Абинск, Краснодарский край -> Abinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Агидель, Республика Башкортостан -> Agidel, Republic of Bashkortostan
Агрыз, Республика Татарстан -> Agryz, Republic of Tatarstan
Адыгейск, Республика Адыгея -> Adygeysk, Republic of Adygea
Азнакаево, Республика Татарстан -> Aznakayevo, Republic of Tatarstan
Азов, Ростовская область -> Azov, Rostov Oblast
Ак-Довурак, Республика Тыва -> Ak-Dovurak, Tuva Republic
Аксай, Ростовская область -> Aksay, Rostov Oblast
Алагир, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Alagir, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Алапаевск, Свердловская область -> Alapayevsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Алатырь, Чувашская Республика -> Alatyr, Chuvash Republic
Алдан, Республика Саха -> Aldan, Sakha Republic
Алейск, Алтайский край -> Aleysk, Altai Krai
Александров, Владимирская область -> Alexandrov, Vladimir Oblast
Александровск, Пермский край -> Alexandrovsk, Perm Krai
Александровск-Сахалинский, Сахалинская область -> Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Sakhalin Oblast
Алексеевка, Белгородская область -> Alexeyevka, Belgorod Oblast
Алексин, Тульская область -> Aleksin, Tula Oblast
Алзамай, Иркутская область -> Alzamay, Irkutsk Oblast
Алупка, Республика Крым -> Alupka, Republic of Crimea
Алушта, Республика Крым -> Alushta, Republic of Crimea
Альметьевск, Республика Татарстан -> Almetyevsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Амурск, Хабаровский край -> Amursk, Khabarovsk Krai
Анадырь, Чукотский автономный округ -> Anadyr, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Анапа, Краснодарский край -> Anapa, Krasnodar Krai
Ангарск, Иркутская область -> Angarsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Андреаполь, Тверская область -> Andreapol, Tver Oblast
Анжеро-Судженск, Кемеровская область -> Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Kemerovo Oblast
Анива, Сахалинская область -> Aniva, Sakhalin Oblast
Апатиты, Мурманская область -> Apatity, Murmansk Oblast
Апрелевка, Московская область -> Aprelevka, Moscow Oblast
Апшеронск, Краснодарский край -> Apsheronsk, Krasnodar Krai
Арамиль, Свердловская область -> Aramil, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Аргун, Чеченская Республика -> Argun, Chechen Republic
Ардатов, Республика Мордовия -> Ardatov, Republic of Mordovia
Ардон, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Ardon, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Арзамас, Нижегородская область -> Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Аркадак, Саратовская область -> Arkadak, Saratov Oblast
Армавир, Краснодарский край -> Armavir, Krasnodar Krai
Армянск, Республика Крым -> Armyansk, Republic of Crimea
Арсеньев, Приморский край -> Arsenyev, Primorsky Krai
Арск, Республика Татарстан -> Arsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Артём, Приморский край -> Artyom, Primorsky Krai
Артёмовск, Красноярский край -> Artyomovsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Артёмовский, Свердловская область -> Artyomovsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Архангельск, Архангельская область -> Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Асбест, Свердловская область -> Asbest, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Асино, Томская область -> Asino, Tomsk Oblast
Астрахань, Астраханская область -> Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast
Аткарск, Саратовская область -> Atkarsk, Saratov Oblast
Ахтубинск, Астраханская область -> Akhtubinsk, Astrakhan Oblast
Ачинск, Красноярский край -> Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Аша, Челябинская область -> Asha, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Б
Бабаево, Вологодская область -> Babayevo, Vologda Oblast
Бабушкин, Республика Бурятия -> Babushkin, Republic of Buryatia
Бавлы, Республика Татарстан -> Bavly, Republic of Tatarstan
Багратионовск, Калининградская область -> Bagrationovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Байкальск, Иркутская область -> Baykalsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Баймак, Республика Башкортостан -> Baymak, Republic of Bashkortostan
Бакал, Челябинская область -> Bakal, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Баксан, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Baksan, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Балабаново, Калужская область -> Balabanovo, Kaluga Oblast
Балаково, Саратовская область -> Balakovo, Saratov Oblast
Балахна, Нижегородская область -> Balakhna, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Балашиха, Московская область -> Balashikha, Moscow Oblast
Балашов, Саратовская область -> Balashov, Saratov Oblast
Балей, Забайкальский край -> Baley, Zabaykalsky Krai
Балтийск, Калининградская область -> Baltiysk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Барабинск, Новосибирская область -> Barabinsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Барнаул, Алтайский край -> Barnaul, Altai Krai
Барыш, Ульяновская область -> Barysh, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Батайск, Ростовская область -> Bataysk, Rostov Oblast
Бахчисарай, Республика Крым -> Bakhchysarai, Republic of Crimea
Бежецк, Тверская область -> Bezhetsk, Tver Oblast
Белая Калитва, Ростовская область -> Belaya Kalitva, Rostov Oblast
Белая Холуница, Кировская область -> Belaya Kholunitsa, Kirov Oblast
Белгород, Белгородская область -> Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast
Белебей, Республика Башкортостан -> Belebey, Republic of Bashkortostan
Белёв, Тульская область -> Belyov, Tula Oblast
Белинский, Пензенская область -> Belinsky, Penza Oblast
Белово, Кемеровская область -> Belovo, Kemerovo Oblast
Белогорск, Амурская область -> Belogorsk, Amur Oblast
Белогорск, Республика Крым -> Bilohirsk, Republic of Crimea
Белозерск, Вологодская область -> Belozersk, Vologda Oblast
Белокуриха, Алтайский край -> Belokurikha, Altai Krai
Беломорск, Республика Карелия -> Belomorsk, Republic of Karelia
Белорецк, Республика Башкортостан -> Beloretsk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Белореченск, Краснодарский край -> Belorechensk, Krasnodar Krai
Белоусово, Калужская область -> Belousovo, Kaluga Oblast
Белоярский, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Beloyarsky, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Белый, Тверская область -> Bely, Tver Oblast
Бердск, Новосибирская область -> Berdsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Березники, Пермский край -> Berezniki, Perm Krai
Берёзовский, Кемеровская область -> Beryozovsky, Kemerovo Oblast
Берёзовский, Свердловская область -> Beryozovsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Беслан, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Beslan, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Бийск, Алтайский край -> Biysk, Altai Krai
Бикин, Хабаровский край -> Bikin, Khabarovsk Krai
Билибино, Чукотский автономный округ -> Bilibino, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Биробиджан, Еврейская автономная область -> Birobidzhan, Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Бирск, Республика Башкортостан -> Birsk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Бирюсинск, Иркутская область -> Biryusinsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Бирюч, Белгородская область -> Biryuch, Belgorod Oblast
Благовещенск, Республика Башкортостан -> Blagoveshchensk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Благовещенск, Амурская область -> Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast
Благодарный, Ставропольский край -> Blagodarny, Stavropol Krai
Бобров, Воронежская область -> Bobrov, Voronezh Oblast
Богданович, Свердловская область -> Bogdanovich, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Богородицк, Тульская область -> Bogoroditsk, Tula Oblast
Богородск, Нижегородская область -> Bogorodsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Боготол, Красноярский край -> Bogotol, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Богучар, Воронежская область -> Boguchar, Voronezh Oblast
Бодайбо, Иркутская область -> Bodaybo, Irkutsk Oblast
Бокситогорск, Ленинградская область -> Boksitogorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Болгар, Республика Татарстан -> Bolgar, Republic of Tatarstan
Бологое, Тверская область -> Bologoye, Tver Oblast
Болотное, Новосибирская область -> Bolotnoye, Novosibirsk Oblast
Болохово, Тульская область -> Bolokhovo, Tula Oblast
Болхов, Орловская область -> Bolkhov, Oryol Oblast
Большой Камень, Приморский край -> Bolshoy Kamen, Primorsky Krai
Бор, Нижегородская область -> Bor, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Борзя, Забайкальский край -> Borzya, Zabaykalsky Krai
Борисоглебск, Воронежская область -> Borisoglebsk, Voronezh Oblast
Боровичи, Новгородская область -> Borovichi, Novgorod Oblast
Боровск, Калужская область -> Borovsk, Kaluga Oblast
Бородино, Красноярский край -> Borodino, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Братск, Иркутская область -> Bratsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Бронницы, Московская область -> Bronnitsy, Moscow Oblast
Брянск, Брянская область -> Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast
Бугульма, Республика Татарстан -> Bugulma, Republic of Tatarstan
Бугуруслан, Оренбургская область -> Buguruslan, Orenburg Oblast
Будённовск, Ставропольский край -> Budyonnovsk, Stavropol Krai
Бузулук, Оренбургская область -> Buzuluk, Orenburg Oblast
Буинск, Республика Татарстан -> Buinsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Буй, Костромская область -> Buy, Kostroma Oblast
Буйнакск, Республика Дагестан -> Buynaksk, Republic of Dagestan
Бутурлиновка, Воронежская область -> Buturlinovka, Voronezh Oblast
В
Валдай, Новгородская область -> Valday, Novgorod Oblast
Валуйки, Белгородская область -> Valuyki, Belgorod Oblast
Велиж, Смоленская область -> Velizh, Smolensk Oblast
Великие Луки, Псковская область -> Velikiye Luki, Pskov Oblast
Великий Новгород, Новгородская область -> Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast
Великий Устюг, Вологодская область -> Veliky Ustyug, Vologda Oblast
Вельск, Архангельская область -> Velsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Венёв, Тульская область -> Venyov, Tula Oblast
Верещагино, Пермский край -> Vereshchagino, Perm Krai
Верея, Московская область -> Vereya, Moscow Oblast
Верхнеуральск, Челябинская область -> Verkhneuralsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Верхний Тагил, Свердловская область -> Verkhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхний Уфалей, Челябинская область -> Verkhny Ufaley, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Верхняя Пышма, Свердловская область -> Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхняя Салда, Свердловская область -> Verkhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхняя Тура, Свердловская область -> Verkhnyaya Tura, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхотурье, Свердловская область -> Verkhoturye, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхоянск, Республика Саха -> Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic
Весьегонск, Тверская область -> Vesyegonsk, Tver Oblast
Ветлуга, Нижегородская область -> Vetluga, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Видное, Московская область -> Vidnoye, Moscow Oblast
Вилюйск, Республика Саха -> Vilyuysk, Sakha Republic
Вилючинск, Камчатский край -> Vilyuchinsk, Kamchatka Krai
Вихоревка, Иркутская область -> Vikhorevka, Irkutsk Oblast
Вичуга, Ивановская область -> Vichuga, Ivanovo Oblast
Владивосток, Приморский край -> Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai
Владикавказ, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Vladikavkaz, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Владимир, Владимирская область -> Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast
Волгоград, Волгоградская область -> Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast
Волгодонск, Ростовская область -> Volgodonsk, Rostov Oblast
Волгореченск, Костромская область -> Volgorechensk, Kostroma Oblast
Волжск, Республика Марий Эл -> Volzhsk, Mari El Republic
Волжский, Волгоградская область -> Volzhsky, Volgograd Oblast
Вологда, Вологодская область -> Vologda, Vologda Oblast
Володарск, Нижегородская область -> Volodarsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Волоколамск, Московская область -> Volokolamsk, Moscow Oblast
Волосово, Ленинградская область -> Volosovo, Leningrad Oblast
Волхов, Ленинградская область -> Volkhov, Leningrad Oblast
Волчанск, Свердловская область -> Volchansk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Вольск, Саратовская область -> Volsk, Saratov Oblast
Воркута, Республика Коми -> Vorkuta, Komi Republic
Воронеж, Воронежская область -> Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast
Ворсма, Нижегородская область -> Vorsma, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Воскресенск, Московская область -> Voskresensk, Moscow Oblast
Воткинск, Удмуртская Республика -> Votkinsk, Udmurt Republic
Всеволожск, Ленинградская область -> Vsevolozhsk, Leningrad Oblast
Вуктыл, Республика Коми -> Vuktyl, Komi Republic
Выборг, Ленинградская область -> Vyborg, Leningrad Oblast
Выкса, Нижегородская область -> Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Высоковск, Московская область -> Vysokovsk, Moscow Oblast
Высоцк, Ленинградская область -> Vysotsk, Leningrad Oblast
Вытегра, Вологодская область -> Vytegra, Vologda Oblast
Вышний Волочёк, Тверская область -> Vyshny Volochyok, Tver Oblast
Вяземский, Хабаровский край -> Vyazemsky, Khabarovsk Krai
Вязники, Владимирская область -> Vyazniki, Vladimir Oblast
Вязьма, Смоленская область -> Vyazma, Smolensk Oblast
Вятские Поляны, Кировская область -> Vyatskiye Polyany, Kirov Oblast
Г
Гаврилов Посад, Ивановская область -> Gavrilov Posad, Ivanovo Oblast
Гаврилов-Ям, Ярославская область -> Gavrilov-Yam, Yaroslavl Oblast
Гагарин, Смоленская область -> Gagarin, Smolensk Oblast
Гаджиево, Мурманская область -> Gadzhiyevo, Murmansk Oblast
Гай, Оренбургская область -> Gay, Orenburg Oblast
Галич, Костромская область -> Galich, Kostroma Oblast
Гатчина, Ленинградская область -> Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast
Гвардейск, Калининградская область -> Gvardeysk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Гдов, Псковская область -> Gdov, Pskov Oblast
Геленджик, Краснодарский край -> Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai
Георгиевск, Ставропольский край -> Georgiyevsk, Stavropol Krai
Глазов, Удмуртская Республика -> Glazov, Udmurt Republic
Голицыно, Московская область -> Golitsyno, Moscow Oblast
Горбатов, Нижегородская область -> Gorbatov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Горно-Алтайск, Республика Алтай -> Gorno-Altaysk, Altai Republic
Горнозаводск, Пермский край -> Gornozavodsk, Perm Krai
Горняк, Алтайский край -> Gornyak, Altai Krai
Городец, Нижегородская область -> Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Городище, Пензенская область -> Gorodishche, Penza Oblast
Городовиковск, Республика Калмыкия -> Gorodovikovsk, Republic of Kalmykia
Гороховец, Владимирская область -> Gorokhovets, Vladimir Oblast
Горячий Ключ, Краснодарский край -> Goryachy Klyuch, Krasnodar Krai
Грайворон, Белгородская область -> Grayvoron, Belgorod Oblast
Гремячинск, Пермский край -> Gremyachinsk, Perm Krai
Грозный, Чеченская Республика -> Grozny, Chechen Republic
Грязи, Липецкая область -> Gryazi, Lipetsk Oblast
Грязовец, Вологодская область -> Gryazovets, Vologda Oblast
Губаха, Пермский край -> Gubakha, Perm Krai
Губкин, Белгородская область -> Gubkin, Belgorod Oblast
Губкинский, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Gubkinsky, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Гудермес, Чеченская Республика -> Gudermes, Chechen Republic
Гуково, Ростовская область -> Gukovo, Rostov Oblast
Гулькевичи, Краснодарский край -> Gulkevichi, Krasnodar Krai
Гурьевск, Калининградская область -> Guryevsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Гурьевск, Кемеровская область -> Guryevsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Гусев, Калининградская область -> Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast
Гусиноозёрск, Республика Бурятия -> Gusinoozyorsk, Republic of Buryatia
Гусь-Хрустальный, Владимирская область -> Gus-Khrustalny, Vladimir Oblast
Д
Давлеканово, Республика Башкортостан -> Davlekanovo, Republic of Bashkortostan
Дагестанские Огни, Республика Дагестан -> Dagestanskiye Ogni, Republic of Dagestan
Далматово, Курганская область -> Dalmatovo, Kurgan Oblast
Дальнегорск, Приморский край -> Dalnegorsk, Primorsky Krai
Дальнереченск, Приморский край -> Dalnerechensk, Primorsky Krai
Данилов, Ярославская область -> Danilov, Yaroslavl Oblast
Данков, Липецкая область -> Dankov, Lipetsk Oblast
Дегтярск, Свердловская область -> Degtyarsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Дедовск, Московская область -> Dedovsk, Moscow Oblast
Демидов, Смоленская область -> Demidov, Smolensk Oblast
Дербент, Республика Дагестан -> Derbent, Republic of Dagestan
Десногорск, Смоленская область -> Desnogorsk, Smolensk Oblast
Джанкой, Республика Крым -> Dzhankoy, Republic of Crimea
Дзержинск, Нижегородская область -> Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Дзержинский, Московская область -> Dzerzhinsky, Moscow Oblast
Дивногорск, Красноярский край -> Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Дигора, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Digora, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Димитровград, Ульяновская область -> Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Дмитриев, Курская область -> Dmitriyev, Kursk Oblast
Дмитров, Московская область -> Dmitrov, Moscow Oblast
Дмитровск, Орловская область -> Dmitrovsk, Oryol Oblast
Дно, Псковская область -> Dno, Pskov Oblast
Добрянка, Пермский край -> Dobryanka, Perm Krai
Долгопрудный, Московская область -> Dolgoprudny, Moscow Oblast
Долинск, Сахалинская область -> Dolinsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Домодедово, Московская область -> Domodedovo, Moscow Oblast
Донецк, Ростовская область -> Donetsk, Rostov Oblast
Донской, Тульская область -> Donskoy, Tula Oblast
Дорогобуж, Смоленская область -> Dorogobuzh, Smolensk Oblast
Дрезна, Московская область -> Drezna, Moscow Oblast
Дубна, Московская область -> Dubna, Moscow Oblast
Дубовка, Волгоградская область -> Dubovka, Volgograd Oblast
Дудинка, Красноярский край -> Dudinka, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Духовщина, Смоленская область -> Dukhovshchina, Smolensk Oblast
Дюртюли, Республика Башкортостан -> Dyurtyuli, Republic of Bashkortostan
Дятьково, Брянская область -> Dyatkovo, Bryansk Oblast
Е
Евпатория, Республика Крым -> Yevpatoria, Republic of Crimea
Егорьевск, Московская область -> Yegoryevsk, Moscow Oblast
Ейск, Краснодарский край -> Yeysk, Krasnodar Krai
Екатеринбург, Свердловская область -> Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Елабуга, Республика Татарстан -> Yelabuga, Republic of Tatarstan
Елец, Липецкая область -> Yelets, Lipetsk Oblast
Елизово, Камчатский край -> Yelizovo, Kamchatka Krai
Ельня, Смоленская область -> Yelnya, Smolensk Oblast
Еманжелинск, Челябинская область -> Yemanzhelinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Емва, Республика Коми -> Yemva, Komi Republic
Енисейск, Красноярский край -> Yeniseysk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ермолино, Калужская область -> Yermolino, Kaluga Oblast
Ершов, Саратовская область -> Yershov, Saratov Oblast
Ессентуки, Ставропольский край -> Yessentuki, Stavropol Krai
Ефремов, Тульская область -> Yefremov, Tula Oblast
Ж
Железноводск, Ставропольский край -> Zheleznovodsk, Stavropol Krai
Железногорск, Красноярский край -> Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Железногорск, Курская область -> Zheleznogorsk, Kursk Oblast
Железногорск-Илимский, Иркутская область -> Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky, Irkutsk Oblast
Жердевка, Тамбовская область -> Zherdevka, Tambov Oblast
Жигулёвск, Самарская область -> Zhigulyovsk, Samara Oblast
Жиздра, Калужская область -> Zhizdra, Kaluga Oblast
Жирновск, Волгоградская область -> Zhirnovsk, Volgograd Oblast
Жуков, Калужская область -> Zhukov, Kaluga Oblast
Жуковка, Брянская область -> Zhukovka, Bryansk Oblast
Жуковский, Московская область -> Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast
З
Завитинск, Амурская область -> Zavitinsk, Amur Oblast
Заводоуковск, Тюменская область -> Zavodoukovsk, Tyumen Oblast
Заволжск, Ивановская область -> Zavolzhsk, Ivanovo Oblast
Заволжье, Нижегородская область -> Zavolzhye, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Задонск, Липецкая область -> Zadonsk, Lipetsk Oblast
Заинск, Республика Татарстан -> Zainsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Закаменск, Республика Бурятия -> Zakamensk, Republic of Buryatia
Заозёрный, Красноярский край -> Zaozyorny, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Заозёрск, Мурманская область -> Zaozyorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Западная Двина, Тверская область -> Zapadnaya Dvina, Tver Oblast
Заполярный, Мурманская область -> Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast
Зарайск, Московская область -> Zaraysk, Moscow Oblast
Заречный, Пензенская область -> Zarechny, Penza Oblast
Заречный, Свердловская область -> Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Заринск, Алтайский край -> Zarinsk, Altai Krai
Звенигово, Республика Марий Эл -> Zvenigovo, Mari El Republic
Звенигород, Московская область -> Zvenigorod, Moscow Oblast
Зверево, Ростовская область -> Zverevo, Rostov Oblast
Зеленогорск, Красноярский край -> Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Зеленоградск, Калининградская область -> Zelenogradsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Зеленодольск, Республика Татарстан -> Zelenodolsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Зеленокумск, Ставропольский край -> Zelenokumsk, Stavropol Krai
Зерноград, Ростовская область -> Zernograd, Rostov Oblast
Зея, Амурская область -> Zeya, Amur Oblast
Зима, Иркутская область -> Zima, Irkutsk Oblast
Златоуст, Челябинская область -> Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Злынка, Брянская область -> Zlynka, Bryansk Oblast
Змеиногорск, Алтайский край -> Zmeinogorsk, Altai Krai
Знаменск, Астраханская область -> Znamensk, Astrakhan Oblast
Зубцов, Тверская область -> Zubtsov, Tver Oblast
Зуевка, Кировская область -> Zuyevka, Kirov Oblast
И,Й
Ивангород, Ленинградская область -> Ivangorod, Leningrad Oblast
Иваново, Ивановская область -> Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
Ивантеевка, Московская область -> Ivanteyevka, Moscow Oblast
Ивдель, Свердловская область -> Ivdel, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Игарка, Красноярский край -> Igarka, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ижевск, Удмуртская Республика -> Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic
Избербаш, Республика Дагестан -> Izberbash, Republic of Dagestan
Изобильный, Ставропольский край -> Izobilny, Stavropol Krai
Иланский, Красноярский край -> Ilansky, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Инза, Ульяновская область -> Inza, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Инкерман, Севастополь -> Inkerman, Sevastopol (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Иннополис, Республика Татарстан -> Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan
Инсар, Республика Мордовия -> Insar, Republic of Mordovia
Инта, Республика Коми -> Inta, Komi Republic
Ипатово, Ставропольский край -> Ipatovo, Stavropol Krai
Ирбит, Свердловская область -> Irbit, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Иркутск, Иркутская область -> Irkutsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Исилькуль, Омская область -> Isilkul, Omsk Oblast
Искитим, Новосибирская область -> Iskitim, Novosibirsk Oblast
Истра, Московская область -> Istra, Moscow Oblast
Ишим, Тюменская область -> Ishim, Tyumen Oblast
Ишимбай, Республика Башкортостан -> Ishimbay, Republic of Bashkortostan
Йошкар-Ола, Республика Марий Эл -> Mari El, Mari El Republic
К
Кадников, Вологодская область -> Kadnikov, Vologda Oblast
Казань, Республика Татарстан -> Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan
Калач, Воронежская область -> Kalach, Voronezh Oblast
Калач-на-Дону, Волгоградская область -> Kalach-na-Donu, Volgograd Oblast
Калачинск, Омская область -> Kalachinsk, Omsk Oblast
Калининград, Калининградская область -> Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast
Калининск, Саратовская область -> Kalininsk, Saratov Oblast
Калтан, Кемеровская область -> Kaltan, Kemerovo Oblast
Калуга, Калужская область -> Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast
Калязин, Тверская область -> Kalyazin, Tver Oblast
Камбарка, Удмуртская Республика -> Kambarka, Udmurt Republic
Каменка, Пензенская область -> Kamenka, Penza Oblast
Каменногорск, Ленинградская область -> Kamennogorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Каменск-Уральский, Свердловская область -> Kamensk-Uralsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Каменск-Шахтинский, Ростовская область -> Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, Rostov Oblast
Камень-на-Оби, Алтайский край -> Kamen-na-Obi, Altai Krai
Камешково, Владимирская область -> Kameshkovo, Vladimir Oblast
Камызяк, Астраханская область -> Kamyzyak, Astrakhan Oblast
Камышин, Волгоградская область -> Kamyshin, Volgograd Oblast
Камышлов, Свердловская область -> Kamyshlov, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Канаш, Чувашская Республика -> Kanash, Chuvash Republic
Кандалакша, Мурманская область -> Kandalaksha, Murmansk Oblast
Канск, Красноярский край -> Kansk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Карабаново, Владимирская область -> Karabanovo, Vladimir Oblast
Карабаш, Челябинская область -> Karabash, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Карабулак, Республика Ингушетия -> Karabulak, Republic of Ingushetia
Карасук, Новосибирская область -> Karasuk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Карачаевск, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Karachayevsk, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Карачев, Брянская область -> Karachev, Bryansk Oblast
Каргат, Новосибирская область -> Kargat, Novosibirsk Oblast
Каргополь, Архангельская область -> Kargopol, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Карпинск, Свердловская область -> Karpinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Карталы, Челябинская область -> Kartaly, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Касимов, Рязанская область -> Kasimov, Ryazan Oblast
Касли, Челябинская область -> Kasli, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Каспийск, Республика Дагестан -> Kaspiysk, Republic of Dagestan
Катав-Ивановск, Челябинская область -> Katav-Ivanovsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Катайск, Курганская область -> Kataysk, Kurgan Oblast
Качканар, Свердловская область -> Kachkanar, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Кашин, Тверская область -> Kashin, Tver Oblast
Кашира, Московская область -> Kashira, Moscow Oblast
Кедровый, Томская область -> Kedrovy, Tomsk Oblast
Кемерово, Кемеровская область -> Kemerovo, Kemerovo Oblast
Кемь, Республика Карелия -> Kem, Republic of Karelia
Керчь, Республика Крым -> Kerch, Republic of Crimea (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Кизел, Пермский край -> Kizel, Perm Krai
Кизилюрт, Республика Дагестан -> Kizilyurt, Republic of Dagestan
Кизляр, Республика Дагестан -> Kizlyar, Republic of Dagestan
Кимовск, Тульская область -> Kimovsk, Tula Oblast
Кимры, Тверская область -> Kimry, Tver Oblast
Кингисепп, Ленинградская область -> Kingisepp, Leningrad Oblast
Кинель, Самарская область -> Kinel, Samara Oblast
Кинешма, Ивановская область -> Kineshma, Ivanovo Oblast
Киреевск, Тульская область -> Kireyevsk, Tula Oblast
Киренск, Иркутская область -> Kirensk, Irkutsk Oblast
Киржач, Владимирская область -> Kirzhach, Vladimir Oblast
Кириллов, Вологодская область -> Kirillov, Vologda Oblast
Кириши, Ленинградская область -> Kirishi, Leningrad Oblast
Киров, Калужская область -> Kirov, Kaluga Oblast
Киров, Кировская область -> Kirov, Kirov Oblast
Кировград, Свердловская область -> Kirovgrad, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Кирово-Чепецк, Кировская область -> Kirovo-Chepetsk, Kirov Oblast
Кировск, Ленинградская область -> Kirovsk, Leningrad Oblast
Кировск, Мурманская область -> Kirovsk, Murmansk Oblast
Кирс, Кировская область -> Kirs, Kirov Oblast
Кирсанов, Тамбовская область -> Kirsanov, Tambov Oblast
Киселёвск, Кемеровская область -> Kiselyovsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Кисловодск, Ставропольский край -> Kislovodsk, Stavropol Krai
Клин, Московская область -> Klin, Moscow Oblast
Клинцы, Брянская область -> Klintsy, Bryansk Oblast
Княгинино, Нижегородская область -> Knyaginino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Ковдор, Мурманская область -> Kovdor, Murmansk Oblast
Ковров, Владимирская область -> Kovrov, Vladimir Oblast
Ковылкино, Республика Мордовия -> Kovylkino, Republic of Mordovia
Когалым, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Kogalym, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Кодинск, Красноярский край -> Kodinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Козельск, Калужская область -> Kozelsk, Kaluga Oblast
Козловка, Чувашская Республика -> Kozlovka, Chuvash Republic
Козьмодемьянск, Республика Марий Эл -> Kozmodemyansk, Mari El Republic
Кола, Мурманская область -> Kola, Murmansk Oblast
Кологрив, Костромская область -> Kologriv, Kostroma Oblast
Коломна, Московская область -> Kolomna, Moscow Oblast
Колпашево, Томская область -> Kolpashevo, Tomsk Oblast
Кольчугино, Владимирская область -> Kolchugino, Vladimir Oblast
Коммунар, Ленинградская область -> Kommunar, Leningrad Oblast
Комсомольск, Ивановская область -> Komsomolsk, Ivanovo Oblast
Комсомольск-на-Амуре, Хабаровский край -> Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai
Конаково, Тверская область -> Konakovo, Tver Oblast
Кондопога, Республика Карелия -> Kondopoga, Republic of Karelia
Кондрово, Калужская область -> Kondrovo, Kaluga Oblast
Константиновск, Ростовская область -> Konstantinovsk, Rostov Oblast
Копейск, Челябинская область -> Kopeysk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Кораблино, Рязанская область -> Korablino, Ryazan Oblast
Кореновск, Краснодарский край -> Korenovsk, Krasnodar Krai
Коркино, Челябинская область -> Korkino, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Королёв, Московская область -> Korolev, Moscow Oblast
Короча, Белгородская область -> Korocha, Belgorod Oblast
Корсаков, Сахалинская область -> Korsakov, Sakhalin Oblast
Коряжма, Архангельская область -> Koryazhma, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Костерёво, Владимирская область -> Kosteryovo, Vladimir Oblast
Костомукша, Республика Карелия -> Kostomuksha, Republic of Karelia
Кострома, Костромская область -> Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
Котельники, Московская область -> Kotelniki, Moscow Oblast
Котельниково, Волгоградская область -> Kotelnikovo, Volgograd Oblast
Котельнич, Кировская область -> Kotelnich, Kirov Oblast
Котлас, Архангельская область -> Kotlas, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Котово, Волгоградская область -> Kotovo, Volgograd Oblast
Котовск, Тамбовская область -> Kotovsk, Tambov Oblast
Кохма, Ивановская область -> Kokhma, Ivanovo Oblast
Красавино, Вологодская область -> Krasavino, Vologda Oblast
Красноармейск, Московская область -> Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow Oblast
Красноармейск, Саратовская область -> Krasnoarmeysk, Saratov Oblast
Красновишерск, Пермский край -> Krasnovishersk, Perm Krai
Красногорск, Московская область -> Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast
Краснодар, Краснодарский край -> Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai
Краснозаводск, Московская область -> Krasnozavodsk, Moscow Oblast
Краснознаменск, Калининградская область -> Krasnoznamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Краснознаменск, Московская область -> Krasnoznamensk, Moscow Oblast
Краснокаменск, Забайкальский край -> Krasnokamensk, Zabaykalsky Krai
Краснокамск, Пермский край -> Krasnokamsk, Perm Krai
Красноперекопск, Республика Крым -> Krasnoperekopsk, Republic of Crimea (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Краснослободск, Волгоградская область -> Krasnoslobodsk, Volgograd Oblast
Краснослободск, Республика Мордовия -> Krasnoslobodsk, Republic of Mordovia
Краснотурьинск, Свердловская область -> Krasnoturyinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Красноуральск, Свердловская область -> Krasnouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Красноуфимск, Свердловская область -> Krasnoufimsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Красноярск, Красноярский край -> Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Красный Кут, Саратовская область -> Krasny Kut, Saratov Oblast
Красный Сулин, Ростовская область -> Krasny Sulin, Rostov Oblast
Красный Холм, Тверская область -> Krasny Kholm, Tver Oblast
Кремёнки, Калужская область -> Kremyonki, Kaluga Oblast
Кропоткин, Краснодарский край -> Kropotkin, Krasnodar Krai
Крым, Республика Крым -> Crimea, Republic of Crimea (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Крымск, Краснодарский край -> Krymsk, Krasnodar Krai
Кстово, Нижегородская область -> Kstovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Кубинка, Московская область -> Kubinka, Moscow Oblast
Кувандык, Оренбургская область -> Kuvandyk, Orenburg Oblast
Кувшиново, Тверская область -> Kuvshinovo, Tver Oblast
Кудымкар, Пермский край -> Kudymkar, Perm Krai
Кузнецк, Пензенская область -> Kuznetsk, Penza Oblast
Куйбышев, Новосибирская область -> Kuybyshev, Novosibirsk Oblast
Кулебаки, Нижегородская область -> Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Кумертау, Республика Башкортостан -> Kumertau, Republic of Bashkortostan
Кунгур, Пермский край -> Kungur, Perm Krai
Купино, Новосибирская область -> Kupino, Novosibirsk Oblast
Курган, Курганская область -> Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast
Курганинск, Краснодарский край -> Kurganinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Курильск, Сахалинская область -> Kurilsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Курлово, Владимирская область -> Kurlovo, Vladimir Oblast
Куровское, Московская область -> Kurovskoye, Moscow Oblast
Курск, Курская область -> Kursk, Kursk Oblast
Куртамыш, Курганская область -> Kurtamysh, Kurgan Oblast
Курчатов, Курская область -> Kurchatov, Kursk Oblast
Куса, Челябинская область -> Kusa, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Кушва, Свердловская область -> Kushva, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Кызыл, Республика Тыва -> Kyzyl, Tyva Republic
Кыштым, Челябинская область -> Kyshtym, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Кяхта, Республика Бурятия -> Kyakhta, Republic of Buryatia
Л
Лабинск, Краснодарский край -> Labinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Лабытнанги, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Labytnangi, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Лагань, Республика Калмыкия -> Lagan, Republic of Kalmykia
Ладушкин, Калининградская область -> Ladushkin, Kaliningrad Oblast
Лаишево, Республика Татарстан -> Laishevo, Republic of Tatarstan
Лакинск, Владимирская область -> Lakinsk, Vladimir Oblast
Лангепас, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Langepas, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Лахденпохья, Республика Карелия -> Lakhdenpokhya, Republic of Karelia
Лебедянь, Липецкая область -> Lebedyan, Lipetsk Oblast
Лениногорск, Республика Татарстан -> Leninogorsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Ленинск, Волгоградская область -> Leninsk, Volgograd Oblast
Ленинск-Кузнецкий, Кемеровская область -> Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Kemerovo Oblast
Ленск, Республика Саха -> Lensk, Sakha Republic
Лермонтов, Ставропольский край -> Lermontov, Stavropol Krai
Лесной, Свердловская область -> Lesnoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Лесозаводск, Приморский край -> Lesozavodsk, Primorsky Krai
Лесосибирск, Красноярский край -> Lesosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ливны, Орловская область -> Livny, Oryol Oblast
Липецк, Липецкая область -> Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast
Ликино-Дулёво, Московская область -> Likino-Dulyovo, Moscow Oblast
Липки, Тульская область -> Lipki, Tula Oblast
Лиски, Воронежская область -> Liski, Voronezh Oblast
Лихославль, Тверская область -> Likhoslavl, Tver Oblast
Лобня, Московская область -> Lobnya, Moscow Oblast
Лодейное Поле, Ленинградская область -> Lodeynoye Pole, Leningrad Oblast
Лосино-Петровский, Московская область -> Losino-Petrovsky, Moscow Oblast
Луга, Ленинградская область -> Luga, Leningrad Oblast
Луза, Кировская область -> Luza, Kirov Oblast
Лукоянов, Нижегородская область -> Lukoyanov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Луховицы, Московская область -> Lukhovitsy, Moscow Oblast
Лысково, Нижегородская область -> Lyskovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Лысьва, Пермский край -> Lysva, Perm Krai
Лыткарино, Московская область -> Lytkarino, Moscow Oblast
Льгов, Курская область -> Lgov, Kursk Oblast
Любань, Ленинградская область -> Lyuban, Leningrad Oblast
Люберцы, Московская область -> Lyubertsy, Moscow Oblast
Любим, Ярославская область -> Lyubim, Yaroslavl Oblast
Людиново, Калужская область -> Lyudinovo, Kaluga Oblast
Лянтор, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Lyantor, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
М
Магадан, Магаданская область -> Magadan, Magadan Oblast
Магас, Республика Ингушетия -> Magas, Republic of Ingushetia
Магнитогорск, Челябинская область -> Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Майкоп, Республика Адыгея -> Maykop, Republic of Adygea
Майский, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Maysky, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Макаров, Сахалинская область -> Makarov, Sakhalin Oblast
Макарьев, Костромская область -> Makaryev, Kostroma Oblast
Макушино, Курганская область -> Makushino, Kurgan Oblast
Малая Вишера, Новгородская область -> Malaya Vishera, Novgorod Oblast
Малгобек, Республика Ингушетия -> Malgobek, Republic of Ingushetia
Малмыж, Кировская область -> Malmyzh, Kirov Oblast
Малоархангельск, Орловская область -> Maloarkhangelsk, Oryol Oblast
Малоярославец, Калужская область -> Maloyaroslavets, Kaluga Oblast
Мамадыш, Республика Татарстан -> Mamadysh, Republic of Tatarstan
Мамоново, Калининградская область -> Mamonovo, Kaliningrad Oblast
Мантурово, Костромская область -> Manturovo, Kostroma Oblast
Мариинск, Кемеровская область -> Mariinsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Мариинский Посад, Чувашская Республика -> Mariinsky Posad, Chuvash Republic
Маркс, Саратовская область -> Marks, Saratov Oblast
Махачкала, Республика Дагестан -> Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan
Мглин, Брянская область -> Mglin, Bryansk Oblast
Мегион, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Megion, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Медвежьегорск, Республика Карелия -> Medvezhyegorsk, Republic of Karelia
Медногорск, Оренбургская область -> Mednogorsk, Orenburg Oblast
Медынь, Калужская область -> Medyn, Kaluga Oblast
Межгорье, Республика Башкортостан -> Mezhgorye, Republic of Bashkortostan
Междуреченск, Кемеровская область -> Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo Oblast
Мезень, Архангельская область -> Mezen, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Меленки, Владимирская область -> Melenki, Vladimir Oblast
Мелеуз, Республика Башкортостан -> Meleuz, Republic of Bashkortostan
Менделеевск, Республика Татарстан -> Mendeleyevsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Мензелинск, Республика Татарстан -> Menzelinsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Мещовск, Калужская область -> Meshchovsk, Kaluga Oblast
Миасс, Челябинская область -> Miass, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Микунь, Республика Коми -> Mikun, Komi Republic
Миллерово, Ростовская область -> Millerovo, Rostov Oblast
Минеральные Воды, Ставропольский край -> Mineralnye Vody, Stavropol Krai
Минусинск, Красноярский край -> Minusinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Миньяр, Челябинская область -> Minyar, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Мирный, Республика Саха -> Mirny, Sakha Republic
Мирный, Архангельская область -> Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Михайлов, Рязанская область -> Mikhaylov, Ryazan Oblast
Михайловка, Волгоградская область -> Mikhaylovka, Volgograd Oblast
Михайловск, Свердловская область -> Mikhaylovsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Михайловск, Ставропольский край -> Mikhaylovsk, Stavropol Krai
Мичуринск, Тамбовская область -> Michurinsk, Tambov Oblast
Могоча, Забайкальский край -> Mogocha, Zabaykalsky Krai
Можайск, Московская область -> Mozhaysk, Moscow Oblast
Можга, Удмуртская Республика -> Mozhga, Udmurt Republic
Моздок, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Mozdok, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Мончегорск, Мурманская область -> Monchegorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Морозовск, Ростовская область -> Morozovsk, Rostov Oblast
Моршанск, Тамбовская область -> Morshansk, Tambov Oblast
Мосальск, Калужская область -> Mosalsk, Kaluga Oblast
Москва -> Moscow
Муравленко, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Muravlenko, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Мураши, Кировская область -> Murashi, Kirov Oblast
Мурманск, Мурманская область -> Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast
Муром, Владимирская область -> Murom, Vladimir Oblast
Мценск, Орловская область -> Mtsensk, Oryol Oblast
Мыски, Кемеровская область -> Myski, Kemerovo Oblast
Мытищи, Московская область -> Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast
Мышкин, Ярославская область -> Myshkin, Yaroslavl Oblast
Н
Набережные Челны, Республика Татарстан -> Naberezhnye Chelny, Republic of Tatarstan
Навашино, Нижегородская область -> Navashino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Наволоки, Ивановская область -> Navoloki, Ivanovo Oblast
Надым, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Nadym, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Назарово, Красноярский край-> Nazarovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Назрань, Республика Ингушетия -> Nazran, Republic of Ingushetia
Называевск, Омская область -> Nazyvayevsk, Omsk Oblast
Нальчик, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Нариманов, Астраханская область -> Narimanov, Astrakhan Oblast
Наро-Фоминск, Московская область -> Naro-Fominsk, Moscow Oblast
Нарткала, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Nartkala, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Нарьян-Мар, Ненецкий автономный округ -> Naryan-Mar, Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Находка, Приморский край -> Nakhodka, Primorsky Krai
Невель, Псковская область -> Nevel, Pskov Oblast
Невельск, Сахалинская область -> Nevelsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Невинномысск, Ставропольский край -> Nevinnomyssk, Stavropol Krai
Невьянск, Свердловская область -> Nevyansk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нелидово, Тверская область -> Nelidovo, Tver Oblast
Неман, Калининградская область -> Neman, Kaliningrad Oblast
Нерехта, Костромская область -> Nerekhta, Kostroma Oblast
Нерчинск, Забайкальский край -> Nerchinsk, Zabaykalsky Krai
Нерюнгри, Республика Саха -> Neryungri, Sakha Republic
Нестеров, Калининградская область -> Nesterov, Kaliningrad Oblast
Нефтегорск, Самарская область -> Neftegorsk, Samara Oblast
Нефтекамск, Республика Башкортостан -> Neftekamsk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Нефтекумск, Ставропольский край -> Neftekumsk, Stavropol Krai
Нефтеюганск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Nefteyugansk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Нея, Костромская область -> Neya, Kostroma Oblast
Нижневартовск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Nizhnevartovsk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Нижнекамск, Республика Татарстан -> Nizhnekamsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Нижнеудинск, Иркутская область -> Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Нижние Серги, Свердловская область -> Nizhniye Sergi, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нижний Ломов, Пензенская область -> Nizhny Lomov, Penza Oblast
Нижний Новгород, Нижегородская область -> Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Нижний Тагил, Свердловская область -> Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нижняя Салда, Свердловская область -> Nizhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нижняя Тура, Свердловская область -> Nizhnyaya Tura, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Николаевск, Волгоградская область -> Nikolayevsk, Volgograd Oblast
Николаевск-на-Амуре, Хабаровский край -> Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai
Никольск, Вологодская область -> Nikolsk, Vologda Oblast
Никольск, Пензенская область -> Nikolsk, Penza Oblast
Никольское, Ленинградская область -> Nikolskoye, Leningrad Oblast
Новая Ладога, Ленинградская область -> Novaya Ladoga, Leningrad Oblast
Новая Ляля, Свердловская область -> Novaya Lyalya, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Новоалександровск, Ставропольский край -> Novoalexandrovsk, Stavropol Krai
Новоалтайск, Алтайский край -> Novoaltaysk, Altai Krai
Новоаннинский, Волгоградская область -> Novoanninsky, Volgograd Oblast
Нововоронеж, Воронежская область -> Novovoronezh, Voronezh Oblast
Новодвинск, Архангельская область -> Novodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Новозыбков, Брянская область -> Novozybkov, Bryansk Oblast
Новокубанск, Краснодарский край -> Novokubansk, Krasnodar Krai
Новокузнецк, Кемеровская область -> Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Новокуйбышевск, Самарская область -> Novokuybyshevsk, Samara Oblast
Новомичуринск, Рязанская область -> Novomichurinsk, Ryazan Oblast
Новомосковск, Тульская область -> Novomoskovsk, Tula Oblast
Новопавловск, Ставропольский край -> Novopavlovsk, Stavropol Krai
Новоржев, Псковская область -> Novorzhev, Pskov Oblast
Новороссийск, Краснодарский край -> Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai
Новосибирск, Новосибирская область -> Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Новосиль, Орловская область -> Novosil, Oryol Oblast
Новосокольники, Псковская область -> Novosokolniki, Pskov Oblast
Новотроицк, Оренбургская область -> Novotroitsk, Orenburg Oblast
Новоузенск, Саратовская область -> Novouzensk, Saratov Oblast
Новоульяновск, Ульяновская область -> Novoulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Новоуральск, Свердловская область -> Novouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Новохопёрск, Воронежская область -> Novokhopyorsk, Voronezh Oblast
Новочебоксарск, Чувашская Республика -> Novocheboksarsk, Chuvash Republic
Новочеркасск, Ростовская область -> Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast
Новошахтинск, Ростовская область -> Novoshakhtinsk, Rostov Oblast
Новый Оскол, Белгородская область -> Novy Oskol, Belgorod Oblast
Новый Уренгой, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Novy Urengoy, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Ногинск, Московская область -> Noginsk, Moscow Oblast
Нолинск, Кировская область -> Nolinsk, Kirov Oblast
Норильск, Красноярский край -> Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ноябрьск, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Noyabrsk, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Нурлат, Республика Татарстан -> Nurlat, Republic of Tatarstan
Нытва, Пермский край -> Nytva, Perm Krai
Нюрба, Республика Саха -> Nyurba, Sakha Republic
Нягань, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Nyagan, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Нязепетровск, Челябинская область -> Nyazepetrovsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Няндома, Архангельская область -> Nyandoma, Arkhangelsk Oblast
О
Облучье, Еврейская автономная область -> Obluchye, Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Обнинск, Калужская область -> Obninsk, Kaluga Oblast
Обоянь, Курская область -> Oboyan, Kursk Oblast
Обь, Новосибирская область -> Ob, Novosibirsk Oblast
Одинцово, Московская область -> Odintsovo, Moscow Oblast
Озёрск, Калининградская область -> Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Озёрск, Челябинская область -> Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Озёры, Московская область -> Ozyory, Moscow Oblast
Октябрьск, Самарская область -> Oktyabrsk, Samara Oblast
Октябрьский, Республика Башкортостан -> Oktyabrsky, Republic of Bashkortostan
Окуловка, Новгородская область -> Okulovka, Novgorod Oblast
Олёкминск, Республика Саха -> Olyokminsk, Sakha Republic
Оленегорск, Мурманская область -> Olenegorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Олонец, Республика Карелия -> Olonets, Republic of Karelia
Омск, Омская область -> Omsk, Omsk Oblast
Омутнинск, Кировская область -> Omutninsk, Kirov Oblast
Онега, Архангельская область -> Onega, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Опочка, Псковская область -> Opochka, Pskov Oblast
Орёл, Орловская область -> Oryol, Oryol Oblast
Оренбург, Оренбургская область -> Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast
Орехово-Зуево, Московская область -> Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Moscow Oblast
Орлов, Кировская область -> Orlov, Kirov Oblast
Орск, Оренбургская область -> Orsk, Orenburg Oblast
Оса, Пермский край -> Osa, Perm Krai
Осинники, Кемеровская область -> Osinniki, Kemerovo Oblast
Осташков, Тверская область -> Ostashkov, Tver Oblast
Остров, Псковская область -> Ostrov, Pskov Oblast
Островной, Мурманская область -> Ostrovnoy, Murmansk Oblast
Острогожск, Воронежская область -> Ostrogozhsk, Voronezh Oblast
Отрадное, Ленинградская область -> Otradnoye, Leningrad Oblast
Отрадный, Самарская область -> Otradny, Samara Oblast
Оха, Сахалинская область -> Okha, Sakhalin Oblast
Оханск, Пермский край -> Okhansk, Perm Krai
Очёр, Пермский край -> Ochyor, Perm Krai
П
Павлово, Нижегородская область -> Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Павловск, Воронежская область -> Pavlovsk, Voronezh Oblast
Павловский Посад, Московская область -> Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow Oblast
Палласовка, Волгоградская область -> Pallasovka, Volgograd Oblast
Партизанск, Приморский край -> Partizansk, Primorsky Krai
Певек, Чукотский автономный округ -> Pevek, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Пенза, Пензенская область -> Penza, Penza Oblast
Первомайск, Нижегородская область -> Pervomaysk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Первоуральск, Свердловская область -> Pervouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Перевоз, Нижегородская область -> Perevoz, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Пересвет, Московская область -> Peresvet, Moscow Oblast
Переславль-Залесский, Ярославская область -> Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yaroslavl Oblast
Пермь, Пермский край -> Perm, Perm Krai
Пестово, Новгородская область -> Pestovo, Novgorod Oblast
Петров Вал, Волгоградская область -> Petrov Val, Volgograd Oblast
Петровск, Саратовская область -> Petrovsk, Saratov Oblast
Петровск-Забайкальский, Забайкальский край -> Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky, Zabaykalsky Krai
Петрозаводск, Республика Карелия -> Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia
Петропавловск-Камчатский, Камчатский край -> Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Kamchatka Krai
Петухово, Курганская область -> Petukhovo, Kurgan Oblast
Петушки, Владимирская область -> Petushki, Vladimir Oblast
Печора, Республика Коми -> Pechora, Komi Republic
Печоры, Псковская область -> Pechory, Pskov Oblast
Пикалёво, Ленинградская область -> Pikalyovo, Leningrad Oblast
Пионерский, Калининградская область -> Pionersky, Kaliningrad Oblast
Питкяранта, Республика Карелия -> Pitkyaranta, Republic of Karelia
Плавск, Тульская область -> Plavsk, Tula Oblast
Пласт, Челябинская область -> Plast, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Плёс, Ивановская область -> Plyos, Ivanovo Oblast
Поворино, Воронежская область -> Povorino, Voronezh Oblast
Подольск, Московская область -> Podolsk, Moscow Oblast
Подпорожье, Ленинградская область -> Podporozhye, Leningrad Oblast
Покачи, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Pokachi, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Покров, Владимирская область -> Pokrov, Vladimir Oblast
Покровск, Республика Саха -> Pokrovsk, Sakha Republic
Полевской, Свердловская область -> Polevskoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Полесск, Калининградская область -> Polessk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Полысаево, Кемеровская область -> Polysayevo, Kemerovo Oblast
Полярные Зори, Мурманская область -> Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk Oblast
Полярный, Мурманская область -> Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast
Поронайск, Сахалинская область -> Poronaysk, Sakhalin Oblast
Порхов, Псковская область -> Porkhov, Pskov Oblast
Похвистнево, Самарская область -> Pokhvistnevo, Samara Oblast
Почеп, Брянская область -> Pochep, Bryansk Oblast
Починок, Смоленская область -> Pochinok, Pochinkovsky District, Smolensk Oblast
Пошехонье, Ярославская область -> Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl Oblast
Правдинск, Калининградская область -> Pravdinsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Приволжск, Ивановская область -> Privolzhsk, Ivanovo Oblast
Приморск, Калининградская область -> Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Приморск, Ленинградская область -> Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Приморско-Ахтарск, Краснодарский край -> Primorsko-Akhtarsk, Krasnodar Krai
Приозерск, Ленинградская область -> Priozersk, Leningrad Oblast
Прокопьевск, Кемеровская область -> Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Пролетарск, Ростовская область -> Proletarsk, Rostov Oblast
Протвино, Московская область -> Protvino, Moscow Oblast
Прохладный, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Prokhladny, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Псков, Псковская область -> Pskov, Pskov Oblast
Пугачёв, Саратовская область -> Pugachyov, Saratov Oblast
Пудож, Республика Карелия -> Pudozh, Republic of Karelia
Пустошка, Псковская область -> Pustoshka, Pskov Oblast
Пучеж, Ивановская область -> Puchezh, Ivanovo Oblast
Пушкино, Московская область -> Pushkino, Moscow Oblast
Пущино, Московская область -> Pushchino, Moscow Oblast
Пыталово, Псковская область -> Pytalovo, Pskov Oblast
Пыть-Ях, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Pyt-Yakh, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Пятигорск, Ставропольский край -> Pyatigorsk, Stavropol Krai
Р
Радужный, Владимирская область -> Raduzhny, Vladimir Oblast
Радужный, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Raduzhny, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Райчихинск, Амурская область -> Raychikhinsk, Amur Oblast
Раменское, Московская область -> Ramenskoye, Moscow Oblast
Рассказово, Тамбовская область -> Rasskazovo, Tambov Oblast
Ревда, Свердловская область -> Revda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Реж, Свердловская область -> Rezh, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Реутов, Московская область -> Reutov, Moscow Oblast
Ржев, Тверская область -> Rzhev, Tver Oblast
Родники, Ивановская область -> Rodniki, Ivanovo Oblast
Рославль, Смоленская область -> Roslavl, Smolensk Oblast
Россошь, Воронежская область -> Rossosh, Voronezh Oblast
Ростов-на-Дону, Ростовская область -> Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast
Ростов, Ярославская область -> Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast
Рошаль, Московская область -> Roshal, Moscow Oblast
Ртищево, Саратовская область -> Rtishchevo, Saratov Oblast
Рубцовск, Алтайский край -> Rubtsovsk, Altai Krai
Рудня, Смоленская область -> Rudnya, Smolensk Oblast
Руза, Московская область -> Ruza, Moscow Oblast
Рузаевка, Республика Мордовия -> Ruzayevka, Republic of Mordovia
Рыбинск, Ярославская область -> Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Oblast
Рыбное, Рязанская область -> Rybnoye, Ryazan Oblast
Рыльск, Курская область -> Rylsk, Kursk Oblast
Ряжск, Рязанская область -> Ryazhsk, Ryazan Oblast
Рязань, Рязанская область -> Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast
С
Саки, Республика Крым -> Republic of Crimea
Салават, Республика Башкортостан -> Salavat, Republic of Bashkortostan
Салаир, Кемеровская область -> Salair, Kemerovo Oblast
Салехард, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Salekhard, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Сальск, Ростовская область -> Salsk, Rostov Oblast
Самара, Самарская область -> Samara, Samara Oblast
Санкт-Петербург -> Saint Petersburg
Саранск, Республика Мордовия -> Saransk, Republic of Mordovia
Сарапул, Удмуртская Республика -> Sarapul, Udmurt Republic
Саратов, Саратовская область -> Saratov, Saratov Oblast
Саров, Нижегородская область -> Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Сасово, Рязанская область -> Sasovo, Ryazan Oblast
Сатка, Челябинская область -> Satka, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Сафоново, Смоленская область -> Safonovo, Smolensk Oblast
Саяногорск, Республика Хакасия -> Sayanogorsk, Republic of Khakassia
Саянск, Иркутская область -> Sayansk, Irkutsk Oblast
Светлогорск, Калининградская область -> Svetlogorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Светлоград, Ставропольский край -> Svetlograd, Stavropol Krai
Светлый, Калининградская область -> Svetly, Kaliningrad Oblast
Светогорск, Ленинградская область -> Svetogorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Свирск, Иркутская область -> Svirsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Свободный, Амурская область -> Svobodny, Amur Oblast
Себеж, Псковская область -> Sebezh, Pskov Oblast
Севастополь -> Sevastopol
Северо-Курильск, Сахалинская область -> Severo-Kurilsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Северобайкальск, Республика Бурятия -> Severobaykalsk, Republic of Buryatia
Северодвинск, Архангельская область -> Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Североморск, Мурманская область -> Severomorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Североуральск, Свердловская область -> Severouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Северск, Томская область -> Seversk, Tomsk Oblast
Севск, Брянская область -> Sevsk, Bryansk Oblast
Сегежа, Республика Карелия -> Segezha, Republic of Karelia
Сельцо, Брянская область -> Seltso, Bryansk Oblast
Семёнов, Нижегородская область -> Semyonov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Семикаракорск, Ростовская область -> Semikarakorsk, Rostov Oblast
Семилуки, Воронежская область -> Semiluki, Voronezh Oblast
Сенгилей, Ульяновская область -> Sengiley, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Серафимович, Волгоградская область -> Serafimovich, Volgograd Oblast
Сергач, Нижегородская область -> Sergach, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Сергиев Посад, Московская область -> Sergiyev Posad, Moscow Oblast
Сердобск, Пензенская область -> Serdobsk, Penza Oblast
Серов, Свердловская область -> Serov, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Серпухов, Московская область -> Serpukhov, Moscow Oblast
Сертолово, Ленинградская область -> Sertolovo, Leningrad Oblast
Сибай, Республика Башкортостан -> Sibay, Republic of Bashkortostan
Сим, Челябинская область -> Sim, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Симферополь, Республика Крым -> Simferopol, Republic of Crimea
Сковородино, Амурская область -> Skovorodino, Amur Oblast
Скопин, Рязанская область -> Skopin, Ryazan Oblast
Славгород, Алтайский край -> Slavgorod, Altai Krai
Славск, Калининградская область -> Slavsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Славянск-на-Кубани, Краснодарский край -> Slavyansk-na-Kubani, Krasnodar Krai
Сланцы, Ленинградская область -> Slantsy, Leningrad Oblast
Слободской, Кировская область -> Slobodskoy, Kirov Oblast
Слюдянка, Иркутская область -> Slyudyanka, Irkutsk Oblast
Смоленск, Смоленская область -> Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast
Снежинск, Челябинская область -> Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Снежногорск, Мурманская область -> Snezhnogorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Собинка, Владимирская область -> Sobinka, Vladimir Oblast
Советск, Калининградская область -> Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Советск, Кировская область -> Sovetsk, Kirov Oblast
Советск, Тульская область -> Sovetsk, Tula Oblast
Советская Гавань, Хабаровский край -> Sovetskaya Gavan, Khabarovsk Krai
Советский, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Sovetsky, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Сокол, Вологодская область -> Sokol, Vologda Oblast
Солигалич, Костромская область -> Soligalich, Kostroma Oblast
Соликамск, Пермский край -> Solikamsk, Perm Krai
Солнечногорск, Московская область -> Solnechnogorsk, Moscow Oblast
Соль-Илецк, Оренбургская область -> Sol-Iletsk, Orenburg Oblast
Сольвычегодск, Архангельская область -> Solvychegodsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Сольцы, Новгородская область -> Soltsy, Novgorod Oblast
Сорочинск, Оренбургская область -> Sorochinsk, Orenburg Oblast
Сорск, Республика Хакасия -> Sorsk, Republic of Khakassia
Сортавала, Республика Карелия -> Sortavala, Republic of Karelia
Сосенский, Калужская область -> Sosensky, Kaluga Oblast
Сосновка, Кировская область -> Sosnovka, Kirov Oblast
Сосновоборск, Красноярский край -> Sosnovoborsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Сосновый Бор, Ленинградская область -> Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Oblast
Сосногорск, Республика Коми -> Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic
Сочи, Краснодарский край -> Sochi, Krasnodar Krai
Спас-Деменск, Калужская область -> Spas-Demensk, Kaluga Oblast
Спас-Клепики, Рязанская область -> Spas-Klepiki, Ryazan Oblast
Спасск, Пензенская область -> Spassk, Penza Oblast
Спасск-Дальний, Приморский край -> Spassk-Dalny, Primorsky Krai
Спасск-Рязанский, Рязанская область -> Spassk-Ryazansky, Ryazan Oblast
Среднеколымск, Республика Саха -> Srednekolymsk, Sakha Republic
Среднеуральск, Свердловская область -> Sredneuralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Сретенск, Забайкальский край -> Sretensk, Zabaykalsky Krai
Ставрополь, Ставропольский край -> Stavropol, Stavropol Krai
Старая Купавна, Московская область -> Staraya Kupavna, Moscow Oblast
Старая Русса, Новгородская область -> Staraya Russa, Novgorod Oblast
Старица, Тверская область -> Staritsa, Tver Oblast
Стародуб, Брянская область -> Starodub, Bryansk Oblast
Старый Крым, Республика Крым -> Stary Krym, Republic of Crimea
Старый Оскол, Белгородская область -> Stary Oskol, Belgorod Oblast
Стерлитамак, Республика Башкортостан -> Sterlitamak, Republic of Bashkortostan
Стрежевой, Томская область -> Strezhevoy, Tomsk Oblast
Строитель, Белгородская область -> Stroitel, Belgorod Oblast
Струнино, Владимирская область -> Strunino, Vladimir Oblast
Ступино, Московская область -> Stupino, Moscow Oblast
Суворов, Тульская область -> Suvorov, Tula Oblast
Судак, Республика Крым -> Sudak, Republic of Crimea
Суджа, Курская область -> Sudzha, Kursk Oblast
Судогда, Владимирская область -> Sudogda, Vladimir Oblast
Суздаль, Владимирская область -> Suzdal, Vladimir Oblast
Суоярви, Республика Карелия -> Suoyarvi, Republic of Karelia
Сураж, Брянская область -> Surazh, Bryansk Oblast
Сургут, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Surgut, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Суровикино, Волгоградская область -> Surovikino, Volgograd Oblast
Сурск, Пензенская область -> Sursk, Penza Oblast
Сусуман, Магаданская область -> Susuman, Magadan Oblast
Сухиничи, Калужская область -> Sukhinichi, Kaluga Oblast
Сухой Лог, Свердловская область -> Sukhoy Log, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Сызрань, Самарская область -> Syzran, Samara Oblast
Сыктывкар, Республика Коми -> Syktyvkar, Komi Republic
Сысерть, Свердловская область -> Sysert, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Сычёвка, Смоленская область -> Sychyovka, Smolensk Oblast
Сясьстрой, Ленинградская область -> Syasstroy, Leningrad Oblast
Т
Тавда, Свердловская область -> Tavda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Таганрог, Ростовская область -> Taganrog, Rostov Oblast
Тайга, Кемеровская область -> Tayga, Kemerovo Oblast
Тайшет, Иркутская область -> Tayshet, Irkutsk Oblast
Талдом, Московская область -> Taldom, Moscow Oblast
Талица, Свердловская область -> Talitsa, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Тамбов, Тамбовская область -> Tambov, Tambov Oblast
Тара, Омская область -> Tara, Omsk Oblast
Тарко-Сале, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Tarko-Sale, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Таруса, Калужская область -> Tarusa, Kaluga Oblast
Татарск, Новосибирская область -> Tatarsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Таштагол, Кемеровская область -> Tashtagol, Kemerovo Oblast
Тверь, Тверская область -> Tver, Tver Oblast
Теберда, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Teberda, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Тейково, Ивановская область -> Teykovo, Ivanovo Oblast
Темников, Республика Мордовия -> Temnikov, Republic of Mordovia
Темрюк, Краснодарский край -> Temryuk, Krasnodar Krai
Терек, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Terek, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Тетюши, Республика Татарстан -> Tetyushi, Republic of Tatarstan
Тимашёвск, Краснодарский край -> Timashyovsk, Krasnodar Krai
Тихвин, Ленинградская область -> Tikhvin, Leningrad Oblast
Тихорецк, Краснодарский край -> Tikhoretsk, Krasnodar Krai
Тобольск, Тюменская область -> Tobolsk, Tyumen Oblast
Тогучин, Новосибирская область -> Toguchin, Novosibirsk Oblast
Тольятти, Самарская область -> Tolyatti, Samara Oblast
Томари, Сахалинская область -> Tomari, Sakhalin Oblast
Томмот, Республика Саха -> Tommot, Sakha Republic
Томск, Томская область -> Tomsk, Tomsk Oblast
Топки, Кемеровская область -> Topki, Kemerovo Oblast
Торжок, Тверская область -> Torzhok, Tver Oblast
Торопец, Тверская область -> Toropets, Tver Oblast
Тосно, Ленинградская область -> Tosno, Leningrad Oblast
Тотьма, Вологодская область -> Totma, Vologda Oblast
Трёхгорный, Челябинская область -> Tryokhgorny, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Троицк, Челябинская область -> Troitsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Трубчевск, Брянская область -> Trubchevsk, Bryansk Oblast
Туапсе, Краснодарский край -> Tuapse, Krasnodar Krai
Туймазы, Республика Башкортостан -> Tuymazy, Republic of Bashkortostan
Тула, Тульская область -> Tula, Tula Oblast
Тулун, Иркутская область -> Tulun, Irkutsk Oblast
Туран, Республика Тыва -> Turan, Tuva Republic
Туринск, Свердловская область -> Turinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Тутаев, Ярославская область -> Tutayev, Yaroslavl Oblast
Тында, Амурская область -> Tynda, Amur Oblast
Тырныауз, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Tyrnyauz, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Тюкалинск, Омская область -> Tyukalinsk, Omsk Oblast
Тюмень, Тюменская область -> Tyumen, Tyumen Oblast
У
Уварово, Тамбовская область -> Uvarovo, Tambov Oblast
Углегорск, Сахалинская область -> Uglegorsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Углич, Ярославская область -> Uglich, Yaroslavl Oblast
Удачный, Республика Саха -> Udachny, Sakha Republic
Удомля, Тверская область -> Udomlya, Tver Oblast
Ужур, Красноярский край -> Uzhur, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Узловая, Тульская область -> Uzlovaya, Tula Oblast
Улан-Удэ, Республика Бурятия -> Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia
Ульяновск, Ульяновская область -> Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Унеча, Брянская область -> Unecha, Bryansk Oblast
Урай, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Uray, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Урень, Нижегородская область -> Uren, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Уржум, Кировская область -> Urzhum, Kirov Oblast
Урус-Мартан, Чеченская Республика -> Urus-Martan
Урюпинск, Волгоградская область -> Uryupinsk, Volgograd Oblast
Усинск, Республика Коми -> Usinsk, Komi Republic
Усмань, Липецкая область -> Usman, Lipetsk Oblast
Усолье-Сибирское, Иркутская область -> Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk Oblast
Усолье, Пермский край -> Usolye, Perm Krai
Уссурийск, Приморский край -> Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai
Усть-Джегута, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Ust-Dzheguta, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Усть-Илимск, Иркутская область -> Ust-Ilimsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Усть-Катав, Челябинская область -> Ust-Katav, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Усть-Кут, Иркутская область -> Ust-Kut, Irkutsk Oblast
Усть-Лабинск, Краснодарский край -> Ust-Labinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Устюжна, Вологодская область -> Ustyuzhna, Vologda Oblast
Уфа, Республика Башкортостан -> Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan
Ухта, Республика Коми -> Ukhta, Komi Republic
Учалы, Республика Башкортостан -> Uchaly, Republic of Bashkortostan
Уяр, Красноярский край -> Uyar, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ф
Фатеж, Курская область -> Fatezh, Kursk Oblast
Феодосия, Республика Крым -> Feodosia, Republic of Crimea
Фокино, Брянская область -> Fokino, Bryansk Oblast
Фокино, Приморский край -> Fokino, Primorsky Krai
Фролово, Волгоградская область -> Frolovo, Volgograd Oblast
Фрязино, Московская область -> Fryazino, Moscow Oblast
Фурманов, Ивановская область -> Furmanov, Ivanovo Oblast
Х,Ц
Хабаровск, Хабаровский край -> Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Krai
Хадыженск, Краснодарский край -> Khadyzhensk, Krasnodar Krai
Ханты-Мансийск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Khanty-Mansiysk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Харабали, Астраханская область -> Kharabali, Astrakhan Oblast
Харовск, Вологодская область -> Kharovsk, Vologda Oblast
Хасавюрт, Республика Дагестан -> Khasavyurt, Republic of Dagestan
Хвалынск, Саратовская область -> Khvalynsk, Saratov Oblast
Хилок, Забайкальский край -> Khilok, Zabaykalsky Krai
Химки, Московская область -> Khimki, Moscow Oblast
Холм, Новгородская область -> Kholm, Novgorod Oblast
Холмск, Сахалинская область -> Kholmsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Хотьково, Московская область -> Khotkovo, Moscow Oblast
Цивильск, Чувашская Республика -> Tsivilsk, Chuvash Republic
Цимлянск, Ростовская область -> Tsimlyansk, Rostov Oblast
Ч
Чадан, Республика Тыва -> Chadan, Tuva Republic
Чайковский, Пермский край -> Chaykovsky, Perm Krai
Чапаевск, Самарская область -> Chapayevsk, Samara Oblast
Чаплыгин, Липецкая область -> Chaplygin, Lipetsk Oblast
Чебаркуль, Челябинская область -> Chebarkul, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Чебоксары, Чувашская Республика -> Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic
Чегем, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Chegem, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Чекалин, Тульская область -> Chekalin, Tula Oblast
Челябинск, Челябинская область -> Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Чердынь, Пермский край -> Cherdyn, Perm Krai
Черемхово, Иркутская область -> Cheremkhovo, Irkutsk Oblast
Черепаново, Новосибирская область -> Cherepanovo, Novosibirsk Oblast
Череповец, Вологодская область -> Cherepovets, Vologda Oblast
Черкесск, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Чёрмоз, Пермский край -> Chyormoz, Perm Krai
Черноголовка, Московская область -> Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast
Черногорск, Республика Хакасия -> Chernogorsk, Republic of Khakassia
Чернушка, Пермский край -> Chernushka, Perm Krai
Черняховск, Калининградская область -> Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Чехов, Московская область -> Chekhov, Moscow Oblast
Чистополь, Республика Татарстан -> Chistopol, Republic of Tatarstan
Чита, Забайкальский край -> Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai
Чкаловск, Нижегородская область -> Chkalovsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Чудово, Новгородская область -> Chudovo, Novgorod Oblast
Чулым, Новосибирская область -> Chulym, Novosibirsk Oblast
Чусовой, Пермский край -> Chusovoy, Perm Krai
Чухлома, Костромская область -> Chukhloma, Kostroma Oblast
Ш
Шагонар, Республика Тыва -> Shagonar, Tuva Republic
Шадринск, Курганская область -> Shadrinsk, Kurgan Oblast
Шали, Чеченская Республика -> Shali, Chechen Republic
Шарыпово, Красноярский край -> Sharypovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Шарья, Костромская область -> Sharya, Kostroma Oblast
Шатура, Московская область -> Shatura, Moscow Oblast
Шахты, Ростовская область -> Shakhty, Rostov Oblast
Шахунья, Нижегородская область -> Shakhunya, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Шацк, Рязанская область -> Shatsk, Ryazan Oblast
Шебекино, Белгородская область -> Shebekino, Belgorod Oblast
Шелехов, Иркутская область -> Shelekhov, Irkutsk Oblast
Шенкурск, Архангельская область -> Shenkursk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Шилка, Забайкальский край -> Shilka, Zabaykalsky Krai
Шимановск, Амурская область -> Shimanovsk, Amur Oblast
Шиханы, Саратовская область -> Shikhany, Saratov Oblast
Шлиссельбург, Ленинградская область -> Shlisselburg, Leningrad Oblast
Шумерля, Чувашская Республика -> Shumerlya, Chuvash Republic
Шумиха, Курганская область -> Shumikha, Kurgan Oblast
Шуя, Ивановская область -> Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast
Щ
Щёкино, Тульская область -> Shchyokino, Tula Oblast
Щёлкино, Республика Крым -> Shchelkino, Republic of Crimea
Щёлково, Московская область -> Shchyolkovo, Moscow Oblast
Щигры, Курская область -> Shchigry, Kursk Oblast
Щучье, Курганская область -> Shchuchye, Kurgan Oblast
Э
Электрогорск, Московская область -> Elektrogorsk, Moscow Oblast
Электросталь, Московская область -> Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast
Электроугли, Московская область -> Elektrougli, Moscow Oblast
Элиста, Республика Калмыкия -> Elista, Republic of Kalmykia
Энгельс, Саратовская область -> Engels, Saratov Oblast
Эртиль, Воронежская область -> Ertil, Voronezh Oblast
Ю
Югорск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Yugorsk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Южа, Ивановская область -> Yuzha, Ivanovo Oblast
Южно-Сахалинск, Сахалинская область -> Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Южно-Сухокумск, Республика Дагестан -> Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk, Republic of Dagestan
Южноуральск, Челябинская область -> Yuzhnouralsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Юрга, Кемеровская область -> Yurga, Kemerovo Oblast
Юрьев-Польский, Владимирская область -> Yuryev-Polsky, Vladimir Oblast
Юрьевец, Ивановская область -> Yuryevets, Ivanovo Oblast
Юрюзань, Челябинская область -> Yuryuzan, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Юхнов, Калужская область -> Yukhnov, Kaluga Oblast
Я
Ядрин, Чувашская Республика -> Yadrin, Chuvash Republic
Якутск, Республика Саха -> Yakutsk, Sakha Republic
Ялта, Республика Крым -> Yalta, Republic of Crimea
Ялуторовск, Тюменская область -> Yalutorovsk, Tyumen Oblast
Янаул, Республика Башкортостан -> Yanaul, Republic of Bashkortostan
Яранск, Кировская область -> Yaransk, Kirov Oblast
Яровое, Алтайский край -> Yarovoye, Altai Krai
Ярославль, Ярославская область -> Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast
Ярцево, Смоленская область -> Yartsevo, Smolensk Oblast
Ясногорск, Тульская область -> Yasnogorsk, Tula Oblast
Ясный, Оренбургская область -> Yasny, Orenburg Oblast
Яхрома, Московская область -> Yakhroma, Moscow Oblast
Область/Край/Республика России на английском языке для визовой анкеты США
Адыгея | Республика Адыгея -> Republic of Adygea
Алтай | Республика Алтай -> Altai Republic
Алтайский край -> Altai Krai
Амурская область -> Amur Oblast
Архангельская область -> Arkhangelsk Oblast
Астраханская область -> Astrakhan Oblast
Башкортостан | Республика Башкортостан -> Republic of Bashkortostan
Белгородская область -> Belgorod Oblast
Брянская область -> Bryansk Oblast
Бурятия | Республика Бурятия -> Republic of Buryatia
Владимирская область -> Vladimir Oblast
Волгоградская область -> Volgograd Oblast
Вологодская область -> Vologda Oblast
Воронежская область -> Voronezh Oblast
Дагестан | Республика Дагестан -> Republic of Dagestan
Еврейская автономная область -> Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Забайкальский край -> Zabaykalsky Krai
Ивановская область -> Ivanovo Oblast
Ингушетия | Республика Ингушетия -> Republic of Ingushetia
Иркутская область -> Irkutsk Oblast
Кабардино-Балкария | Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Калининградская область -> Kaliningrad Oblast
Калмыкия | Республика Калмыкия -> Republic of Kalmykia
Калужская область -> Kaluga Oblast
Камчатский край -> Kamchatka Krai
Карачаево-Черкесия | Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Карелия | Республика Карелия -> Republic of Karelia
Кемеровская область -> Kemerovo Oblast
Кировская область -> Kirov Oblast
Коми | Республика Коми -> Komi Republic
Костромская область -> Kostroma Oblast
Краснодарский край -> Krasnodar Krai
Красноярский край -> Krasnoyarsk Krai
Крым | Республика Крым -> Republic of Crimea
Курганская область -> Kurgan Oblast
Курская область -> Kursk Oblast
Ленинградская область -> Leningrad Oblast
Липецкая область -> Lipetsk Oblast
Магаданская область -> Magadan Oblast
Марий Эл | Республика Марий Эл -> Mari El Republic
Мордовия | Республика Мордовия -> Republic of Mordovia
Московская область -> Moscow Oblast
Мурманская область -> Murmansk Oblast
Ненецкий автономный округ -> Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Нижегородская область -> Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Новгородская область -> Novgorod Oblast
Новосибирская область -> Novosibirsk Oblast
Омская область -> Omsk Oblast
Оренбургская область -> Orenburg Oblast
Орловская область -> Oryol Oblast
Пензенская область -> Penza Oblast
Пермский край -> Perm Krai
Приморский край -> Primorsky Krai
Псковская область -> Pskov Oblast
Ростовская область -> Rostov Oblast
Рязанская область -> Ryazan Oblast
Самарская область -> Samara Oblast
Саратовская область -> Saratov Oblast
Саха | Республика Саха (Якутия) -> Sakha Republic (Yakutia)
Сахалинская область -> Sakhalin Oblast
Свердловская область -> Sverdlovsk Oblast
Северная Осетия | Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Смоленская область -> Smolensk Oblast
Ставропольский край -> Stavropol Krai
Тамбовская область -> Tambov Oblast
Татарстан | Республика Татарстан -> Republic of Tatarstan
Тверская область -> Tver Oblast
Томская область -> Tomsk Oblast
Тульская область -> Tula Oblast
Тыва | Республика Тыва -> Tyva Republic
Тюменская область -> Tyumen Oblast
Удмуртия | Удмуртская Республика -> Udmurt Republic
Ульяновская область -> Ulyanovsk Oblast
Хабаровский край -> Khabarovsk Krai
Хакасия | Республика Хакасия -> Republic of Khakassia
Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Челябинская область -> Chelyabinsk Oblast
Чечня | Чеченская Республика -> Chechen Republic
Чувашия | Чувашская Республика -> Chuvash Republic
Чукотка | Чукотский автономный округ -> Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Ярославская область -> Yaroslavl Oblast
Транслитерация почтового адреса
Адрес для транслитерации:
Результат транслитерации адреса:
Онлайн сервис транслитерации почтового адреса с русского языка на английский
Онлайн сервис транслитерации адреса легко заменяет символы русского алфавита созвучными символами латинского алфавита. С помощью нашего транслитератора адресов из букв кириллического алфавита получаются буквы латиницы. Этот транслитератор задумывался как сервис для пользователей иностранных интернет магазинов, которым нужно указать свой домашний адрес в поле заказа на английском языке. Транслитератор адресов не является инструментом, строго следующим различным официально принятым правилам транслитерации, а полагается на собственные решения, которые исходя из опыта их использования обеспечивают определенный комфорт и удобство для сценария транслитерации адреса «из кириллицу в латиницу», который востребован за рубежом.
Что такое почтовый адрес?
Почтовый адрес, адрес — описание места нахождения объекта адресации, структурированное в соответствии с принципами организации местного самоуправления и включающее в себя наименование элемента планировочной структуры (при необходимости), элемента улично-дорожной сети, а также цифровое и (или) буквенно-цифровое обозначение объекта адресации, позволяющее его идентифицировать.
Что такое транслитерация адреса?
Транслитерация — точная передача знаков одной письменности знаками другой письменности, при которой каждый знак (или последовательность знаков) одной системы письма передаётся соответствующим знаком (или последовательностью знаков) другой системы письма.
Как работать с вашим транслитератором адресов?
Набирайте адрес в окне ввода и вводимый кириллический адрес сам собой будет сконвертирован в латиницу. Правила транслита адресов приведены в таблице ниже — каждому кириллическому символу соответствуют латинские символы или их комбинация.
Как скопировать адрес после транслитерации?
Сначала выделите адрес который хотите скопировать: нажмите левую кнопку мыши и проведите указателем по тексту, или же можно нажать клавишу shift, и, удерживая ее, клавишами управления курсором выделить текст. Как только требуемый участок адреса выделен, его можно копировать в другое место, например в форум или почтовую программу.
Или просто воспользуйтесь кнопкой СКОПИРОВАТЬ ТРАНСЛИТЕРАЦИЮ АДРЕСА.
По каким правилам работает транслитерация адреса?
Приводим список заменяемых символов в нашем транслитерации.
Таблица транслитерации адресов с кириллицы на латиницу
| Символ кириллицы | Символы латиницы |
|---|---|
| А | A |
| а | a |
| Б | B |
| б | b |
| В | V |
| в | v |
| Г | G |
| г | g |
| Д | D |
| д | d |
| Е | E |
| е | e |
| Ё | E |
| ё | e |
| Ж | J |
| ж | j |
| З | Z |
| з | z |
| И | I |
| и | i |
| Й | I |
| й | i |
| К | K |
| к | k |
| Л | L |
| л | l |
| М | M |
| м | m |
| Н | N |
| н | n |
| О | O |
| о | o |
| П | P |
| п | p |
| Р | R |
| р | r |
| С | S |
| с | s |
| Т | T |
| т | t |
| У | U |
| у | u |
| Ф | F |
| ф | f |
| Х | H |
| х | h |
| Ц | C |
| ц | c |
| Ч | Ch |
| ч | ch |
| Ш | Sh |
| ш | sh |
| Щ | Sc |
| щ | sc |
| Ъ | |
| ъ | |
| Ы | Y |
| ы | y |
| Ь | |
| ь | |
| Э | E |
| э | e |
| Ю | Iu |
| ю | iu |
| Я | Ia |
| я | ia |
Каковы гарантии того, что транслированный адрес не станет достоянием общественности?
Скрипт транслитерации адресов написан на языке программирования JavaScript и работает только локально, то есть выполняется в вашем браузере. Набираемый или редактируемый адрес не попадает на сервер, а в процессе набора текст видны только на вашем компьютере. Можем заверить Вас, уважаемый пользователь, что никакие адреса никем посторонним прочитаны не будут.