Игрик по англ буква как пишется буква

This article is about the letter of the Latin alphabet. For other uses, see Y (disambiguation).

Y
Y y
(See below)
Writing cursive forms of Y
Usage
Writing system Latin script
Type Alphabetic and Logographic
Language of origin Latin language
Phonetic usage [y]
[ʏ]
[ɨ]
[j]
[i]
[]
[ɪ]
[ɘ]
[ə]
[ɯ]
[ɛː]
[ɥ]
[ɣ̟]
[ɛi]
[ʔ]

Unicode codepoint U+0059, U+0079
Alphabetical position 25
History
Development

G43

T3

  • Waw
    • PhoenicianW-01.png
      • Waw
        • Waw
          • Υ υ
            • Y y
Time period 54 to present
Sisters  • U
 • V
 • W
 • Ỿ
 • ¥
 • Ꮙ
 • Ꮍ
 • Ꭹ F
Ѵ
У
Ў
Ұ
Ү
ו
و
ܘ
וּ
וֹ

𐎆
𐡅


ૂ ુ
Variations (See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with y(x), ly, ny
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Y, or y, is the twenty-fifth and penultimate letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. According to some authorities, it is the sixth (or seventh if including W) vowel letter of the English alphabet.[1] In the English writing system, it mostly represents a vowel and seldom a consonant, and in other orthographies it may represent a vowel or a consonant. Its name in English is wye[2] (pronounced ), plural wyes.[3]

Name

In Latin, Y was named I graeca («Greek I»), since the classical Greek sound /y/, similar to modern German ü or French u, was not a native sound for Latin speakers, and the letter was initially only used to spell foreign words. This history has led to the standard modern names of the letter in Romance languages – i grego in Galician, i grega in Catalan, i grec in French and Romanian, i greca in Italian – all meaning «Greek I». The names igrek in Polish and i gờ-rét in Vietnamese are both phonetic borrowings of the French name. In Dutch, the letter is either only found in loanwords, or is practically equivalent to the digraph IJ. Hence, both Griekse ij and i-grec are used, as well as ypsilon. In Spanish, Y is also called i griega; however, in the twentieth century, the shorter name ye was proposed and was officially recognized as its name in 2010 by the Real Academia Española, although its original name is still accepted.[4]

The original Greek name υ ψιλόν (upsilon) has also been adapted into several modern languages. For example, it is called Ypsilon in German, ypsilon in Dutch, ufsilon i in Icelandic. Both names are used in Italian, ipsilon or i greca; likewise in Portuguese, ípsilon or i grego.[5] In Faroese, the letter is simply called seinna i («later i») because of its later place in the alphabet.

Old English borrowed Latin Y to write the native Old English sound /y/ (previously written with the rune yr ). The name of the letter may be related to ‘ui’ (or ‘vi’) in various medieval languages;[citation needed] in Middle English it was ‘wi’ /wiː/,[citation needed] which through the Great Vowel Shift became the Modern English ‘wy’ /waɪ/.

History

Summary of the sources of Modern English «Y»

Phoenician Greek Latin  English (approximate times of changes)
Old Middle Modern
Phoenician waw.svg Upsilon uc lc.svg V → U → V/U/UU → V/U/W
Y → Y (vowel /y/) Y (vowel /i/) Y (vowels)
Phoenician gimel.svg Gamma uc lc.svg C →
G → Ᵹ (consonantal /ɡ/, /j/ or /ɣ/) → Ȝ (consonantal /ɡ/, /j/ or /ɣ/) → Y
Y (consonant)

An early Semitic version of the letter waw

The later, Phoenician version of waw

The oldest direct ancestor of English letter Y was the Semitic letter waw (pronounced as [w]), from which also come F, U, V, and W. See F for details. The Greek and Latin alphabets developed from the Phoenician form of this early alphabet.

Since Late Middle English, the letter Y came to be used in a number of words where earlier Middle English spelling contained the letter yogh (Ȝȝ), which developed from the letter G, ultimately from Semitic gimel – as described below (As a side note — Modern Greek lowercase gamma ⟨γ⟩ is somewhat similarly shaped to the lowercase letter ⟨y⟩).

Vowel

The form of the modern letter Y is derived from the Greek letter upsilon. It dates back to the Latin of the first century BC, when upsilon was introduced a second time, this time with its «foot» to distinguish it. It was used to transcribe loanwords from the prestigious Attic dialect of Greek, which had the non-Latin vowel sound /y/ (as found in modern French cru (raw), or German grün (green)) in words that had been pronounced with /u/ in earlier Greek. Because [y] was not a native sound of Latin, Latin speakers had trouble pronouncing it, and it was usually pronounced /i/.[citation needed] Some Latin words of Italic origin also came to be spelled with ‘y’: Latin silva (‘forest’) was commonly spelled sylva, in analogy with the Greek cognate and synonym ὕλη.[6]

The letter Y was used to represent the sound /y/ in the writing systems of some other languages that adopted the Latin alphabet. In Old English and Old Norse, there was a native /y/ sound, and so Latin U, Y and I were all used to represent distinct vowel sounds. But, by the time of Middle English, /y/ had lost its roundedness and became identical to I (/iː/ and /ɪ/). Therefore, many words that originally had I were spelled with Y, and vice versa. The distinction between /y/ and /i/ was also lost in later Icelandic and Faroese, making the distinction purely orthographic and historical, but not in the mainland Scandinavian languages, where the distinction is retained. It may be observed that a similar merger of /y/ into /i/ happened in Greek around the beginning of the 2nd millennium, making the distinction between iota (Ι, ι) and upsilon (Υ, υ) purely a matter of historical spelling there as well. In the West Slavic languages, Y was adapted as a sign for the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/; later, /ɨ/ merged with /i/ in Czech and Slovak, whereas Polish retains it with the pronunciation [ɘ]. Similarly, in Middle Welsh, Y came to be used to designate the vowels /ɨ/ and /ɘ/ in a way predictable from the position of the vowel in the word. Since then, /ɨ/ has merged with /i/ in Southern Welsh dialects, but /ɘ/ is retained.

In Modern English, Y can represent the same vowel sounds as the letter I. The use of the letter Y to represent a vowel is more restricted in Modern English than it was in Middle and early Modern English. It occurs mainly in the following three environments: for upsilon in Greek loan-words (system: Greek σύστημα), at the end of a word (rye, city; compare cities, where S is final), and in place of I before the ending -ing (dy-ing, justify-ing).

Consonant

As a consonant in English, Y normally represents a palatal approximant, /j/ (year, yore). In this usage, the letter Y has replaced the Middle English letter yogh (Ȝȝ), which could represent /j/. (Yogh could also represent other sounds, such as /ɣ/, which came to be written gh in Middle English.)

Confusion in writing with the letter thorn

When printing was introduced to Great Britain, Caxton and other English printers used Y in place of Þ (thorn: Modern English th), which did not exist in continental typefaces. From this convention comes the spelling of the as ye in the mock archaism Ye Olde Shoppe. But, in spite of the spelling, pronunciation was the same as for modern the (stressed /ðiː/, unstressed /ðə/). Pronouncing the article ye as yee (/jiː/) is purely a modern spelling pronunciation.[7]

Pronunciation and use

Pronunciations of Yy

Language Dialect(s) Pronunciation (IPA) Environment Notes
Afrikaans /əi/
Albanian /y/
Azerbaijani /j/
Cornish /i/ Usually
/ɪ/ Before multiple consonants
/j/ Before vowels
Czech /i/
Danish /ʏ/ Before multiple consonants
/y/ Usually
Dutch /ɛi/ Archaic spelling of <ij>
English /aɪ/ Usually
/j/ Before vowels
/i/ Unstressed at the end after a consonant or «E»
/ɪ/ Unstressed; stressed before a consonant
Faroese /ɪ/ Before two consonants
/ʊi/ Usually
Finnish /y/
German Alemannic /iː/
Standard /j/ In some words
/ʏ/ Before two consonants
/y/ Usually
Guaraní /ɨ/
Icelandic /iː/
/ɪ/
Khasi /ʔ/ before vowels
Lithuanian /iː/
Malagasy /ɨ/
Manx /ə/
Norwegian /ʏ/ Before multiple consonants
/y/ Usually
Polish /ɨ/
Slovak /i/
Spanish /i/ As a standalone word, after vowels in diphthongs, in archaic spelling of proper names
/ɟʝ/ Before vowels, word-initially
/ʝ/ Before vowels
Swedish /ʏ/ Before multiple consonants
/y/ Usually
Turkish /j/
Turkmen /ɯ/
Uzbek /j/
Vietnamese /i/
Welsh Northern /ɨ̞/, /ɨː/, /ə/
Southern /ɪ/, /iː/, /ə/, /əː/

English

As :

  • at the beginning of a word as in yes
  • at the beginning of a syllable before a vowel as in beyond, lawyer, canyon

As :

  • under stress in an open syllable as in my, type, rye, lying, pyre, tyre, typhoon
  • in a stressed open syllable as in hyphen, cycle, cylon
  • in a pretonic open syllable as in hypothesis, psychology
  • word-finally after a consonant, as in ally, unify

As :

  • without stress at the end of multi-syllable word, as in happy, baby, lucky, accuracy
  • used as a diphthong in combination with e at the end of some words, as in money, key, valley

As non-syllabic [ɪ̯]:

  • in diphthongs at the end of words, as in play, grey, boy

As :

  • in a closed syllable without stress and with stress as in myth, system, gymnastics
  • in a closed syllable under stress as in typical, lyric
  • in an open syllable without stress as in physique, pyjamas

Other:

  • combining with ⟨r⟩ as under stress (like ⟨i⟩ in bird), as in myrtle, myrrh
  • as (schwa) in words like martyr

In English morphology, -y is an adjectival suffix.

Y is the ninth least frequently used letter in the English language (after P, B, V, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 2% in words.

Other languages

Pronunciation of written ⟨y⟩ in European languages (Actual pronunciation may vary)

⟨y⟩ represents the sounds /y/ or /ʏ/ (sometimes long) in the Scandinavian languages. It can never be a consonant (except for loanwords).

In Dutch and German, ⟨y⟩ appears only in loanwords and proper names.

In Dutch, it usually represents /i/. It may sometimes be left out of the Dutch alphabet and replaced with the ⟨ij⟩ digraph. In addition, ⟨y⟩ and ⟨ÿ⟩ are occasionally used instead of Dutch ⟨IJ⟩ and ⟨ij⟩, albeit very rarely.

In German orthography, the pronunciation /yː/ has taken hold since the 19th century in classical loanwords – for instance in words like typisch /ˈtyːpɪʃ/ ‘typical’, Hyäne, Hysterie, mysteriös, Syndrom, System, Typ. It is also used for the sound /j/ in loanwords, such as Yacht (variation spelling: Jacht), Yak, Yeti; however, e.g. yo-yo is spelled «Jo-Jo» in German, and yoghurt/yogurt/yoghourt «Jog(h)urt» [mostly spelled with h[8]]). The letter ⟨y⟩ is also used in many geographical names, e.g. Bayern Bavaria, Ägypten Egypt, Libyen Libya, Paraguay, Syrien Syria, Uruguay, Zypern Cyprus (but: Jemen Yemen, Jugoslawien Yugoslavia). Especially in German names, the pronunciations /iː/ or /ɪ/ occur as well – for instance in the name Meyer, where it serves as a variant of ⟨i⟩, cf. Meier, another common spelling of the name. In German the y is preserved in the plural form of some loanwords such as Babys babies and Partys parties, celebrations.

A ⟨y⟩ that derives from the ⟨ij⟩ ligature occurs in the Afrikaans language, a descendant of Dutch, and in Alemannic German names. In Afrikaans, it denotes the diphthong [əi]. In Alemannic German names, it denotes long /iː/, for instance in Schnyder [ˈʃniːdər] or Schwyz [ˈʃʋiːts] – the cognate non-Alemannic German names Schneider [ˈʃnaɪdər] or Schweiz [ʃʋaɪts] have the diphthong /aɪ/ that developed from long /iː/.

In Hungarian orthography, y is only used in the digraphs «gy,» «ly,» «ny,» «ty,» in some surnames (e. g. Bátory), and in foreign words.

In Icelandic writing system, due to the loss of the Old Norse rounding of the vowel /y/, the letters ⟨y⟩ and ⟨ý⟩ are now pronounced identically to the letters ⟨i⟩ and ⟨í⟩, namely as /ɪ/ and /i/ respectively. The difference in spelling is thus purely etymological. In Faroese, too, the contrast has been lost, and ⟨y⟩ is always pronounced /i/, whereas the accented versions ⟨ý⟩ and ⟨í⟩ designate the same diphthong /ʊi/ (shortened to /u/ in some environments). In both languages, it can also form part of diphthongs such as ⟨ey⟩ (in both languages), pronounced /ei/, and ⟨oy⟩, pronounced /ɔi/ (Faroese only).

In French orthography, ⟨y⟩ is pronounced as [i] when a vowel (as in the words cycle, y) and as [j] as a consonant (as in yeux, voyez). It alternates orthographically with ⟨i⟩ in the conjugations of some verbs, indicating a [j] sound. In most cases when ⟨y⟩ follows a vowel, it modifies the pronunciation of the vowel: ⟨ay⟩ [ɛ], ⟨oy⟩ [wa], ⟨uy⟩ [ɥi]. The letter ⟨y⟩ has double function (modifying the vowel as well as being pronounced as [j] or [i]) in the words payer, balayer, moyen, essuyer, pays, etc., but in some words it has only a single function: [j] in bayer, mayonnaise, coyote; modifying the vowel at the end of proper names like Chardonnay and Fourcroy. In French ⟨y⟩ can have a diaeresis (tréma) as in Moÿ-de-l’Aisne.

A niche with a white statue of Saint James. Under it, the top of a gate is visible. On it is engraved "YGLESIA DE REFVGIO"

This church at Nigrán, Spain, is labeled as YGLESIA DE REFVGIO. It would be iglesia de refugio («sanctuary church») in modern orthography.

In Spanish, ⟨y⟩ was used as a word-initial form of ⟨i⟩ that was more visible. (German has used ⟨j⟩ in a similar way.) Hence, el yugo y las flechas was a symbol sharing the initials of Isabella I of Castille (Ysabel) and Ferdinand II of Aragon. This spelling was reformed by the Royal Spanish Academy and currently is only found in proper names spelled archaically, such as Ybarra or CYII, the symbol of the Canal de Isabel II. Appearing alone as a word, the letter ⟨y⟩ is a grammatical conjunction with the meaning «and» in Spanish and is pronounced /i/. As a consonant, ⟨y⟩ represents [ʝ] in Spanish. The letter is called i/y griega, literally meaning «Greek I», after the Greek letter ypsilon, or ye.

In Portuguese, ⟨y⟩ (called ípsilon in Brazil, and either ípsilon or i grego in Portugal) was, together with ⟨k⟩ and ⟨w⟩, recently reintroduced as the 25th letter, and 19th consonant, of the Portuguese alphabet, in consequence of the Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990. It is mostly used in loanwords from English, Japanese and Spanish. Loanwords in general, primarily gallicisms in both varieties, are more common in Brazilian Portuguese than in European Portuguese. It was always common for Brazilians to stylize Tupi-influenced names of their children with the letter (which is present in most Romanizations of Old Tupi) e.g. Guaracy, Jandyra, Mayara – though placenames and loanwords derived from indigenous origins had the letter substituted for ⟨i⟩ over time e.g. Nictheroy became Niterói.
Usual pronunciations are /i/, [j], [ɪ] and /ɨ/ (the two latter ones are inexistent in European and Brazilian Portuguese varieties respectively, being both substituted by /i/ in other dialects). The letters ⟨i⟩ and ⟨y⟩ are regarded as phonemically not dissimilar, though the first corresponds to a vowel and the latter to a consonant, and both can correspond to a semivowel depending on its place in a word.

Italian, too, has ⟨y⟩ (ipsilon) in a small number of loanwords. The letter is also common in some surnames native to the German-speaking province of Bolzano, such as Mayer or Mayr.

In Guaraní, it represents the vowel [ɨ].

In Polish, it represents the vowel [ɘ] (or, according to some descriptions, [ɨ̞]), which is clearly different from [i], e.g. my (we) and mi (me). No native Polish word begins with ⟨y⟩; very few foreign words keep ⟨y⟩ at the beginning, e.g. yeti (pronounced [ˈjɛtʲi]).

In Czech and Slovak, the distinction between the vowels expressed by ⟨y⟩ and ⟨i⟩, as well as by ⟨ý⟩ and ⟨í⟩ has been lost (similarly to Icelandic and Faroese), but the consonants d, t, n (also l in Slovak) before orthographic (and historical) ⟨y⟩ are not palatalized, whereas they are before ⟨i⟩. ⟨ý⟩ can never begin any word, while ⟨y⟩ can never begin a native word.

In Welsh, it is usually pronounced [ə] in non-final syllables and [ɨ] or [i] (depending on the accent) in final syllables.

In the Standard Written Form of the Cornish Language, it represents the [ɪ] and [ɪː] of Revived Middle Cornish and the [ɪ] and [iː] of Revived Late Cornish. It can also represent Tudor and Revived Late Cornish [ɛ] and [eː] and consequently be replaced in writing with ⟨e⟩. It is also used in forming a number of diphthongs. As a consonant it represents [j].

In Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Karelian and Albanian, ⟨y⟩ is always pronounced [y].

In Estonian, ⟨y⟩ is used in foreign proper names and is pronounced as in the source language. It is also unofficially used as a substitute for ⟨ü⟩ and is pronounced the same as in Finnish.

In Lithuanian, ⟨y⟩ is the 15th letter (following ⟨į⟩ and preceding ⟨j⟩ in the alphabet) and is a vowel. It is called the long i and is pronounced /iː/, like in English see.

When used as a vowel in Vietnamese, the letter ⟨y⟩ represents the sound /i/; when it is a monophthong, it is functionally equivalent to the Vietnamese letter ⟨i⟩. There have been efforts to replace all such uses with ⟨y⟩ altogether, but they have been largely unsuccessful. As a consonant, it represents the palatal approximant. The capital letter ⟨Y⟩ is also used in Vietnamese as a given name.

In Aymara, Indonesian/Malaysian, Turkish, Quechua and the romanization of Japanese, ⟨y⟩ is always a palatal consonant, denoting [j], as in English.

In Malagasy, the letter ⟨y⟩ represents the final variation of /ɨ/.

In Turkmen, ⟨y⟩ represents [ɯ].

In Washo, lower-case ⟨y⟩ represents a typical wye sound, while upper-case ⟨Y⟩ represents a voiceless wye sound, a bit like the consonant in English hue.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨y⟩ corresponds to the close front rounded vowel, and the related character ⟨ʏ⟩ corresponds to the near-close near-front rounded vowel.

The SI prefix for 1024 is yotta, abbreviated by the letter Y.

The Dutch digraph IJ is sometimes written like a Cyrillic У.

Maryland license plate. Letter Y is written like a Cyrillic У.

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

  • Y with diacritics: Ý ý Ỳ ỳ Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ẏ ẏ Ỵ ỵ ẙ Ỷ ỷ Ȳ ȳ Ɏ ɏ Ƴ ƴ
  • ʎ and ʏ are used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
  • IPA superscript letters: 𐞠[9] 𐞲[9] 𐞡[10][11]
  • 𝼆 : Small letter turned y with belt is an extension to IPA for disordered speech (extIPA)[10][11]
  • U+AB5A LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH SHORT RIGHT LEG is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system[12]
  • ʸ is used for phonetic transcription
  • Ỿ ỿ : Y with loop is used by some Welsh medievalists to indicate the schwa sound of ⟨y⟩[13]

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

  • 𐤅: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Υ υ : Greek letter Upsilon, from which Y derives
      • Ⲩ ⲩ : Coptic letter epsilon/he (not to be confused with the unrelated Greek letter Ε ε called epsilon)
      • 𐌖 : Old Italic U/V, which is the ancestor of modern Latin V and U
      • 𐍅 : Gothic letter uuinne/vinja, which is transliterated as w
      • У у : Cyrillic letter U, which derives from Greek upsilon via the digraph omicron-upsilon used to represent the sound /u/
      • Ѵ ѵ : Cyrillic letter izhitsa, which derives from Greek upsilon and represents the sounds /i/ or /v/. This letter is archaic in the modern writing systems of the living Slavic languages, but it is still used in the writing system of the Slavic liturgical language Church Slavonic.
      • Ү ү : Cyrillic letter Ue (or straight U)
      • Ұ ұ : Kazakh Short U

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

  • ¥ : Yen sign
  • ⓨ : In Japan, ⓨ is a symbol used for resale price maintenance.

Computing codes

Character information

Preview Y y
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y LATIN SMALL LETTER Y
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 89 U+0059 121 U+0079
UTF-8 89 59 121 79
Numeric character reference Y Y y y
EBCDIC family 232 E8 168 A8
ASCII[a] 89 59 121 79

On the standard US/UK keyboard Y is the sixth letter of the top row; On the QWERTZ keyboard used in Central Europe it is replaced there by Z, and is itself positioned at the bottom left.

Other representations

Notes

  1. ^ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

References

  1. ^ «The Truth About ‘Y’: It’s Mostly a Vowel». Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  2. ^ Also spelled wy, plural wyes.
  3. ^ «Y», Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); «wy», op. cit.
  4. ^ Real Academia Española, ed. (2010). «Propuesta de un solo nombre para cada una de las letras del abecedario». Archived from the original on 2010-12-30.
  5. ^ «Portuguese (Português)». Omniglot. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  6. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Second edition, 1989; online version June 2011, s.v. ‘sylva’
  7. ^ Burchfield, R.W., ed. (1996), «Ye», The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage (3rd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 860
  8. ^ «Joghurt, Jogurt, der, die oder das». Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  9. ^ a b Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). «L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic» (PDF).
  10. ^ a b Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11). «L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS» (PDF).
  11. ^ a b Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). «L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R «Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters» and IPA etc. code point and name changes» (PDF).
  12. ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). «L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode «Teuthonista» phonetic characters in the UCS» (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  13. ^ Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). «L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS» (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24.

External links

This article is about the letter of the Latin alphabet. For other uses, see Y (disambiguation).

Y
Y y
(See below)
Writing cursive forms of Y
Usage
Writing system Latin script
Type Alphabetic and Logographic
Language of origin Latin language
Phonetic usage [y]
[ʏ]
[ɨ]
[j]
[i]
[]
[ɪ]
[ɘ]
[ə]
[ɯ]
[ɛː]
[ɥ]
[ɣ̟]
[ɛi]
[ʔ]

Unicode codepoint U+0059, U+0079
Alphabetical position 25
History
Development

G43

T3

  • Waw
    • PhoenicianW-01.png
      • Waw
        • Waw
          • Υ υ
            • Y y
Time period 54 to present
Sisters  • U
 • V
 • W
 • Ỿ
 • ¥
 • Ꮙ
 • Ꮍ
 • Ꭹ F
Ѵ
У
Ў
Ұ
Ү
ו
و
ܘ
וּ
וֹ

𐎆
𐡅


ૂ ુ
Variations (See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with y(x), ly, ny
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Y, or y, is the twenty-fifth and penultimate letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. According to some authorities, it is the sixth (or seventh if including W) vowel letter of the English alphabet.[1] In the English writing system, it mostly represents a vowel and seldom a consonant, and in other orthographies it may represent a vowel or a consonant. Its name in English is wye[2] (pronounced ), plural wyes.[3]

Name

In Latin, Y was named I graeca («Greek I»), since the classical Greek sound /y/, similar to modern German ü or French u, was not a native sound for Latin speakers, and the letter was initially only used to spell foreign words. This history has led to the standard modern names of the letter in Romance languages – i grego in Galician, i grega in Catalan, i grec in French and Romanian, i greca in Italian – all meaning «Greek I». The names igrek in Polish and i gờ-rét in Vietnamese are both phonetic borrowings of the French name. In Dutch, the letter is either only found in loanwords, or is practically equivalent to the digraph IJ. Hence, both Griekse ij and i-grec are used, as well as ypsilon. In Spanish, Y is also called i griega; however, in the twentieth century, the shorter name ye was proposed and was officially recognized as its name in 2010 by the Real Academia Española, although its original name is still accepted.[4]

The original Greek name υ ψιλόν (upsilon) has also been adapted into several modern languages. For example, it is called Ypsilon in German, ypsilon in Dutch, ufsilon i in Icelandic. Both names are used in Italian, ipsilon or i greca; likewise in Portuguese, ípsilon or i grego.[5] In Faroese, the letter is simply called seinna i («later i») because of its later place in the alphabet.

Old English borrowed Latin Y to write the native Old English sound /y/ (previously written with the rune yr ). The name of the letter may be related to ‘ui’ (or ‘vi’) in various medieval languages;[citation needed] in Middle English it was ‘wi’ /wiː/,[citation needed] which through the Great Vowel Shift became the Modern English ‘wy’ /waɪ/.

History

Summary of the sources of Modern English «Y»

Phoenician Greek Latin  English (approximate times of changes)
Old Middle Modern
Phoenician waw.svg Upsilon uc lc.svg V → U → V/U/UU → V/U/W
Y → Y (vowel /y/) Y (vowel /i/) Y (vowels)
Phoenician gimel.svg Gamma uc lc.svg C →
G → Ᵹ (consonantal /ɡ/, /j/ or /ɣ/) → Ȝ (consonantal /ɡ/, /j/ or /ɣ/) → Y
Y (consonant)

An early Semitic version of the letter waw

The later, Phoenician version of waw

The oldest direct ancestor of English letter Y was the Semitic letter waw (pronounced as [w]), from which also come F, U, V, and W. See F for details. The Greek and Latin alphabets developed from the Phoenician form of this early alphabet.

Since Late Middle English, the letter Y came to be used in a number of words where earlier Middle English spelling contained the letter yogh (Ȝȝ), which developed from the letter G, ultimately from Semitic gimel – as described below (As a side note — Modern Greek lowercase gamma ⟨γ⟩ is somewhat similarly shaped to the lowercase letter ⟨y⟩).

Vowel

The form of the modern letter Y is derived from the Greek letter upsilon. It dates back to the Latin of the first century BC, when upsilon was introduced a second time, this time with its «foot» to distinguish it. It was used to transcribe loanwords from the prestigious Attic dialect of Greek, which had the non-Latin vowel sound /y/ (as found in modern French cru (raw), or German grün (green)) in words that had been pronounced with /u/ in earlier Greek. Because [y] was not a native sound of Latin, Latin speakers had trouble pronouncing it, and it was usually pronounced /i/.[citation needed] Some Latin words of Italic origin also came to be spelled with ‘y’: Latin silva (‘forest’) was commonly spelled sylva, in analogy with the Greek cognate and synonym ὕλη.[6]

The letter Y was used to represent the sound /y/ in the writing systems of some other languages that adopted the Latin alphabet. In Old English and Old Norse, there was a native /y/ sound, and so Latin U, Y and I were all used to represent distinct vowel sounds. But, by the time of Middle English, /y/ had lost its roundedness and became identical to I (/iː/ and /ɪ/). Therefore, many words that originally had I were spelled with Y, and vice versa. The distinction between /y/ and /i/ was also lost in later Icelandic and Faroese, making the distinction purely orthographic and historical, but not in the mainland Scandinavian languages, where the distinction is retained. It may be observed that a similar merger of /y/ into /i/ happened in Greek around the beginning of the 2nd millennium, making the distinction between iota (Ι, ι) and upsilon (Υ, υ) purely a matter of historical spelling there as well. In the West Slavic languages, Y was adapted as a sign for the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/; later, /ɨ/ merged with /i/ in Czech and Slovak, whereas Polish retains it with the pronunciation [ɘ]. Similarly, in Middle Welsh, Y came to be used to designate the vowels /ɨ/ and /ɘ/ in a way predictable from the position of the vowel in the word. Since then, /ɨ/ has merged with /i/ in Southern Welsh dialects, but /ɘ/ is retained.

In Modern English, Y can represent the same vowel sounds as the letter I. The use of the letter Y to represent a vowel is more restricted in Modern English than it was in Middle and early Modern English. It occurs mainly in the following three environments: for upsilon in Greek loan-words (system: Greek σύστημα), at the end of a word (rye, city; compare cities, where S is final), and in place of I before the ending -ing (dy-ing, justify-ing).

Consonant

As a consonant in English, Y normally represents a palatal approximant, /j/ (year, yore). In this usage, the letter Y has replaced the Middle English letter yogh (Ȝȝ), which could represent /j/. (Yogh could also represent other sounds, such as /ɣ/, which came to be written gh in Middle English.)

Confusion in writing with the letter thorn

When printing was introduced to Great Britain, Caxton and other English printers used Y in place of Þ (thorn: Modern English th), which did not exist in continental typefaces. From this convention comes the spelling of the as ye in the mock archaism Ye Olde Shoppe. But, in spite of the spelling, pronunciation was the same as for modern the (stressed /ðiː/, unstressed /ðə/). Pronouncing the article ye as yee (/jiː/) is purely a modern spelling pronunciation.[7]

Pronunciation and use

Pronunciations of Yy

Language Dialect(s) Pronunciation (IPA) Environment Notes
Afrikaans /əi/
Albanian /y/
Azerbaijani /j/
Cornish /i/ Usually
/ɪ/ Before multiple consonants
/j/ Before vowels
Czech /i/
Danish /ʏ/ Before multiple consonants
/y/ Usually
Dutch /ɛi/ Archaic spelling of <ij>
English /aɪ/ Usually
/j/ Before vowels
/i/ Unstressed at the end after a consonant or «E»
/ɪ/ Unstressed; stressed before a consonant
Faroese /ɪ/ Before two consonants
/ʊi/ Usually
Finnish /y/
German Alemannic /iː/
Standard /j/ In some words
/ʏ/ Before two consonants
/y/ Usually
Guaraní /ɨ/
Icelandic /iː/
/ɪ/
Khasi /ʔ/ before vowels
Lithuanian /iː/
Malagasy /ɨ/
Manx /ə/
Norwegian /ʏ/ Before multiple consonants
/y/ Usually
Polish /ɨ/
Slovak /i/
Spanish /i/ As a standalone word, after vowels in diphthongs, in archaic spelling of proper names
/ɟʝ/ Before vowels, word-initially
/ʝ/ Before vowels
Swedish /ʏ/ Before multiple consonants
/y/ Usually
Turkish /j/
Turkmen /ɯ/
Uzbek /j/
Vietnamese /i/
Welsh Northern /ɨ̞/, /ɨː/, /ə/
Southern /ɪ/, /iː/, /ə/, /əː/

English

As :

  • at the beginning of a word as in yes
  • at the beginning of a syllable before a vowel as in beyond, lawyer, canyon

As :

  • under stress in an open syllable as in my, type, rye, lying, pyre, tyre, typhoon
  • in a stressed open syllable as in hyphen, cycle, cylon
  • in a pretonic open syllable as in hypothesis, psychology
  • word-finally after a consonant, as in ally, unify

As :

  • without stress at the end of multi-syllable word, as in happy, baby, lucky, accuracy
  • used as a diphthong in combination with e at the end of some words, as in money, key, valley

As non-syllabic [ɪ̯]:

  • in diphthongs at the end of words, as in play, grey, boy

As :

  • in a closed syllable without stress and with stress as in myth, system, gymnastics
  • in a closed syllable under stress as in typical, lyric
  • in an open syllable without stress as in physique, pyjamas

Other:

  • combining with ⟨r⟩ as under stress (like ⟨i⟩ in bird), as in myrtle, myrrh
  • as (schwa) in words like martyr

In English morphology, -y is an adjectival suffix.

Y is the ninth least frequently used letter in the English language (after P, B, V, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 2% in words.

Other languages

Pronunciation of written ⟨y⟩ in European languages (Actual pronunciation may vary)

⟨y⟩ represents the sounds /y/ or /ʏ/ (sometimes long) in the Scandinavian languages. It can never be a consonant (except for loanwords).

In Dutch and German, ⟨y⟩ appears only in loanwords and proper names.

In Dutch, it usually represents /i/. It may sometimes be left out of the Dutch alphabet and replaced with the ⟨ij⟩ digraph. In addition, ⟨y⟩ and ⟨ÿ⟩ are occasionally used instead of Dutch ⟨IJ⟩ and ⟨ij⟩, albeit very rarely.

In German orthography, the pronunciation /yː/ has taken hold since the 19th century in classical loanwords – for instance in words like typisch /ˈtyːpɪʃ/ ‘typical’, Hyäne, Hysterie, mysteriös, Syndrom, System, Typ. It is also used for the sound /j/ in loanwords, such as Yacht (variation spelling: Jacht), Yak, Yeti; however, e.g. yo-yo is spelled «Jo-Jo» in German, and yoghurt/yogurt/yoghourt «Jog(h)urt» [mostly spelled with h[8]]). The letter ⟨y⟩ is also used in many geographical names, e.g. Bayern Bavaria, Ägypten Egypt, Libyen Libya, Paraguay, Syrien Syria, Uruguay, Zypern Cyprus (but: Jemen Yemen, Jugoslawien Yugoslavia). Especially in German names, the pronunciations /iː/ or /ɪ/ occur as well – for instance in the name Meyer, where it serves as a variant of ⟨i⟩, cf. Meier, another common spelling of the name. In German the y is preserved in the plural form of some loanwords such as Babys babies and Partys parties, celebrations.

A ⟨y⟩ that derives from the ⟨ij⟩ ligature occurs in the Afrikaans language, a descendant of Dutch, and in Alemannic German names. In Afrikaans, it denotes the diphthong [əi]. In Alemannic German names, it denotes long /iː/, for instance in Schnyder [ˈʃniːdər] or Schwyz [ˈʃʋiːts] – the cognate non-Alemannic German names Schneider [ˈʃnaɪdər] or Schweiz [ʃʋaɪts] have the diphthong /aɪ/ that developed from long /iː/.

In Hungarian orthography, y is only used in the digraphs «gy,» «ly,» «ny,» «ty,» in some surnames (e. g. Bátory), and in foreign words.

In Icelandic writing system, due to the loss of the Old Norse rounding of the vowel /y/, the letters ⟨y⟩ and ⟨ý⟩ are now pronounced identically to the letters ⟨i⟩ and ⟨í⟩, namely as /ɪ/ and /i/ respectively. The difference in spelling is thus purely etymological. In Faroese, too, the contrast has been lost, and ⟨y⟩ is always pronounced /i/, whereas the accented versions ⟨ý⟩ and ⟨í⟩ designate the same diphthong /ʊi/ (shortened to /u/ in some environments). In both languages, it can also form part of diphthongs such as ⟨ey⟩ (in both languages), pronounced /ei/, and ⟨oy⟩, pronounced /ɔi/ (Faroese only).

In French orthography, ⟨y⟩ is pronounced as [i] when a vowel (as in the words cycle, y) and as [j] as a consonant (as in yeux, voyez). It alternates orthographically with ⟨i⟩ in the conjugations of some verbs, indicating a [j] sound. In most cases when ⟨y⟩ follows a vowel, it modifies the pronunciation of the vowel: ⟨ay⟩ [ɛ], ⟨oy⟩ [wa], ⟨uy⟩ [ɥi]. The letter ⟨y⟩ has double function (modifying the vowel as well as being pronounced as [j] or [i]) in the words payer, balayer, moyen, essuyer, pays, etc., but in some words it has only a single function: [j] in bayer, mayonnaise, coyote; modifying the vowel at the end of proper names like Chardonnay and Fourcroy. In French ⟨y⟩ can have a diaeresis (tréma) as in Moÿ-de-l’Aisne.

A niche with a white statue of Saint James. Under it, the top of a gate is visible. On it is engraved "YGLESIA DE REFVGIO"

This church at Nigrán, Spain, is labeled as YGLESIA DE REFVGIO. It would be iglesia de refugio («sanctuary church») in modern orthography.

In Spanish, ⟨y⟩ was used as a word-initial form of ⟨i⟩ that was more visible. (German has used ⟨j⟩ in a similar way.) Hence, el yugo y las flechas was a symbol sharing the initials of Isabella I of Castille (Ysabel) and Ferdinand II of Aragon. This spelling was reformed by the Royal Spanish Academy and currently is only found in proper names spelled archaically, such as Ybarra or CYII, the symbol of the Canal de Isabel II. Appearing alone as a word, the letter ⟨y⟩ is a grammatical conjunction with the meaning «and» in Spanish and is pronounced /i/. As a consonant, ⟨y⟩ represents [ʝ] in Spanish. The letter is called i/y griega, literally meaning «Greek I», after the Greek letter ypsilon, or ye.

In Portuguese, ⟨y⟩ (called ípsilon in Brazil, and either ípsilon or i grego in Portugal) was, together with ⟨k⟩ and ⟨w⟩, recently reintroduced as the 25th letter, and 19th consonant, of the Portuguese alphabet, in consequence of the Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990. It is mostly used in loanwords from English, Japanese and Spanish. Loanwords in general, primarily gallicisms in both varieties, are more common in Brazilian Portuguese than in European Portuguese. It was always common for Brazilians to stylize Tupi-influenced names of their children with the letter (which is present in most Romanizations of Old Tupi) e.g. Guaracy, Jandyra, Mayara – though placenames and loanwords derived from indigenous origins had the letter substituted for ⟨i⟩ over time e.g. Nictheroy became Niterói.
Usual pronunciations are /i/, [j], [ɪ] and /ɨ/ (the two latter ones are inexistent in European and Brazilian Portuguese varieties respectively, being both substituted by /i/ in other dialects). The letters ⟨i⟩ and ⟨y⟩ are regarded as phonemically not dissimilar, though the first corresponds to a vowel and the latter to a consonant, and both can correspond to a semivowel depending on its place in a word.

Italian, too, has ⟨y⟩ (ipsilon) in a small number of loanwords. The letter is also common in some surnames native to the German-speaking province of Bolzano, such as Mayer or Mayr.

In Guaraní, it represents the vowel [ɨ].

In Polish, it represents the vowel [ɘ] (or, according to some descriptions, [ɨ̞]), which is clearly different from [i], e.g. my (we) and mi (me). No native Polish word begins with ⟨y⟩; very few foreign words keep ⟨y⟩ at the beginning, e.g. yeti (pronounced [ˈjɛtʲi]).

In Czech and Slovak, the distinction between the vowels expressed by ⟨y⟩ and ⟨i⟩, as well as by ⟨ý⟩ and ⟨í⟩ has been lost (similarly to Icelandic and Faroese), but the consonants d, t, n (also l in Slovak) before orthographic (and historical) ⟨y⟩ are not palatalized, whereas they are before ⟨i⟩. ⟨ý⟩ can never begin any word, while ⟨y⟩ can never begin a native word.

In Welsh, it is usually pronounced [ə] in non-final syllables and [ɨ] or [i] (depending on the accent) in final syllables.

In the Standard Written Form of the Cornish Language, it represents the [ɪ] and [ɪː] of Revived Middle Cornish and the [ɪ] and [iː] of Revived Late Cornish. It can also represent Tudor and Revived Late Cornish [ɛ] and [eː] and consequently be replaced in writing with ⟨e⟩. It is also used in forming a number of diphthongs. As a consonant it represents [j].

In Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Karelian and Albanian, ⟨y⟩ is always pronounced [y].

In Estonian, ⟨y⟩ is used in foreign proper names and is pronounced as in the source language. It is also unofficially used as a substitute for ⟨ü⟩ and is pronounced the same as in Finnish.

In Lithuanian, ⟨y⟩ is the 15th letter (following ⟨į⟩ and preceding ⟨j⟩ in the alphabet) and is a vowel. It is called the long i and is pronounced /iː/, like in English see.

When used as a vowel in Vietnamese, the letter ⟨y⟩ represents the sound /i/; when it is a monophthong, it is functionally equivalent to the Vietnamese letter ⟨i⟩. There have been efforts to replace all such uses with ⟨y⟩ altogether, but they have been largely unsuccessful. As a consonant, it represents the palatal approximant. The capital letter ⟨Y⟩ is also used in Vietnamese as a given name.

In Aymara, Indonesian/Malaysian, Turkish, Quechua and the romanization of Japanese, ⟨y⟩ is always a palatal consonant, denoting [j], as in English.

In Malagasy, the letter ⟨y⟩ represents the final variation of /ɨ/.

In Turkmen, ⟨y⟩ represents [ɯ].

In Washo, lower-case ⟨y⟩ represents a typical wye sound, while upper-case ⟨Y⟩ represents a voiceless wye sound, a bit like the consonant in English hue.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨y⟩ corresponds to the close front rounded vowel, and the related character ⟨ʏ⟩ corresponds to the near-close near-front rounded vowel.

The SI prefix for 1024 is yotta, abbreviated by the letter Y.

The Dutch digraph IJ is sometimes written like a Cyrillic У.

Maryland license plate. Letter Y is written like a Cyrillic У.

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

  • Y with diacritics: Ý ý Ỳ ỳ Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ẏ ẏ Ỵ ỵ ẙ Ỷ ỷ Ȳ ȳ Ɏ ɏ Ƴ ƴ
  • ʎ and ʏ are used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
  • IPA superscript letters: 𐞠[9] 𐞲[9] 𐞡[10][11]
  • 𝼆 : Small letter turned y with belt is an extension to IPA for disordered speech (extIPA)[10][11]
  • U+AB5A LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH SHORT RIGHT LEG is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system[12]
  • ʸ is used for phonetic transcription
  • Ỿ ỿ : Y with loop is used by some Welsh medievalists to indicate the schwa sound of ⟨y⟩[13]

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

  • 𐤅: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Υ υ : Greek letter Upsilon, from which Y derives
      • Ⲩ ⲩ : Coptic letter epsilon/he (not to be confused with the unrelated Greek letter Ε ε called epsilon)
      • 𐌖 : Old Italic U/V, which is the ancestor of modern Latin V and U
      • 𐍅 : Gothic letter uuinne/vinja, which is transliterated as w
      • У у : Cyrillic letter U, which derives from Greek upsilon via the digraph omicron-upsilon used to represent the sound /u/
      • Ѵ ѵ : Cyrillic letter izhitsa, which derives from Greek upsilon and represents the sounds /i/ or /v/. This letter is archaic in the modern writing systems of the living Slavic languages, but it is still used in the writing system of the Slavic liturgical language Church Slavonic.
      • Ү ү : Cyrillic letter Ue (or straight U)
      • Ұ ұ : Kazakh Short U

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

  • ¥ : Yen sign
  • ⓨ : In Japan, ⓨ is a symbol used for resale price maintenance.

Computing codes

Character information

Preview Y y
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y LATIN SMALL LETTER Y
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 89 U+0059 121 U+0079
UTF-8 89 59 121 79
Numeric character reference Y Y y y
EBCDIC family 232 E8 168 A8
ASCII[a] 89 59 121 79

On the standard US/UK keyboard Y is the sixth letter of the top row; On the QWERTZ keyboard used in Central Europe it is replaced there by Z, and is itself positioned at the bottom left.

Other representations

Notes

  1. ^ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

References

  1. ^ «The Truth About ‘Y’: It’s Mostly a Vowel». Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  2. ^ Also spelled wy, plural wyes.
  3. ^ «Y», Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); «wy», op. cit.
  4. ^ Real Academia Española, ed. (2010). «Propuesta de un solo nombre para cada una de las letras del abecedario». Archived from the original on 2010-12-30.
  5. ^ «Portuguese (Português)». Omniglot. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  6. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Second edition, 1989; online version June 2011, s.v. ‘sylva’
  7. ^ Burchfield, R.W., ed. (1996), «Ye», The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage (3rd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 860
  8. ^ «Joghurt, Jogurt, der, die oder das». Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  9. ^ a b Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). «L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic» (PDF).
  10. ^ a b Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11). «L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS» (PDF).
  11. ^ a b Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). «L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R «Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters» and IPA etc. code point and name changes» (PDF).
  12. ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). «L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode «Teuthonista» phonetic characters in the UCS» (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  13. ^ Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). «L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS» (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24.

External links

игрек

  • 1
    игрек

    igrek
    имя существительное:

    Русско-английский синонимический словарь > игрек

  • 2
    игрек

    Русско-английский технический словарь > игрек

  • 3
    игрек

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > игрек

  • 4
    игрек

    Новый русско-английский словарь > игрек

  • 5
    игрек

    м.

    the (Latin) letter «y» [waɪ]

    по оси́ и́грек — on the Y axis

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > игрек

  • 6
    игрек-стан

    Русско-английский технический словарь > игрек-стан

  • 7
    игрек-стан

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > игрек-стан

  • 8
    игрек-хромосома

    Russian-english psychology dictionary > игрек-хромосома

  • 9
    игрек-стан

    Русско-английский словарь Wiktionary > игрек-стан

  • 10
    игрек-стан

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > игрек-стан

  • 11
    игрек-стан

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > игрек-стан

  • 12
    игрек-стан

    Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > игрек-стан

  • 13
    киэтула, игрек-хвостая

    DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > киэтула, игрек-хвостая

  • 14
    Дело Икс-игрек-зет

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Дело Икс-игрек-зет

  • 15
    ось игрек

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ось игрек

  • 16
    теория игрек

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > теория игрек

  • 17
    теория игрек

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > теория игрек

  • 18
    угловое ускорение при вращении тела вокруг поперечной оси игрек

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > угловое ускорение при вращении тела вокруг поперечной оси игрек

  • 19
    неизвестная величина

    Русско-английский словарь по общей лексике > неизвестная величина

  • 20
    неизвестная величина

    Русско-английский синонимический словарь > неизвестная величина

См. также в других словарях:

  • игрек — y i grec. букв. греческое И . 1. Название предпоследней буквы во фр. алфавите. 2. Неизвестная искомая величина в математике, обозначаемая этой буквой, наряду с буквами x, z. Уш. 1934. Это задача собственно алгебраическая … ее с иксом и игреком… …   Исторический словарь галлицизмов русского языка

  • игрек — (неправильно игрек) …   Словарь трудностей произношения и ударения в современном русском языке

  • ИГРЕК — ИГРЕК, игрека, муж. (франц. i grec, букв. греческое и ). Название предпоследней буквы во франц. алфавите (Y, y). || Неизвестная искомая величина в математике, обозначаемая этой буквой, наряду с буквами x, z. «Эта задача собственно алгебраическая… …   Толковый словарь Ушакова

  • ИГРЕК — ИГРЕК, а, муж. В математике: обозначение (латинской буквой «у») неизвестной или переменной величины. Толковый словарь Ожегова. С.И. Ожегов, Н.Ю. Шведова. 1949 1992 …   Толковый словарь Ожегова

  • игрек — сущ., кол во синонимов: 1 • буква (103) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 …   Словарь синонимов

  • ИГРЕК — Игрекович. Жарг. шк. Шутл. Учитель по имени Игорь Игоревич. ВМН 2003, 56 …   Большой словарь русских поговорок

  • игрек — игрек, а (название буквы) …   Русский орфографический словарь

  • ИГРЕК — ИПСИЛОН или ИГРЕК (?, у) 25 я буква немецкого и 24 я латинского алфавитов. Словарь иностранных слов, вошедших в состав русского языка. Чудинов А.Н., 1910. игрек (фр. i grec греческое и ) предпоследняя буква латинского алфавита (у); в математике… …   Словарь иностранных слов русского языка

  • игрек — икс I. (иноск.) неизвестный (намек на алгебр. знак и формулы) Ср. Каждый день вынимаю я из шкатулки… мое выкупное свидетельство (и думаю), мне ли оно принадлежит или какому то иксу, которого я даже назвать по имени не могу. Салтыков. Сборник.… …   Большой толково-фразеологический словарь Михельсона

  • Игрек — Y (прописная), y (строчная) 25 я буква латинского алфавита, употребляется также в математике как знак неизвестной величины. История В латинице восходит к греческому ипсилону и использовалась в латинском языке только в греческих заимствованиях… …   Википедия

  • игрек — а, м. 1) Название предпоследней буквы латинского алфавита: y, y. 2) мат. Символ для обозначения неизвестной или переменной величины (наряду с x, z). Уравнение с игреком. 3) В литературном произведении: условное обозначение неизвестного или… …   Популярный словарь русского языка

( М3 ) Тут мы можем просто вывести это » икс плюс ( М3 ) 2 игрек » за скобки.

What we can do here is just distribute this x plus 2y onto each of these terms.

Игрек равное # на # и так до N- ого

Y equals # days over # to the nth

принципы евпсихичного управления (или теории Игрек) должны служить образцом для нормативной социальной психологии.

Eupsychian management (or Theory-Y management) is an example of this kind of normative social psychololY.

Никто не спросит, читал ли я в сегодняшнем номере «Таймс» о помолвке икса или о разводе игрека.

Nobody asks you if you read in this morning’s Times that so-and-so’s engaged or somebody else is getting a divorce.

Кто-то назвал бы получившихся в результате птиц чудовищами, но Игрек они показались довольно милыми

Some had called the resulting birds monstrosities, but Ygryk found them quite charming.

Они начали обзывать ее Бородатой Леди и Игрек — мужской хромосомой.

They start calling her the Bearded Lady and XY—for the male chromosome.

Игрек мог сделать за Икс его работу.

Y might have done X’s work for him.

И затеялся типично еврейский разговор: — С вами говорит раввин Икс (или Игрек).

The following Jewish conversation began: “This is Rabbi X [or Y].

– Я тут обменивался мнениями с профессором Игрек, после чего чувствую себя совершенно опустошенным.

“I’ve been exchanging ideas with Professor Y, and I feel absolutely drained.”

Итак, кто из них лучшая компаньонка для мужчины на склоне лет, мисс Икс или мисс Игрек?

Which did I think would make the best companion for a man’s nether years, Miss X or Miss Y?

Так часто бывало с поколением «игрек»: родители считали меня чуть ли не вундеркиндом.

As is the case for many millennial children, my parents looked on as if I were some sort of prodigy.

Этот подход может применяться в отдельных секторах, в частности путем принятия политики расходования «икс процентов на протяжении игрека лет на цели начального образования», и он мог бы иметь большое значение для недопущения снижения уровня ассигнований в основных областях, таких, как начальное образование или базовое здравоохранение, ниже определенного установленного уровня.

This approach could be applied to specific sectors, such as by adopting a policy of spending “x per cent over y years on primary education”, and would be instrumental in preventing spending levels in critical areas such as primary education or basic health from falling below a certain level.

Вам следует мечтать о параллелограммах, а не о поэзии и говорить только об иксах-игреках.

You should dream of parallelograms not of poetry, and only talk ofx and y.

Насколько обманчива внешность Игрека — это останется между ним и Богом.

How far Y’s appearance is deceptive, is between Y and God.

Икс в степени » а «, умножить на игрек в степени » б «.

Okay, X to the A power times Y to the B power.

Вот, например, сейчас мы разрабатываем систему » игрек «.

For instance, now we’re working on the » Y » system.

Икс равен #, #.Игрек равен

X equals #. # and Y equals

Игрек-поле теснит меня к лифту, который, открывается в другую сторону, и я снова оказываюсь среди Аллеганских холмов.

The Y-field pushes me into the security box and then opens on the other side, and I’m back in the Allegheny hills.

Игрек равное 27 на 12 и так до N-ого.

Y equals 27 days over 12 to the nth.

Однако Игрек понимал: возврата к прежним отношениям творца и его творения не будет.

Yet he knew that it was impossible to return to the simple days of the creator and his creation.

Помнить, что Игрек все время носит перчатки, поэтому не оставляет отпечатков пальцев ни во время одного из преступлений.

(1) Keep in mind that Y wears gloves all the time so that he never leaves fingerprints on anything in any of the crimes.

Главной заботой Игрека перед уходом было обеспечить Беллов едой на вечер.

Eager’s main concern before he left was how to provide the family with food that evening.

На следующую ночь после убийства Игрек устраивает пожар в лаборатории (где он спит).

In the middle of the next night after the murder Y sets fire to the laboratory (where he sleeps also).

Но почему не использовать мистера Игрек?

But why wouldn’t he use Mr. Y?

  • Играть на рояле как пишется
  • Играть зорю как пишется
  • Играть вслепую как пишется
  • Играть в футбол по английски как пишется
  • Играть в темную как пишется