Город орел на английском языке как пишется

Oryol Орёл
City[1]
Left:A 400th anniversary monument of Oryol, Oryol City Hall, Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev nonument in Krituri Oddri Park, Right:Lenina (Lenin) Square and Theotokos Smolensk Church, Oryol Eagle Monument in Privokzalnaya Square, Orink River and Oryol financial heritage building, Orzol Saint Michael Church, (all item from above to bottom)
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Oryol
Oryol Location of Oryol Oryol Oryol (Oryol Oblast)
Coordinates: 52°58′07″N 36°04′10″E / 52.96861°N 36.06944°ECoordinates: 52°58′07″N 36°04′10″E / 52.96861°N 36.06944°E
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Oryol Oblast[1]
Founded	1566
Government
• Mayor	Yuri Parakhin[2]
Area [3]
• Total	121.21 km2 (46.80 sq mi)
Elevation	170 m (560 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[4]
• Total	317,747
• Estimate  (2021)	303,696
• Rank	57th in 2010
• Density	2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi)
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	city of oblast significance of Oryol[1]
• Capital of	Oryol Oblast[1], city of oblast significance of Oryol[1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Oryol Urban Okrug[5]
• Capital of	Oryol Urban Okrug[5], Orlovsky Municipal District[6]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [7])
Postal code(s)[8]	302000–302999
Dialing code(s)	+7 4862
OKTMO ID	54701000001
City Day	August 5
Website	www.orel-adm.ru

Oryol (Russian: Орёл, IPA: [ɐˈrʲɵl], lit. eagle), also transliterated as Orel or Oriol,^[9] is a city and the administrative center of Oryol Oblast situated on the Oka River, approximately 368 kilometers (229 mi) south-southwest of Moscow. It is part of the Central Federal District, as well as the Central Economic Region.

History[edit]

Kievan Rus[edit]

While there are no historical records, archaeological evidence shows that a fortress settlement existed between the Oka River and Orlik Rivers as early as the 12th century, when the land was a part of the Principality of Chernigov. The name of the fortress is unknown; it may not have been called Oryol at the time. In the 13th century, the fortress became a part of the Zvenigorod district of the Karachev Principality. In the early 15th century, the territory was conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The city was soon abandoned by its population after being sacked either by Lithuanians or the Golden Horde. The territory became a part of the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century.

Tsardom of Russia[edit]

Ivan IV Vasilyevich decreed that a new fortress be built on the spot in 1566 for the purpose of defending the southern borders of the country.^{[citation needed]} The fortress was built starting in the summer of 1566 and ending in the spring of 1567. The location chosen was less than ideal strategically, as the fortress was located on a seasonally flooded low ground easily targeted from the neighboring high ground. False Dmitry I and his army passed through Oryol in 1605; Ivan Bolotnikov in 1606; False Dmitry II camped in Oryol for the winter of 1607–1608. Polish forces sacked it in 1611 and 1615. While the population fled after the second sacking and moved to Mtsensk, the Orlovsky Uyezd continued to exist administratively.

Oryol was rebuilt in 1636. The question of moving the fortress to the more advantageous high ground was debated until the 1670s, but the move was never made. The fortress was deemed unnecessary and taken apart in the early 18th century.

Russian Empire[edit]

In the mid-18th century Oryol became one of the major centers of grain production, with the Oka River being the major trade route until the 1860s when it was replaced by a railroad.

Oryol was granted town status in 1702. In 1708, Oryol was included as a part of Kiev Governorate; in 1719, Oryol Province was created within Kiev Governorate. The Province was transferred to the newly created Belgorod Governorate in 1727. On March 11 (February 28 old style), 1778 Oryol Vice-Royalty was created from parts of Voronezh and Belgorod Governorates. In 1779, the city was almost entirely rebuilt based on a new plan; and the Oryol River was renamed Orlik (lit: «little eagle»).

Russian Republic[edit]

After the October Revolution of 1917, the city was in Bolshevik’s hands, except for a brief period between October 13 and October 20, 1919, when it was controlled by Anton Denikin’s White Army.

Soviet Union[edit]

Oryol was once again moved between different oblasts in the 1920s and 1930s: first as Oryol Governorate until 1928, then Central Black Earth Region between 1928 and 1934, finally in Kursk Oblast), finally becoming the administrative center of its own Oryol Oblast on September 27, 1937.

The Oryol Prison was a notable place of incarceration for political prisoners and war prisoners of the Second World War. Christian Rakovsky, Maria Spiridonova, Olga Kameneva and 160 other prominent political prisoners were shot on September 11, 1941 on Joseph Stalin’s orders in the Medvedev Forest massacre outside Oryol.

During the German-Soviet War, Oryol was occupied by the Wehrmacht on October 7, 1941.

The French air squadron Normandie-Niemen fought in the skies over Oryol.

On September 19, 1943, in the Oryol, was the first parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region during the war.

Oryol was liberated on August 5, 1943 during the Oryol strategic offensive operation «Kutuzov» on the Oryol-Kursk Bulge. The city was almost completely destroyed. By Order No .2 of I. V. Stalin of August 5, 1943, on this day in Moscow, an artillery salute was given to the troops that liberated Oryol. Since then, the city has had the nickname, «City of the First Salute», and the day of the liberation from the German invaders was celebrated as the city’s day.^{[citation needed]}

Geography[edit]

Time zone[edit]

Oryol has the same time zone as Moscow (Moscow time). Time relative to UTC is +3.00 18.

Location[edit]

Oryol stands on the banks of the Oka River and its tributary Orlik river in the Central Russian Upland of the East European Plain, approximately 368 km (229 mi) south-southwest of Moscow.

Layout[edit]

Oryol was founded at the behest of Ivan the Terrible in 1566, in the area between the Oka and Orlik rivers. Little information exists about its early history; the earliest data available refers to 1636, when the city was rebuilt after its destruction during the Time of Troubles. According to historian T. G. Svistunova, the 16th-century Oryol fortress had three lines of fortifications and consisted of a city, an ostrog and a posad surrounded by gaps. The city housed a cathedral, a voivode’s (warlord or military leader’s) house, government buildings and courts for the boyar children; the prison consisted of gunners’ yards, a blacksmith, and two parish churches near the prison towers. In the posad was a sloboda. In 1636, Oryol was rebuilt by the voivode B. Koltovsky; it expanded with annexation of land beyond the Oka. Oryol remained a fortress city with a corresponding garrison; Pushkarskaya Sloboda was still located in the prison, boyar children and nobles settled on the left bank of the Orlik, and a Cossack sloboda developed near the Oka. Oryol lost its military character after the 1689 fire, when the partially-burned city fortress was not rebuilt.

In central Oryol, streets fan out from the fortress; two main axes are the Upper and Lower Korchak Roads. Opposite the fortress was probably a second marketplace in the Zaotsk section, where the dragoon settlements had a relatively-regular layout along the river. Away from the river, the grid becomes a fan. The city – its fortress, three marketplaces, two monasteries and a number of parish churches – was developed from the river. Its structure was visible from the Oka: the central fortress, the fan-shaped center and the grid of the Zaotsk settlements. The city was connected by bridges, making Oryol a military fortress and a trade center.^[10]

The city’s earliest plans, by Mikhail Buzovlev and Petr Botvinev, date to 1728. A 1778 plan fixed its radial layout, and a radial-semicircular system was proposed the following year. In 1848, a new plan including Polesskaya Square was approved.

Oryol’s modern layout was developed in 1939 by Suborov, an architect at the Leningrad branch of Giprogor. The first post-war reconstruction plan was made in Lengiprogor under the direction of architect V. A. Gaikovich. Oryol’s development required a new general plan, which was drawn up in 1958 by V. A. Gaikovich and A. M. Suborov of Lengiprogor. The city’s center was Lenin Square, on which the House of Soviets was built in 1961. In 1966, construction of flood-control embankments in the central city began.^[11]

Climate[edit]

Oryol has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). Winters are moderately cold and changeable. The first half is softer, second with often warmings. Summers are warm, in separate years — they can be rainy or hot and droughty.

Administrative and municipal status[edit]

Oryol is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Orlovsky District, even though it is not a part of it.^[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Oryol—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Oryol is incorporated as Oryol Urban Okrug.^[5]

City districts[edit]

Administratively, the city is divided into four districts:

• Severny (Северный) — population: 65,815 (2021)
• Sovetsky (Советский) — population: 74,315 (2021)
• Zheleznodorozhny (Железнодорожный) — population: 60,278 (2021)
• Zavodskoy (Заводской) — population: 103,288 (2021) (the biggest, oldest, and most populous)

Politics[edit]

In February 2012, the city duma abolished the direct election of mayor. In December 2013, a referendum was held and 71% of the people supported the return of direct mayoral election.^[13]

Mayors[edit]

• 1991–1997: Alexander Kislyakov
• 1997–2002: Yefim Velkovsky
• 2002–2006: Vasily Uvarov
• 2006–2009: Alexander Kasyanov
• 2009–2010: Vasily Eremin
• 2010–2012: Viktor Safianov
• 2012–2015: Sergey Stupin
• 2015–2020: Vasily Novikov
• 2020–present: Yuri Parakhin

City-managers:

• 2012–2015: Mikhail Bernikov
• 2015–2017: Andrey Usikov
• 2017–2020: Alexander Muromsky

Demographics[edit]

Oryol population

1897 Census	70 000
1926 Census	76 000
1939 Census	110 564
1959 Census	151 521
1970 Census	232 216
1979 Census	304 971
1989 Census	336 862
2002 Census	333 310
2010 Census	317 747
Estimate 2021	303 696

According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in January 2020 the number of residents came to 308 838. It is the 66th place among 1117 cities of Russia for 2019.

Largest ethnic groups in 2010:

• Russians (96,8%)
• Ukrainians (1,1%)
• Armenians (0,4%)
• Belarusians (0,3%)
• Azerbaijanis (0,2%)
• Tatars (0,1%)
• Jews (0,1%)

Transportation[edit]

The formation of the Oryol as an important transportation hub is due to the favorable geographical position of the city on the borders of the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions.

The city has trolley, tram and bus systems. These kinds of public transport cover the entire territory of the city. Each bus, tram and trolley is equipped with route indicators that inform about the route through the city, designated stops. There are also taxis and rental cars.

In past years, in the summer on the Oka River waterbus operated as a form of transport excursion and walking orientation.

Automotive[edit]

In the Oryol converge important highways of federal and regional values:

The main intercity terminal: Oryol Bus Station

Trolleybus[edit]

On 29 October 1968, a regular movement was opened. Length of the contact network 76.51 km (47.54 mi). There are 4 routes for 2019.

Railway[edit]

Since 1868, there has been a railway connection between Oryol and Moscow.^[14] Here converge 5 railway lines: on Yelets, Moscow, Kursk, Bryansk, Mikhailovsky mine.

The main terminals: Oryol Station, Station Luzhki-Oryol.

Tram[edit]

On November 3, 1898, Oryol inaugurated an electric tram. The draft was prepared by the Belgian entrepreneur FF Gilon and firm «Compagnie mutuelle de tramways», which won the right to build not only a tram, but also lighting in the city. Oryol tram is one of the oldest electric tram systems in Russia. It is 1 year older than Moscow and 9 years — St. Petersburg. In 2017, the length of the lines in double-track calculation was 18.3 km (11.4 mi). For 2019, there are 3 routes, which are operated: Tatra T3 (74 units), Tatra T6B5 (13 units), 71-403 (1 unit), 71-405 (1 unit).

Aerial[edit]

The city is served by the Oryol Yuzhny Airport, which is currently not working.

Education[edit]

There are six institutions of higher education in Oryol, as well as four branches of such institutions from other cities.

Local

• Oryol Law Institute
• Oryol State Agrarian University
• Oryol State Institute of Culture
• Oryol State Institute of Economics and Trade
• Oryol State University
• Russian Federation Security Guard Service Federal Academy

Branches

• Oryol Branch of the Russian University of Transport (Moscow)
• Oryol Branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (Moscow)
• Oryol branch of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Moscow)
• Oryol branch of the Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law (Voronezh)

International cooperation[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Oryol is twinned with:^[15]

Partner cities[edit]

Notable people[edit]

• Leonid Andreyev, writer
• Mikhail Bakhtin, literary critic^[17]
• Fedor Baranov, fisheries scientist
• Denis Boytsov, boxer
• Yulia Bravikova, rhythmic gymnast
• Felix Dzerzhinsky, security chief
• Afanasy Fet, poet
• Nikolai Getman, painter and Gulag survivor
• Timofey Granovsky, historian
• Vasily Kalinnikov (1866-1901), composer
• Yakov Kasman, pianist
• Anna Petrovna Kern, socialite
• Stanislav Lebamba, association football player
• Nikolai Leskov, novelist
• Denis Menchov, cyclist
• Artem Mikoyan, founder of the MiG aircraft manufacturer
• Fritz Noether, mathematician
• Nikolai Polikarpov, aviation designer
• Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, statesman
• Vladimir Karlovich Roth, neuropathologist
• Valerian Safonovich, statesman
• Aleksandr Selikhov, footballer
• Alexey Stakhanov, celebrated miner/engineer
• Pyotr Stolypin, statesman
• Maksymilian Stratanowski, painter
• Yakov Sverdlov, Bolshevik revolutionary
• Ivan Turgenev, novelist and playwright
• Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov, military general
• Gennady Zyuganov, politician
• Korsak-Koulagnikov, collegiate secretary Aleksey Ivanovich, titular councilor Vasili Ivanovich, provincial secretary Petr Grigorievich and his brother Mardari Grigorievich were reckoned among the nobility of the province of Orel in 1815 after examination the proofs of nobility registered in the 6th part of the Noble Register of Chernigov province ^[18]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №522-ОЗ от 6 июля 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1187-ОЗ от 1 апреля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в законодательные акты Орловской области». Вступил в силу с момента официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Орловская правда», №116, 13 июля 2005 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People’s Deputies. Law #522-OZ of July 6, 2005 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1187-OZ of April 1, 2011 On Amending the Legislative Acts of Oryol Oblast. Effective as of the moment of the official publication.).
• Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №467-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе и границе города Орла как муниципального образования Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1059-ОЗ от 11 мая 2010 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области «О статусе и границе города Орла Орловской области»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Орловская правда», №233, 30 декабря 2004 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People’s Deputies. Law #467-OZ of December 28, 2004 On the Status and Borders of the City of Oryol as a Municipal Formation of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1059-OZ of May 11, 2010 On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast «On the Status and Borders of the City of Oryol of Oryol Oblast». Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
• Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №466-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1327-ОЗ от 2 марта 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области» и признании утратившими силу отдельных положений Закона Орловской области «О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Орловская правда», №233, 30 декабря 2004 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People’s Deputies. Law #466-OZ of December 28, 2004 On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1327-OZ of March 2, 2012 On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast «On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast» and on Rescinding Parts of the Law of Oryol Oblast «On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast «On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast». Effective as of the day of the official publication.).

External links[edit]

• «Orel (town)» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 251.
• Official website of Oryol (in Russian)
• Unofficial website of Oryol (in Russian)
• The murder of the Jews of Oryol during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

Перевод «Город Орёл» на английский

Город Орёл был основан в 1566 г. как крепость для защиты южных границ Русского государства.

Orel city was founded in 1566 year such as a fortress to protect the southern borders of the Russian state.

Соглашение между хякимликом города Мары (Туркменистан) и административным органом муниципального образования «Город Орёл» (Российская Федерация) об установлении побратимских отношений между городом Мары и городом Орёл

Agreement between the city of Mary (the governorate of the city of Mary) and the administrative body of the municipal entity «City of Oryol» (Russian Federation) on the establishment of sister-city relations between the city of Mary and the city of Orel

Во время Великой Отечественной войны город Орёл основательно пострадал, но сами мощи святого удалось сберечь.

During the great Patriotic war Orel city was thoroughly damaged, but the relics of the Saint have survived.

«За что вы любите свой город Орёл?»

Другие результаты

Компания находится в городе Орёл и поставляет продукцию через свою партнерскую и дистрибьюторскую сеть по всему миру.

The company is located in the city of Orel and delivers products through its affiliate and distribution network throughout the world.

Расположено в городе Орёл и является одним из мощнейших предприятий Орловской области.

The company is located in Orel and is one of the largest companies in Orel oblast.

Жил в городе Орёл, где и скончался 11 августа 1982 года.

While being a resident in Ottawa, Ontario, he had died on August 2, 1982.

Основной производственной площадкой является завод металлоконструкций в городе Орёл с производственной мощностью более 18000 тонн в год.

Steel structures plant in the city of Orel is the main production site with a capacity of 18,000 t per year.

В этот день в 1943 году в Москве был дан артиллерийский салют войскам, освободившим города Орёл и Белгород.

On this day in 1943, in Moscow, an artillery salute was given to honor the troops that liberated Orel and Belgorod.

Согласно указу царя Михаила Федоровича, в то время шло усиленное восстановление города Орёл после сожжения его поляками и литовцами.

According to the decree of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, at that time there was an intensive restoration of the city of Orel after its burning by the Poles and Lithuanians.

Как город-крепость Орёл просуществовал до начала XVIII в. Постепенно он утратил свое военное значение.

Orel existed as a fortress until 1702, gradually losing its military significance.

Орёл — город на западе России, известный своим литературным наследием.

Oryol, or Orel, is a city in western Russia known for its literary heritage.

Сегодня 5-го августа… войска Брянского фронта… при содействии с флангов войск Западного и Центрального фронтов… в результате ожесточённых боёв… овладели городом Орёл!

Today, on August 5, the troops of the Bryansk front, assisted at its flanks by the units of the Western and Central Fronts, as a result of fierce fighting, have captured the city of Orel.

Увеличение мощности контактных центров и введение автоматизированного распределения нагрузки в таких городах, как Орёл и Томск, позволило не только подключить к дистанционному обслуживанию большинство розничных активов, но и существенно расширить спектр операций, доступных клиентам.

The increased capacity of contact centers and the introduction of automated load distribution in such cities as Oryol and Tomsk has not only made it possible to connect most retail assets to remote services, but has also significantly expanded the range of operations available to customers.

L’Aquila — орёл) — город и коммуна в центральной Италии.

Орел или Орёл — город, расположенный в европейской части России, по обе стороны реки Оки и ее притока, реки Орлик, примерно в 364 км к юго-западу от Москвы.

Oryol or Orel is a city located in the European part of Russia, on both sides of the Oka River and its tributary, the Orlik River, about 364 km south-west of Moscow.

В частности, заместитель руководителя представительства Орловской области при Правительстве Российской Федерации отметил, что между городами Мары и Орёл установлены побратимские отношения.

In particular, Deputy Head of the Orel Region Office under the Government of the Russian Federation noted that sister-city relations were established between the cities of Mary and Orel.

Свое название город получил от реки Орёл (с конца XVIII в. — река Орлик), и во многом из-за визуального сходства слияния двух рек, напоминающего голову и клюв крылатого хищника.

The city was called in honor of the Orel river (from the end of XVIII century the river was called Orlik), another reason of the name was a visual similarity of the confluence of two rivers reassembling the head and beak of a winged predator.

13 сентября в городе Орёл Коммуникационное агентство АГТ организовало подписание Соглашения между Правительством Орловской области и Обществом с ограниченной ответственностью «Нобель Ойл» о проведении конкурса «Малые Нобелевские премии Орловской области».

On September 13, in Orel, AGT Communications Agency organized signing of the Agreement between the Orel regional government and Nobel Oil LLC on conducting the Smaller Nobel Prizes of the Orel Region.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 34. Точных совпадений: 4. Затраченное время: 165 мс

Documents

Корпоративные решения

Спряжение

Синонимы

Корректор

Справка и о нас

Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Oryol Орёл
City[1]
Left:A 400th anniversary monument of Oryol, Oryol City Hall, Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev nonument in Krituri Oddri Park, Right:Lenina (Lenin) Square and Theotokos Smolensk Church, Oryol Eagle Monument in Privokzalnaya Square, Orink River and Oryol financial heritage building, Orzol Saint Michael Church, (all item from above to bottom)
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Oryol
Oryol Location of Oryol Oryol Oryol (Oryol Oblast)
Coordinates: 52°58′07″N 36°04′10″E / 52.96861°N 36.06944°ECoordinates: 52°58′07″N 36°04′10″E / 52.96861°N 36.06944°E
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Oryol Oblast[1]
Founded	1566
Government
• Mayor	Yuri Parakhin[2]
Area [3]
• Total	121.21 km2 (46.80 sq mi)
Elevation	170 m (560 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[4]
• Total	317,747
• Estimate  (2021)	303,696
• Rank	57th in 2010
• Density	2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi)
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	city of oblast significance of Oryol[1]
• Capital of	Oryol Oblast[1], city of oblast significance of Oryol[1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Oryol Urban Okrug[5]
• Capital of	Oryol Urban Okrug[5], Orlovsky Municipal District[6]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [7])
Postal code(s)[8]	302000–302999
Dialing code(s)	+7 4862
OKTMO ID	54701000001
City Day	August 5
Website	www.orel-adm.ru

Oryol (Russian: Орёл, IPA: [ɐˈrʲɵl], lit. eagle), also transliterated as Orel or Oriol,^[9] is a city and the administrative center of Oryol Oblast situated on the Oka River, approximately 368 kilometers (229 mi) south-southwest of Moscow. It is part of the Central Federal District, as well as the Central Economic Region.

History[edit]

Kievan Rus[edit]

While there are no historical records, archaeological evidence shows that a fortress settlement existed between the Oka River and Orlik Rivers as early as the 12th century, when the land was a part of the Principality of Chernigov. The name of the fortress is unknown; it may not have been called Oryol at the time. In the 13th century, the fortress became a part of the Zvenigorod district of the Karachev Principality. In the early 15th century, the territory was conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The city was soon abandoned by its population after being sacked either by Lithuanians or the Golden Horde. The territory became a part of the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century.

Tsardom of Russia[edit]

Ivan IV Vasilyevich decreed that a new fortress be built on the spot in 1566 for the purpose of defending the southern borders of the country.^{[citation needed]} The fortress was built starting in the summer of 1566 and ending in the spring of 1567. The location chosen was less than ideal strategically, as the fortress was located on a seasonally flooded low ground easily targeted from the neighboring high ground. False Dmitry I and his army passed through Oryol in 1605; Ivan Bolotnikov in 1606; False Dmitry II camped in Oryol for the winter of 1607–1608. Polish forces sacked it in 1611 and 1615. While the population fled after the second sacking and moved to Mtsensk, the Orlovsky Uyezd continued to exist administratively.

Oryol was rebuilt in 1636. The question of moving the fortress to the more advantageous high ground was debated until the 1670s, but the move was never made. The fortress was deemed unnecessary and taken apart in the early 18th century.

Russian Empire[edit]

In the mid-18th century Oryol became one of the major centers of grain production, with the Oka River being the major trade route until the 1860s when it was replaced by a railroad.

Oryol was granted town status in 1702. In 1708, Oryol was included as a part of Kiev Governorate; in 1719, Oryol Province was created within Kiev Governorate. The Province was transferred to the newly created Belgorod Governorate in 1727. On March 11 (February 28 old style), 1778 Oryol Vice-Royalty was created from parts of Voronezh and Belgorod Governorates. In 1779, the city was almost entirely rebuilt based on a new plan; and the Oryol River was renamed Orlik (lit: «little eagle»).

Russian Republic[edit]

After the October Revolution of 1917, the city was in Bolshevik’s hands, except for a brief period between October 13 and October 20, 1919, when it was controlled by Anton Denikin’s White Army.

Soviet Union[edit]

Oryol was once again moved between different oblasts in the 1920s and 1930s: first as Oryol Governorate until 1928, then Central Black Earth Region between 1928 and 1934, finally in Kursk Oblast), finally becoming the administrative center of its own Oryol Oblast on September 27, 1937.

The Oryol Prison was a notable place of incarceration for political prisoners and war prisoners of the Second World War. Christian Rakovsky, Maria Spiridonova, Olga Kameneva and 160 other prominent political prisoners were shot on September 11, 1941 on Joseph Stalin’s orders in the Medvedev Forest massacre outside Oryol.

During the German-Soviet War, Oryol was occupied by the Wehrmacht on October 7, 1941.

The French air squadron Normandie-Niemen fought in the skies over Oryol.

On September 19, 1943, in the Oryol, was the first parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region during the war.

Oryol was liberated on August 5, 1943 during the Oryol strategic offensive operation «Kutuzov» on the Oryol-Kursk Bulge. The city was almost completely destroyed. By Order No .2 of I. V. Stalin of August 5, 1943, on this day in Moscow, an artillery salute was given to the troops that liberated Oryol. Since then, the city has had the nickname, «City of the First Salute», and the day of the liberation from the German invaders was celebrated as the city’s day.^{[citation needed]}

Geography[edit]

Time zone[edit]

Oryol has the same time zone as Moscow (Moscow time). Time relative to UTC is +3.00 18.

Location[edit]

Oryol stands on the banks of the Oka River and its tributary Orlik river in the Central Russian Upland of the East European Plain, approximately 368 km (229 mi) south-southwest of Moscow.

Layout[edit]

Oryol was founded at the behest of Ivan the Terrible in 1566, in the area between the Oka and Orlik rivers. Little information exists about its early history; the earliest data available refers to 1636, when the city was rebuilt after its destruction during the Time of Troubles. According to historian T. G. Svistunova, the 16th-century Oryol fortress had three lines of fortifications and consisted of a city, an ostrog and a posad surrounded by gaps. The city housed a cathedral, a voivode’s (warlord or military leader’s) house, government buildings and courts for the boyar children; the prison consisted of gunners’ yards, a blacksmith, and two parish churches near the prison towers. In the posad was a sloboda. In 1636, Oryol was rebuilt by the voivode B. Koltovsky; it expanded with annexation of land beyond the Oka. Oryol remained a fortress city with a corresponding garrison; Pushkarskaya Sloboda was still located in the prison, boyar children and nobles settled on the left bank of the Orlik, and a Cossack sloboda developed near the Oka. Oryol lost its military character after the 1689 fire, when the partially-burned city fortress was not rebuilt.

In central Oryol, streets fan out from the fortress; two main axes are the Upper and Lower Korchak Roads. Opposite the fortress was probably a second marketplace in the Zaotsk section, where the dragoon settlements had a relatively-regular layout along the river. Away from the river, the grid becomes a fan. The city – its fortress, three marketplaces, two monasteries and a number of parish churches – was developed from the river. Its structure was visible from the Oka: the central fortress, the fan-shaped center and the grid of the Zaotsk settlements. The city was connected by bridges, making Oryol a military fortress and a trade center.^[10]

The city’s earliest plans, by Mikhail Buzovlev and Petr Botvinev, date to 1728. A 1778 plan fixed its radial layout, and a radial-semicircular system was proposed the following year. In 1848, a new plan including Polesskaya Square was approved.

Oryol’s modern layout was developed in 1939 by Suborov, an architect at the Leningrad branch of Giprogor. The first post-war reconstruction plan was made in Lengiprogor under the direction of architect V. A. Gaikovich. Oryol’s development required a new general plan, which was drawn up in 1958 by V. A. Gaikovich and A. M. Suborov of Lengiprogor. The city’s center was Lenin Square, on which the House of Soviets was built in 1961. In 1966, construction of flood-control embankments in the central city began.^[11]

Climate[edit]

Oryol has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). Winters are moderately cold and changeable. The first half is softer, second with often warmings. Summers are warm, in separate years — they can be rainy or hot and droughty.

Administrative and municipal status[edit]

Oryol is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Orlovsky District, even though it is not a part of it.^[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Oryol—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Oryol is incorporated as Oryol Urban Okrug.^[5]

City districts[edit]

Administratively, the city is divided into four districts:

• Severny (Северный) — population: 65,815 (2021)
• Sovetsky (Советский) — population: 74,315 (2021)
• Zheleznodorozhny (Железнодорожный) — population: 60,278 (2021)
• Zavodskoy (Заводской) — population: 103,288 (2021) (the biggest, oldest, and most populous)

Politics[edit]

In February 2012, the city duma abolished the direct election of mayor. In December 2013, a referendum was held and 71% of the people supported the return of direct mayoral election.^[13]

Mayors[edit]

• 1991–1997: Alexander Kislyakov
• 1997–2002: Yefim Velkovsky
• 2002–2006: Vasily Uvarov
• 2006–2009: Alexander Kasyanov
• 2009–2010: Vasily Eremin
• 2010–2012: Viktor Safianov
• 2012–2015: Sergey Stupin
• 2015–2020: Vasily Novikov
• 2020–present: Yuri Parakhin

City-managers:

• 2012–2015: Mikhail Bernikov
• 2015–2017: Andrey Usikov
• 2017–2020: Alexander Muromsky

Demographics[edit]

Oryol population

1897 Census	70 000
1926 Census	76 000
1939 Census	110 564
1959 Census	151 521
1970 Census	232 216
1979 Census	304 971
1989 Census	336 862
2002 Census	333 310
2010 Census	317 747
Estimate 2021	303 696

According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in January 2020 the number of residents came to 308 838. It is the 66th place among 1117 cities of Russia for 2019.

Largest ethnic groups in 2010:

• Russians (96,8%)
• Ukrainians (1,1%)
• Armenians (0,4%)
• Belarusians (0,3%)
• Azerbaijanis (0,2%)
• Tatars (0,1%)
• Jews (0,1%)

Transportation[edit]

The formation of the Oryol as an important transportation hub is due to the favorable geographical position of the city on the borders of the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions.

The city has trolley, tram and bus systems. These kinds of public transport cover the entire territory of the city. Each bus, tram and trolley is equipped with route indicators that inform about the route through the city, designated stops. There are also taxis and rental cars.

In past years, in the summer on the Oka River waterbus operated as a form of transport excursion and walking orientation.

Automotive[edit]

In the Oryol converge important highways of federal and regional values:

The main intercity terminal: Oryol Bus Station

Trolleybus[edit]

On 29 October 1968, a regular movement was opened. Length of the contact network 76.51 km (47.54 mi). There are 4 routes for 2019.

Railway[edit]

Since 1868, there has been a railway connection between Oryol and Moscow.^[14] Here converge 5 railway lines: on Yelets, Moscow, Kursk, Bryansk, Mikhailovsky mine.

The main terminals: Oryol Station, Station Luzhki-Oryol.

Tram[edit]

On November 3, 1898, Oryol inaugurated an electric tram. The draft was prepared by the Belgian entrepreneur FF Gilon and firm «Compagnie mutuelle de tramways», which won the right to build not only a tram, but also lighting in the city. Oryol tram is one of the oldest electric tram systems in Russia. It is 1 year older than Moscow and 9 years — St. Petersburg. In 2017, the length of the lines in double-track calculation was 18.3 km (11.4 mi). For 2019, there are 3 routes, which are operated: Tatra T3 (74 units), Tatra T6B5 (13 units), 71-403 (1 unit), 71-405 (1 unit).

Aerial[edit]

The city is served by the Oryol Yuzhny Airport, which is currently not working.

Education[edit]

There are six institutions of higher education in Oryol, as well as four branches of such institutions from other cities.

Local

• Oryol Law Institute
• Oryol State Agrarian University
• Oryol State Institute of Culture
• Oryol State Institute of Economics and Trade
• Oryol State University
• Russian Federation Security Guard Service Federal Academy

Branches

• Oryol Branch of the Russian University of Transport (Moscow)
• Oryol Branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (Moscow)
• Oryol branch of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Moscow)
• Oryol branch of the Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law (Voronezh)

International cooperation[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Oryol is twinned with:^[15]

Partner cities[edit]

Notable people[edit]

• Leonid Andreyev, writer
• Mikhail Bakhtin, literary critic^[17]
• Fedor Baranov, fisheries scientist
• Denis Boytsov, boxer
• Yulia Bravikova, rhythmic gymnast
• Felix Dzerzhinsky, security chief
• Afanasy Fet, poet
• Nikolai Getman, painter and Gulag survivor
• Timofey Granovsky, historian
• Vasily Kalinnikov (1866-1901), composer
• Yakov Kasman, pianist
• Anna Petrovna Kern, socialite
• Stanislav Lebamba, association football player
• Nikolai Leskov, novelist
• Denis Menchov, cyclist
• Artem Mikoyan, founder of the MiG aircraft manufacturer
• Fritz Noether, mathematician
• Nikolai Polikarpov, aviation designer
• Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, statesman
• Vladimir Karlovich Roth, neuropathologist
• Valerian Safonovich, statesman
• Aleksandr Selikhov, footballer
• Alexey Stakhanov, celebrated miner/engineer
• Pyotr Stolypin, statesman
• Maksymilian Stratanowski, painter
• Yakov Sverdlov, Bolshevik revolutionary
• Ivan Turgenev, novelist and playwright
• Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov, military general
• Gennady Zyuganov, politician
• Korsak-Koulagnikov, collegiate secretary Aleksey Ivanovich, titular councilor Vasili Ivanovich, provincial secretary Petr Grigorievich and his brother Mardari Grigorievich were reckoned among the nobility of the province of Orel in 1815 after examination the proofs of nobility registered in the 6th part of the Noble Register of Chernigov province ^[18]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №522-ОЗ от 6 июля 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1187-ОЗ от 1 апреля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в законодательные акты Орловской области». Вступил в силу с момента официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Орловская правда», №116, 13 июля 2005 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People’s Deputies. Law #522-OZ of July 6, 2005 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1187-OZ of April 1, 2011 On Amending the Legislative Acts of Oryol Oblast. Effective as of the moment of the official publication.).
• Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №467-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе и границе города Орла как муниципального образования Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1059-ОЗ от 11 мая 2010 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области «О статусе и границе города Орла Орловской области»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Орловская правда», №233, 30 декабря 2004 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People’s Deputies. Law #467-OZ of December 28, 2004 On the Status and Borders of the City of Oryol as a Municipal Formation of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1059-OZ of May 11, 2010 On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast «On the Status and Borders of the City of Oryol of Oryol Oblast». Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
• Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №466-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1327-ОЗ от 2 марта 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области» и признании утратившими силу отдельных положений Закона Орловской области «О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Орловская правда», №233, 30 декабря 2004 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People’s Deputies. Law #466-OZ of December 28, 2004 On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1327-OZ of March 2, 2012 On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast «On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast» and on Rescinding Parts of the Law of Oryol Oblast «On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast «On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast». Effective as of the day of the official publication.).

External links[edit]

• «Orel (town)» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 251.
• Official website of Oryol (in Russian)
• Unofficial website of Oryol (in Russian)
• The murder of the Jews of Oryol during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.

Oryol Орёл
City[1]
Left:A 400th anniversary monument of Oryol, Oryol City Hall, Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev nonument in Krituri Oddri Park, Right:Lenina (Lenin) Square and Theotokos Smolensk Church, Oryol Eagle Monument in Privokzalnaya Square, Orink River and Oryol financial heritage building, Orzol Saint Michael Church, (all item from above to bottom)
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Oryol
Oryol Location of Oryol Oryol Oryol (Oryol Oblast)
Coordinates: 52°58′07″N 36°04′10″E / 52.96861°N 36.06944°ECoordinates: 52°58′07″N 36°04′10″E / 52.96861°N 36.06944°E
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Oryol Oblast[1]
Founded	1566
Government
• Mayor	Yuri Parakhin[2]
Area [3]
• Total	121.21 km2 (46.80 sq mi)
Elevation	170 m (560 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[4]
• Total	317,747
• Estimate  (2021)	303,696
• Rank	57th in 2010
• Density	2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi)
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	city of oblast significance of Oryol[1]
• Capital of	Oryol Oblast[1], city of oblast significance of Oryol[1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Oryol Urban Okrug[5]
• Capital of	Oryol Urban Okrug[5], Orlovsky Municipal District[6]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [7])
Postal code(s)[8]	302000–302999
Dialing code(s)	+7 4862
OKTMO ID	54701000001
City Day	August 5
Website	www.orel-adm.ru

Oryol (Russian: Орёл, IPA: [ɐˈrʲɵl], lit. eagle), also transliterated as Orel or Oriol,^[9] is a city and the administrative center of Oryol Oblast situated on the Oka River, approximately 368 kilometers (229 mi) south-southwest of Moscow. It is part of the Central Federal District, as well as the Central Economic Region.

History[edit]

Kievan Rus[edit]

While there are no historical records, archaeological evidence shows that a fortress settlement existed between the Oka River and Orlik Rivers as early as the 12th century, when the land was a part of the Principality of Chernigov. The name of the fortress is unknown; it may not have been called Oryol at the time. In the 13th century, the fortress became a part of the Zvenigorod district of the Karachev Principality. In the early 15th century, the territory was conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The city was soon abandoned by its population after being sacked either by Lithuanians or the Golden Horde. The territory became a part of the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century.

Tsardom of Russia[edit]

Ivan IV Vasilyevich decreed that a new fortress be built on the spot in 1566 for the purpose of defending the southern borders of the country.^{[citation needed]} The fortress was built starting in the summer of 1566 and ending in the spring of 1567. The location chosen was less than ideal strategically, as the fortress was located on a seasonally flooded low ground easily targeted from the neighboring high ground. False Dmitry I and his army passed through Oryol in 1605; Ivan Bolotnikov in 1606; False Dmitry II camped in Oryol for the winter of 1607–1608. Polish forces sacked it in 1611 and 1615. While the population fled after the second sacking and moved to Mtsensk, the Orlovsky Uyezd continued to exist administratively.

Oryol was rebuilt in 1636. The question of moving the fortress to the more advantageous high ground was debated until the 1670s, but the move was never made. The fortress was deemed unnecessary and taken apart in the early 18th century.

Russian Empire[edit]

In the mid-18th century Oryol became one of the major centers of grain production, with the Oka River being the major trade route until the 1860s when it was replaced by a railroad.

Oryol was granted town status in 1702. In 1708, Oryol was included as a part of Kiev Governorate; in 1719, Oryol Province was created within Kiev Governorate. The Province was transferred to the newly created Belgorod Governorate in 1727. On March 11 (February 28 old style), 1778 Oryol Vice-Royalty was created from parts of Voronezh and Belgorod Governorates. In 1779, the city was almost entirely rebuilt based on a new plan; and the Oryol River was renamed Orlik (lit: «little eagle»).

Russian Republic[edit]

After the October Revolution of 1917, the city was in Bolshevik’s hands, except for a brief period between October 13 and October 20, 1919, when it was controlled by Anton Denikin’s White Army.

Soviet Union[edit]

Oryol was once again moved between different oblasts in the 1920s and 1930s: first as Oryol Governorate until 1928, then Central Black Earth Region between 1928 and 1934, finally in Kursk Oblast), finally becoming the administrative center of its own Oryol Oblast on September 27, 1937.

The Oryol Prison was a notable place of incarceration for political prisoners and war prisoners of the Second World War. Christian Rakovsky, Maria Spiridonova, Olga Kameneva and 160 other prominent political prisoners were shot on September 11, 1941 on Joseph Stalin’s orders in the Medvedev Forest massacre outside Oryol.

During the German-Soviet War, Oryol was occupied by the Wehrmacht on October 7, 1941.

The French air squadron Normandie-Niemen fought in the skies over Oryol.

On September 19, 1943, in the Oryol, was the first parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region during the war.

Oryol was liberated on August 5, 1943 during the Oryol strategic offensive operation «Kutuzov» on the Oryol-Kursk Bulge. The city was almost completely destroyed. By Order No .2 of I. V. Stalin of August 5, 1943, on this day in Moscow, an artillery salute was given to the troops that liberated Oryol. Since then, the city has had the nickname, «City of the First Salute», and the day of the liberation from the German invaders was celebrated as the city’s day.^{[citation needed]}

Geography[edit]

Time zone[edit]

Oryol has the same time zone as Moscow (Moscow time). Time relative to UTC is +3.00 18.

Location[edit]

Oryol stands on the banks of the Oka River and its tributary Orlik river in the Central Russian Upland of the East European Plain, approximately 368 km (229 mi) south-southwest of Moscow.

Layout[edit]

Oryol was founded at the behest of Ivan the Terrible in 1566, in the area between the Oka and Orlik rivers. Little information exists about its early history; the earliest data available refers to 1636, when the city was rebuilt after its destruction during the Time of Troubles. According to historian T. G. Svistunova, the 16th-century Oryol fortress had three lines of fortifications and consisted of a city, an ostrog and a posad surrounded by gaps. The city housed a cathedral, a voivode’s (warlord or military leader’s) house, government buildings and courts for the boyar children; the prison consisted of gunners’ yards, a blacksmith, and two parish churches near the prison towers. In the posad was a sloboda. In 1636, Oryol was rebuilt by the voivode B. Koltovsky; it expanded with annexation of land beyond the Oka. Oryol remained a fortress city with a corresponding garrison; Pushkarskaya Sloboda was still located in the prison, boyar children and nobles settled on the left bank of the Orlik, and a Cossack sloboda developed near the Oka. Oryol lost its military character after the 1689 fire, when the partially-burned city fortress was not rebuilt.

In central Oryol, streets fan out from the fortress; two main axes are the Upper and Lower Korchak Roads. Opposite the fortress was probably a second marketplace in the Zaotsk section, where the dragoon settlements had a relatively-regular layout along the river. Away from the river, the grid becomes a fan. The city – its fortress, three marketplaces, two monasteries and a number of parish churches – was developed from the river. Its structure was visible from the Oka: the central fortress, the fan-shaped center and the grid of the Zaotsk settlements. The city was connected by bridges, making Oryol a military fortress and a trade center.^[10]

The city’s earliest plans, by Mikhail Buzovlev and Petr Botvinev, date to 1728. A 1778 plan fixed its radial layout, and a radial-semicircular system was proposed the following year. In 1848, a new plan including Polesskaya Square was approved.

Oryol’s modern layout was developed in 1939 by Suborov, an architect at the Leningrad branch of Giprogor. The first post-war reconstruction plan was made in Lengiprogor under the direction of architect V. A. Gaikovich. Oryol’s development required a new general plan, which was drawn up in 1958 by V. A. Gaikovich and A. M. Suborov of Lengiprogor. The city’s center was Lenin Square, on which the House of Soviets was built in 1961. In 1966, construction of flood-control embankments in the central city began.^[11]

Climate[edit]

Oryol has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). Winters are moderately cold and changeable. The first half is softer, second with often warmings. Summers are warm, in separate years — they can be rainy or hot and droughty.

Administrative and municipal status[edit]

Oryol is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Orlovsky District, even though it is not a part of it.^[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Oryol—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Oryol is incorporated as Oryol Urban Okrug.^[5]

City districts[edit]

Administratively, the city is divided into four districts:

• Severny (Северный) — population: 65,815 (2021)
• Sovetsky (Советский) — population: 74,315 (2021)
• Zheleznodorozhny (Железнодорожный) — population: 60,278 (2021)
• Zavodskoy (Заводской) — population: 103,288 (2021) (the biggest, oldest, and most populous)

Politics[edit]

In February 2012, the city duma abolished the direct election of mayor. In December 2013, a referendum was held and 71% of the people supported the return of direct mayoral election.^[13]

Mayors[edit]

• 1991–1997: Alexander Kislyakov
• 1997–2002: Yefim Velkovsky
• 2002–2006: Vasily Uvarov
• 2006–2009: Alexander Kasyanov
• 2009–2010: Vasily Eremin
• 2010–2012: Viktor Safianov
• 2012–2015: Sergey Stupin
• 2015–2020: Vasily Novikov
• 2020–present: Yuri Parakhin

City-managers:

• 2012–2015: Mikhail Bernikov
• 2015–2017: Andrey Usikov
• 2017–2020: Alexander Muromsky

Demographics[edit]

Oryol population

1897 Census	70 000
1926 Census	76 000
1939 Census	110 564
1959 Census	151 521
1970 Census	232 216
1979 Census	304 971
1989 Census	336 862
2002 Census	333 310
2010 Census	317 747
Estimate 2021	303 696

According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in January 2020 the number of residents came to 308 838. It is the 66th place among 1117 cities of Russia for 2019.

Largest ethnic groups in 2010:

• Russians (96,8%)
• Ukrainians (1,1%)
• Armenians (0,4%)
• Belarusians (0,3%)
• Azerbaijanis (0,2%)
• Tatars (0,1%)
• Jews (0,1%)

Transportation[edit]

The formation of the Oryol as an important transportation hub is due to the favorable geographical position of the city on the borders of the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions.

The city has trolley, tram and bus systems. These kinds of public transport cover the entire territory of the city. Each bus, tram and trolley is equipped with route indicators that inform about the route through the city, designated stops. There are also taxis and rental cars.

In past years, in the summer on the Oka River waterbus operated as a form of transport excursion and walking orientation.

Automotive[edit]

In the Oryol converge important highways of federal and regional values:

The main intercity terminal: Oryol Bus Station

Trolleybus[edit]

On 29 October 1968, a regular movement was opened. Length of the contact network 76.51 km (47.54 mi). There are 4 routes for 2019.

Railway[edit]

Since 1868, there has been a railway connection between Oryol and Moscow.^[14] Here converge 5 railway lines: on Yelets, Moscow, Kursk, Bryansk, Mikhailovsky mine.

The main terminals: Oryol Station, Station Luzhki-Oryol.

Tram[edit]

On November 3, 1898, Oryol inaugurated an electric tram. The draft was prepared by the Belgian entrepreneur FF Gilon and firm «Compagnie mutuelle de tramways», which won the right to build not only a tram, but also lighting in the city. Oryol tram is one of the oldest electric tram systems in Russia. It is 1 year older than Moscow and 9 years — St. Petersburg. In 2017, the length of the lines in double-track calculation was 18.3 km (11.4 mi). For 2019, there are 3 routes, which are operated: Tatra T3 (74 units), Tatra T6B5 (13 units), 71-403 (1 unit), 71-405 (1 unit).

Aerial[edit]

The city is served by the Oryol Yuzhny Airport, which is currently not working.

Education[edit]

There are six institutions of higher education in Oryol, as well as four branches of such institutions from other cities.

Local

• Oryol Law Institute
• Oryol State Agrarian University
• Oryol State Institute of Culture
• Oryol State Institute of Economics and Trade
• Oryol State University
• Russian Federation Security Guard Service Federal Academy

Branches

• Oryol Branch of the Russian University of Transport (Moscow)
• Oryol Branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (Moscow)
• Oryol branch of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Moscow)
• Oryol branch of the Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law (Voronezh)

International cooperation[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Oryol is twinned with:^[15]

Partner cities[edit]

Notable people[edit]

• Leonid Andreyev, writer
• Mikhail Bakhtin, literary critic^[17]
• Fedor Baranov, fisheries scientist
• Denis Boytsov, boxer
• Yulia Bravikova, rhythmic gymnast
• Felix Dzerzhinsky, security chief
• Afanasy Fet, poet
• Nikolai Getman, painter and Gulag survivor
• Timofey Granovsky, historian
• Vasily Kalinnikov (1866-1901), composer
• Yakov Kasman, pianist
• Anna Petrovna Kern, socialite
• Stanislav Lebamba, association football player
• Nikolai Leskov, novelist
• Denis Menchov, cyclist
• Artem Mikoyan, founder of the MiG aircraft manufacturer
• Fritz Noether, mathematician
• Nikolai Polikarpov, aviation designer
• Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, statesman
• Vladimir Karlovich Roth, neuropathologist
• Valerian Safonovich, statesman
• Aleksandr Selikhov, footballer
• Alexey Stakhanov, celebrated miner/engineer
• Pyotr Stolypin, statesman
• Maksymilian Stratanowski, painter
• Yakov Sverdlov, Bolshevik revolutionary
• Ivan Turgenev, novelist and playwright
• Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov, military general
• Gennady Zyuganov, politician
• Korsak-Koulagnikov, collegiate secretary Aleksey Ivanovich, titular councilor Vasili Ivanovich, provincial secretary Petr Grigorievich and his brother Mardari Grigorievich were reckoned among the nobility of the province of Orel in 1815 after examination the proofs of nobility registered in the 6th part of the Noble Register of Chernigov province ^[18]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №522-ОЗ от 6 июля 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1187-ОЗ от 1 апреля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в законодательные акты Орловской области». Вступил в силу с момента официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Орловская правда», №116, 13 июля 2005 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People’s Deputies. Law #522-OZ of July 6, 2005 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1187-OZ of April 1, 2011 On Amending the Legislative Acts of Oryol Oblast. Effective as of the moment of the official publication.).
• Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №467-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе и границе города Орла как муниципального образования Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1059-ОЗ от 11 мая 2010 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области «О статусе и границе города Орла Орловской области»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Орловская правда», №233, 30 декабря 2004 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People’s Deputies. Law #467-OZ of December 28, 2004 On the Status and Borders of the City of Oryol as a Municipal Formation of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1059-OZ of May 11, 2010 On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast «On the Status and Borders of the City of Oryol of Oryol Oblast». Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
• Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №466-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1327-ОЗ от 2 марта 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области» и признании утратившими силу отдельных положений Закона Орловской области «О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Орловская правда», №233, 30 декабря 2004 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People’s Deputies. Law #466-OZ of December 28, 2004 On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1327-OZ of March 2, 2012 On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast «On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast» and on Rescinding Parts of the Law of Oryol Oblast «On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast «On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast». Effective as of the day of the official publication.).

External links[edit]

• «Orel (town)» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 251.
• Official website of Oryol (in Russian)
• Unofficial website of Oryol (in Russian)
• The murder of the Jews of Oryol during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.

1. The Russian Federation includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation:

the Republic of Adygeya (Adygeya), the Republic of Altai, the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Republic of Buryatia, the Republic of Daghestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Republic of Kalmykia, the Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, the Republic of Karelia, the Komi Republic, the Republic of Marii El, the Republic of Mordovia, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania, the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), the Republic of Tuva, the Udmurtian Republic, the Republic of Khakassia, the Chechen Republic, the Chuvash Republic – Chuvashia;
the Altai Territory, the Krasnodar Territory, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Primorie Territory, the Stavropol Territory, the Khabarovsk Territory;
the Amur Region, the Archangel Region, the Astrakhan Region, the Belgorod Region, the Bryansk Region, the Vladimir Region, the Volgograd Region, the Vologda Region, the Voronezh Region, the Ivanovo Region, the Irkutsk Region, the Kaliningrad Region, the Kaluga Region, the Kamchatka Region, the Kemerovo Region, the Kirov Region, the Kostroma Region, the Kurgan Region, the Kursk Region, the Leningrad Region, the Lipetsk Region, the Magadan Region, the Moscow Region, the Murmansk Region, the Nizhni Novgorod Region, the Novgorod Region, the Novosibirsk Region, the Omsk Region, the Orenburg Region, the Orel Region, the Penza Region, the Perm Region, the Pskov Region, the Rostov Region, the Ryazan Region, the Samara Region, the Saratov Region, the Sakhalin Region, the Sverdlovsk Region, the Smolensk Region, the Tambov Region, the Tver Region, the Tomsk Region, the Tula Region, the Tyumen Region, the Ulyanovsk Region, the Chelyabinsk Region, the Chita Region, the Yaroslavl Region;
Moscow, St. Petersburg – cities of federal importance;
the Jewish Autonomous Region;
the Aginsk Buryat Autonomous Area, the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area, the Koryak Autonomous Area, the Nenets Autonomous Area, the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Area, the Ust-Ordyn Buryat Autonomous Area, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area, the Chukotka Autonomous Area, the Evenki Autonomous Area, the Yamalo-Nents Autonomous Area.
2. The admission to the Russian Federation and the creation in it of a new subject shall be carried out according to the rules established by the federal constitutional law.
__________
<На русском языке см. [ref dict=»The Constitution of Russia (Russian)»]Статья 65[/ref]>
<На немецком языке см. [ref dict=»The Constitution of Russia (German)»]Artikel 65[/ref]>
<На французском языке см. [ref dict=»The Constitution of Russia (French)»]Article 65[/ref]>