Как называется рассказ о своей жизни

An autobiography,^[a] sometimes informally called an autobio, is a self-written biography of one’s own life.

Definition

The word «autobiography» was first used deprecatingly by William Taylor in 1797 in the English periodical The Monthly Review, when he suggested the word as a hybrid, but condemned it as «pedantic». However, its next recorded use was in its present sense, by Robert Southey in 1809.^[2] Despite only being named early in the nineteenth century, first-person autobiographical writing originates in antiquity. Roy Pascal differentiates autobiography from the periodic self-reflective mode of journal or diary writing by noting that «[autobiography] is a review of a life from a particular moment in time, while the diary, however reflective it may be, moves through a series of moments in time».^[3] Autobiography thus takes stock of the autobiographer’s life from the moment of composition. While biographers generally rely on a wide variety of documents and viewpoints, autobiography may be based entirely on the writer’s memory. The memoir form is closely associated with autobiography but it tends, as Pascal claims, to focus less on the self and more on others during the autobiographer’s review of their own life.^[3]

Biography

Life

Autobiographical works are by nature subjective. The inability—or unwillingness—of the author to accurately recall memories has in certain cases resulted in misleading or incorrect information. Some sociologists and psychologists have noted that autobiography offers the author the ability to recreate history.

Spiritual autobiography

Spiritual autobiography is an account of an author’s struggle or journey towards God, followed by conversion a religious conversion, often interrupted by moments of regression. The author re-frames their life as a demonstration of divine intention through encounters with the Divine. The earliest example of a spiritual autobiography is Augustine’s Confessions though the tradition has expanded to include other religious traditions in works such as Mohandas Gandhi’s An Autobiography and Black Elk Speaks. The spiritual autobiography often serves as an endorsement of the writer’s religion.

Memoirs

A memoir is slightly different in character from an autobiography. While an autobiography typically focuses on the «life and times» of the writer, a memoir has a narrower, more intimate focus on the author’s memories, feelings and emotions. Memoirs have often been written by politicians or military leaders as a way to record and publish an account of their public exploits. One early example is that of Julius Caesar’s Commentarii de Bello Gallico, also known as Commentaries on the Gallic Wars. In the work, Caesar describes the battles that took place during the nine years that he spent fighting local armies in the Gallic Wars. His second memoir, Commentarii de Bello Civili (or Commentaries on the Civil War) is an account of the events that took place between 49 and 48 BC in the civil war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Senate.

Leonor López de Córdoba (1362–1420) wrote what is supposed to be the first autobiography in Spanish. The English Civil War (1642–1651) provoked a number of examples of this genre, including works by Sir Edmund Ludlow and Sir John Reresby. French examples from the same period include the memoirs of Cardinal de Retz (1614–1679) and the Duc de Saint-Simon.

Fictional autobiography

The term «fictional autobiography» signifies novels about a fictional character written as though the character were writing their own autobiography, meaning that the character is the first-person narrator and that the novel addresses both internal and external experiences of the character. Daniel Defoe’s Moll Flanders is an early example. Charles Dickens’ David Copperfield is another such classic, and J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is a well-known modern example of fictional autobiography. Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre is yet another example of fictional autobiography, as noted on the front page of the original version. The term may also apply to works of fiction purporting to be autobiographies of real characters, e.g., Robert Nye’s Memoirs of Lord Byron.

Autobiography through the ages

The classical period: Apologia, oration, confession

In antiquity such works were typically entitled apologia, purporting to be self-justification rather than self-documentation. The title of John Henry Newman’s 1864 Christian confessional work Apologia Pro Vita Sua refers to this tradition.

The historian Flavius Josephus introduces his autobiography Josephi Vita (c. 99) with self-praise, which is followed by a justification of his actions as a Jewish rebel commander of Galilee.^[4]

The rhetor Libanius (c. 314–394) framed his life memoir Oration I (begun in 374) as one of his orations, not of a public kind, but of a literary kind that would not be read aloud in privacy.

Augustine of Hippo (354–430) applied the title Confessions to his autobiographical work, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau used the same title in the 18th century, initiating the chain of confessional and sometimes racy and highly self-critical autobiographies of the Romantic era and beyond. Augustine’s was arguably the first Western autobiography ever written, and became an influential model for Christian writers throughout the Middle Ages. It tells of the hedonistic lifestyle Augustine lived for a time within his youth, associating with young men who boasted of their sexual exploits; his following and leaving of the anti-sex and anti-marriage Manichaeism in attempts to seek sexual morality; and his subsequent return to Christianity due to his embracement of Skepticism and the New Academy movement (developing the view that sex is good, and that virginity is better, comparing the former to silver and the latter to gold; Augustine’s views subsequently strongly influenced Western theology^[5]). Confessions is considered one of the great masterpieces of western literature.^[6]

Peter Abelard’s 12th-century Historia Calamitatum is in the spirit of Augustine’s Confessions, an outstanding autobiographical document of its period.

Early autobiographies

In the 15th century, Leonor López de Córdoba, a Spanish noblewoman, wrote her Memorias, which may be the first autobiography in Castillian.

Zāhir ud-Dīn Mohammad Bābur, who founded the Mughal dynasty of South Asia kept a journal Bāburnāma (Chagatai/Persian: بابر نامہ; literally: «Book of Babur» or «Letters of Babur») which was written between 1493 and 1529.

One of the first great autobiographies of the Renaissance is that of the sculptor and goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini (1500–1571), written between 1556 and 1558, and entitled by him simply Vita (Italian: Life). He declares at the start: «No matter what sort he is, everyone who has to his credit what are or really seem great achievements, if he cares for truth and goodness, ought to write the story of his own life in his own hand; but no one should venture on such a splendid undertaking before he is over forty.»^[7] These criteria for autobiography generally persisted until recent times, and most serious autobiographies of the next three hundred years conformed to them.

Another autobiography of the period is De vita propria, by the Italian mathematician, physician and astrologer Gerolamo Cardano (1574).

One of the first autobiographies written in an Indian language was Ardhakathānaka, written by Banarasidas, who was a Shrimal Jain businessman and poet of Mughal India.^[8] The poetic autobiography Ardhakathānaka (The Half Story), was composed in Braj Bhasa, an early dialect of Hindi linked with the region around Mathura.In his autobiography, he describes his transition from an unruly youth, to a religious realization by the time the work was composed.^[9] The work also is notable for many details of life in Mughal times.

The earliest known autobiography written in English is the Book of Margery Kempe, written in 1438.^[10] Following in the earlier tradition of a life story told as an act of Christian witness, the book describes Margery Kempe’s pilgrimages to the Holy Land and Rome, her attempts to negotiate a celibate marriage with her husband, and most of all her religious experiences as a Christian mystic. Extracts from the book were published in the early sixteenth century but the whole text was published for the first time only in 1936.^[11]

Possibly the first publicly available autobiography written in English was Captain John Smith’s autobiography published in 1630^[12] which was regarded by many as not much more than a collection of tall tales told by someone of doubtful veracity. This changed with the publication of Philip Barbour’s definitive biography in 1964 which, amongst other things, established independent factual bases for many of Smith’s «tall tales», many of which could not have been known by Smith at the time of writing unless he was actually present at the events recounted.^[13]

Other notable English autobiographies of the 17th century include those of Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1643, published 1764) and John Bunyan (Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, 1666).

Jarena Lee (1783–1864) was the first African American woman to have a published biography in the United States.^[14]

18th and 19th centuries

Following the trend of Romanticism, which greatly emphasized the role and the nature of the individual, and in the footsteps of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Confessions, a more intimate form of autobiography, exploring the subject’s emotions, came into fashion. Stendhal’s autobiographical writings of the 1830s, The Life of Henry Brulard and Memoirs of an Egotist, are both avowedly influenced by Rousseau.^[15] An English example is William Hazlitt’s Liber Amoris (1823), a painful examination of the writer’s love-life.

With the rise of education, cheap newspapers and cheap printing, modern concepts of fame and celebrity began to develop, and the beneficiaries of this were not slow to cash in on this by producing autobiographies. It became the expectation—rather than the exception—that those in the public eye should write about themselves—not only writers such as Charles Dickens (who also incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels) and Anthony Trollope, but also politicians (e.g. Henry Brooks Adams), philosophers (e.g. John Stuart Mill), churchmen such as Cardinal Newman, and entertainers such as P. T. Barnum. Increasingly, in accordance with romantic taste, these accounts also began to deal, amongst other topics, with aspects of childhood and upbringing—far removed from the principles of «Cellinian» autobiography.

20th and 21st centuries

From the 17th century onwards, «scandalous memoirs» by supposed libertines, serving a public taste for titillation, have been frequently published. Typically pseudonymous, they were (and are) largely works of fiction written by ghostwriters. So-called «autobiographies» of modern professional athletes and media celebrities—and to a lesser extent about politicians—generally written by a ghostwriter, are routinely published. Some celebrities, such as Naomi Campbell, admit to not having read their «autobiographies».^[16] Some sensationalist autobiographies such as James Frey’s A Million Little Pieces have been publicly exposed as having embellished or fictionalized significant details of the authors’ lives.

Autobiography has become an increasingly popular and widely accessible form. A Fortunate Life by Albert Facey (1979) has become an Australian literary classic.^[17] With the critical and commercial success in the United States of such memoirs as Angela’s Ashes and The Color of Water, more and more people have been encouraged to try their hand at this genre. Maggie Nelson’s book The Argonauts is one of the recent autobiographies. Maggie Nelson calls it «autotheory»—a combination of autobiography and critical theory.^[18]

A genre where the «claim for truth» overlaps with fictional elements though the work still purports to be autobiographical is autofiction.

See also

• Category:Autobiographies
• Autobiographical comics
• Autobiographical memory
• Autobiographical novel
• Autofiction
• I-novel
• Letter collection
• List of autobiographies
• Memoir
• Unreliable narrator

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Barros, Carolyn (1998). Autobiography: Narrative of Transformation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

• Buckley, Jerome Hamilton (1994). The Turning Key: Autobiography and the Subjective Impulse Since 1800. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

• Ferrieux, Robert (2001). L’Autobiographie en Grande-Bretagne et en Irlande. Paris: Ellipses. p. 384. ISBN 9782729800215.

• Lejeune, Philippe (1989). On Autobiography. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

• Olney, James (1998). Memory & Narrative: The Weave of Life-Writing. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

• Pascal, Roy (1960). Design and Truth in Autobiography. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

• Reynolds, Dwight F., ed. (2001). Interpreting the Self: Autobiography in the Arabic Literary Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press.

• Wu, Pey-Yi (1990). The Confucian’s Progress: Autobiographical Writings in Traditional China. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

External links

An autobiography,^[a] sometimes informally called an autobio, is a self-written biography of one’s own life.

Definition

The word «autobiography» was first used deprecatingly by William Taylor in 1797 in the English periodical The Monthly Review, when he suggested the word as a hybrid, but condemned it as «pedantic». However, its next recorded use was in its present sense, by Robert Southey in 1809.^[2] Despite only being named early in the nineteenth century, first-person autobiographical writing originates in antiquity. Roy Pascal differentiates autobiography from the periodic self-reflective mode of journal or diary writing by noting that «[autobiography] is a review of a life from a particular moment in time, while the diary, however reflective it may be, moves through a series of moments in time».^[3] Autobiography thus takes stock of the autobiographer’s life from the moment of composition. While biographers generally rely on a wide variety of documents and viewpoints, autobiography may be based entirely on the writer’s memory. The memoir form is closely associated with autobiography but it tends, as Pascal claims, to focus less on the self and more on others during the autobiographer’s review of their own life.^[3]

Biography

Life

Autobiographical works are by nature subjective. The inability—or unwillingness—of the author to accurately recall memories has in certain cases resulted in misleading or incorrect information. Some sociologists and psychologists have noted that autobiography offers the author the ability to recreate history.

Spiritual autobiography

Spiritual autobiography is an account of an author’s struggle or journey towards God, followed by conversion a religious conversion, often interrupted by moments of regression. The author re-frames their life as a demonstration of divine intention through encounters with the Divine. The earliest example of a spiritual autobiography is Augustine’s Confessions though the tradition has expanded to include other religious traditions in works such as Mohandas Gandhi’s An Autobiography and Black Elk Speaks. The spiritual autobiography often serves as an endorsement of the writer’s religion.

Memoirs

A memoir is slightly different in character from an autobiography. While an autobiography typically focuses on the «life and times» of the writer, a memoir has a narrower, more intimate focus on the author’s memories, feelings and emotions. Memoirs have often been written by politicians or military leaders as a way to record and publish an account of their public exploits. One early example is that of Julius Caesar’s Commentarii de Bello Gallico, also known as Commentaries on the Gallic Wars. In the work, Caesar describes the battles that took place during the nine years that he spent fighting local armies in the Gallic Wars. His second memoir, Commentarii de Bello Civili (or Commentaries on the Civil War) is an account of the events that took place between 49 and 48 BC in the civil war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Senate.

Leonor López de Córdoba (1362–1420) wrote what is supposed to be the first autobiography in Spanish. The English Civil War (1642–1651) provoked a number of examples of this genre, including works by Sir Edmund Ludlow and Sir John Reresby. French examples from the same period include the memoirs of Cardinal de Retz (1614–1679) and the Duc de Saint-Simon.

Fictional autobiography

The term «fictional autobiography» signifies novels about a fictional character written as though the character were writing their own autobiography, meaning that the character is the first-person narrator and that the novel addresses both internal and external experiences of the character. Daniel Defoe’s Moll Flanders is an early example. Charles Dickens’ David Copperfield is another such classic, and J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is a well-known modern example of fictional autobiography. Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre is yet another example of fictional autobiography, as noted on the front page of the original version. The term may also apply to works of fiction purporting to be autobiographies of real characters, e.g., Robert Nye’s Memoirs of Lord Byron.

Autobiography through the ages

The classical period: Apologia, oration, confession

In antiquity such works were typically entitled apologia, purporting to be self-justification rather than self-documentation. The title of John Henry Newman’s 1864 Christian confessional work Apologia Pro Vita Sua refers to this tradition.

The historian Flavius Josephus introduces his autobiography Josephi Vita (c. 99) with self-praise, which is followed by a justification of his actions as a Jewish rebel commander of Galilee.^[4]

The rhetor Libanius (c. 314–394) framed his life memoir Oration I (begun in 374) as one of his orations, not of a public kind, but of a literary kind that would not be read aloud in privacy.

Augustine of Hippo (354–430) applied the title Confessions to his autobiographical work, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau used the same title in the 18th century, initiating the chain of confessional and sometimes racy and highly self-critical autobiographies of the Romantic era and beyond. Augustine’s was arguably the first Western autobiography ever written, and became an influential model for Christian writers throughout the Middle Ages. It tells of the hedonistic lifestyle Augustine lived for a time within his youth, associating with young men who boasted of their sexual exploits; his following and leaving of the anti-sex and anti-marriage Manichaeism in attempts to seek sexual morality; and his subsequent return to Christianity due to his embracement of Skepticism and the New Academy movement (developing the view that sex is good, and that virginity is better, comparing the former to silver and the latter to gold; Augustine’s views subsequently strongly influenced Western theology^[5]). Confessions is considered one of the great masterpieces of western literature.^[6]

Peter Abelard’s 12th-century Historia Calamitatum is in the spirit of Augustine’s Confessions, an outstanding autobiographical document of its period.

Early autobiographies

In the 15th century, Leonor López de Córdoba, a Spanish noblewoman, wrote her Memorias, which may be the first autobiography in Castillian.

Zāhir ud-Dīn Mohammad Bābur, who founded the Mughal dynasty of South Asia kept a journal Bāburnāma (Chagatai/Persian: بابر نامہ; literally: «Book of Babur» or «Letters of Babur») which was written between 1493 and 1529.

One of the first great autobiographies of the Renaissance is that of the sculptor and goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini (1500–1571), written between 1556 and 1558, and entitled by him simply Vita (Italian: Life). He declares at the start: «No matter what sort he is, everyone who has to his credit what are or really seem great achievements, if he cares for truth and goodness, ought to write the story of his own life in his own hand; but no one should venture on such a splendid undertaking before he is over forty.»^[7] These criteria for autobiography generally persisted until recent times, and most serious autobiographies of the next three hundred years conformed to them.

Another autobiography of the period is De vita propria, by the Italian mathematician, physician and astrologer Gerolamo Cardano (1574).

One of the first autobiographies written in an Indian language was Ardhakathānaka, written by Banarasidas, who was a Shrimal Jain businessman and poet of Mughal India.^[8] The poetic autobiography Ardhakathānaka (The Half Story), was composed in Braj Bhasa, an early dialect of Hindi linked with the region around Mathura.In his autobiography, he describes his transition from an unruly youth, to a religious realization by the time the work was composed.^[9] The work also is notable for many details of life in Mughal times.

The earliest known autobiography written in English is the Book of Margery Kempe, written in 1438.^[10] Following in the earlier tradition of a life story told as an act of Christian witness, the book describes Margery Kempe’s pilgrimages to the Holy Land and Rome, her attempts to negotiate a celibate marriage with her husband, and most of all her religious experiences as a Christian mystic. Extracts from the book were published in the early sixteenth century but the whole text was published for the first time only in 1936.^[11]

Possibly the first publicly available autobiography written in English was Captain John Smith’s autobiography published in 1630^[12] which was regarded by many as not much more than a collection of tall tales told by someone of doubtful veracity. This changed with the publication of Philip Barbour’s definitive biography in 1964 which, amongst other things, established independent factual bases for many of Smith’s «tall tales», many of which could not have been known by Smith at the time of writing unless he was actually present at the events recounted.^[13]

Other notable English autobiographies of the 17th century include those of Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1643, published 1764) and John Bunyan (Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, 1666).

Jarena Lee (1783–1864) was the first African American woman to have a published biography in the United States.^[14]

18th and 19th centuries

Following the trend of Romanticism, which greatly emphasized the role and the nature of the individual, and in the footsteps of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Confessions, a more intimate form of autobiography, exploring the subject’s emotions, came into fashion. Stendhal’s autobiographical writings of the 1830s, The Life of Henry Brulard and Memoirs of an Egotist, are both avowedly influenced by Rousseau.^[15] An English example is William Hazlitt’s Liber Amoris (1823), a painful examination of the writer’s love-life.

With the rise of education, cheap newspapers and cheap printing, modern concepts of fame and celebrity began to develop, and the beneficiaries of this were not slow to cash in on this by producing autobiographies. It became the expectation—rather than the exception—that those in the public eye should write about themselves—not only writers such as Charles Dickens (who also incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels) and Anthony Trollope, but also politicians (e.g. Henry Brooks Adams), philosophers (e.g. John Stuart Mill), churchmen such as Cardinal Newman, and entertainers such as P. T. Barnum. Increasingly, in accordance with romantic taste, these accounts also began to deal, amongst other topics, with aspects of childhood and upbringing—far removed from the principles of «Cellinian» autobiography.

20th and 21st centuries

From the 17th century onwards, «scandalous memoirs» by supposed libertines, serving a public taste for titillation, have been frequently published. Typically pseudonymous, they were (and are) largely works of fiction written by ghostwriters. So-called «autobiographies» of modern professional athletes and media celebrities—and to a lesser extent about politicians—generally written by a ghostwriter, are routinely published. Some celebrities, such as Naomi Campbell, admit to not having read their «autobiographies».^[16] Some sensationalist autobiographies such as James Frey’s A Million Little Pieces have been publicly exposed as having embellished or fictionalized significant details of the authors’ lives.

Autobiography has become an increasingly popular and widely accessible form. A Fortunate Life by Albert Facey (1979) has become an Australian literary classic.^[17] With the critical and commercial success in the United States of such memoirs as Angela’s Ashes and The Color of Water, more and more people have been encouraged to try their hand at this genre. Maggie Nelson’s book The Argonauts is one of the recent autobiographies. Maggie Nelson calls it «autotheory»—a combination of autobiography and critical theory.^[18]

A genre where the «claim for truth» overlaps with fictional elements though the work still purports to be autobiographical is autofiction.

See also

• Category:Autobiographies
• Autobiographical comics
• Autobiographical memory
• Autobiographical novel
• Autofiction
• I-novel
• Letter collection
• List of autobiographies
• Memoir
• Unreliable narrator

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Barros, Carolyn (1998). Autobiography: Narrative of Transformation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

• Buckley, Jerome Hamilton (1994). The Turning Key: Autobiography and the Subjective Impulse Since 1800. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

• Ferrieux, Robert (2001). L’Autobiographie en Grande-Bretagne et en Irlande. Paris: Ellipses. p. 384. ISBN 9782729800215.

• Lejeune, Philippe (1989). On Autobiography. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

• Olney, James (1998). Memory & Narrative: The Weave of Life-Writing. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

• Pascal, Roy (1960). Design and Truth in Autobiography. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

• Reynolds, Dwight F., ed. (2001). Interpreting the Self: Autobiography in the Arabic Literary Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press.

• Wu, Pey-Yi (1990). The Confucian’s Progress: Autobiographical Writings in Traditional China. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

External links

Литературный жанрПравить

См. такжеПравить

ЛитератураПравить

Автобиография (с греческого: «собственное жизнеописание») — последовательное описание человеком событий собственной жизни.

Литературный жанр

Как литературный жанр автобиография зарождается в поздней античности, на почве зарождающегося индивидуалистического самоощущения, одновременно с понятием личности («Исповедь» Блаженного Августина — психологическое описание религиозного кризиса и обращения).

Этот жанр повторяется в нескольких произведениях XVII в., например в «Милости Божьей, сошедшей на главного грешника», написанное Баньяном в 1666 году., и позднее в форме светского философского произведения в поэтическом шедевре Уильяма Вордсворта «Прелюдия», завершенном в 1805 году.

Началом современного жанра автобиографии можно считать «Исповедь» Жан Жака Руссо с беспрецедентной откровенностью описания.

Своей «Автобиографией», опубликованной в 1793 году, Бенджамин Франклин заложил основы чисто американской традиции «истории успеха».

Для автобиографии, в отличие от дневника, характерно ретроспективное, с высоты прожитых лет, стремление осмыслить свою жизнь как целое; пишущий литературную автобиографию нередко прибегает к вымыслу. В отличие от мемуаров, автор сосредоточен на истории своей личности, а не на окружающем мире. Существуют и пограничные между автобиографией, дневником и/или мемуарами жанры.

См. также

• Дневник
• Мемуары

Литература

• Гинзбург Л. Я. О психологической прозе. Л., 1977.
• May G. L’autobiographie. P., 1979.
• Olney J. Autobiography: essays theoretical and critical. Princeton, 1980.
• Фридрих Ницше: Ecce Homo

В делопроизводстве

В канцелярском делопроизводстве (в советской традиции) автобиографией называется жизнеописание какого-либо лица, которое составлено им самим в виде документа, являющегося составной частью личного дела. Автобиография может использоваться при составлении психологической характеристики работника, изучении его жизненного пути и личностных качеств: стиль изложения, акценты на тех или иных сторонах жизни, помогают судить о различных психологических особенностях человека. Главным достоинством автобиографии являются основные факты трудовой и общественной деятельности, позволяющие представить и оценить жизненный путь человека. Поэтому автобиографию нередко используют в процессе отбора кадров.

См. также

• Резюме

Что такое автобиография? Все пошло от греков: «авто …» (autos — «сам», «био» (bios — жизнь), «графия» — описание). Вот и получается, что автобиография — это самостоятельное описание жизни человека. К этому определению следует добавить еще одну составляющую — это свободное описание. Многие известные книги и литературных произведений — настоящие образцы автобиографии. Но в этой статье мы рассмотрим, как правильно написать автобиографию, которую с нас требуют при приеме на работу. Составляется автобиография на чистом листе, где нет никаких подсказок (граф, вопросов и т.д.).сайт про методики пластической хирургии Поэтому человек, который не связан какими-либо «регуляторами», самостоятельно описывает свою жизнь.</p>

Как правильно написать автобиографию

Хорошей чертой автобиографии является то, что сведения указываются в хронологическом порядке.здесь пластическая хирургия и операции Причем способов соблюдения такого порядка несколько. Назовем три основных: Вначале строки через дефис ставятся две даты, обозначающие период времени. Например, «1985-1990. Работа на предприятии «Вымпел» в должности инженера по стандартизации »или« 1985-1990 — работал на предприятии «Вымпел» в должности инженера по стандартизации ».тут пластическая хирургия для мужчин Временной период указывается с помощью предлогов. Например: «С 1984 по 1989 год работал на заводе« Салют »слесарем авиационных приборов». Даты указываются после события в скобках. Например: «Поступил в аспирантуру Московского государственного университета им. М.В. Ломоносова (1974 год). После окончания аспирантуры (1978 год) работал преподавателем трудового права в Свердловском юридическом институте (до 1984 года) ».

Правила написания автобиографии

Основными блоками информации в автобиографии, которая нужна отдела кадров, такие сведения о составителя:

1. Фамилия, имя, отчество; дата и место рождения. Эти данные могут указываться по-разному. Например: «Я, Смирнов Сергей Павлович, родился 9 сентября 1964 года в городе Подольске Московской области». Можно указать эти сведения и по типу анкеты: «Смирнов Сергей Павлович. Дата рождения: 9 сентября 1964 года. Место рождения: город Подольск Московской области ».

2. Раньше в автобиографии было принято указывать социальный статус родителей, например «в семье интеллигентов (рабочих, крестьян)». Сейчас человек младше 50 лет так уже не напишет — исчезла необходимость в указании социального класса (и слава Богу). Но потребность в сведениях о родителях не исчезла, поэтому сразу после указания фамилии, имени, отчество, дату и место своего рождения логично указать эти сведения. Например: «Родился в семье врачей — отец, Иван Павлович Ручкин — хирург, мать, Софья Николаевна Ручкина — терапевт».

3. Полученное образование (какие образовательные учреждения, периоды, результаты). Обычно пишут так: «Среднюю школу № 3 города Астрахани закончил в 1974 году». Если составитель автобиографии окончил школу с медалью, и он считает эту информацию важной, не следует ограничивать его в желании рассказать о своих успехах и достижениях.
После школы следуют все уровни образования (средний, высший, аспирантура и т.д.). Если какое-то учебное заведение не закончено — указывается причина. О таком основании отчисления, как академическая неуспеваемость, как правило, желающих писать нет. Совсем другое дело, если отчисление носит «личный», а то и «политический» характер, например: «Из института был отчислен в 1978 году со второго курса за« антисоветские выступления ». Поскольку обучение (особенно в средних и высших образовательных учреждениях) очень часто совпадает с первыми этапами трудовой деятельности, желательно указать, что одновременно с учебой работал (на таких-то предприятиях, в такие-то периоды, в такой-то должности или по такой -то профессией).

4. Трудовая деятельность. Здесь важна информация о том, на каком предприятии, в учреждении или организации начал работать, в каком подразделении, на какой должности или по какой профессии. Например: «В сентябре 1986 года по распределению поступил на работу на завод« Орбита »на должность техника».
Если на одном предприятии составитель автобиографии работал длительное время и были перемещения, то указываются подразделения, должности (профессии) и периоды. Например: «В феврале 1980 года был принят на работу в Государственный научно-исследовательский институт автомобильного транспорта (НИИАТ) на должность техника информационно-вычислительного центра. С 1984 по 1987 — инженер по эксплуатации вычислительных машин, с 1987 по 1991 — начальник информационно-вычислительного центра ». Далее указываются этапы работы на других предприятиях. Если составитель нигде не работал, то желательно указать информацию о том, был ли он официально признан безработным, состоял ли на бирже труда, проходил ли переподготовку и т.д.

При описании этапов трудовой деятельности можно обратить внимание «автобиографа» на причины увольнений, перемещений и смены профессии. Указанные блоки информации являются главными, но не единственными. Одновременно с учебой, трудовой деятельностью в жизни человека происходят и другие важные события. В первую очередь — это изменение семейного положения (женился, развелся, овдовел, родились дети и т.п.).

Для мужчин обязателен указания периодов военной службы (например, «на военную службу был призван в октябре 1991 года») и срочности, отношения к воинской обязанности, воинских званий. Женщинам в автобиографии желательно отразить периоды нахождения в отпуске по беременности и родам, по уходу за детьми. Нелишними будут и сведения о членстве, участие в профсоюзных и иных общественных организациях (в период обучения в средних и высших учебных заведениях; течение всей трудовой деятельности), о выполнении общественной работы и т.д.

Информация о поощрениях и наградах в автобиографии, как правило, раскрывается составителем более полно, чем в других документах. Если при заполнении анкеты человек ограничен графами и вопросами, то у него нет четких регуляторов. Поэтому чаще, читая в автобиографии сведения о поощрениях и наградах, чувствуется, что их писали с гордостью, осознавая значимость своего вклада в общественную и трудовую жизнь.

Конце автобиографии указываются паспортные данные, домашний адрес и телефон, дата составления автобиографии, а также проставляется подпись составителя. Автобиография не заверяется ни подписью работника отдела кадров, ни иного должностного лица. Не ставится на ней и печати. Автобиография заполняется от руки разборчивым почерком, перьевой или шариковой ручкой. Использование зеленых и красных чернил (пасты) не разрешается. В автобиографии не допускаются исправления и помарки.

Окончательный вариант автобиографии помещается в личное дело. Но не следует забывать о ней навсегда. Изменения, произошедшие в автобиографии составителя за время работы на предприятии, отражаются в отдельном документе-приложении, т.н. «Дополнении к автобиографии». Через некоторое время можно целиком обновить автобиографию, при этом старую автобиографию и дополнения к ней помещают в раздел личного дела «Дополнительный материал».

Образец автобиографии

Я, ??Романов Тарас Владимирович родился 23 июля 1986 года в городе Городок Львовской области. Родился в семье учителей — отец учитель физкультуры, мать учитель украинского языка.

В 2003 году окончил среднюю школу № 1 г. Городка. За успехи в учебе награжден золотой медалью.
В том же был зачислен в Национальный университет %26quot;Львовская политехника%26quot; на кафедру прикладной математики.
В 2007 году получил диплом бакалавра с отличием.
С 2007 года учился в магистратуре по специальности прикладная математика и в 2009 году получил диплом магистра с отличием.

С 2009 по 2010 год, служил в рядах Украинской Армии.

После службы в армии работал подателем-консультантом в магазине компьютерной техники.
С декабря 2010 года по сегодняшний день работу инженером программистом на заводе Эл.

В июле 2011 года женился, детей не имею. Проживаю в городе Львове по адресу ул. Ярослава Мудрого 19 кв. 3.

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