Как назывался первый сборник рассказов Джека Лондона?
«Внук опоссума»? «Дочь обезьяны»? «Братец кролика»? «Сын волка»?
4
«Внук опоссума»
«Дочь обезьяны»
«Братец кролика»
«Сын волка»
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Jack London |
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London in 1903 |
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Born | John Griffith Chaney January 12, 1876 San Francisco, California, U.S. |
Died | November 22, 1916 (aged 40) Glen Ellen, California, U.S. |
Occupation |
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Literary movement | Realism, Naturalism |
Notable works | The Call of the Wild White Fang |
Spouse |
Elizabeth Maddern (m. ; div. ) Charmian Kittredge (m. 1905) |
Children | Joan London Bessie London |
Signature | |
John Griffith Chaney[1] (January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916), better known as Jack London,[2][3][4][5] was an American novelist, journalist and activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors to become an international celebrity and earn a large fortune from writing.[6] He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction.[7]
London was part of the radical literary group «The Crowd» in San Francisco and a passionate advocate of animal rights, workers’ rights and socialism.[8][9] London wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam.
His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in Alaska and the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories «To Build a Fire», «An Odyssey of the North», and «Love of Life». He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as «The Pearls of Parlay», and «The Heathen».
Family
Flora and John London, Jack’s mother and stepfather
Jack London was born January 12, 1876.[10] His mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest child of Pennsylvania Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife, Eleanor Garrett Jones. Marshall Wellman was descended from Thomas Wellman, an early Puritan settler in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.[11] Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died. In San Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist, claiming to channel the spirit of a Sauk chief, Black Hawk.[12][clarification needed]
Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe London’s father was astrologer William Chaney.[13] Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Stasz notes that in his memoirs, Chaney refers to London’s mother Flora Wellman as having been «his wife»; he also cites an advertisement in which Flora called herself «Florence Wellman Chaney».[14]
According to Flora Wellman’s account, as recorded in the San Francisco Chronicle of June 4, 1875, Chaney demanded that she have an abortion. When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child. In desperation, she shot herself. She was not seriously wounded, but she was temporarily deranged. After giving birth, Flora sent the baby for wet-nursing to Virginia (Jennie) Prentiss, a formerly enslaved African-American woman and a neighbor. Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London’s life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child.[15]
Late in 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, a partially disabled Civil War veteran, and brought her baby John, later known as Jack, to live with the newly married couple. The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school. The Prentiss family moved with the Londons, and remained a stable source of care for the young Jack.[15]
In 1897, when he was 21 and a student at the University of California, Berkeley, London searched for and read the newspaper accounts of his mother’s suicide attempt and the name of his biological father. He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago. Chaney responded that he could not be London’s father because he was impotent; he casually asserted that London’s mother had relations with other men and averred that she had slandered him when she said he insisted on an abortion. Chaney concluded by saying that he was more to be pitied than London.[16] London was devastated by his father’s letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom.
Early life
London at the age of nine with his dog Rollo, 1885
London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in San Francisco. The house burned down in the fire after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the California Historical Society placed a plaque at the site in 1953. Although the family was working class, it was not as impoverished as London’s later accounts claimed.[citation needed] London was largely self-educated.[citation needed]
In 1885, London found and read Ouida’s long Victorian novel Signa.[17][18] He credited this as the seed of his literary success.[19] In 1886, he went to the Oakland Public Library and found a sympathetic librarian, Ina Coolbrith, who encouraged his learning. (She later became California’s first poet laureate and an important figure in the San Francisco literary community).[20]
In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott’s Cannery. Seeking a way out, he borrowed money from his foster mother Virginia Prentiss, bought the sloop Razzle-Dazzle from an oyster pirate named French Frank, and became an oyster pirate himself. In his memoir, John Barleycorn, he claims also to have stolen French Frank’s mistress Mamie.[21][22][23] After a few months, his sloop became damaged beyond repair. London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol.
In 1893, he signed on to the sealing schooner Sophie Sutherland, bound for the coast of Japan. When he returned, the country was in the grip of the panic of ’93 and Oakland was swept by labor unrest. After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey’s Army and began his career as a tramp. In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo, New York. In The Road, he wrote:
Man-handling was merely one of the very minor unprintable horrors of the Erie County Pen. I say ‘unprintable’; and in justice I must also say undescribable. They were unthinkable to me until I saw them, and I was no spring chicken in the ways of the world and the awful abysses of human degradation. It would take a deep plummet to reach bottom in the Erie County Pen, and I do but skim lightly and facetiously the surface of things as I there saw them.
— Jack London, The Road
After many experiences as a hobo and a sailor, he returned to Oakland and attended Oakland High School. He contributed a number of articles to the high school’s magazine, The Aegis. His first published work was «Typhoon off the Coast of Japan», an account of his sailing experiences.[24]
Jack London studying at Heinold’s First and Last Chance in 1886
As a schoolboy, London often studied at Heinold’s First and Last Chance Saloon, a port-side bar in Oakland. At 17, he confessed to the bar’s owner, John Heinold, his desire to attend university and pursue a career as a writer. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college.
London desperately wanted to attend the University of California, located in Berkeley. In 1896, after a summer of intense studying to pass certification exams, he was admitted. Financial circumstances forced him to leave in 1897, and he never graduated. No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley.[25]
Heinold’s First and Last Chance, «Jack London’s Rendezvous»
While at Berkeley, London continued to study and spend time at Heinold’s saloon, where he was introduced to the sailors and adventurers who would influence his writing. In his autobiographical novel, John Barleycorn, London mentioned the pub’s likeness seventeen times. Heinold’s was the place where London met Alexander McLean, a captain known for his cruelty at sea.[26] London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean.[27]
Heinold’s First and Last Chance Saloon is now unofficially named Jack London’s Rendezvous in his honor.[28]
Gold rush and first success
On July 12, 1897, London (age 21) and his sister’s husband Captain Shepard sailed to join the Klondike Gold Rush. This was the setting for some of his first successful stories. London’s time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health. Like so many other men who were malnourished in the goldfields, London developed scurvy. His gums became swollen, leading to the loss of his four front teeth. A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike. Father William Judge, «The Saint of Dawson», had a facility in Dawson that provided shelter, food and any available medicine to London and others. His struggles there inspired London’s short story, «To Build a Fire» (1902, revised in 1908),[A] which many critics assess as his best.[citation needed]
His landlords in Dawson were mining engineers Marshall Latham Bond and Louis Whitford Bond, educated at the Bachelor’s level at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale and at the Master’s level at Stanford, respectively. The brothers’ father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor. While the Bond brothers were at Stanford, Hiram at the suggestion of his brother bought the New Park Estate at Santa Clara as well as a local bank. The Bonds, especially Hiram, were active Republicans. Marshall Bond’s diary mentions friendly sparring with London on political issues as a camp pastime.[citation needed]
London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism. He concluded that his only hope of escaping the work «trap» was to get an education and «sell his brains». He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty and, he hoped, as a means of beating the wealthy at their own game.
On returning to California in 1898, London began working to get published, a struggle described in his novel Martin Eden (serialized in 1908, published in 1909). His first published story since high school was «To the Man On Trail», which has frequently been collected in anthologies.[citation needed] When The Overland Monthly offered him only five dollars for it—and was slow paying—London came close to abandoning his writing career. In his words, «literally and literarily I was saved» when The Black Cat accepted his story «A Thousand Deaths» and paid him $40—the «first money I ever received for a story».[citation needed]
London began his writing career just as new printing technologies enabled lower-cost production of magazines. This resulted in a boom in popular magazines aimed at a wide public audience and a strong market for short fiction.[citation needed] In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $81,000 in today’s currency.[citation needed]
Among the works he sold to magazines was a short story known as either «Diable» (1902) or «Bâtard» (1904), two editions of the same basic story. London received $141.25 for this story on May 27, 1902.[29] In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man. London told some of his critics that man’s actions are the main cause of the behavior of their animals, and he would show this famously in another story, The Call of the Wild.[30]
In early 1903, London sold The Call of the Wild to The Saturday Evening Post for $750 and the book rights to Macmillan. Macmillan’s promotional campaign propelled it to swift success.[31]
While living at his rented villa on Lake Merritt in Oakland, California, London met poet George Sterling; in time they became best friends. In 1902, Sterling helped London find a home closer to his own in nearby Piedmont. In his letters London addressed Sterling as «Greek», owing to Sterling’s aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as «Wolf». London was later to depict Sterling as Russ Brissenden in his autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1910) and as Mark Hall in The Valley of the Moon (1913).[citation needed]
In later life London indulged his wide-ranging interests by accumulating a personal library of 15,000 volumes. He referred to his books as «the tools of my trade».[32]
First marriage (1900–1904)
Jack with daughters Becky (left) and Joan (right)
Bessie Maddern London and daughters, Joan and Becky
London married Elizabeth Mae (or May) «Bessie» Maddern on April 7, 1900, the same day The Son of the Wolf was published. Bess had been part of his circle of friends for a number of years. She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens. Stasz says, «Both acknowledged publicly that they were not marrying out of love, but from friendship and a belief that they would produce sturdy children.»[33] Kingman says, «they were comfortable together… Jack had made it clear to Bessie that he did not love her, but that he liked her enough to make a successful marriage.»[34]
London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred’s fiancée. Bessie, who tutored at Anderson’s University Academy in Alameda California, tutored Jack in preparation for his entrance exams for the University of California at Berkeley in 1896. Jacobs was killed aboard the Scandia in 1897, but Jack and Bessie continued their friendship, which included taking photos and developing the film together.[35] This was the beginning of Jack’s passion for photography.
During the marriage, London continued his friendship with Anna Strunsky, co-authoring The Kempton-Wace Letters, an epistolary novel contrasting two philosophies of love. Anna, writing «Dane Kempton’s» letters, arguing for a romantic view of marriage, while London, writing «Herbert Wace’s» letters, argued for a scientific view, based on Darwinism and eugenics. In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known.[citation needed]
London’s pet name for Bess was «Mother-Girl» and Bess’s for London was «Daddy-Boy».[36] Their first child, Joan, was born on January 15, 1901, and their second, Bessie «Becky» (also reported as Bess), on October 20, 1902. Both children were born in Piedmont, California. Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild.
While London had pride in his children, the marriage was strained. Kingman says that by 1903 the couple were close to separation as they were «extremely incompatible». «Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn’t suspect a breakup of their marriage.»[37]
London reportedly complained to friends Joseph Noel and George Sterling:
[Bessie] is devoted to purity. When I tell her morality is only evidence of low blood pressure, she hates me. She’d sell me and the children out for her damned purity. It’s terrible. Every time I come back after being away from home for a night she won’t let me be in the same room with her if she can help it.[38]
Stasz writes that these were «code words for [Bess’s] fear that [Jack] was consorting with prostitutes and might bring home venereal disease.»[39]
On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out. During 1904, London and Bess negotiated the terms of a divorce, and the decree was granted on November 11, 1904.[40]
War correspondent (1904)
London accepted an assignment of the San Francisco Examiner to cover the Russo-Japanese War in early 1904, arriving in Yokohama on January 25, 1904. He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom. After travelling to Korea, he was again arrested by Japanese authorities for straying too close to the border with Manchuria without official permission, and was sent back to Seoul. Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu.
London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe. However, before this could be arranged, he was arrested for a third time in four months, this time for assaulting his Japanese assistants, whom he accused of stealing the fodder for his horse. Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904.[41]
Bohemian Club
On August 18, 1904, London went with his close friend, the poet George Sterling, to «Summer High Jinks» at the Bohemian Grove. London was elected to honorary membership in the Bohemian Club and took part in many activities. Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris,[citation needed] and Herman George Scheffauer.
Beginning in December 1914, London worked on The Acorn Planter, A California Forest Play, to be performed as one of the annual Grove Plays, but it was never selected. It was described as too difficult to set to music.[42] London published The Acorn Planter in 1916.[43]
Second marriage
Jack and Charmian London (c. 1915) at Waikiki
After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905. London had been introduced to Kittredge in 1900 by her aunt Netta Eames, who was an editor at Overland Monthly magazine in San Francisco. The two met prior to his first marriage but became lovers years later after Jack and Bessie London visited Wake Robin, Netta Eames’ Sonoma County resort, in 1903. London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him. The two developed a friendship, as Charmian, Netta, her husband Roscoe, and London were politically aligned with socialist causes. At some point the relationship became romantic, and Jack divorced his wife to marry Charmian, who was five years his senior.[44]
Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian «Jack’s soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.» Their time together included numerous trips, including a 1907 cruise on the yacht Snark to Hawaii and Australia.[45] Many of London’s stories are based on his visits to Hawaii, the last one for 10 months beginning in December 1915.[46]
The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London’s Dawson City landlords. The Bond brothers were working in Nevada as mining engineers.
London had contrasted the concepts of the «Mother Girl» and the «Mate Woman» in The Kempton-Wace Letters. His pet name for Bess had been «Mother-Girl;» his pet name for Charmian was «Mate-Woman.»[47] Charmian’s aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness.[48] Every biographer alludes to Charmian’s uninhibited sexuality.[49][50]
The Snark in Australia, 1921
Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 «a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen…. London’s had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.»[51] In broad outline, London was restless in his first marriage, sought extramarital sexual affairs, and found, in Charmian Kittredge, not only a sexually active and adventurous partner, but his future life-companion. They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.[52]
In 1906, London published in Collier’s magazine his eye-witness report of the San Francisco earthquake.[53]
Beauty Ranch (1905–1916)
In 1905, London purchased a 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) ranch in Glen Ellen, Sonoma County, California, on the eastern slope of Sonoma Mountain.[54] He wrote: «Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.» He desperately wanted the ranch to become a successful business enterprise. Writing, always a commercial enterprise with London, now became even more a means to an end: «I write for no other purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me. I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.»
Stasz writes that London «had taken fully to heart the vision, expressed in his agrarian fiction, of the land as the closest earthly version of Eden … he educated himself through the study of agricultural manuals and scientific tomes. He conceived of a system of ranching that today would be praised for its ecological wisdom.»[citation needed] He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California. He hoped to adapt the wisdom of Asian sustainable agriculture to the United States. He hired both Italian and Chinese stonemasons, whose distinctly different styles are obvious.
The ranch was an economic failure. Sympathetic observers such as Stasz treat his projects as potentially feasible, and ascribe their failure to bad luck or to being ahead of their time. Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism. Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, «He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail …. London’s workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man’s hobby.»[55]
London spent $80,000 ($2,410,000 in current value) to build a 15,000-square-foot (1,400 m2) stone mansion called Wolf House on the property. Just as the mansion was nearing completion, two weeks before the Londons planned to move in, it was destroyed by fire.
London’s last visit to Hawaii,[56] beginning in December 1915, lasted eight months. He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana’ole, Queen Lili’uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916.[46] He was suffering from kidney failure, but he continued to work.
The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park.
Animal activism
London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice.[57] In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment.[58] Support from Club members led to a temporary cessation of trained animal acts at Ringling-Barnum and Bailey in 1925.[59]
Death
Grave of Jack and Charmian London
London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch. London had been a robust man but had suffered several serious illnesses, including scurvy in the Klondike.[60] Additionally, during travels on the Snark, he and Charmian picked up unspecified tropical infections and diseases, including yaws.[61] At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia;[62] he was in extreme pain and taking morphine and opium, both common, over-the-counter drugs at the time.[63]
London’s ashes were buried on his property not far from the Wolf House. London’s funeral took place on November 26, 1916, attended only by close friends, relatives, and workers of the property. In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House. After Charmian’s death in 1955, she was also cremated and then buried with her husband in the same spot that her husband chose. The grave is marked by a mossy boulder. The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California.
Suicide debate
Because he was using morphine, many older sources describe London’s death as a suicide, and some still do.[64] This conjecture appears to be a rumor, or speculation based on incidents in his fiction writings. His death certificate[65] gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic.
The biographer Stasz writes, «Following London’s death, for a number of reasons, a biographical myth developed in which he has been portrayed as an alcoholic womanizer who committed suicide. Recent scholarship based upon firsthand documents challenges this caricature.»[66] Most biographers, including Russ Kingman, now agree he died of uremia aggravated by an accidental morphine overdose.[67]
London’s fiction featured several suicides. In his autobiographical memoir John Barleycorn, he claims, as a youth, to have drunkenly stumbled overboard into the San Francisco Bay, «some maundering fancy of going out with the tide suddenly obsessed me». He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen. In the dénouement of The Little Lady of the Big House, the heroine, confronted by the pain of a mortal gunshot wound, undergoes a physician-assisted suicide by morphine. Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London,[68] drowns himself.[69][citation needed]
Plagiarism accusations
London in his office, 1916
London was vulnerable to accusations of plagiarism, both because he was such a conspicuous, prolific, and successful writer and because of his methods of working. He wrote in a letter to Elwyn Hoffman, «expression, you see—with me—is far easier than invention.» He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis[70] and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material.[citation needed]
In July 1901, two pieces of fiction appeared within the same month: London’s «Moon-Face», in the San Francisco Argonaut, and Frank Norris’ «The Passing of Cock-eye Blacklock», in Century Magazine. Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were «quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.»[71] London explained both writers based their stories on the same newspaper account. A year later, it was discovered that Charles Forrest McLean had published a fictional story also based on the same incident.[72]
Egerton Ryerson Young[73][74] claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young’s book My Dogs in the Northland (1902). London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him.[75]
In 1906, the New York World published «deadly parallel» columns showing eighteen passages from London’s short story «Love of Life» side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled «Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun».[76] London noted the World did not accuse him of «plagiarism», but only of «identity of time and situation», to which he defiantly «pled guilty».[77]
The most serious charge of plagiarism was based on London’s «The Bishop’s Vision», Chapter 7 of his novel The Iron Heel (1908). The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled «The Bishop of London and Public Morality».[78] Harris was incensed and suggested he should receive 1/60th of the royalties from The Iron Heel, the disputed material constituting about that fraction of the whole novel. London insisted he had clipped a reprint of the article, which had appeared in an American newspaper, and believed it to be a genuine speech delivered by the Bishop of London.[citation needed]
Views
Atheism
London was an atheist.[79] He is quoted as saying, «I believe that when I am dead, I am dead. I believe that with my death I am just as much obliterated as the last mosquito you and I squashed.»[80]
London wrote from a socialist viewpoint, which is evident in his novel The Iron Heel. Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London’s socialism grew out of his life experience. As London explained in his essay, «How I Became a Socialist»,[81] his views were influenced by his experience with people at the bottom of the social pit. His optimism and individualism faded, and he vowed never to do more hard physical work than necessary. He wrote that his individualism was hammered out of him, and he was politically reborn. He often closed his letters «Yours for the Revolution.»[82]
London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896. In the same year, the San Francisco Chronicle published a story about the twenty-year-old London’s giving nightly speeches in Oakland’s City Hall Park, an activity he was arrested for a year later. In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America. He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906).
Stasz notes that «London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.»[83] Stasz mentions a personal meeting between London and Big Bill Haywood in 1912.[84]
In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snark’s crew from office workers and other «toilers» who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen.
In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the «inefficient Italian labourers» in his employ.[85] In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so «because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.» In an unflattering portrait of London’s ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as «post-socialist» and says «… by 1911 … London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.»[86]
Race
Jeffries (left) vs. Johnson, 1910
London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as «the yellow peril»; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay.[87] This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called «The Unparalleled Invasion». Presented as an historical essay set in the future, the story narrates events between 1976 and 1987, in which China, with an ever-increasing population, is taking over and colonizing its neighbors with the intention of taking over the entire Earth. The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases.[88] On his fears about China, he admits (at the end of «The Yellow Peril»), «it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.»
By contrast, many of London’s short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican («The Mexican»), Asian («The Chinago»), and Hawaiian («Koolau the Leper») characters. London’s war correspondence from the Russo-Japanese War, as well as his unfinished novel Cherry, show he admired much about Japanese customs and capabilities.[89] London’s writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively.[15]
In «Koolau the Leper», London describes Koolau, who is a Hawaiian leper—and thus a very different sort of «superman» than Martin Eden—and who fights off an entire cavalry troop to elude capture, as «indomitable spiritually—a … magnificent rebel». This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley.
Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913:
In reply to yours of August 16, 1913. First of all, I should say by stopping the stupid newspaper from always fomenting race prejudice. This of course, being impossible, I would say, next, by educating the people of Japan so that they will be too intelligently tolerant to respond to any call to race prejudice. And, finally, by realizing, in industry and government, of socialism—which last word is merely a word that stands for the actual application of in the affairs of men of the theory of the Brotherhood of Man.
In the meantime the nations and races are only unruly boys who have not yet grown to the stature of men. So we must expect them to do unruly and boisterous things at times. And, just as boys grow up, so the races of mankind will grow up and laugh when they look back upon their childish quarrels.[90]
In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London’s alleged racism forced the city to change the name of «Jack London Boulevard»[failed verification] back to «Two-mile Hill».[91]
Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a «great white hope» to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: «Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson’s face. Jeff, it’s up to you. The White Man must be rescued.»[92]
Eugenics
With other modernist writers of the day,[93] London supported eugenics.[8] The notion of «good breeding» complemented the Progressive era scientism, the belief that humans assort along a hierarchy by race, religion, and ethnicity. The Progressive Era catalog of inferiority offered basis for threats to American Anglo-Saxon racial integrity. London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, «I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.»[94] Although this led some to argue for forced sterilization of criminals or those deemed feeble-minded.,[95] London did not express this extreme. His short story «Told in the Drooling Ward» is from the viewpoint of a surprisingly astute «feebled-minded» person.
Hensley argues that London’s novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes.[9] London advised his collaborator Anna Strunsky during preparation of The Kempton-Wace Letters that he would take the role of eugenics in mating, while she would argue on behalf of romantic love. (Love won the argument.) [96] The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of «real Americans,» the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced. The protagonist’s argument is not that all white men are superior, but that there are more superior ones among whites than in other races. By encouraging the best in any race to mate will improve its population qualities.[97] Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. In «My Hawaiian Aloha,» London noted the liberal intermarrying of races, concluding how «little Hawaii, with its hotch potch races, is making a better demonstration than the United States.»[98]
Works
Short stories
Jack London (date unknown)
Western writer and historian Dale L. Walker writes:[99]
London’s true métier was the short story … London’s true genius lay in the short form, 7,500 words and under, where the flood of images in his teeming brain and the innate power of his narrative gift were at once constrained and freed. His stories that run longer than the magic 7,500 generally—but certainly not always—could have benefited from self-editing.
London’s «strength of utterance» is at its height in his stories, and they are painstakingly well-constructed.[citation needed] «To Build a Fire» is the best known of all his stories. Set in the harsh Klondike, it recounts the haphazard trek of a new arrival who has ignored an old-timer’s warning about the risks of traveling alone. Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities. After publishing a tame version of this story—with a sunny outcome—in The Youth’s Companion in 1902, London offered a second, more severe take on the man’s predicament in The Century Magazine in 1908. Reading both provides an illustration of London’s growth and maturation as a writer. As Labor (1994) observes: «To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children’s story.»[A]
Other stories from the Klondike period include: «All Gold Canyon», about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; «The Law of Life», about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; «Love of Life», about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; «To the Man on Trail,» which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and «An Odyssey of the North,» which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry.
London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer. «A Piece of Steak» is a tale about a match between older and younger boxers. It contrasts the differing experiences of youth and age but also raises the social question of the treatment of aging workers. «The Mexican» combines boxing with a social theme, as a young Mexican endures an unfair fight and ethnic prejudice to earn money with which to aid the revolution.
Several of London’s stories would today be classified as science fiction. «The Unparalleled Invasion» describes germ warfare against China; «Goliath» is about an irresistible energy weapon; «The Shadow and the Flash» is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; «A Relic of the Pliocene» is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth. «The Red One» is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung. It tells of an island tribe held in thrall by an extraterrestrial object.
Some nineteen original collections of short stories were published during London’s brief life or shortly after his death. There have been several posthumous anthologies drawn from this pool of stories. Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific. A collection of Jack London’s San Francisco Stories was published in October 2010 by Sydney Samizdat Press.[100]
Novels
London’s most famous novels are The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, The Iron Heel, and Martin Eden.[101]
In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London’s Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said «he believed Jack’s fiction represented ‘the very best kind of work’ done in America.»[94]
Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild «a beautiful prose poem»; editor Franklin Walker said that it «belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn«; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it «a mordant parable … his masterpiece.»[citation needed]
The historian Dale L. Walker[99] commented:
Jack London was an uncomfortable novelist, that form too long for his natural impatience and the quickness of his mind. His novels, even the best of them, are hugely flawed.
Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories. Dale L. Walker writes:
The Star Rover, that magnificent experiment, is actually a series of short stories connected by a unifying device … Smoke Bellew is a series of stories bound together in a novel-like form by their reappearing protagonist, Kit Bellew; and John Barleycorn … is a synoptic series of short episodes.[99]
Ambrose Bierce said of The Sea-Wolf that «the great thing—and it is among the greatest of things—is that tremendous creation, Wolf Larsen … the hewing out and setting up of such a figure is enough for a man to do in one lifetime.» However, he noted, «The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.»[102]
The Iron Heel is an example of a dystopian novel that anticipates and influenced George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four.[103] London’s socialist politics are explicitly on display here. The Iron Heel meets the contemporary definition of soft science fiction. The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction.
Apocrypha
Jack London Credo
London’s literary executor, Irving Shepard, quoted a Jack London Credo in an introduction to a 1956 collection of London stories:
I would rather be ashes than dust!
I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry-rot.
I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet.
The function of man is to live, not to exist.
I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them.
I shall use my time.
The biographer Stasz notes that the passage «has many marks of London’s style» but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first.[104] The words Shepard quoted were from a story in the San Francisco Bulletin, December 2, 1916, by journalist Ernest J. Hopkins, who visited the ranch just weeks before London’s death. Stasz notes, «Even more so than today journalists’ quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,» and says no direct source in London’s writings has been found. However, at least one line, according to Stasz, is authentic, being referenced by London and written in his own hand in the autograph book of Australian suffragette Vida Goldstein:
Dear Miss Goldstein:–
Seven years ago I wrote you that I’d rather be ashes than dust. I still subscribe to that sentiment.
Sincerely yours,
Jack London
Jan. 13, 1909[105]
In his short story «By The Turtles of Tasman», a character, defending her «ne’er-do-well grasshopperish father» to her «antlike uncle», says: «… my father has been a king. He has lived …. Have you lived merely to live? Are you afraid to die? I’d rather sing one wild song and burst my heart with it, than live a thousand years watching my digestion and being afraid of the wet. When you are dust, my father will be ashes.»
«The Scab»
A short diatribe on «The Scab» is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London. It opens:
After God had finished the rattlesnake, the toad, and the vampire, he had some awful substance left with which he made a scab. A scab is a two-legged animal with a corkscrew soul, a water brain, a combination backbone of jelly and glue. Where others have hearts, he carries a tumor of rotten principles. When a scab comes down the street, men turn their backs and Angels weep in Heaven, and the Devil shuts the gates of hell to keep him out….[106]
In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of «scab», such as
«knocker»,[107][108]
«stool pigeon»[109]
or «scandal monger».[110]
This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin,[111] in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as «a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London». A union newsletter had published a «list of scabs,» which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the «definition of a scab». The case turned on the question of whether the «definition» was defamatory. The court ruled that «Jack London’s… ‘definition of a scab’ is merely rhetorical hyperbole, a lusty and imaginative expression of the contempt felt by union members towards those who refuse to join», and as such was not libelous and was protected under the First Amendment.[106]
Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University’s website. However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled «The Scab»,[112] which gave a much more balanced view of the topic:
The laborer who gives more time or strength or skill for the same wage than another, or equal time or strength or skill for a less wage, is a scab. The generousness on his part is hurtful to his fellow-laborers, for it compels them to an equal generousness which is not to their liking, and which gives them less of food and shelter. But a word may be said for the scab. Just as his act makes his rivals compulsorily generous, so do they, by fortune of birth and training, make compulsory his act of generousness.
[…]
Nobody desires to scab, to give most for least. The ambition of every individual is quite the opposite, to give least for most; and, as a result, living in a tooth-and-nail society, battle royal is waged by the ambitious individuals. But in its most salient aspect, that of the struggle over the division of the joint product, it is no longer a battle between individuals, but between groups of individuals. Capital and labor apply themselves to raw material, make something useful out of it, add to its value, and then proceed to quarrel over the division of the added value. Neither cares to give most for least. Each is intent on giving less than the other and on receiving more.
Publications
Source unless otherwise specified: Williams
Novels
Short story collections
Autobiographical memoirs
Non-fiction and essays
Plays
Poetry
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Short stories
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Legacy and honors
- Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him.[118]
- Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him.
- He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 25¢ Great Americans series postage stamp released on January 11, 1986.
- Jack London Lake (Russian: Озеро Джека Лондона), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast.
- Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O’Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time’s Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode «Murdoch of the Klondike» from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike.
See also
- List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards
Notes
- ^ a b The 1908 version of «To Build a Fire» is available on Wikisource in two places: «To Build a Fire» (Century Magazine) and «To Build a Fire» (in Lost Face – 1910). The 1902 version may be found at the following external link: To Build a Fire (The Jean and Charles Schulz Information Center, Sonoma State University).
References
- ^ Reesman 2009, p. 23.
- ^ «London, Jack». Encyclopædia Britannica Library Edition. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
- ^ Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006.
- ^ London 1939, p. 12.
- ^ New York Times November 23, 1916.
- ^ Haley, James (October 4, 2011). Wolf: The Lives of Jack London. Basic Books. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0465025039.
- ^ (1910) «Specialty of Short-story Writing,» The Writer, XXII, January–December 1910, p. 9: «There are eight American writers who can get $1000 for a short story—Robert W. Chambers, Richard Harding Davis, Jack London, O. Henry, Booth Tarkington, John Fox, Jr., Owen Wister, and Mrs. Burnett.» $1,000 in 1910 dollars is roughly equivalent to $29,000 today
- ^ a b Swift, John N. «Jack London’s ‘The Unparalleled Invasion’: Germ Warfare, Eugenics, and Cultural Hygiene.» American Literary Realism, vol. 35, no. 1, 2002, pp. 59–71. JSTOR 27747084.
- ^ a b Hensley, John R. «Eugenics and Social Darwinism in Stanley Waterloo’s ‘The Story of Ab’ and Jack London’s ‘Before Adam.’» Studies in Popular Culture, vol. 25, no. 1, 2002, pp. 23–37. JSTOR 23415006.
- ^ «UPI Almanac for Tuesday, Jan. 12, 2021». United Press International. January 12, 2021. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
…novelist Jack London in 1876…
- ^ Wellman, Joshua Wyman Descendants of Thomas Wellman (1918) Arthur Holbrook Wellman, Boston, p. 227
- ^ «The Book of Jack London». The World of Jack London. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
- ^ Stasz 2001, p. 14: «What supports Flora’s naming Chaney as the father of her son are, first, the indisputable fact of their cohabiting at the time of his conception, and second, the absence of any suggestion on the part of her associates that another man could have been responsible… [but] unless DNA evidence is introduced, whether or not William Chaney was the biological father of Jack London cannot be decided…. Chaney would, however, be considered by her son and his children as their ancestor.»
- ^ «Before Adam (Paperback) | The Book Table». www.booktable.net. Retrieved February 12, 2020.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c Jeanne Campbell Reesman, Jack London’s Racial Lives: A Critical Biography, University of Georgia Press, 2009, pp. 323–24
- ^ Kershaw 1999, pp. 53–54.
- ^ Ouida (July 26, 1875). «Signa. A story». London : Chapman & Hall – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Ouida (July 26, 1875). «Signa. A story». London : Chapman & Hall – via Internet Archive.
- ^ London, Jack (1917) «Eight Factors of Literary Success», in Labor (1994), p. 512. «In answer to your question as to the greatest factors of my literary success, I will state that I consider them to be: Vast good luck. Good health; good brain; good mental and muscular correlation. Poverty. Reading Ouida’s Signa at eight years of age. The influence of Herbert Spencer’s Philosophy of Style. Because I got started twenty years before the fellows who are trying to start today.»
- ^ «State’s first poet laureate remembered at Jack London». Sonoma Index Tribune. August 22, 2016. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- ^
- Jack London. John Barleycorn at Project Gutenberg Chapters VII, VIII describe his stealing of Mamie, the «Queen of the Oyster Pirates»: «The Queen asked me to row her ashore in my skiff…Nor did I understand Spider’s grinning side-remark to me: «Gee! There’s nothin’ slow about YOU.» How could it possibly enter my boy’s head that a grizzled man of fifty should be jealous of me?» «And how was I to guess that the story of how the Queen had thrown him down on his own boat, the moment I hove in sight, was already the gleeful gossip of the water-front?
- ^ London 1939, p. 41.
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 37: «It was said on the waterfront that Jack had taken on a mistress… Evidently Jack believed the myth himself at times… Jack met Mamie aboard the Razzle-Dazzle when he first approached French Frank about its purchase. Mamie was aboard on a visit with her sister Tess and her chaperone, Miss Hadley. It hardly seems likely that someone who required a chaperone on Saturday would move aboard as mistress on Monday.»
- ^ Charmian K. London (August 1, 1922). «The First Story Written for Publication». Sonoma County, California: JackLondons.net. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013.
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 67.
- ^ MacGillivray, Don (2009). Captain Alex MacLean. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0774814713. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ MacGillivray, Don (2008). Captain Alex MacLean (PDF). ISBN 978-0774814713. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ «The legends of Oakland’s oldest bar, Heinold’s First and Last Chance Saloon». Oakland North. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- ^ «Footnote 55 to «Bâtard»«. JackLondons.net. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2013. First published as «Diable – A Dog». The Cosmopolitan, v. 33 (June 1902), pp. 218–26. [FM]
This tale was titled «Bâtard» in 1904 when included in FM. The same story, with minor changes, was also called «Bâtard» when it appeared in the Sunday Illustrated Magazine of the Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tenn.), September 28, 1913, pp. 7–11. London received $141.25 for this story on May 27, 1902. - ^ «The 100 best novels: No 35 – The Call of the Wild by Jack London (1903)» Retrieved July 22, 2015
- ^ «Best Dog Story Ever Written: Call of the Wild» Archived April 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, excerpted from Kingman 1979
- ^ Hamilton (1986) (as cited by other sources)
- ^ Stasz 2001, p. 61: «Both acknowledged… that they were not marrying out of love»
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 98.
- ^ Reesman 2010, p 12
- ^ Stasz 2001, p. 66: «Mommy Girl and Daddy Boy»
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 121.
- ^ Noel 1940, p. 150, «She’s devoted to purity…»
- ^ Stasz 2001, p. 80 («devoted to purity… code words…»)
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 139.
- ^ Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. The Scarecrow Press. p. 212. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5.
- ^ London & Taylor 1987, p. 394.
- ^ Wichlan 2007, p. 131.
- ^ Labor 2013
- ^ «The Sailing of the Snark», by Allan Dunn, Sunset, May 1907.
- ^ a b Day 1996, pp. 113–19.
- ^ London 2003, p. 59: copy of «John Barleycorn» inscribed «Dear Mate-Woman: You know. You have helped me bury the Long Sickness and the White Logic.» Numerous other examples in same source.
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 124.
- ^ Stasz 1999, p. 112.
- ^ Kershaw 1999, p. 133.
- ^ Noel 1940, p. 146.
- ^ Walker, Dale; Reesman, Jeanne, eds. (1999). «A Selection of Letters to Charmain Kittredge». No Mentor But Myself: Jack London on Writers and Writing. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804736367. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
- ^ Jack London «Story Of An Eyewitness». California Department of Parks & Recreation.
- ^ Stasz, Clarice (2013). Jack London’s Women. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1625340658. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
- ^ Starr, Kevin. Americans and the California Dream, 1850–1915. Oxford University, 1986.
- ^ Joseph Theroux. «They Came to Write in Hawai’i». Spirit of Aloha (Aloha Airlines) March/April 2007. Archived from the original on January 21, 2008.
He said, «Life’s not a matter of holding good cards, but sometimes playing a poor hand well.» …His last magazine piece was titled «My Hawaiian Aloha»* [and] his final, unfinished novel, Eyes of Asia, was set in Hawai’i.
(Jack London. «My Hawaiian Aloha». *From Stories of Hawai’i, Mutual Publishing, Honolulu, 1916. Reprinted with permission in Spirit of Aloha, November/December 2006. Archived from the original on January 21, 2008.) - ^ Beers, Diane L. (2006). For the Prevention of Cruelty: The History and Legacy of Animal Rights Activism in the United States. Athens: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press. pp. 105–06. ISBN 0804010870.
- ^ Beers, Diane L. (2006). For the Prevention of Cruelty: The History and Legacy of Animal Rights Activism in the United States. Athens: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press. pp. 106–07. ISBN 0804010870.
- ^ Beers, Diane L. (2006). For the Prevention of Cruelty: The History and Legacy of Animal Rights Activism in the United States. Athens: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press. p. 107. ISBN 0804010870.
- ^ «On This Day: November 23, 1916: Obituary – Jack London Dies Suddenly On Ranch». The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
- ^ Jack London (1911). The Cruise of the Snark. Macmillan.
- ^ «Marin County Tocsin». contentdm.marinlibrary.org. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ^ McConahey, Meg (July 22, 2022). «Was Jack London a drug addict? New technology examines old mysteries». Santa Rosa Press Democrat. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
- ^ Columbia Encyclopedia «Jack London», «Beset in his later years by alcoholism and financial difficulties, London committed suicide at the age of 40.»
- ^ The Jack London Online Collection: Jack London’s death certificate.
- ^ The Jack London Online Collection: Biography.
- ^ «Did Jack London Commit Suicide?» Archived September 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, The World of Jack London
- ^ «Martin Eden by Jack London | Goodreads». Goodreads: Martin Eden.
- ^ admin (June 5, 2019). «Jack London: Martin Eden — by Franklin Walker». Scraps from the loft. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
- ^ «Jack London letters to Sinclair Lewis, dated September through December 1910» (PDF). Utah State University University Libraries Digital Exhibits. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
- ^ «The Literary Zoo». Life. Vol. 49. January–June 1907. p. 130.
- ^ «The Retriever and the Dynamite Stick — A Remarkable Coincidence». The New York Times. The New York Times Company. August 16, 1902. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ «Young, Everton Ryerson». Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
- ^ «Memorable Manitobans: Egerton Ryerson Young (1840–1909)». The Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
- ^ «Is Jack London a Plagiarist?». The Literary Digest. 34: 337. 1907.
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 118.
- ^ Letter to «The Bookman,» April 10, 1906, quoted in full in Jack London; Dale L. Walker; Jeanne Campbell Reesman (2000). No mentor but myself: Jack London on writing and writers. Stanford University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0804736350. «The World, however, did not charge me with plagiarism. It charged me with identity of time and situation. Certainly I plead guilty, and I am glad that the World was intelligent enough not to charge me with identity of language.»
- ^ Jack London; Dale L. Walker; Jeanne Campbell Reesman (2000). No mentor but myself: Jack London on writing and writers. Stanford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0804736350. «The controversy with Frank Harris began in the Vanity Fair issue of April 14, 1909, in an article by Harris entitled ‘How Mr. Jack London Writes a Novel.’ Using parallel columns, Harris demonstrated that a portion of his article, ‘The Bishop of London and Public Morality,’ which appeared in a British periodical, The Candid Friend, on May 25, 1901, had been used almost word-for-word in his 1908 novel, The Iron Heel.»
- ^ Stewart Gabel (2012). Jack London: a Man in Search of Meaning: A Jungian Perspective. AuthorHouse. p. 14. ISBN 978-1477283332.
When he was tramping, arrested and jailed for one month for vagrancy at about 19 years of age, he listed «atheist» as his religion on the necessary forms (Kershaw, 1997).
- ^ Who’s Who in Hell: A Handbook and International Directory for Humanists, Freethinkers, Naturalists, Rationalists, and Non-Theists. Barricade Books (2000), ISBN 978-1569801581
- ^ «War of the Classes: How I Became a Socialist». london.sonoma.edu. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
- ^ See Labor (1994) p. 546 for one example, a letter from London to William E. Walling dated November 30, 1909.
- ^ Stasz 2001, p. 100.
- ^ Stasz 2001, p. 156.
- ^ Kershaw 1999, p. 245.
- ^ Starr, Kevin (1973). Americans and the California Dream. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195016440. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
- ^ The Jack London Online Collection: The Yellow Peril.
- ^ The Jack London Online Collection: The Unparalleled Invasion.
- ^ «Jack London’s War» Archived October 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Dale L. Walker, The World of Jack London. «According to London’s reportage, the Russians were «sluggish» in battle, while «The Japanese understand the utility of things. Reserves they consider should be used not only to strengthen the line…but in the moment of victory to clinch victory hard and fast…Verily, nothing short of a miracle can wreck a plan they have once started and put into execution.»»
- ^ Labor, Earle, Robert C. Leitz, III, and I. Milo Shepard: The Letters of Jack London: Volume Three: 1913–1916, Stanford University Press 1988, p. 1219, Letter to Japanese-American Commercial Weekly, August 25, 1913: «the races of mankind will grow up and laugh [at] their childish quarrels…»
- ^ Lundberg.
- ^ «A True Champion Vs. The ‘Great White Hope’«. NPR. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
- ^ Leonard, Thomas C., Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era, Princeton University Press, Princeton Univ. Press, 2016, p. 114
- ^ a b Kershaw 1999, p. 109.
- ^ Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck V. Bell, JHU Press, October 6, 2008, p. 55.
- ^ Williams, Jay, Author Under Sail, Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1014, p. 294.
- ^ Craid, Layne Parish, «Sex and Science in London’s America,» in Williams, Jay, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Jack London, Oxford Univ. Press, 2017, pp. 340–41.
- ^ London, Charmian, Our Hawaii: Islands and Islanders, Macmillan, 1922, p. 24.
- ^ a b c Dale L. Walker, «Jack London: The Stories» Archived October 25, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, The World of Jack London
- ^ Jack London: San Francisco Stories (Edited by Matthew Asprey; Preface by Rodger Jacobs)
- ^ These are the five novels selected by editor Donald Pizer for inclusion in the Library of America series.
- ^ Letters of Ambrose Bierce, ed. S. T. Joshi, Tryambak Sunand Joshi, David E. Schultz, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2003
- ^ Orwell: the Authorized Biography by Michael Shelden, HarperCollins ISBN 978-0060921613
- ^ Jack London Online: FAQ, Credo.
- ^ The Jack London Online Collection: Credo.
- ^ a b Thurgood Marshall (June 25, 1974). «Letter Carriers v. Austin, 418 U.S. 264 (1974)». Retrieved May 23, 2006.
- ^ Callan, Claude, 1913, «Cracks at the Crowd», Fort Worth Star-Telegram, December 30, 1913, p. 6: «Saith the Rule Review: ‘After God had finished making the rattlesnake, the toad and the vampire, He had some awful substance left, with which he made the knocker.’ Were it not for being irreverent, we would suggest that He was hard up for something to do when He made any of those pests you call his handiwork.»
- ^ «The Food for Your Think Tank», The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3
- ^ » Madame Gain is Found Guilty. Jury Decides Woman Conducted House of Ill Fame at the Clifton Hotel,» The Duluth News Tribune, February 5, 1914, p. 12.
- ^ «T. W. H.», (1914), «Review of the Masonic ‘Country’ Press: The Eastern Star» The New Age Magazine: A Monthly Publication Devoted to Freemasonry and Its Relation to Present Day Problems, published by the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States; June 1917, p. 283: «Scandal Monger: After God had finished making the rattlesnake, the toad and the vampire, He had some awful substance left, with which He made a scandal monger. A scandal monger is a two-legged animal with a cork-screw soul, a water-sogged brain and a combination backbone made of jelly and glue. Where other men have their hearts he carries a tumor of decayed principles. When the scandal monger comes down the street honest men turn their backs, the angels weep tears in heaven, and the devil shuts the gates of hell to keep him out. —Anon»
- ^ Letter Carriers v. Austin, 418 U.S. 264 (1974).
- ^ «War of the Classes: The Scab». london.sonoma.edu. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The Jack London Online Collection: Writings.
- ^ «How I Became a Socialist. The Comrade: An illustrated socialist monthly. Volume II, No. 6, March, 1903: Jack London: Books». Amazon. September 9, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ London, Jack (1908). «The Lepers of Molokai». Woman’s Home Companion. 35 (1): 6–7. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
- ^ London, Jack (1908). «The Nature Man». Woman’s Home Companion. 35 (9): 21–22. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
- ^ London, Jack (1908). «The High Seat of Abundance». Woman’s Home Companion. 35 (11): 13–14, 70. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
- ^ «London, Mount». BC Geographical Names.
Bibliography
- Day, A. Grove (1996) [1984]. «Jack London and Hawaii». In Dye, Bob (ed.). Hawaiʻi Chronicles. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 113–19. ISBN 0824818296.
- Kershaw, Alex (1999). Jack London. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 031219904X.
- Kingman, Russ (1979). A Pictorial Life of Jack London. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. (original); also «Published for Jack London Research Center by David Rejl, California» (same ISBN). ISBN 0517540932.
- London, Charmian (2003) [1921]. The Book of Jack London, Volume II. Kessinger. ISBN 0766161889.
- London, Jack; Taylor, J. Golden (1987). A Literary history of the American West. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press. ISBN 087565021X.
- London, Joan (1939). Jack London and His Times. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. LCCN 39-33408.
- Lundberg, Murray. «The Life of Jack London as Reflected in his Works». Explore North. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008.
- Noel, Joseph (1940). Footloose in Arcadia: A Personal Record of Jack London, George Sterling, Ambrose Bierce. New York: Carrick and Evans.
- Reesman, Jeanne Campbell (2009). Jack London’s Racial Lives: A Critical Biography. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0820327891.
- Stasz, Clarice (1999) [1988]. American Dreamers: Charmian and Jack London. toExcel (iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska). ISBN 0595000029.
- Stasz, Clarice (2001). Jack London’s Women. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1558493018.
- Wichlan, Daniel J. (2007). The Complete Poetry of Jack London. Waterford, CT: Little Red Tree Publishing. ISBN 978-0978944629.
- Reesman, Jeanne; Hodson, Sara; Adam, Philip (2010). Jack London Photographer. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press.
- «Jack London Dies Suddenly On Ranch». The New York Times. November 23, 1916. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
Novelist is Found Unconscious from Uremia, and Expires after Eleven Hours. Wrote His Life of Toil—His Experience as Sailor Reflected in His Fiction—’Call of the Wild’ Gave Him His Fame.» ‘The New York Times,’ story datelined Santa Rosa, Cal., Nov. 22; appeared November 24, 1916, p. 13. States he died ‘at 7:45 o’clock tonight,’ and says he was ‘born in San Francisco on January 12, 1876.’
The Jack London Online Collection
- «Jack London’s death certificate, from County Record’s Office, Sonoma Co., Nov. 22, 1916». The Jack London Online Collection. November 22, 1916. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- Stasz, Clarice (2001). «Jack [John Griffith] London». The Jack London Online Collection. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- «Revolution and Other Essays: The Yellow Peril». The Jack London Online Collection. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- «The Unparalleled Invasion». The Jack London Online Collection. Archived from the original on May 29, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- «Jack London’s «Credo», Commentary by Clarice Stasz». The Jack London Online Collection. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- Roy Tennant and Clarice Stasz. «Jack London’s Writings». The Jack London Online Collection. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- Jacobs, Rodger (July 1999). «Running with the Wolves: Jack London, the Cult of Masculinity, and «Might is Right»«. Panik. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- Williams, James. «Jack London’s Works by Date of Composition». The Jack London Online Collection. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
Further reading
- Jacobs, Rodger (preface) (2010). Asprey, Matthew (ed.). Jack London: San Francisco Stories. Sydney: Sydney Samizdat Press. ISBN 978-1453840504.
- Haley, James L. (2010). Wolf: The Lives of Jack London. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465004782.
- Hamilton, David (1986). The Tools of My Trade: Annotated Books in Jack London’s Library. University of Washington. ISBN 0295961570.
- Herron, Don (2004). The Barbaric Triumph: A Critical Anthology on the Writings of Robert E. Howard. Wildside Press. ISBN 0809515660.
- Howard, Robert E. (1989). Robert E. Howard Selected Letters 1923–1930. West Warwick, RI: Necronomicon Press. ISBN 0940884267.
- Labor, Earle (2013). Jack London: An American Life. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374178482.
- Labor, Earle, ed. (1994). The Portable Jack London. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0140179690.
- London, Jack; Strunsky, Anna (2000) [1903]. The Kempton-Wace Letters. Czech Republic: Triality. ISBN 8090187684.
- Lord, Glenn (1976). The Last Celt: A Bio-Bibliography of Robert E. Howard. West Kingston, RI: Donald M. Grant, Publisher.
- Oates, Joyce Carol (2013). The Accursed. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0062231703.
- Pizer, Donald, ed. (1982). Jack London: Novels and Stories. Library of America. ISBN 978-0940450059.
- Pizer, Donald, ed. (1982). Jack London: Novels and Social Writing. Library of America. ISBN 978-0940450066.
- Raskin, Jonah, ed. (2008). The Radical Jack London: Writings on War and Revolution. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520255463.
- Sinclair, Andrew (1977). Jack: A Biography of Jack London. United States: HarperCollins. ISBN 0060138998.
- Starr, Kevin (1986) [1973]. Americans and the California Dream 1850–1915. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195042336.
- Stasz, Clarice (1988). American Dreamers: Charmian and Jack London. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 978-0312021603.
- Wichlan, Daniel (2014). The Complete Poetry of Jack London. 2nd. ed. New London, CT: Little Tree.
- Williams, Jay (2014). Author Under Sail: The Imagination of Jack London, 1893–1902. Lincoln, NE: Univ. of Nebraska.
- Williams, Jay, ed. (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Jack London. Oxford Univ. Press.
External links
Jack London |
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London in 1903 |
|
Born | John Griffith Chaney January 12, 1876 San Francisco, California, U.S. |
Died | November 22, 1916 (aged 40) Glen Ellen, California, U.S. |
Occupation |
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Literary movement | Realism, Naturalism |
Notable works | The Call of the Wild White Fang |
Spouse |
Elizabeth Maddern (m. ; div. ) Charmian Kittredge (m. 1905) |
Children | Joan London Bessie London |
Signature | |
John Griffith Chaney[1] (January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916), better known as Jack London,[2][3][4][5] was an American novelist, journalist and activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors to become an international celebrity and earn a large fortune from writing.[6] He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction.[7]
London was part of the radical literary group «The Crowd» in San Francisco and a passionate advocate of animal rights, workers’ rights and socialism.[8][9] London wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam.
His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in Alaska and the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories «To Build a Fire», «An Odyssey of the North», and «Love of Life». He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as «The Pearls of Parlay», and «The Heathen».
Family
Flora and John London, Jack’s mother and stepfather
Jack London was born January 12, 1876.[10] His mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest child of Pennsylvania Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife, Eleanor Garrett Jones. Marshall Wellman was descended from Thomas Wellman, an early Puritan settler in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.[11] Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died. In San Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist, claiming to channel the spirit of a Sauk chief, Black Hawk.[12][clarification needed]
Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe London’s father was astrologer William Chaney.[13] Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Stasz notes that in his memoirs, Chaney refers to London’s mother Flora Wellman as having been «his wife»; he also cites an advertisement in which Flora called herself «Florence Wellman Chaney».[14]
According to Flora Wellman’s account, as recorded in the San Francisco Chronicle of June 4, 1875, Chaney demanded that she have an abortion. When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child. In desperation, she shot herself. She was not seriously wounded, but she was temporarily deranged. After giving birth, Flora sent the baby for wet-nursing to Virginia (Jennie) Prentiss, a formerly enslaved African-American woman and a neighbor. Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London’s life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child.[15]
Late in 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, a partially disabled Civil War veteran, and brought her baby John, later known as Jack, to live with the newly married couple. The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school. The Prentiss family moved with the Londons, and remained a stable source of care for the young Jack.[15]
In 1897, when he was 21 and a student at the University of California, Berkeley, London searched for and read the newspaper accounts of his mother’s suicide attempt and the name of his biological father. He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago. Chaney responded that he could not be London’s father because he was impotent; he casually asserted that London’s mother had relations with other men and averred that she had slandered him when she said he insisted on an abortion. Chaney concluded by saying that he was more to be pitied than London.[16] London was devastated by his father’s letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom.
Early life
London at the age of nine with his dog Rollo, 1885
London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in San Francisco. The house burned down in the fire after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the California Historical Society placed a plaque at the site in 1953. Although the family was working class, it was not as impoverished as London’s later accounts claimed.[citation needed] London was largely self-educated.[citation needed]
In 1885, London found and read Ouida’s long Victorian novel Signa.[17][18] He credited this as the seed of his literary success.[19] In 1886, he went to the Oakland Public Library and found a sympathetic librarian, Ina Coolbrith, who encouraged his learning. (She later became California’s first poet laureate and an important figure in the San Francisco literary community).[20]
In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott’s Cannery. Seeking a way out, he borrowed money from his foster mother Virginia Prentiss, bought the sloop Razzle-Dazzle from an oyster pirate named French Frank, and became an oyster pirate himself. In his memoir, John Barleycorn, he claims also to have stolen French Frank’s mistress Mamie.[21][22][23] After a few months, his sloop became damaged beyond repair. London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol.
In 1893, he signed on to the sealing schooner Sophie Sutherland, bound for the coast of Japan. When he returned, the country was in the grip of the panic of ’93 and Oakland was swept by labor unrest. After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey’s Army and began his career as a tramp. In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo, New York. In The Road, he wrote:
Man-handling was merely one of the very minor unprintable horrors of the Erie County Pen. I say ‘unprintable’; and in justice I must also say undescribable. They were unthinkable to me until I saw them, and I was no spring chicken in the ways of the world and the awful abysses of human degradation. It would take a deep plummet to reach bottom in the Erie County Pen, and I do but skim lightly and facetiously the surface of things as I there saw them.
— Jack London, The Road
After many experiences as a hobo and a sailor, he returned to Oakland and attended Oakland High School. He contributed a number of articles to the high school’s magazine, The Aegis. His first published work was «Typhoon off the Coast of Japan», an account of his sailing experiences.[24]
Jack London studying at Heinold’s First and Last Chance in 1886
As a schoolboy, London often studied at Heinold’s First and Last Chance Saloon, a port-side bar in Oakland. At 17, he confessed to the bar’s owner, John Heinold, his desire to attend university and pursue a career as a writer. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college.
London desperately wanted to attend the University of California, located in Berkeley. In 1896, after a summer of intense studying to pass certification exams, he was admitted. Financial circumstances forced him to leave in 1897, and he never graduated. No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley.[25]
Heinold’s First and Last Chance, «Jack London’s Rendezvous»
While at Berkeley, London continued to study and spend time at Heinold’s saloon, where he was introduced to the sailors and adventurers who would influence his writing. In his autobiographical novel, John Barleycorn, London mentioned the pub’s likeness seventeen times. Heinold’s was the place where London met Alexander McLean, a captain known for his cruelty at sea.[26] London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean.[27]
Heinold’s First and Last Chance Saloon is now unofficially named Jack London’s Rendezvous in his honor.[28]
Gold rush and first success
On July 12, 1897, London (age 21) and his sister’s husband Captain Shepard sailed to join the Klondike Gold Rush. This was the setting for some of his first successful stories. London’s time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health. Like so many other men who were malnourished in the goldfields, London developed scurvy. His gums became swollen, leading to the loss of his four front teeth. A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike. Father William Judge, «The Saint of Dawson», had a facility in Dawson that provided shelter, food and any available medicine to London and others. His struggles there inspired London’s short story, «To Build a Fire» (1902, revised in 1908),[A] which many critics assess as his best.[citation needed]
His landlords in Dawson were mining engineers Marshall Latham Bond and Louis Whitford Bond, educated at the Bachelor’s level at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale and at the Master’s level at Stanford, respectively. The brothers’ father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor. While the Bond brothers were at Stanford, Hiram at the suggestion of his brother bought the New Park Estate at Santa Clara as well as a local bank. The Bonds, especially Hiram, were active Republicans. Marshall Bond’s diary mentions friendly sparring with London on political issues as a camp pastime.[citation needed]
London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism. He concluded that his only hope of escaping the work «trap» was to get an education and «sell his brains». He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty and, he hoped, as a means of beating the wealthy at their own game.
On returning to California in 1898, London began working to get published, a struggle described in his novel Martin Eden (serialized in 1908, published in 1909). His first published story since high school was «To the Man On Trail», which has frequently been collected in anthologies.[citation needed] When The Overland Monthly offered him only five dollars for it—and was slow paying—London came close to abandoning his writing career. In his words, «literally and literarily I was saved» when The Black Cat accepted his story «A Thousand Deaths» and paid him $40—the «first money I ever received for a story».[citation needed]
London began his writing career just as new printing technologies enabled lower-cost production of magazines. This resulted in a boom in popular magazines aimed at a wide public audience and a strong market for short fiction.[citation needed] In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $81,000 in today’s currency.[citation needed]
Among the works he sold to magazines was a short story known as either «Diable» (1902) or «Bâtard» (1904), two editions of the same basic story. London received $141.25 for this story on May 27, 1902.[29] In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man. London told some of his critics that man’s actions are the main cause of the behavior of their animals, and he would show this famously in another story, The Call of the Wild.[30]
In early 1903, London sold The Call of the Wild to The Saturday Evening Post for $750 and the book rights to Macmillan. Macmillan’s promotional campaign propelled it to swift success.[31]
While living at his rented villa on Lake Merritt in Oakland, California, London met poet George Sterling; in time they became best friends. In 1902, Sterling helped London find a home closer to his own in nearby Piedmont. In his letters London addressed Sterling as «Greek», owing to Sterling’s aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as «Wolf». London was later to depict Sterling as Russ Brissenden in his autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1910) and as Mark Hall in The Valley of the Moon (1913).[citation needed]
In later life London indulged his wide-ranging interests by accumulating a personal library of 15,000 volumes. He referred to his books as «the tools of my trade».[32]
First marriage (1900–1904)
Jack with daughters Becky (left) and Joan (right)
Bessie Maddern London and daughters, Joan and Becky
London married Elizabeth Mae (or May) «Bessie» Maddern on April 7, 1900, the same day The Son of the Wolf was published. Bess had been part of his circle of friends for a number of years. She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens. Stasz says, «Both acknowledged publicly that they were not marrying out of love, but from friendship and a belief that they would produce sturdy children.»[33] Kingman says, «they were comfortable together… Jack had made it clear to Bessie that he did not love her, but that he liked her enough to make a successful marriage.»[34]
London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred’s fiancée. Bessie, who tutored at Anderson’s University Academy in Alameda California, tutored Jack in preparation for his entrance exams for the University of California at Berkeley in 1896. Jacobs was killed aboard the Scandia in 1897, but Jack and Bessie continued their friendship, which included taking photos and developing the film together.[35] This was the beginning of Jack’s passion for photography.
During the marriage, London continued his friendship with Anna Strunsky, co-authoring The Kempton-Wace Letters, an epistolary novel contrasting two philosophies of love. Anna, writing «Dane Kempton’s» letters, arguing for a romantic view of marriage, while London, writing «Herbert Wace’s» letters, argued for a scientific view, based on Darwinism and eugenics. In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known.[citation needed]
London’s pet name for Bess was «Mother-Girl» and Bess’s for London was «Daddy-Boy».[36] Their first child, Joan, was born on January 15, 1901, and their second, Bessie «Becky» (also reported as Bess), on October 20, 1902. Both children were born in Piedmont, California. Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild.
While London had pride in his children, the marriage was strained. Kingman says that by 1903 the couple were close to separation as they were «extremely incompatible». «Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn’t suspect a breakup of their marriage.»[37]
London reportedly complained to friends Joseph Noel and George Sterling:
[Bessie] is devoted to purity. When I tell her morality is only evidence of low blood pressure, she hates me. She’d sell me and the children out for her damned purity. It’s terrible. Every time I come back after being away from home for a night she won’t let me be in the same room with her if she can help it.[38]
Stasz writes that these were «code words for [Bess’s] fear that [Jack] was consorting with prostitutes and might bring home venereal disease.»[39]
On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out. During 1904, London and Bess negotiated the terms of a divorce, and the decree was granted on November 11, 1904.[40]
War correspondent (1904)
London accepted an assignment of the San Francisco Examiner to cover the Russo-Japanese War in early 1904, arriving in Yokohama on January 25, 1904. He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom. After travelling to Korea, he was again arrested by Japanese authorities for straying too close to the border with Manchuria without official permission, and was sent back to Seoul. Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu.
London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe. However, before this could be arranged, he was arrested for a third time in four months, this time for assaulting his Japanese assistants, whom he accused of stealing the fodder for his horse. Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904.[41]
Bohemian Club
On August 18, 1904, London went with his close friend, the poet George Sterling, to «Summer High Jinks» at the Bohemian Grove. London was elected to honorary membership in the Bohemian Club and took part in many activities. Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris,[citation needed] and Herman George Scheffauer.
Beginning in December 1914, London worked on The Acorn Planter, A California Forest Play, to be performed as one of the annual Grove Plays, but it was never selected. It was described as too difficult to set to music.[42] London published The Acorn Planter in 1916.[43]
Second marriage
Jack and Charmian London (c. 1915) at Waikiki
After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905. London had been introduced to Kittredge in 1900 by her aunt Netta Eames, who was an editor at Overland Monthly magazine in San Francisco. The two met prior to his first marriage but became lovers years later after Jack and Bessie London visited Wake Robin, Netta Eames’ Sonoma County resort, in 1903. London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him. The two developed a friendship, as Charmian, Netta, her husband Roscoe, and London were politically aligned with socialist causes. At some point the relationship became romantic, and Jack divorced his wife to marry Charmian, who was five years his senior.[44]
Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian «Jack’s soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.» Their time together included numerous trips, including a 1907 cruise on the yacht Snark to Hawaii and Australia.[45] Many of London’s stories are based on his visits to Hawaii, the last one for 10 months beginning in December 1915.[46]
The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London’s Dawson City landlords. The Bond brothers were working in Nevada as mining engineers.
London had contrasted the concepts of the «Mother Girl» and the «Mate Woman» in The Kempton-Wace Letters. His pet name for Bess had been «Mother-Girl;» his pet name for Charmian was «Mate-Woman.»[47] Charmian’s aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness.[48] Every biographer alludes to Charmian’s uninhibited sexuality.[49][50]
The Snark in Australia, 1921
Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 «a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen…. London’s had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.»[51] In broad outline, London was restless in his first marriage, sought extramarital sexual affairs, and found, in Charmian Kittredge, not only a sexually active and adventurous partner, but his future life-companion. They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.[52]
In 1906, London published in Collier’s magazine his eye-witness report of the San Francisco earthquake.[53]
Beauty Ranch (1905–1916)
In 1905, London purchased a 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) ranch in Glen Ellen, Sonoma County, California, on the eastern slope of Sonoma Mountain.[54] He wrote: «Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.» He desperately wanted the ranch to become a successful business enterprise. Writing, always a commercial enterprise with London, now became even more a means to an end: «I write for no other purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me. I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.»
Stasz writes that London «had taken fully to heart the vision, expressed in his agrarian fiction, of the land as the closest earthly version of Eden … he educated himself through the study of agricultural manuals and scientific tomes. He conceived of a system of ranching that today would be praised for its ecological wisdom.»[citation needed] He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California. He hoped to adapt the wisdom of Asian sustainable agriculture to the United States. He hired both Italian and Chinese stonemasons, whose distinctly different styles are obvious.
The ranch was an economic failure. Sympathetic observers such as Stasz treat his projects as potentially feasible, and ascribe their failure to bad luck or to being ahead of their time. Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism. Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, «He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail …. London’s workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man’s hobby.»[55]
London spent $80,000 ($2,410,000 in current value) to build a 15,000-square-foot (1,400 m2) stone mansion called Wolf House on the property. Just as the mansion was nearing completion, two weeks before the Londons planned to move in, it was destroyed by fire.
London’s last visit to Hawaii,[56] beginning in December 1915, lasted eight months. He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana’ole, Queen Lili’uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916.[46] He was suffering from kidney failure, but he continued to work.
The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park.
Animal activism
London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice.[57] In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment.[58] Support from Club members led to a temporary cessation of trained animal acts at Ringling-Barnum and Bailey in 1925.[59]
Death
Grave of Jack and Charmian London
London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch. London had been a robust man but had suffered several serious illnesses, including scurvy in the Klondike.[60] Additionally, during travels on the Snark, he and Charmian picked up unspecified tropical infections and diseases, including yaws.[61] At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia;[62] he was in extreme pain and taking morphine and opium, both common, over-the-counter drugs at the time.[63]
London’s ashes were buried on his property not far from the Wolf House. London’s funeral took place on November 26, 1916, attended only by close friends, relatives, and workers of the property. In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House. After Charmian’s death in 1955, she was also cremated and then buried with her husband in the same spot that her husband chose. The grave is marked by a mossy boulder. The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California.
Suicide debate
Because he was using morphine, many older sources describe London’s death as a suicide, and some still do.[64] This conjecture appears to be a rumor, or speculation based on incidents in his fiction writings. His death certificate[65] gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic.
The biographer Stasz writes, «Following London’s death, for a number of reasons, a biographical myth developed in which he has been portrayed as an alcoholic womanizer who committed suicide. Recent scholarship based upon firsthand documents challenges this caricature.»[66] Most biographers, including Russ Kingman, now agree he died of uremia aggravated by an accidental morphine overdose.[67]
London’s fiction featured several suicides. In his autobiographical memoir John Barleycorn, he claims, as a youth, to have drunkenly stumbled overboard into the San Francisco Bay, «some maundering fancy of going out with the tide suddenly obsessed me». He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen. In the dénouement of The Little Lady of the Big House, the heroine, confronted by the pain of a mortal gunshot wound, undergoes a physician-assisted suicide by morphine. Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London,[68] drowns himself.[69][citation needed]
Plagiarism accusations
London in his office, 1916
London was vulnerable to accusations of plagiarism, both because he was such a conspicuous, prolific, and successful writer and because of his methods of working. He wrote in a letter to Elwyn Hoffman, «expression, you see—with me—is far easier than invention.» He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis[70] and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material.[citation needed]
In July 1901, two pieces of fiction appeared within the same month: London’s «Moon-Face», in the San Francisco Argonaut, and Frank Norris’ «The Passing of Cock-eye Blacklock», in Century Magazine. Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were «quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.»[71] London explained both writers based their stories on the same newspaper account. A year later, it was discovered that Charles Forrest McLean had published a fictional story also based on the same incident.[72]
Egerton Ryerson Young[73][74] claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young’s book My Dogs in the Northland (1902). London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him.[75]
In 1906, the New York World published «deadly parallel» columns showing eighteen passages from London’s short story «Love of Life» side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled «Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun».[76] London noted the World did not accuse him of «plagiarism», but only of «identity of time and situation», to which he defiantly «pled guilty».[77]
The most serious charge of plagiarism was based on London’s «The Bishop’s Vision», Chapter 7 of his novel The Iron Heel (1908). The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled «The Bishop of London and Public Morality».[78] Harris was incensed and suggested he should receive 1/60th of the royalties from The Iron Heel, the disputed material constituting about that fraction of the whole novel. London insisted he had clipped a reprint of the article, which had appeared in an American newspaper, and believed it to be a genuine speech delivered by the Bishop of London.[citation needed]
Views
Atheism
London was an atheist.[79] He is quoted as saying, «I believe that when I am dead, I am dead. I believe that with my death I am just as much obliterated as the last mosquito you and I squashed.»[80]
London wrote from a socialist viewpoint, which is evident in his novel The Iron Heel. Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London’s socialism grew out of his life experience. As London explained in his essay, «How I Became a Socialist»,[81] his views were influenced by his experience with people at the bottom of the social pit. His optimism and individualism faded, and he vowed never to do more hard physical work than necessary. He wrote that his individualism was hammered out of him, and he was politically reborn. He often closed his letters «Yours for the Revolution.»[82]
London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896. In the same year, the San Francisco Chronicle published a story about the twenty-year-old London’s giving nightly speeches in Oakland’s City Hall Park, an activity he was arrested for a year later. In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America. He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906).
Stasz notes that «London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.»[83] Stasz mentions a personal meeting between London and Big Bill Haywood in 1912.[84]
In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snark’s crew from office workers and other «toilers» who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen.
In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the «inefficient Italian labourers» in his employ.[85] In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so «because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.» In an unflattering portrait of London’s ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as «post-socialist» and says «… by 1911 … London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.»[86]
Race
Jeffries (left) vs. Johnson, 1910
London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as «the yellow peril»; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay.[87] This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called «The Unparalleled Invasion». Presented as an historical essay set in the future, the story narrates events between 1976 and 1987, in which China, with an ever-increasing population, is taking over and colonizing its neighbors with the intention of taking over the entire Earth. The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases.[88] On his fears about China, he admits (at the end of «The Yellow Peril»), «it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.»
By contrast, many of London’s short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican («The Mexican»), Asian («The Chinago»), and Hawaiian («Koolau the Leper») characters. London’s war correspondence from the Russo-Japanese War, as well as his unfinished novel Cherry, show he admired much about Japanese customs and capabilities.[89] London’s writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively.[15]
In «Koolau the Leper», London describes Koolau, who is a Hawaiian leper—and thus a very different sort of «superman» than Martin Eden—and who fights off an entire cavalry troop to elude capture, as «indomitable spiritually—a … magnificent rebel». This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley.
Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913:
In reply to yours of August 16, 1913. First of all, I should say by stopping the stupid newspaper from always fomenting race prejudice. This of course, being impossible, I would say, next, by educating the people of Japan so that they will be too intelligently tolerant to respond to any call to race prejudice. And, finally, by realizing, in industry and government, of socialism—which last word is merely a word that stands for the actual application of in the affairs of men of the theory of the Brotherhood of Man.
In the meantime the nations and races are only unruly boys who have not yet grown to the stature of men. So we must expect them to do unruly and boisterous things at times. And, just as boys grow up, so the races of mankind will grow up and laugh when they look back upon their childish quarrels.[90]
In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London’s alleged racism forced the city to change the name of «Jack London Boulevard»[failed verification] back to «Two-mile Hill».[91]
Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a «great white hope» to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: «Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson’s face. Jeff, it’s up to you. The White Man must be rescued.»[92]
Eugenics
With other modernist writers of the day,[93] London supported eugenics.[8] The notion of «good breeding» complemented the Progressive era scientism, the belief that humans assort along a hierarchy by race, religion, and ethnicity. The Progressive Era catalog of inferiority offered basis for threats to American Anglo-Saxon racial integrity. London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, «I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.»[94] Although this led some to argue for forced sterilization of criminals or those deemed feeble-minded.,[95] London did not express this extreme. His short story «Told in the Drooling Ward» is from the viewpoint of a surprisingly astute «feebled-minded» person.
Hensley argues that London’s novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes.[9] London advised his collaborator Anna Strunsky during preparation of The Kempton-Wace Letters that he would take the role of eugenics in mating, while she would argue on behalf of romantic love. (Love won the argument.) [96] The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of «real Americans,» the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced. The protagonist’s argument is not that all white men are superior, but that there are more superior ones among whites than in other races. By encouraging the best in any race to mate will improve its population qualities.[97] Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. In «My Hawaiian Aloha,» London noted the liberal intermarrying of races, concluding how «little Hawaii, with its hotch potch races, is making a better demonstration than the United States.»[98]
Works
Short stories
Jack London (date unknown)
Western writer and historian Dale L. Walker writes:[99]
London’s true métier was the short story … London’s true genius lay in the short form, 7,500 words and under, where the flood of images in his teeming brain and the innate power of his narrative gift were at once constrained and freed. His stories that run longer than the magic 7,500 generally—but certainly not always—could have benefited from self-editing.
London’s «strength of utterance» is at its height in his stories, and they are painstakingly well-constructed.[citation needed] «To Build a Fire» is the best known of all his stories. Set in the harsh Klondike, it recounts the haphazard trek of a new arrival who has ignored an old-timer’s warning about the risks of traveling alone. Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities. After publishing a tame version of this story—with a sunny outcome—in The Youth’s Companion in 1902, London offered a second, more severe take on the man’s predicament in The Century Magazine in 1908. Reading both provides an illustration of London’s growth and maturation as a writer. As Labor (1994) observes: «To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children’s story.»[A]
Other stories from the Klondike period include: «All Gold Canyon», about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; «The Law of Life», about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; «Love of Life», about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; «To the Man on Trail,» which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and «An Odyssey of the North,» which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry.
London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer. «A Piece of Steak» is a tale about a match between older and younger boxers. It contrasts the differing experiences of youth and age but also raises the social question of the treatment of aging workers. «The Mexican» combines boxing with a social theme, as a young Mexican endures an unfair fight and ethnic prejudice to earn money with which to aid the revolution.
Several of London’s stories would today be classified as science fiction. «The Unparalleled Invasion» describes germ warfare against China; «Goliath» is about an irresistible energy weapon; «The Shadow and the Flash» is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; «A Relic of the Pliocene» is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth. «The Red One» is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung. It tells of an island tribe held in thrall by an extraterrestrial object.
Some nineteen original collections of short stories were published during London’s brief life or shortly after his death. There have been several posthumous anthologies drawn from this pool of stories. Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific. A collection of Jack London’s San Francisco Stories was published in October 2010 by Sydney Samizdat Press.[100]
Novels
London’s most famous novels are The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, The Iron Heel, and Martin Eden.[101]
In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London’s Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said «he believed Jack’s fiction represented ‘the very best kind of work’ done in America.»[94]
Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild «a beautiful prose poem»; editor Franklin Walker said that it «belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn«; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it «a mordant parable … his masterpiece.»[citation needed]
The historian Dale L. Walker[99] commented:
Jack London was an uncomfortable novelist, that form too long for his natural impatience and the quickness of his mind. His novels, even the best of them, are hugely flawed.
Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories. Dale L. Walker writes:
The Star Rover, that magnificent experiment, is actually a series of short stories connected by a unifying device … Smoke Bellew is a series of stories bound together in a novel-like form by their reappearing protagonist, Kit Bellew; and John Barleycorn … is a synoptic series of short episodes.[99]
Ambrose Bierce said of The Sea-Wolf that «the great thing—and it is among the greatest of things—is that tremendous creation, Wolf Larsen … the hewing out and setting up of such a figure is enough for a man to do in one lifetime.» However, he noted, «The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.»[102]
The Iron Heel is an example of a dystopian novel that anticipates and influenced George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four.[103] London’s socialist politics are explicitly on display here. The Iron Heel meets the contemporary definition of soft science fiction. The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction.
Apocrypha
Jack London Credo
London’s literary executor, Irving Shepard, quoted a Jack London Credo in an introduction to a 1956 collection of London stories:
I would rather be ashes than dust!
I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry-rot.
I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet.
The function of man is to live, not to exist.
I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them.
I shall use my time.
The biographer Stasz notes that the passage «has many marks of London’s style» but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first.[104] The words Shepard quoted were from a story in the San Francisco Bulletin, December 2, 1916, by journalist Ernest J. Hopkins, who visited the ranch just weeks before London’s death. Stasz notes, «Even more so than today journalists’ quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,» and says no direct source in London’s writings has been found. However, at least one line, according to Stasz, is authentic, being referenced by London and written in his own hand in the autograph book of Australian suffragette Vida Goldstein:
Dear Miss Goldstein:–
Seven years ago I wrote you that I’d rather be ashes than dust. I still subscribe to that sentiment.
Sincerely yours,
Jack London
Jan. 13, 1909[105]
In his short story «By The Turtles of Tasman», a character, defending her «ne’er-do-well grasshopperish father» to her «antlike uncle», says: «… my father has been a king. He has lived …. Have you lived merely to live? Are you afraid to die? I’d rather sing one wild song and burst my heart with it, than live a thousand years watching my digestion and being afraid of the wet. When you are dust, my father will be ashes.»
«The Scab»
A short diatribe on «The Scab» is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London. It opens:
After God had finished the rattlesnake, the toad, and the vampire, he had some awful substance left with which he made a scab. A scab is a two-legged animal with a corkscrew soul, a water brain, a combination backbone of jelly and glue. Where others have hearts, he carries a tumor of rotten principles. When a scab comes down the street, men turn their backs and Angels weep in Heaven, and the Devil shuts the gates of hell to keep him out….[106]
In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of «scab», such as
«knocker»,[107][108]
«stool pigeon»[109]
or «scandal monger».[110]
This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin,[111] in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as «a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London». A union newsletter had published a «list of scabs,» which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the «definition of a scab». The case turned on the question of whether the «definition» was defamatory. The court ruled that «Jack London’s… ‘definition of a scab’ is merely rhetorical hyperbole, a lusty and imaginative expression of the contempt felt by union members towards those who refuse to join», and as such was not libelous and was protected under the First Amendment.[106]
Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University’s website. However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled «The Scab»,[112] which gave a much more balanced view of the topic:
The laborer who gives more time or strength or skill for the same wage than another, or equal time or strength or skill for a less wage, is a scab. The generousness on his part is hurtful to his fellow-laborers, for it compels them to an equal generousness which is not to their liking, and which gives them less of food and shelter. But a word may be said for the scab. Just as his act makes his rivals compulsorily generous, so do they, by fortune of birth and training, make compulsory his act of generousness.
[…]
Nobody desires to scab, to give most for least. The ambition of every individual is quite the opposite, to give least for most; and, as a result, living in a tooth-and-nail society, battle royal is waged by the ambitious individuals. But in its most salient aspect, that of the struggle over the division of the joint product, it is no longer a battle between individuals, but between groups of individuals. Capital and labor apply themselves to raw material, make something useful out of it, add to its value, and then proceed to quarrel over the division of the added value. Neither cares to give most for least. Each is intent on giving less than the other and on receiving more.
Publications
Source unless otherwise specified: Williams
Novels
Short story collections
Autobiographical memoirs
Non-fiction and essays
Plays
Poetry
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Short stories
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Legacy and honors
- Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him.[118]
- Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him.
- He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 25¢ Great Americans series postage stamp released on January 11, 1986.
- Jack London Lake (Russian: Озеро Джека Лондона), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast.
- Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O’Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time’s Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode «Murdoch of the Klondike» from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike.
See also
- List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards
Notes
- ^ a b The 1908 version of «To Build a Fire» is available on Wikisource in two places: «To Build a Fire» (Century Magazine) and «To Build a Fire» (in Lost Face – 1910). The 1902 version may be found at the following external link: To Build a Fire (The Jean and Charles Schulz Information Center, Sonoma State University).
References
- ^ Reesman 2009, p. 23.
- ^ «London, Jack». Encyclopædia Britannica Library Edition. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
- ^ Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006.
- ^ London 1939, p. 12.
- ^ New York Times November 23, 1916.
- ^ Haley, James (October 4, 2011). Wolf: The Lives of Jack London. Basic Books. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0465025039.
- ^ (1910) «Specialty of Short-story Writing,» The Writer, XXII, January–December 1910, p. 9: «There are eight American writers who can get $1000 for a short story—Robert W. Chambers, Richard Harding Davis, Jack London, O. Henry, Booth Tarkington, John Fox, Jr., Owen Wister, and Mrs. Burnett.» $1,000 in 1910 dollars is roughly equivalent to $29,000 today
- ^ a b Swift, John N. «Jack London’s ‘The Unparalleled Invasion’: Germ Warfare, Eugenics, and Cultural Hygiene.» American Literary Realism, vol. 35, no. 1, 2002, pp. 59–71. JSTOR 27747084.
- ^ a b Hensley, John R. «Eugenics and Social Darwinism in Stanley Waterloo’s ‘The Story of Ab’ and Jack London’s ‘Before Adam.’» Studies in Popular Culture, vol. 25, no. 1, 2002, pp. 23–37. JSTOR 23415006.
- ^ «UPI Almanac for Tuesday, Jan. 12, 2021». United Press International. January 12, 2021. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
…novelist Jack London in 1876…
- ^ Wellman, Joshua Wyman Descendants of Thomas Wellman (1918) Arthur Holbrook Wellman, Boston, p. 227
- ^ «The Book of Jack London». The World of Jack London. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
- ^ Stasz 2001, p. 14: «What supports Flora’s naming Chaney as the father of her son are, first, the indisputable fact of their cohabiting at the time of his conception, and second, the absence of any suggestion on the part of her associates that another man could have been responsible… [but] unless DNA evidence is introduced, whether or not William Chaney was the biological father of Jack London cannot be decided…. Chaney would, however, be considered by her son and his children as their ancestor.»
- ^ «Before Adam (Paperback) | The Book Table». www.booktable.net. Retrieved February 12, 2020.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c Jeanne Campbell Reesman, Jack London’s Racial Lives: A Critical Biography, University of Georgia Press, 2009, pp. 323–24
- ^ Kershaw 1999, pp. 53–54.
- ^ Ouida (July 26, 1875). «Signa. A story». London : Chapman & Hall – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Ouida (July 26, 1875). «Signa. A story». London : Chapman & Hall – via Internet Archive.
- ^ London, Jack (1917) «Eight Factors of Literary Success», in Labor (1994), p. 512. «In answer to your question as to the greatest factors of my literary success, I will state that I consider them to be: Vast good luck. Good health; good brain; good mental and muscular correlation. Poverty. Reading Ouida’s Signa at eight years of age. The influence of Herbert Spencer’s Philosophy of Style. Because I got started twenty years before the fellows who are trying to start today.»
- ^ «State’s first poet laureate remembered at Jack London». Sonoma Index Tribune. August 22, 2016. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- ^
- Jack London. John Barleycorn at Project Gutenberg Chapters VII, VIII describe his stealing of Mamie, the «Queen of the Oyster Pirates»: «The Queen asked me to row her ashore in my skiff…Nor did I understand Spider’s grinning side-remark to me: «Gee! There’s nothin’ slow about YOU.» How could it possibly enter my boy’s head that a grizzled man of fifty should be jealous of me?» «And how was I to guess that the story of how the Queen had thrown him down on his own boat, the moment I hove in sight, was already the gleeful gossip of the water-front?
- ^ London 1939, p. 41.
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 37: «It was said on the waterfront that Jack had taken on a mistress… Evidently Jack believed the myth himself at times… Jack met Mamie aboard the Razzle-Dazzle when he first approached French Frank about its purchase. Mamie was aboard on a visit with her sister Tess and her chaperone, Miss Hadley. It hardly seems likely that someone who required a chaperone on Saturday would move aboard as mistress on Monday.»
- ^ Charmian K. London (August 1, 1922). «The First Story Written for Publication». Sonoma County, California: JackLondons.net. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013.
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 67.
- ^ MacGillivray, Don (2009). Captain Alex MacLean. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0774814713. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ MacGillivray, Don (2008). Captain Alex MacLean (PDF). ISBN 978-0774814713. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ «The legends of Oakland’s oldest bar, Heinold’s First and Last Chance Saloon». Oakland North. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- ^ «Footnote 55 to «Bâtard»«. JackLondons.net. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2013. First published as «Diable – A Dog». The Cosmopolitan, v. 33 (June 1902), pp. 218–26. [FM]
This tale was titled «Bâtard» in 1904 when included in FM. The same story, with minor changes, was also called «Bâtard» when it appeared in the Sunday Illustrated Magazine of the Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tenn.), September 28, 1913, pp. 7–11. London received $141.25 for this story on May 27, 1902. - ^ «The 100 best novels: No 35 – The Call of the Wild by Jack London (1903)» Retrieved July 22, 2015
- ^ «Best Dog Story Ever Written: Call of the Wild» Archived April 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, excerpted from Kingman 1979
- ^ Hamilton (1986) (as cited by other sources)
- ^ Stasz 2001, p. 61: «Both acknowledged… that they were not marrying out of love»
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 98.
- ^ Reesman 2010, p 12
- ^ Stasz 2001, p. 66: «Mommy Girl and Daddy Boy»
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 121.
- ^ Noel 1940, p. 150, «She’s devoted to purity…»
- ^ Stasz 2001, p. 80 («devoted to purity… code words…»)
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 139.
- ^ Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. The Scarecrow Press. p. 212. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5.
- ^ London & Taylor 1987, p. 394.
- ^ Wichlan 2007, p. 131.
- ^ Labor 2013
- ^ «The Sailing of the Snark», by Allan Dunn, Sunset, May 1907.
- ^ a b Day 1996, pp. 113–19.
- ^ London 2003, p. 59: copy of «John Barleycorn» inscribed «Dear Mate-Woman: You know. You have helped me bury the Long Sickness and the White Logic.» Numerous other examples in same source.
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 124.
- ^ Stasz 1999, p. 112.
- ^ Kershaw 1999, p. 133.
- ^ Noel 1940, p. 146.
- ^ Walker, Dale; Reesman, Jeanne, eds. (1999). «A Selection of Letters to Charmain Kittredge». No Mentor But Myself: Jack London on Writers and Writing. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804736367. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
- ^ Jack London «Story Of An Eyewitness». California Department of Parks & Recreation.
- ^ Stasz, Clarice (2013). Jack London’s Women. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1625340658. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
- ^ Starr, Kevin. Americans and the California Dream, 1850–1915. Oxford University, 1986.
- ^ Joseph Theroux. «They Came to Write in Hawai’i». Spirit of Aloha (Aloha Airlines) March/April 2007. Archived from the original on January 21, 2008.
He said, «Life’s not a matter of holding good cards, but sometimes playing a poor hand well.» …His last magazine piece was titled «My Hawaiian Aloha»* [and] his final, unfinished novel, Eyes of Asia, was set in Hawai’i.
(Jack London. «My Hawaiian Aloha». *From Stories of Hawai’i, Mutual Publishing, Honolulu, 1916. Reprinted with permission in Spirit of Aloha, November/December 2006. Archived from the original on January 21, 2008.) - ^ Beers, Diane L. (2006). For the Prevention of Cruelty: The History and Legacy of Animal Rights Activism in the United States. Athens: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press. pp. 105–06. ISBN 0804010870.
- ^ Beers, Diane L. (2006). For the Prevention of Cruelty: The History and Legacy of Animal Rights Activism in the United States. Athens: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press. pp. 106–07. ISBN 0804010870.
- ^ Beers, Diane L. (2006). For the Prevention of Cruelty: The History and Legacy of Animal Rights Activism in the United States. Athens: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press. p. 107. ISBN 0804010870.
- ^ «On This Day: November 23, 1916: Obituary – Jack London Dies Suddenly On Ranch». The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
- ^ Jack London (1911). The Cruise of the Snark. Macmillan.
- ^ «Marin County Tocsin». contentdm.marinlibrary.org. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ^ McConahey, Meg (July 22, 2022). «Was Jack London a drug addict? New technology examines old mysteries». Santa Rosa Press Democrat. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
- ^ Columbia Encyclopedia «Jack London», «Beset in his later years by alcoholism and financial difficulties, London committed suicide at the age of 40.»
- ^ The Jack London Online Collection: Jack London’s death certificate.
- ^ The Jack London Online Collection: Biography.
- ^ «Did Jack London Commit Suicide?» Archived September 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, The World of Jack London
- ^ «Martin Eden by Jack London | Goodreads». Goodreads: Martin Eden.
- ^ admin (June 5, 2019). «Jack London: Martin Eden — by Franklin Walker». Scraps from the loft. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
- ^ «Jack London letters to Sinclair Lewis, dated September through December 1910» (PDF). Utah State University University Libraries Digital Exhibits. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
- ^ «The Literary Zoo». Life. Vol. 49. January–June 1907. p. 130.
- ^ «The Retriever and the Dynamite Stick — A Remarkable Coincidence». The New York Times. The New York Times Company. August 16, 1902. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ «Young, Everton Ryerson». Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
- ^ «Memorable Manitobans: Egerton Ryerson Young (1840–1909)». The Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
- ^ «Is Jack London a Plagiarist?». The Literary Digest. 34: 337. 1907.
- ^ Kingman 1979, p. 118.
- ^ Letter to «The Bookman,» April 10, 1906, quoted in full in Jack London; Dale L. Walker; Jeanne Campbell Reesman (2000). No mentor but myself: Jack London on writing and writers. Stanford University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0804736350. «The World, however, did not charge me with plagiarism. It charged me with identity of time and situation. Certainly I plead guilty, and I am glad that the World was intelligent enough not to charge me with identity of language.»
- ^ Jack London; Dale L. Walker; Jeanne Campbell Reesman (2000). No mentor but myself: Jack London on writing and writers. Stanford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0804736350. «The controversy with Frank Harris began in the Vanity Fair issue of April 14, 1909, in an article by Harris entitled ‘How Mr. Jack London Writes a Novel.’ Using parallel columns, Harris demonstrated that a portion of his article, ‘The Bishop of London and Public Morality,’ which appeared in a British periodical, The Candid Friend, on May 25, 1901, had been used almost word-for-word in his 1908 novel, The Iron Heel.»
- ^ Stewart Gabel (2012). Jack London: a Man in Search of Meaning: A Jungian Perspective. AuthorHouse. p. 14. ISBN 978-1477283332.
When he was tramping, arrested and jailed for one month for vagrancy at about 19 years of age, he listed «atheist» as his religion on the necessary forms (Kershaw, 1997).
- ^ Who’s Who in Hell: A Handbook and International Directory for Humanists, Freethinkers, Naturalists, Rationalists, and Non-Theists. Barricade Books (2000), ISBN 978-1569801581
- ^ «War of the Classes: How I Became a Socialist». london.sonoma.edu. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
- ^ See Labor (1994) p. 546 for one example, a letter from London to William E. Walling dated November 30, 1909.
- ^ Stasz 2001, p. 100.
- ^ Stasz 2001, p. 156.
- ^ Kershaw 1999, p. 245.
- ^ Starr, Kevin (1973). Americans and the California Dream. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195016440. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
- ^ The Jack London Online Collection: The Yellow Peril.
- ^ The Jack London Online Collection: The Unparalleled Invasion.
- ^ «Jack London’s War» Archived October 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Dale L. Walker, The World of Jack London. «According to London’s reportage, the Russians were «sluggish» in battle, while «The Japanese understand the utility of things. Reserves they consider should be used not only to strengthen the line…but in the moment of victory to clinch victory hard and fast…Verily, nothing short of a miracle can wreck a plan they have once started and put into execution.»»
- ^ Labor, Earle, Robert C. Leitz, III, and I. Milo Shepard: The Letters of Jack London: Volume Three: 1913–1916, Stanford University Press 1988, p. 1219, Letter to Japanese-American Commercial Weekly, August 25, 1913: «the races of mankind will grow up and laugh [at] their childish quarrels…»
- ^ Lundberg.
- ^ «A True Champion Vs. The ‘Great White Hope’«. NPR. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
- ^ Leonard, Thomas C., Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era, Princeton University Press, Princeton Univ. Press, 2016, p. 114
- ^ a b Kershaw 1999, p. 109.
- ^ Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck V. Bell, JHU Press, October 6, 2008, p. 55.
- ^ Williams, Jay, Author Under Sail, Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1014, p. 294.
- ^ Craid, Layne Parish, «Sex and Science in London’s America,» in Williams, Jay, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Jack London, Oxford Univ. Press, 2017, pp. 340–41.
- ^ London, Charmian, Our Hawaii: Islands and Islanders, Macmillan, 1922, p. 24.
- ^ a b c Dale L. Walker, «Jack London: The Stories» Archived October 25, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, The World of Jack London
- ^ Jack London: San Francisco Stories (Edited by Matthew Asprey; Preface by Rodger Jacobs)
- ^ These are the five novels selected by editor Donald Pizer for inclusion in the Library of America series.
- ^ Letters of Ambrose Bierce, ed. S. T. Joshi, Tryambak Sunand Joshi, David E. Schultz, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2003
- ^ Orwell: the Authorized Biography by Michael Shelden, HarperCollins ISBN 978-0060921613
- ^ Jack London Online: FAQ, Credo.
- ^ The Jack London Online Collection: Credo.
- ^ a b Thurgood Marshall (June 25, 1974). «Letter Carriers v. Austin, 418 U.S. 264 (1974)». Retrieved May 23, 2006.
- ^ Callan, Claude, 1913, «Cracks at the Crowd», Fort Worth Star-Telegram, December 30, 1913, p. 6: «Saith the Rule Review: ‘After God had finished making the rattlesnake, the toad and the vampire, He had some awful substance left, with which he made the knocker.’ Were it not for being irreverent, we would suggest that He was hard up for something to do when He made any of those pests you call his handiwork.»
- ^ «The Food for Your Think Tank», The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3
- ^ » Madame Gain is Found Guilty. Jury Decides Woman Conducted House of Ill Fame at the Clifton Hotel,» The Duluth News Tribune, February 5, 1914, p. 12.
- ^ «T. W. H.», (1914), «Review of the Masonic ‘Country’ Press: The Eastern Star» The New Age Magazine: A Monthly Publication Devoted to Freemasonry and Its Relation to Present Day Problems, published by the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States; June 1917, p. 283: «Scandal Monger: After God had finished making the rattlesnake, the toad and the vampire, He had some awful substance left, with which He made a scandal monger. A scandal monger is a two-legged animal with a cork-screw soul, a water-sogged brain and a combination backbone made of jelly and glue. Where other men have their hearts he carries a tumor of decayed principles. When the scandal monger comes down the street honest men turn their backs, the angels weep tears in heaven, and the devil shuts the gates of hell to keep him out. —Anon»
- ^ Letter Carriers v. Austin, 418 U.S. 264 (1974).
- ^ «War of the Classes: The Scab». london.sonoma.edu. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The Jack London Online Collection: Writings.
- ^ «How I Became a Socialist. The Comrade: An illustrated socialist monthly. Volume II, No. 6, March, 1903: Jack London: Books». Amazon. September 9, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ London, Jack (1908). «The Lepers of Molokai». Woman’s Home Companion. 35 (1): 6–7. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
- ^ London, Jack (1908). «The Nature Man». Woman’s Home Companion. 35 (9): 21–22. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
- ^ London, Jack (1908). «The High Seat of Abundance». Woman’s Home Companion. 35 (11): 13–14, 70. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
- ^ «London, Mount». BC Geographical Names.
Bibliography
- Day, A. Grove (1996) [1984]. «Jack London and Hawaii». In Dye, Bob (ed.). Hawaiʻi Chronicles. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 113–19. ISBN 0824818296.
- Kershaw, Alex (1999). Jack London. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 031219904X.
- Kingman, Russ (1979). A Pictorial Life of Jack London. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. (original); also «Published for Jack London Research Center by David Rejl, California» (same ISBN). ISBN 0517540932.
- London, Charmian (2003) [1921]. The Book of Jack London, Volume II. Kessinger. ISBN 0766161889.
- London, Jack; Taylor, J. Golden (1987). A Literary history of the American West. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press. ISBN 087565021X.
- London, Joan (1939). Jack London and His Times. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. LCCN 39-33408.
- Lundberg, Murray. «The Life of Jack London as Reflected in his Works». Explore North. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008.
- Noel, Joseph (1940). Footloose in Arcadia: A Personal Record of Jack London, George Sterling, Ambrose Bierce. New York: Carrick and Evans.
- Reesman, Jeanne Campbell (2009). Jack London’s Racial Lives: A Critical Biography. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0820327891.
- Stasz, Clarice (1999) [1988]. American Dreamers: Charmian and Jack London. toExcel (iUniverse, Lincoln, Nebraska). ISBN 0595000029.
- Stasz, Clarice (2001). Jack London’s Women. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1558493018.
- Wichlan, Daniel J. (2007). The Complete Poetry of Jack London. Waterford, CT: Little Red Tree Publishing. ISBN 978-0978944629.
- Reesman, Jeanne; Hodson, Sara; Adam, Philip (2010). Jack London Photographer. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press.
- «Jack London Dies Suddenly On Ranch». The New York Times. November 23, 1916. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
Novelist is Found Unconscious from Uremia, and Expires after Eleven Hours. Wrote His Life of Toil—His Experience as Sailor Reflected in His Fiction—’Call of the Wild’ Gave Him His Fame.» ‘The New York Times,’ story datelined Santa Rosa, Cal., Nov. 22; appeared November 24, 1916, p. 13. States he died ‘at 7:45 o’clock tonight,’ and says he was ‘born in San Francisco on January 12, 1876.’
The Jack London Online Collection
- «Jack London’s death certificate, from County Record’s Office, Sonoma Co., Nov. 22, 1916». The Jack London Online Collection. November 22, 1916. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- Stasz, Clarice (2001). «Jack [John Griffith] London». The Jack London Online Collection. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- «Revolution and Other Essays: The Yellow Peril». The Jack London Online Collection. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- «The Unparalleled Invasion». The Jack London Online Collection. Archived from the original on May 29, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- «Jack London’s «Credo», Commentary by Clarice Stasz». The Jack London Online Collection. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- Roy Tennant and Clarice Stasz. «Jack London’s Writings». The Jack London Online Collection. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- Jacobs, Rodger (July 1999). «Running with the Wolves: Jack London, the Cult of Masculinity, and «Might is Right»«. Panik. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
- Williams, James. «Jack London’s Works by Date of Composition». The Jack London Online Collection. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
Further reading
- Jacobs, Rodger (preface) (2010). Asprey, Matthew (ed.). Jack London: San Francisco Stories. Sydney: Sydney Samizdat Press. ISBN 978-1453840504.
- Haley, James L. (2010). Wolf: The Lives of Jack London. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465004782.
- Hamilton, David (1986). The Tools of My Trade: Annotated Books in Jack London’s Library. University of Washington. ISBN 0295961570.
- Herron, Don (2004). The Barbaric Triumph: A Critical Anthology on the Writings of Robert E. Howard. Wildside Press. ISBN 0809515660.
- Howard, Robert E. (1989). Robert E. Howard Selected Letters 1923–1930. West Warwick, RI: Necronomicon Press. ISBN 0940884267.
- Labor, Earle (2013). Jack London: An American Life. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374178482.
- Labor, Earle, ed. (1994). The Portable Jack London. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0140179690.
- London, Jack; Strunsky, Anna (2000) [1903]. The Kempton-Wace Letters. Czech Republic: Triality. ISBN 8090187684.
- Lord, Glenn (1976). The Last Celt: A Bio-Bibliography of Robert E. Howard. West Kingston, RI: Donald M. Grant, Publisher.
- Oates, Joyce Carol (2013). The Accursed. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0062231703.
- Pizer, Donald, ed. (1982). Jack London: Novels and Stories. Library of America. ISBN 978-0940450059.
- Pizer, Donald, ed. (1982). Jack London: Novels and Social Writing. Library of America. ISBN 978-0940450066.
- Raskin, Jonah, ed. (2008). The Radical Jack London: Writings on War and Revolution. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520255463.
- Sinclair, Andrew (1977). Jack: A Biography of Jack London. United States: HarperCollins. ISBN 0060138998.
- Starr, Kevin (1986) [1973]. Americans and the California Dream 1850–1915. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195042336.
- Stasz, Clarice (1988). American Dreamers: Charmian and Jack London. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 978-0312021603.
- Wichlan, Daniel (2014). The Complete Poetry of Jack London. 2nd. ed. New London, CT: Little Tree.
- Williams, Jay (2014). Author Under Sail: The Imagination of Jack London, 1893–1902. Lincoln, NE: Univ. of Nebraska.
- Williams, Jay, ed. (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Jack London. Oxford Univ. Press.
External links
Джек Лондон | |
Jack London | |
Имя при рождении: |
John Griffith Chaney |
---|---|
Дата рождения: |
12 января 1876 |
Место рождения: |
Сан-Франциско, Калифорния, США |
Дата смерти: |
22 ноября 1916 (40 лет) |
Место смерти: |
Глен-Эллен, Калифорния, США |
Гражданство: |
США |
Род деятельности: |
писатель |
Жанр: |
приключенческая литература |
Дебют: |
«Тайфун у берегов Японии» |
Подпись: | |
Произведения на сайте Lib.ru | |
Произведения в Викитеке. |
Джек Ло́ндон (англ. Jack London; урождённый Джон Гри́ффит Че́йни, John Griffith Chaney; 12 января 1876 — 22 ноября 1916) — американский писатель, социалист, общественный деятель, наиболее известный как автор приключенческих рассказов и романов.
Содержание
- 1 Биография
- 2 Библиография
- 2.1 Романы и повести
- 2.2 Рассказы
- 2.3 Другие произведения
- 3 Экранизации
- 4 Литература о Джеке Лондоне
- 5 См. также
- 6 Примечания
- 7 Ссылки
Биография
|
В этом разделе не хватает ссылок на источники информации.
Информация должна быть проверяема, иначе она может быть поставлена под сомнение и удалена. |
Джон Гриффит Чейни родился 12 января 1876 года в Сан-Франциско. Мать будущего писателя, Флора Веллман, была учителем музыки и увлекалась спиритизмом, утверждая, что у неё установлена спиритическая связь с индейским вождём. Она забеременела от астролога Уильяма Чейни, с которым совместно жила некоторое время в Сан-Франциско. Узнав о беременности Флоры, Уильям стал настаивать на том, чтобы она сделала аборт, но она категорически отказалась и в порыве отчаяния попыталась застрелиться, однако, только слегка ранила себя. В газетах того времени была поднята страшная шумиха (например, в статье «Покинутая жена» в «Кроникл»), имя профессора Чейни было опорочено, что впоследствии послужило ему причиной отказываться от признания отцовства (в 1899 году Джек Лондон отправил Чейни несколько писем, в которых спрашивал, отец он ему или нет, но профессор однозначно отрицал отцовство)[1].
После рождения малыша Флора оставила его на какое-то время на попечение своей бывшей рабыни Вирджинии Прентисс (Virginia Prentiss), которая оставалась для Лондона важным человеком на протяжении всей его жизни. В конце того же 1876 года Флора вышла замуж за Джона Лондона, инвалида и ветерана Гражданской войны в США, после чего забрала малыша к себе обратно. Мальчика стали звать Джон Лондон (Джек — уменьшительная форма имени Джон[2]). Семья Лондонов (Джон Лондон привел в семью двух своих дочерей, старшая из которых — Элиза стала верным другом и ангелом-хранителем Джека на всю жизнь) поселилась в рабочем районе Сан-Франциско, к югу от Маркет-стрит[1]. В это время страна была охвачена жесточайшим экономическим кризисом, начавшимся в 1873 году, сотни тысяч людей потеряли работу и скитались от города к городу в поисках случайного заработка[3]. Отчим Джека предпринял несколько попыток заняться фермерством, которые были сведены на нет Флорой, постоянно вынашивавшей авантюрные планы быстрого обогащения[1]. Постоянно испытывая нужду, семья переезжала с места на место, пока не обосновалась в соседнем с Сан-Франциско городе Окленд, где Лондон в конце концов и окончил начальную школу.
Джек Лондон. 1914 год
Джек Лондон рано начал самостоятельную трудовую жизнь, полную лишений. Школьником продавал утренние и вечерние газеты, по выходным подрабатывал в кегельбане, расставляя кегли, а также уборщиком пивных павильонов в парке[4]. По окончании начальной школы в возрасте четырнадцати лет поступил на консервную фабрику рабочим. Работа была очень тяжёлой, и он ушёл с фабрики. За 300 долларов, одолженных у Вирджинии Прентисс, он купил подержанную шхуну и стал «устричным пиратом» (нелегально ловил устриц в бухте Сан-Франциско)[1], а затем служил в рыбацком патруле (описал в «Рассказах рыбацкого патруля»). В 1893 году нанялся матросом на промысловую шхуну «Софи Сазерленд», отправляющуюся на ловлю котиков к берегам Японии и в Берингово море. Первое плавание дало Лондону много ярких впечатлений, которые легли затем в основу многих его морских рассказов и романов («Морской волк» и др.). Впоследствии также работал на джутовой фабрике, гладильщиком в прачечной и кочегаром (описал в романах «Мартин Иден» и «Джон Ячменное зерно»).
Первый очерк Лондона «Тайфун у берегов Японии», послуживший началом его литературной карьеры, за который он получил первую премию одной из газет Сан-Франциско, был опубликован 12 ноября 1893 года.
В 1894 году принимал участие в походе безработных на Вашингтон (очерк «Держись!»), был арестован близ Ниагара-Фоллс за бродяжничество, после чего месяц просидел в тюрьме («Смирительная рубашка»). Во время скитаний по дорогам с армией бродяг, Лондон пришёл к выводу, что физический труд не может обеспечить человеку достойного существования и ценится только труд интеллектуальный. В это время у него возникает убеждённость, что он должен стать писателем. В походе он впервые обстоятельно знакомится с социалистическими идеями (и, в частности, с «Манифестом Коммунистической партии» Маркса и Энгельса, которые произвели на него огромное впечатление[3]. В 1895 году он вступил в Социалистическую трудовую партию Америки, с 1900 года (в некоторых источниках указан 1901 год) — член Социалистической партии Америки, из которой выбыл в 1914 году (в некоторых источниках указан 1916 год); причиной разрыва с партией в заявлении называлась потеря веры в её «боевой дух» (имелся в виду отход партии от пути революционного преобразования общества и взятый ею курс на постепенный реформистский путь к социализму)[5]. Вернувшись домой, Джек поступает в среднюю школу. В школьном журнале «Иджис» он публикует свои первые социалистические очерки и рассказы о временах своих странствий по дорогам США[1]. Темпы обучения его категорически не устраивали и он принимает решение бросить школу и готовиться самостоятельно[1].
Самостоятельно подготовившись и успешно сдав вступительные экзамены, Джек Лондон поступил в Калифорнийский университет, но после 3-го семестра, из-за отсутствия средств на учёбу, вынужден был уйти.
«Морской волк». 1904.Первое издание
Весной 1897 года Джек Лондон поддался «золотой лихорадке» (Gold Rush) и уехал на Аляску. Поначалу Джеку с товарищами сопутствовала удача — опередив многих других золотоискателей, им удалось пробиться к верховьям реки Юкон и застолбить участок. Но золота на участке не оказалось, а застолбить новый до весны не представлялось возможным и, в довершение всего, во время зимовки Лондон заболел цингой[1]. В Сан-Франциско вернулся в 1898 году, испытав на себе все прелести северной зимы. Вместо золота судьба одарила Джека Лондона встречами с будущими героями его произведений.
Более серьёзно заниматься литературой стал в возрасте 23-х лет, после возвращения с Аляски: первые северные рассказы были опубликованы в 1899 году, а уже в 1900 году была издана его первая книга — сборник рассказов «Сын волка». Затем последовали следующие сборники рассказов: «Бог его отцов» (Чикаго, 1901), «Дети мороза» (Нью-Йорк, 1902), «Вера в человека» (Нью-Йорк, 1904), «Лунный лик» (Нью-Йорк, 1906), «Потерянный лик» (Нью-Йорк, 1910), а также романы «Дочь снегов» (1902) «Морской волк» (1904), «Мартин Иден» (1909) создавшие писателю широчайшую популярность. Работал писатель очень много, по 15—17 часов в день и написал около 40 книг за всю свою не очень длинную писательскую карьеру.
Художественный метод Лондона выражается прежде всего в стремлении показать человека в тяжелой жизненной ситуации, на переломе судьбы, сочетая реалистические описания обстоятельств с духом романтики и приключений (сам автор определял свой стиль как «вдохновенный реализм, проникнутый верой в человека и его стремления»[5]). Для произведений Лондона характерен особый поэтический язык, быстрое введение читателя в действие своего произведения, принцип симметричности повествования, характеристика героев через диалоги и мысли. Своими литературными учителями он считал Р. Стивенсона и Р. Киплинга (хотя с мировоззрением последнего Лондон не соглашался, восхищаясь лишь его стилистическими достоинствами)[1]. Огромное влияние на жизненную философию писателя оказали Г. Спенсер, Ч. Дарвин, К. Маркс и Ф. Энгельс и, в некоторой степени, Ф. Ницше[1]. Джек Лондон давал высокую оценку произведениям русских писателей, особенно М. Горького (его роман «Фома Гордеев» Лондон называет «целительной книгой», которая «утверждает добро»[6]).
В 1902 году Лондон побывал в Англии, собственно, в Лондоне, что дало ему материал для написания книги «Люди бездны» (People of the Abyss), которая имела успех в США в отличие от Англии. По возвращении в Америку он читает в разных городах лекции, преимущественно социалистического характера, и организует отделы «Общестуденческого общества». В январе 1900 года Джек Лондон женился на невесте своего погибшего университетского приятеля Бэсси Маддерн, которая родила ему двух дочерей — Джоан и Бэсс[1]. Летом 1903 года, влюбившись в Чармиан Киттредж, уходит из семьи и в ноябре 1905 года женится на ней[1]. В 1904—1905 гг. Лондон работает военным корреспондентом на Русско-японской войне. В 1907 году писатель предпринимает кругосветное путешествие на построенном по собственным чертежам судне «Снарк» (по замыслу Лондона путешествие должно было продлиться 7 лет, но было прервано в 1909 году из-за болезни писателя)[1]. В путешествии был собран богатый материал для книг «Путешествие Снарка», «Рассказы южных морей», «Сын Солнца». К этому времени, благодаря высоким гонорарам, Лондон становится состоятельным человеком. Его гонорар доходил до 50 тысяч долларов за книгу, что было очень большой суммой. Впрочем, самому писателю денег постоянно не хватало.
«Белый клык».1906.Первое издание
Многогранный талант Лондона принёс ему успех и в области сочинения утопических и научно-фантастических рассказов. «Голиаф», «Враг всего мира», «Алая чума», «Когда мир был юн» и другие, которые, несмотря на определённую схематичность и незавершённость привлекают оригинальностью, богатством воображения и неожиданными ходами. Развитая интуиция и личный опыт жизни в стране «жёлтого дьявола» позволили Лондону предвидеть и ярко изобразить наступление эпохи диктаторов и социальных потрясений («Железная пята» — становление олигархической диктатуры в США), мировых войн и чудовищных изобретений, угрожающих существованию человечества.
В 1905 году писатель приобрел ранчо в Глен-Эллен (Калифорния), которое неоднократно расширял в последующие годы. Увлёкшись сельским хозяйством, Лондон активно внедрял новейшие методы хозяйствования на своей земле, пытаясь создать «идеальную ферму», что в конце концов привело его к многотысячным долгам[1]. Чтобы покрыть многочисленные долги, писатель был вынужден заниматься литературной подёнщиной, писать низкопробные произведения на потребу популярным журналам (таковыми, по признанию самого автора, являлись «Приключение», «Смок Беллью»)[5]. В какой-то момент писательский труд даже начал вызывать у Лондона отвращение[5]. Весной 1914 года по заданию журнала «Кольерс» он отправляется военным корреспондентом в Мексику, где пишет статьи, оправдывающие вмешательство США во внутренние дела других государств и вызвавшие бурю негодования товарищей по партии[7].
В последние годы Лондон переживал творческий кризис, в связи с чем стал злоупотреблять алкоголем (впоследствии бросил). Из-за кризиса писатель даже был вынужден пойти на приобретение сюжета для нового романа. Такой сюжет был продан Лондону начинающим американским писателем Синклером Льюисом. Лондон успел дать будущему роману название, — «Бюро убийств», — однако, написать успел совсем немного, так как вскоре скончался.
Могила Джека Лондона в Государственном парке Джека Лондона (Jack London State Park, Glen Ellen, CA)
Лондон умер 22 ноября 1916 года в городке Глен-Эллен (Калифорния). Последние годы он страдал от почечного заболевания (уремии) и умер от отравления прописанным ему морфием. Самой известной является версия самоубийства, однако, медики отмечают, что у Лондона не было ни достаточных знаний, чтобы рассчитать смертельную дозу морфия, ни серьёзных оснований для самоубийства (он не оставил предсмертной записки и выбрал совершенно «немужской» способ). Обдуманное самоотравление стало распространяться в более поздние времена — достаточно вспомнить судьбу Зигмунда Фрейда. Но то, что сами рассуждения об источниках самоубийств существовали в его голове, это однозначно. Близкой теме посвящён и рассказ «Semper Idem»; о своих размышлениях о самоубийстве Лондон также упоминает в автобиографической повести «Джон Ячменное Зерно».
Библиография
- Библиография Джека Лондона
Романы и повести
Оригинальный заголовок | Русский перевод |
---|---|
A Daughter of the Snows (1902) | Дочь снегов |
The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902) | Путешествие на «Ослепительном» |
The Call of the Wild (1903) | Зов предков |
The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) | Письма Кэмптона — Уэсу |
The Sea-Wolf (1904) | Морской волк |
The Game (1905) | Игра |
White Fang (1906) | Белый Клык |
Before Adam (1907) | До Адама |
The Iron Heel (1908) | Железная пята |
Martin Eden (1909) | Мартин Иден |
Burning Daylight (1910) | Время-не-ждёт |
Adventure (1911) | Приключение |
The Scarlet Plague (1912) | Алая чума |
The Abysmal Brute (1913) | Лютый зверь |
The Valley of the Moon (1913) | Лунная долина |
The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914) | Мятеж на Эльсиноре |
The Star Rover (1915) | Межзвёздный скиталец (Смирительная рубашка) |
The Little Lady of the Big House (1916) | Маленькая хозяйка большого дома |
Jerry of the Islands (1917) | Джерри-островитянин |
Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917) | Майкл, брат Джерри |
Hearts of Three (1920) | Сердца трёх |
Рассказы
Джек Лондон написал более 200 рассказов, входящих в 16 сборников:
Оригинальный заголовок | Русский перевод |
---|---|
Son of the Wolf (1900) | Сын Волка |
The God of His Fathers (1901) | Бог его отцов |
Children of the Frost (1902) | Дети мороза |
The Faith of Men (1904) | Мужская верность |
Moon-face (1906) | Луннолицый |
Love of Life (1907) | Любовь к жизни |
Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) | Рассказы рыбацкого патруля |
Lost Face (1910) | Потерявший лицо |
South Sea Tales (1911) | Рассказы южных морей |
When God Laughs (1911) | Когда боги смеются |
The House of Pride (1912) | Храм гордыни |
Smoke Bellew (1912) | Смок Беллью |
A Son of the Sun (1912) | Сын Солнца |
The Night Born (1913) | Рождённая в ночи |
The Strength of the Strong (1914) | Сила сильных |
The Turtles of Tasman (1916) | Черепахи Тасмана |
Изданы посмертно | |
The Red One (1918) | Красное божество |
On the Makaloa Mat (1919) | На циновке Макалоа |
Dutch Courage (1922) | Голландская доблесть (Для храбрости) |
Рассказы:
- Алоха Оэ
- Ату их, ату!
- Белое безмолвие (The White Silence)
- Бесстыжая
- Болезнь одинокого вождя
- Бродяга и фея
- Бурый волк
- «Быки»
- В дебрях Севера
- Великая загадка
- Великий кудесник
- Вера в человека
- Гиперборейский напиток
- Гниль завелась в штате Айдахо
- Джон Ячменное Зерно
- Дом Мапуи
- Дорога (The Road, 1907)
- Дочь северного сияния
- Дьяволы на Фуатино
- Жемчуг Парлея
- Жена короля
- Женское презрение
- За тех, кто в пути!
- Закон жизни
- Зов предков
- Золотое дно
- Золотой каньон
- Золотой мак
- Зуб кашалота
- История Джис-Ук
- Как аргонавты в старину
- Как я стал социалистом (How I became a socialist)
- Картинки
- Киш
- Киш, сын Киша
- Когда боги смеются
- Конец сказки
- Костёр
- Кулау-прокажённый
- Кусок мяса
- Лига стариков
- Любительский вечер
- Любовь к жизни (Love of Life)
- Маленький счёт Суизину Холлу
- Мауки
- Мексиканец (The Mexican, 1911).[8]
- Местный колорит
- Меченый
- Мудрость снежной тропы
- Мужество женщины
- На берегах Сакраменто
- Ночь на Гобото (A Goboto Night, 1911)
- В далёком краю
- На Сороковой Миле
- На циновке Макалоа
- Нам-Бок — лжец
- Неожиданное
- Неукротимый белый человек
- О себе
- Однодневная стоянка
- Отступник (The Apostate, 1906)
- Перья Солнца
- По праву священника
- Под парусным тентом
- Польза сомнения
- Потомок Мак-Коя
- Прибой Канака
- Признание
- Приключение в воздушном океане
- Рождённая в ночи
- Северная Одиссея
- Светлокожая Ли Ван
- Сила сильных
- Сказание о Кише
- Смок Беллью
- Смок и Малыш
- Страшные Соломоновы острова
- «Сцапали»
- Сын Волка (The Son of the Wolf)
- Там, где расходятся пути
- Тропой ложных солнц (The Sun Dog Trail, 1910)
- Тысяча дюжин
- Убить человека
- Храм гордыни
- Человек со шрамом
- Через стремнины к Клондайку
- Что значит для меня жизнь
- Язычник
Другие произведения
- The Road (1907) Дорога (автобиографический очерк)
- John Barleycorn (1913) Джон Ячменное Зерно (автобиографический очерк)
- The People of the Abyss (1903) Люди из бездны (эссе)
- Revolution, and other Essays (1910) Революция (эссе)
- The Cruise of the Snark (1911) Путешествие Снарка (эссе)
- The Theft (1910) Кража (пьеса)
Экранизации
Известно более ста экранизаций произведений Джека Лондона. Кстати, сам Лондон один раз сыграл эпизодическую роль моряка в первой экранизации своего романа «Морской Волк» (1913)[9]:
- Из любви к золоту (англ. For Love of Gold, 1908)
В СССР и России фильмы по произведениям Лондона также ставили неоднократно:
- По закону (1926)
- Белый клык (1946)
- Мексиканец (1955)
- Белый клык (1973), 99 мин., Франция, Италия, Испания
- Возвращение Белого Клыка (1974), 98 мин., Франция, Италия, ФРГ
- Смок и Малыш (1975)
- Время-не-ждёт (1975)
- Мартин Иден (1976)
- Кража (1982)
- Морской волк (1990)
- Белый клык (1991)
- Сердца трёх (1992)
- Сердца трёх 2 (1993)
- Аляска Кид (1993)
- Время не ждёт (1993)
- Зов Предков (1997), 88 мин., Канада
- Пиджак (2005)
- Время не ждёт (2010), 102 мин., Канада
- Белый клык 2 (1994)
- Кусок мяса (2011), 11 мин., Россия[10]
Литература о Джеке Лондоне
- Стоун, Ирвинг. Моряк в седле. — ISBN 5-85880-382-2
- Быков, Виль. По следам Джека Лондона. — ISBN 5-211-03473-2
- Росин, Александр. Дом Волка. Возвращение к Джеку Лондону // Флорида. — 2005. — № 3 (51).
- Фонер Ф. Джек Лондон — американский бунтарь. М : Прогресс, 1966. 240 с.
- Богословский В. Н. Джек Лондон. М.: Просвещение, 1964. 240 с.
- Садагурский А. Джек Лондон: Время, идеи, творчество. Кишинев, 1978. 200 с.
- Быков Виль. Джек Лондон. Саратов: Изд-во гос. ун-та, 1968. 284 с
См. также
- Озеро Джека Лондона (Магаданская область)
Примечания
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Стоун, Ирвинг. Моряк в седле. — ISBN 5-85880-382-2]]
- ↑ История успеха Джека Лондона
- ↑ 1 2 Фонер Ф. Джек Лондон — американский бунтарь. М : Прогресс, 1966. 240 с.]]
- ↑ Джек Лондон «Джон Ячменное Зерно» (1913) (автобиографический очерк)
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Быков Виль. Джек Лондон. Саратов: Изд-во гос. ун-та, 1968. 284 с]]
- ↑ lib.aldebaran.ru/author/london_dzhek/london_dzhek_foma_gordeev/london_dzhek_foma_gordeev__1.html Джек Лондон «Фома Гордеев»
- ↑ Фонер Ф. Джек Лондон — американский бунтарь. М : Прогресс, 1966. 240 с.
- ↑ Этот рассказ привёл на ринг пятиклассника Олега Григорьева, будущего олимпийского чемпиона по боксу от СССР. Валерий Кудрявцев, Жанна Кудрявцева Секунды и века боев на ринге // Спорт мира и мир спорта. — Молодая гвардия, 1987. — С. 38. — 331 с.
- ↑ imdb.com — Jack London
- ↑ [www.kinopoisk.ru/level/1/film/597610]
Ссылки
Джек Лондон: медиафайлы на Викискладе? |
- Джек Лондон на сайте The Electronic Literary Database (ELDb.net)
- Джек Лондон в библиотеке Максима Мошкова
- The Jack London Collection (англ.)
- «Как я стал социалистом» «Что значит для меня жизнь» Джек Лондон
- http://www.peoples.ru/art/literature/prose/belletristika/london/
- Джек Лондон — о творчестве писателя
- «Хижина Джека» «Российская газета» — Неделя № 5084 (5) от 14 января 2010 г.
- Александр Карпенко Обратная сторона мечты
Произведения Джека Лондона | |
---|---|
Повести и романы |
Путешествие на «Ослепительном» (1902) · Дочь снегов (1902) · Зов предков (1903) · Письма Кэмптона — Уэсу (1903) · Морской волк (1904) · Игра (1905) · Белый клык (1906) · До Адама (1907) · Железная пята (1908) · Мартин Иден (1909) · Время-не-ждёт (1910) · Приключение (1911) · Алая чума (1912) · Лютый зверь (1913) · Джон Ячменное Зерно (1913) · Лунная Долина (1913) · Мятеж на Эльсиноре (1914) · Межзвёздный скиталец (1915) · Маленькая хозяйка большого дома (1916) · Джерри-островитянин (1917) · Майкл, брат Джерри (1917) · Сердца трёх (1920) · Бюро убийств (1963) (завершено Р. Пайком) |
Сборники рассказов |
Сын Волка (1900) · Бог его отцов (1901) · Дети мороза (1902) · Мужская верность (1904) · Луннолицый (1906) · Рассказы рыбацкого патруля (1906) · Любовь к жизни (1907) · Потерявший лицо (1910) · Рассказы южных морей (1911) · Когда боги смеются (1911) · Храм гордыни (1912) · Смок Беллью (1912) · Сын Солнца (1912) · Рожденная в ночи (1913) · Сила сильных (1914) · Черепахи Тасмана (1916) |
Другие произведения |
Люди из бездны (1903) · Любовь к жизни (1903) · Гниль завелась в штате Айдахо (1906) · Дорога (1907) · Революция (1910) · Кража (1910) · Путешествие на «Снарке» (1911) |
Жанры автора
Реализм (68.18%)
Приключения (5.11%)
Фантастика (4.55%)
Роман (3.98%)
Исторические приключения (3.41%)
Рассказ (2.27%)
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Историческая повесть (0.57%)
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Почему в нас такая жажда жизни? Ведь жизнь — это игра, из которой человек никогда не выходит победителем. Жить — это значит тяжко трудиться и страдать, пока не подкрадется к нам старость, и тогда мы опускаем руки на холодный пепел остывших костров. В муках рождается ребенок, в муках старый человек испускает последний вздох, и все наши дни полны печали и забот. И все же человек идет в открытые объятия смерти неохотно, спотыкаясь, падая, оглядываясь назад, борясь до последнего. А ведь смерть добрая. Только жизнь причиняет страдания. Но мы любим жизнь и ненавидим смерть. Это очень странно!
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Джек Лондон | |
Джек Лондон |
|
Псевдоним(ы) | Джек Лондон |
Дата рождения | 12.01.1876 |
Место рождения | Сан-Франциско, Калифорния |
Дата смерти | 22.11.1916 |
Место смерти | Глен-Элленс, Калифорния |
Гражданство | США |
Род деятельности | писатель |
Язык произведений | английский |
Автограф |
|
Джек Лондон (англ. Jack London) — американский писатель, журналист и военный корреспондент, общественный деятель. Автор многочисленных рассказов и романов, в том числе приключенческих и фантастических.
Содержание
- 1 Джек Лондон / Биография
- 2 Джек Лондон / Книги
- 3 Джек Лондон / Книги в Национальной электронной детской библиотеке
- 4 Диафильмы
- 5 О жизни и творчестве
- 6 Джек Лондон / Экранизации
- 7 Мультипликационные фильмы
- 8 Памятники, музеи
- 9 См. также
Джек Лондон / Биография
Джек Лондон (при рождении Джон Гриффит Чейни; англ. John Griffith Chaney) родился 12 января 1876 года в Сан-Франциско. Его мать, Флора Уэллман, родом из богатой уэльской семьи, преподавала музыку и увлекалась спиритизмом. Отец — ирландец Уильям Чейни. Он занимался в основном астрологией, точными науками, любил читать, писал статьи. Уильям был против рождения ребёнка, оставил семью и никогда не виделся с сыном. Воспитанием мальчика занималась няня, Вирджиния Прентисс (с ней Джек поддерживал тёплые отношения всю свою жизнь), а затем его отчим Джон Лондон, инвалид, участник Гражданской войны в США. Семья жила бедно, часто переезжала, пока наконец не осела в небольшом городе Окленд, что неподалёку от Сан-Франциско. В Окленде будущий писатель окончил начальную школу.
Джек Лондон рано начал трудовую жизнь: школьником продавал газеты, по выходным подрабатывал в кегельбане, был уборщиком пивных павильонов в местном парке. В 14 лет, окончив школу, стал рабочим на консервной фабрике. Труд был очень тяжёлым, а оплата низкой. Джек ушёл с фабрики, чтобы, по его собственным словам, «окончательно не превратиться в рабочую скотину». Одолжив 300 долларов у няни Прентисс, он купил старую шхуну и занялся нелегальным выловом устриц в бухте Сан-Франциско. Пятнадцатилетний подросток быстро освоился во взрослой жизни «устричного пирата», а благодаря уму и храбрости вскоре занял лидирующие позиции в «пиратском» сообществе. Затем его переманила к себе государственная служба, боровшаяся с браконьерами.
В 1893 году юноша нанялся матросом на промысловую шхуну. Экипаж добывал морских котиков сначала у берегов Японии, а затем в Беринговом море. Плавание заняло семь месяцев. Вернувшись домой, Джек недолго поработал на джутовой фабрике, затем в прачечной гладильщиком, а потом стал кочегаром.
12 ноября 1893 года состоялся литературный дебют Джека Лондона, тесно связанный с опытом плавания на шхуне: увидел свет очерк Лондона «Тайфун у берегов Японии» («Typhoon off the Coast of Japan»). За этот очерк Джек получил первую премию газеты «San Francisco Call», гонорар составил 25 долларов.
В 1894 году Лондон присоединился к походу американских безработных на Вашингтон. Во время долгого пути, общаясь с другими участниками марша, он пришел к выводу, что материальное благополучие может принести только интеллектуальный труд. Именно тогда Джек решил стать писателем. Кроме того, во время похода он познакомился с социалистическими идеями, которые произвели на него большое впечатление. В частности, он прочитал «Манифест Коммунистической партии» К. Маркса и Ф. Энгельса.
Вернувшись из похода, Джек Лондон начал учиться в средней школе. Он хотел завершить школьное образование и поступить в университет. Во время учёбы Лондон печатал в школьном журнале очерки социалистической направленности и рассказы о своих скитаниях по дорогам Америки. Вскоре он бросил школу, чтобы самостоятельно готовиться к поступлению в Калифорнийский университет. В университете Лондон продержался три семестра, а затем был вынужден уйти, поскольку не мог платить за обучение.
Весной 1897 года, поддавшись «золотой лихорадке», Джек Лондон отправился на Аляску. С трудом пережив зиму и не найдя золота, он вернулся в Сан-Франциско в следующем году. Богатством Лондона стал опыт выживания, впечатления от суровой северной природы и встречи с необыкновенными людьми.
В 1899 году Джек Лондон опубликовал свои первые «северные» рассказы: «Белое безмолвие» («The White Silence») и др. В следующем году, 1900-м, вышла первая книга Лондона — сборник рассказов «Сын волка» («The Son of the wolf»). Затем увидели свет сборники: «Бог его отцов» («The god of his fathers», 1901), «Дети мороза» («Children of the frost», 1902), «Вера в человека и другие рассказы» («The faith of men, and other stories», 1904), «Лунный лик и другие рассказы» («Moon-Face and Other Stories», 1906), «Потерянный лик» («Lost Face», 1910), а также романы: «Дочь снегов» («A Daughter of the Snows», 1902), «Морской волк» («The Sea-Wolf», 1904), «Мартин Иден» («Martin Eden», 1909) и др.
Джек Лондон быстро стал популярным и высокооплачиваемым писателем. К 1905 году гонорар Лондона за книгу составлял 50 тыс. долларов. Самым продуктивным периодом в творчестве Джека Лондона стали 1901–1910 годы.
Наибольшую известность Джеку Лондону принесли «Морской волк», «северная» повесть «Белый Клык» («White Fang», 1906) и «Мартин Иден».
«Морской волк» — одно из самых узнаваемых произведений Джека Лондона. В романе сочетаются примитивное мышление и глубокие философские убеждения героев, суровая реальность и возвышенная романтика, идеализированные образы одних действующих лиц оттеняют колоритные личности других. Капитан считается одним из самых сильных персонажей Джека Лондона. Ларсен — противоречивая натура. Выбившийся из низов, он решителен, храбр и чрезвычайно жесток. Дисциплину на шхуне Волк Ларсен поддерживает исключительно кулаками, числятся за ним и убийства. Он разбирается в физике и астрономии, совершенствует навигационные приборы, читает Ч. Дарвина и У. Шекспира, любит стихи А. Теннисона, Р. Браунинга и А. Суинберна. Есть у него и собственная жизненная философии «закваски», некоего природного начала, которое присуще и людям, и животным. Закваска помогает выживать во враждебном мире. Чем больше её в человеке, тем активнее он борется за место под солнцем. Волк Ларсен убежден, что жизнь — это борьба, а сильные пожирают слабых.
- Джек Лондон
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Морской волк. Поездка на «Ослепительном» / Джек Лондон
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На свободу / Джек Лондон, 1926
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Повесть о Кише / Д. Лондон, 1926
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Изменник / Д. Лондон, 1938
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Приключения рыбачьего патруля / Джек Лондон, 1947
Впечатления, полученные во время плавания, позволили Лондону создать запоминающиеся описания бескрайнего морского простора, штиля и — особенно — шторма: «Выбравшись наконец на палубу, я понял, что приходит конец всему. Со всех сторон слышался треск дерева и рвущегося холста. “Призрак” ломало на части; паруса трещали, разрывались, а тяжелая рея раскололась вдоль. В воздухе носились обломки; обрывки снастей свистели и извивались, как змеи, и все это вдруг покрыл собой шум сломавшегося гафеля. Деревянный брус пролетел мимо меня всего в нескольких дюймах; он не задел меня, но заставил действовать. Быть может, положение еще не было безнадежным. Я вспомнил предупреждение Волка Ларсена. Он говорил, что на нас ополчится целый ад, — так оно и вышло» (Д. Лондон. Морской волк).
Герой приключенческой повести «Белый Клык» — наполовину волк, наполовину собака. Рассказывая о непростой жизни Белого Клыка, автор сопоставляет мир животных и мир людей. Первое правило, которое постиг маленький волчонок, сопровождая мать на охоту, — это закон добычи: ешь — или съедят тебя самого. Оказавшись среди людей, Белый Клык усваивает ещё несколько правил, но главное осталось неизменным: мир холоден и жесток, никто тебя не пожалеет, не жалей и ты никого. Таковы даже людские законы. Однако вскоре в жизни Белого Клыка появился человек, который показал ему, что такое забота и доброта. И оказалось, что даже суровый зверь способен платить за любовь любовью, и мир от этого становится лучше.
Роман «Мартин Иден», пожалуй, самый известный роман Джека Лондона. Главный герой — неотесанный, малообразованный матрос. Влюбившись в девушку из богатой семьи, он решил стать достойным этого воплощения чистоты, красоты и духовности. Натура одарённая и глубокая, Мартин с воодушевлением занялся самообразованием. Работая едва ли не круглые сутки, он в конце концов стал известным писателем: «Просто он обрёл дар речи, и все мечты, все мысли о прекрасном, которые долгие годы жили в нём, хлынули наружу неудержимым, мощным, звенящим потоком» (Д. Лондон. Мартин Иден). Литературный успех принёс деньги и славу, но трудности, которые Мартину пришлось преодолеть — в том числе предательство любимой, — привели к тому, что герой глубоко разочаровался в мире, к которому так стремился. Более того, он понял, что не может и не хочет становиться его частью. Однако и возвращаться некуда: «Нового рая он не нашел, а старый был безвозвратно утрачен» (Д. Лондон. Мартин Иден). Несмотря на трагический финал, роман не оставляет гнетущего впечатления, напротив, в нем бурлит энергия мысли и действия, побуждающая читателя творить собственную жизнь.
Произведения Джека Лондона во многом автобиографичны. В частности, занятия браконьерством, а затем борьба с ним нашли отражение в «Рассказах рыбачьего патруля» («Tales of the Fish Patrol», 1905). Год на Аляске подарил сюжеты для произведений о Севере — историй о сильных мужчинах, дерзких женщинах и отчаянных собаках. Опыт плавания на промысловой шхуне, работы на канатной фабрике, в прачечной и кочегарке Лондон использовал при написании романов «Морской волк», «Мартин Иден» и повести «Джон Ячменное Зерно» («John Barleycorn, 1913).
Джек Лондон всегда стремился показать человека в сложной, часто опасной ситуации, требующей быстрых и решительных действий. Реалистические и довольно подробные описания обстоятельств Лондон сочетает с духом романтики и приключений. Сам Лондон определял свой стиль как «вдохновенный реализм, проникнутый верой в человека и его стремления» (В. Быков. Джек Лондон). Писатель всегда очень быстро погружал читателя в действие своего произведения, а характеристику героям давал через их мысли и диалоги.
У писателя Джека Лондона был узнаваемый поэтический язык. Своими литературными учителями Лондон считал Р. Стивенсона и Р. Киплинга. Был знаком с лучшими произведениями русской литературы, в частности, высоко ценил роман М. Горького «Фома Гордеев». На жизненную позицию (следовательно, и на творчество) Джека Лондона оказали большое влияние Г. Спенсер и Ч. Дарвин, К. Маркс и Ф. Энгельс, а также Ф. Ницше с его верой во всепобеждающую силу талантливого одиночки. Однако Лондон разделял далеко не все их идеи. Так, романы «Морской волк» и «Мартин Иден» развенчивают ницшеанскую философию.
Вопросы социальной справедливости всегда волновали Джека Лондона. В 1895 году он вступил в Социалистическую трудовую партию Америки, затем был членом Социалистической партии Америки. В 1902 году Джек Лондон посетил столицу Британской империи и там, переодевшись городским пролетарием, некоторое время жил и работал в кварталах Ист-Энда, чтобы своими глазами увидеть, как живут представители социальных низов в столице самого сильного и богатого на тот момент государства мира. Результатом поездки стала книга очерков «Люди бездны» («The People of the Abyss», 1903).
- Джек Лондон
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Джек Лондон, 1885
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Джек Лондон и Гарри Гудини
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Со второй женой Чармиан на палубе «Снарка», 1907
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В Кармеле с поэтами Джорджем Стерлингом, Мэри Остин (слева от Джека Лондона) и журналистом Джеймсом Хоппером (справа). Калифорния, 1910 гг.
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Джек Лондон на Клондайке, Аляска, 1897-1898 гг.
Тема социального неравенства звучит практически во всех произведениях Джека Лондона. Рассматривал он эту проблему с разных точек зрения. В романе «Мартин Иден» Лондон, помимо других аспектов, показал ещё и внутреннюю борьбу бунтаря и обывателя, уживающихся в одном человеке, — главном герое. Бунтарь хотел изменить мир, чтобы лучше стало всем, обыватель стремился приспособиться к окружающей действительности, чтобы просто наслаждаться жизнью, деньгами, славой. Апогеем творчества Лондона-социалиста стал роман-антиутопия «Железная пята» («The Iron Heel», 1908), написанный под впечатлением от русской революции 1905–1907 годов. В этой книге Лондон рисует картины масштабных общественных потрясений в США на фоне диктатуры олигархического капитала. Джек Лондон предвидел также появление изобретений и болезней, способных уничтожить человечество.
Во время Русско-японской войны (1904–1905) Лондон был военным корреспондентом.
В 1905 году Джек Лондон купил ранчо в Глен-Эллен (Калифорния, США), чтобы вести идеальное фермерское хозяйство. А в следующем году, 1906-м, начал строить небольшой парусно-моторный корабль, на котором собирался совершить кругосветное путешествие; плавание, по расчетам Лондона, должно было занять семь лет. Весной 1907 года «Снарк» был готов, и Джек Лондон со своей второй женой Шармэйн Киттридж Лондон и небольшим экипажем вышел в море. Путешествие завершилось преждевременно, в 1909 году, в Австралии из-за болезни Лондона. «Снарк» успел побывать на Гавайях, на Соломоновых и Маркизских островах, на Таити и Фиджи… Сделанные Лондоном фотографии стали одним из немногих на тот момент источников достоверной информации об этих и других отдалённых уголках Тихого океана. Кроме того, в плавании был собран материал для книг «Путешествие на “Снарке”» («The Cruise of the Snark», 1911), «Рассказы южных морей» («South Sea Tales», 1911), «Сын Солнца» («A Son of the Sun», 1912).
В последние годы жизни творчество Джека Лондона заметно утратило социальную остроту. Он очень много писал, в том числе и для того, чтобы погасить долги своей «идеальной» фермы. Лондон стал сотрудничать с журналами, которые ориентировались на широкую публику с не самым развитым вкусом. Это привело к непреходящей усталости и неверию в себя. В 1910 году, испытывая острый творческий кризис, Джек Лондон купил сюжет у начинающего литератора С. Льюиса. Детективный роман «Бюро убийств» («The Assassination Bureau, Ltd») остался незаконченным. Его завершил Р. Фиш в 1963 году, использовав наброски Джека Лондона и описание финала, которое оставила Ш. Лондон.
В 1911 году были опубликованы «Приключение» («Adventure»), в 1912-м — «Смок Беллью» («Smoke Bellew»), которые сам Лондон считал развлекательным чтением для людей с невысокими запросами. В этот же период были напечатаны «Алая чума» («The Scarlet Plague»; журнальная публикация — 1912, книга — 1915), «Лютый зверь» («The Abysmal Brute», 1913), «Мятеж на «Эльсиноре» («The Mutiny of the Elsinore», 1914) и др.
Весной 1914 года по заданию журнала «Collier’s: The National Weekly» Джек Лондон уехал военным корреспондентом в Мексику, где после революции 1910 года шла гражданская война. Лондон писал очерки, в которых зачастую оправдывал вмешательство США во внутренние дела южного соседа.
Джек Лондон скончался от тяжёлой болезни почек на 41-м году жизни на своем ранчо в Глен-Эллен 22 ноября 1916 года. Незадолго до смерти он завершил «Сердца трёх» («Hearts o Three»). Впервые роман был опубликован в 1919–1920 годах на страницах вечерней газеты «New York Journal American». Всего же за 17 лет творчества Джек Лондон написал около сорока книг.
В 1952 году ЮНЕСКО провело исследование, позволившее признать Джека Лондона самым популярным и самым «переводимым» писателем в Европе.
В Советском Союзе Джек Лондон по издаваемости был вторым после Х. К. Андерсена зарубежным писателем. С 1918 по 1986 год вышло 956 изданий произведений Лондона, общий тираж которых составил 77,153 млн экземпляров. Творчество Джека Лондона пользуется любовью и у современного российского читателя. Лучшие произведения Джека Лондона по-прежнему привлекают жизнеутверждающим пафосом, верой в величие и благородство человека. Главные герои Лондона — смелые, сильные духом люди, отважно идущие на риск, проявляющие несокрушимую волю в борьбе с суровой природой и прославляющие любовь к жизни.
Имя Джека Лондона носит площадь в калифорнийском городе Окленде, где прошло детство классика американской и мировой литературы. Там же, на площади, установлен памятник писателю. В России именем Джека Лондона названо озеро, расположенное в верховьях реки Колымы (Магаданская область).
Рассказы, повести, романы и пьесы Джека Лондона экранизируются с 1907 года. Для нескольких фильмов он написал сценарии. В первой экранизации «Морского волка» (1913) Джек Лондон сыграл эпизодическую роль моряка. На сегодняшний день насчитывается приблизительно 160 кино-, теле- и мультфильмов, снятых по произведениям Джека Лондона в разных странах мира.
Джек Лондон
Джек Лондон / Книги
- Лондон, Д. Полное собрание сочинений : в 44 т. : [пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон. — Ленинград : Мысль, 1925. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Полное собрание сочинений : [в 24 т.] :[ пер. с англ.] / Джэк Лондон ; с портр. автора, литературно-историческим очерком проф. П. С. Когана и биографией-воспоминаниями Чармиан Лондон. — Москва ; Ленинград : Земля и фабрика, 1928–1929. — (Приложение к журналу «Всемирный следопыт» за 1928–1929гг. ; Государственным учёным советом допущено для школьных библиотек).
- Лондон, Д. Собрание сочинений : в 20 т. : [пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон. — Москва : Терра, 1998–1999.
- Лондон, Д. Собранiе сочиненiй : в 18 т. / Джэк Лондон ; с предисл. Леонида Андреева ; пер. с англ. под ред. А. Н. Кудрявцевой. — Санкт-Петербург : Кн-во «Прометей» Н. Н. Михайлова, 1912–1916.
- Лондон, Д. Дикая сила : с рисунками / Джек Лондон ; [перевод] с английского Р. Рубиновой. — Москва : Тип. Т-ва И. Д. Сытина, 1905. — 125 с. : ил. — (Библиотека для семьи и школы). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. На дне : очерки из жизни лондонских бедняков / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Е. А. Гурвич. — Москва : тип. Ф. Я. Бурче, 1906. — 179 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Искра жизни : рассказ / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Р. Рубиновой. — Москва : тип. К. Л. Меньшова, 1907. — 40 с. : ил. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. До Адама : [роман] / Джек Лондон ; пер. В. Ореховой. — Москва : В. М. Саблин, 1909. — [6], 222, [1] с., 1 л. фронт. (портр.), 8 л. цв. ил. : ил. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Домъ Мапуи : рассказ из жизни полинезийских островитян / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. В. Гатцука. — Москва : Б. и., 1911 (тип. К. Л. Меньшова). — 48 с. : ил. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Два врага ; Мексиканец ; Местный колорит : [рассказы] / Джек Лондон ; пер. Зин. Львовского. — Санкт-Петербург : М. Г. Корнфельд, 1912. — 59 с. : ил. — (Дешевая юмористическая библиотека «Синего журнала» ; № 2). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Белый клык : роман / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. Л.А. Кутуковой. — Москва : «Польза» В. Антик и К°, 1913. — 320 с. — (Универсальная библиотека ; № 910–912). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Зов предков ; Ублюдок ; Тысяча дюжин : [рассказы] / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. М. Ликиардопуло и В. Кошевич. — Москва : «Польза» В. Антик и К°, 1913. — 198 с. — (Универсальная библиотека ; № 899–900). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Кража : пьеса в 4 д. / [соч.] Джека Лондона ; пер. Зин. Львовского и Н. Е. Лапиной. — Санкт-Петербург : журн. «Театр и искусство», [1913]. — 72 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Мартин Идэн. Кн. 1–2 / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. Э. Пименовой.— Москва : «Польза» В. Антик и К°, 1913. — (Универсальная библиотека ; № 850–855). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Волчьи души : пьеса в 4 д. / Джек Лондон ; пер. Зин. Львовского и Н. В. Лапиной. — Петроград : журн. «Театр и искусство», [1916]. — 73 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Морской волкъ : роман / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. С. Займовского. — [5-е изд.]. — Москва : Универсальная б-ка, [1917]. — 409 с. — (Универсальная библиотека ; № 840–843). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Приключенiя рыбачьяго патруля : [рассказы] / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. М. Розенфельд. — [3-е изд.]. — Москва : Универсальная б-ка, [1917]. — 151 с. — (Универсальная библиотека ; № 1062–1063). [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Сынъ волка [и другие рассказы] / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Е. Бройдо. — [2-е изд.]. — Москва : Универсальная б-ка, [1917]. — 224 с. — (Универсальная библиотека ; № 1078–1080). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Дети тропиков : [рассказы] : пер. с англ. / Джек Лондон. — [Кишинев] : Бессарабск. кн-во, 1918. — 79 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. До Адама : [роман] / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. Э. Пименовой. — [5-е изд.]. — Москва : Универсальная б-ка, [1918]. — 184 с.— (Универсальная библиотека ; № 946–947). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Железная пята : социальный роман : [пер. с англ.] / Джэк Лондон. — Москва : Изд-во Всерос. центр. испол. ком. Сов. р. с. к. и к. д., 1918. — 399 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Какъ я сталъ соцiалистомъ : социол. очерки / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. Р. В. Мусселиус. — [Петроград] : Б. и., 1918. — 80 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Когда боги смеются : [Забастовалъ ; Кусокъ мяса] : рассказы / Джэк Лондон. — Москва : Изд-во Всерос. центр. испол. ком. сов. р. с. к. и к. д., 1918. — 88 с. — (Общая библиотека ; № 11). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Отъ смерти къ жизни : рассказ : [пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон. — Москва : Б. и., 1918. — 16 с. : ил. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Повести и рассказы. Т. 1 / Джек Лондон ; пер. Б. Пегелау и Ф. Д. — [Москва] : типо-лит. «Печатник», 1918. — 32 с. — (Заветная библиотека). — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Последняя борьба : рассказы : [пер. с англ.] / Джэк Лондон. — Москва : Изд-во Всерос. центр. испол. ком. сов. р., с., к. и к. д., 1918. — 96 с. — (Общая библиотека ; № 9). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Детство серого волчонка : [пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон. — Одесса : Бессараб. книгоизд-во, 1919. — 16 с. : ил. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Закон белого человека и другие рассказы / Джек Лондон ; [пер. Е. Бройдо] ; под ред. Е. И. Замятина. — Петербург : Всемирная литература, 1919. — 87 с. — (Всемирная литература. [Америка] ; вып. № 22). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Любовь к жизни : сборник рассказов / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Н. Альмединген. — Петроград : Начатки знаний, 1919. — 143 с. : ил. — (Библиотека для детей и юношества ; № 9). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Под гнетом империализма. (Люди бездны) : очерки из жизни английских рабочих / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. В. Рудина. — Москва : Изд-во Всерос. центр. испол. ком. сов. р., с., к. и к. д., 1919. — 218 с. — (Общая библиотека ; № 31). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Тамъ где золото : амер. рассказы / Джек Лондон ; пер. Л. Черского. — Москва : Б. и., 1919. — 62 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Сын солнца : [роман] / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. В. Кошевич. — Москва : Акц. о-во «Универсальная библиотека», [191–]. — 245 с. — (Универсальная библиотека ; № 954–956). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Путь морозных солнц : рассказы / Джек Лондон ; пер. Н. Пушешникова ; под ред. Евг. Замятина. — Петербург : Всемирная литература, 1920. — 102 с. — (Всемирная литература. [Америка] ; вып. № 43). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Мексиканец : инсценировка по рассказу Джека Лондона. — [Москва] : Моск. пролеткульт, 1921. — 36 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Любовь к жизни и другие рассказы / Джек Лондон ; пер. Е. Бройдо ; под ред. и с прим. Евг. Замятина. — Петербург : Гос. изд-во, 1922. — 124 с. — (Всемирная литература. [Америка] ; вып. № 48). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Бывалый : [рассказ] : пер. с англ. / Джек Лондон. — Екатеринбург : Уралкнига, 1923. — 168 с. : ил. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Голосъ крови и другiе разсказы : пер. с англ. / Джек Лондон. — [Москва] : Гос. изд-во, [1923]. — 219 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Мятеж : роман / Джек Лондон ; пер. Зин. Львовского и В. Головчинской. — Петроград : Мысль, 1923. — 360 с. — (Библиотека иностранной литературы). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. По ту сторону щели : [рассказ из жизни американских рабочих : пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон. — Харьков : Труд, 1923. — 35 с. — (Библиотека рабочей молодежи / под общ. ред. МК РКСМ). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Приключение : роман / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. М. Розенфельд. — Москва ; Петроград : Гос. изд-во, 1923. — 326 с. — (Всеобщая библиотека ; № 80). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Сердца трех : [роман] / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. А. д’Актиля. — Москва ; Петроград : Л. Д. Френкель, 1923. — VIII, 400. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Страшные Соломоновы острова : рассказы / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Зин. Львовского. — Москва ; Петроград : Гос. изд-во, 1923. — 104 с. — (Всеобщая библиотека ; № 49). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Бунт на Эльсиноре : [роман] / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. С. Матвеева и Е. Сперанской. — Москва ; Петроград : Гос. изд-во, [1924]. — 399 с. — (Современная иностранная б-ка). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Железнодорожные зайцы : [рассказ : пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон. — [Москва] : Новая Москва, 1924. — 36 с. — (Библиотека рабочей молодежи / под общ. ред. МК РКСМ). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. На коралловом острове : рассказ Дж. Лондона и другие необычайные рассказы из жизни трудового люда разных стран и народов. — Москва : Земля и фабрика, 1924. — 92 с. : ил. — (Герои и жертвы труда / под ред. Вл. Попова. Сб. 9). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Голландское мужество [и др. рассказы : пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон. — Ленинград ; Москва : Мысль, 1924. — 144 с. — (Б-ка иностранной литературы). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Лунная долина : роман / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. З. А. Рогозиной. — Ленинград ; Москва : Книжный угол, 1924. — 319 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Маленькая хозяйка большого дома : роман / Джек Лондон ; пер. З. А. Рагозиной. — 2-е изд. — Ленинград ; Москва : Книжный угол, 1924. — 333 с.— (Библиотека «Прометей»). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Микаэль, брат Джерри : роман / Джэк Лондон ; пер. Я. И. Ясинского. — Ленинград : [Науч. кн-во], 1924. — 126 с., 1 л. фронт. (портр.). — (Библиотека журнала «В мастерской природы»). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Пахарь моря : книга рассказов / Джек Лондон ; пер. С. Займовский. — Москва ; Петроград : Молодая гвардия, 1924. — 144 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Путешествие на «Ослепительном» : [Сомнительный случай ; Рожденная ночью] : Роман : [рассказы] / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. В. Романова. — Ленинград ; Москва : Книжный угол, 1924. — 164 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Революция / Джэк Лондон ; пер. А. В. Лучинской. — Ленинград : Мысль, 1924. — 155 с. — (Библиотека иностранной литературы). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Смок Беллью : [рассказ] / Джэк Лондон ; пер. Зин. Львовского. — Петроград : Мысль, 1924. — 168 с. — (Библиотека иностранной литературы). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Смок и Маленький : [рассказы : пер. с англ.] / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. В. Сметанича. — Ленинград : Мысль, 1924. — 192 с. — (Библиотека иностранной литературы). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Сын солнца : роман / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. З. Львовского. — Ленинград ; Москва : Новелла, 1924. — 350 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Торжество правосудия : рассказы / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. С. Г. Займовского ; предисл. П. С. Когана ; обл. худож. Сварога. — Москва ; Ленинград : Молодая гвардия, 1924. — 155 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Тюрьма : [рассказ : пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон. — [Москва] : Новая Москва, 1924. — 30 с. — (Библиотека рабочей молодежи / под общ. ред. МК РКСМ). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Юконские рассказы / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. М. Матвеевой. — Москва : Прометей, 1924. — 119 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Алая чума : [повесть] / Джэк Лондон ; пер. Л. С. Урвич. — Ленинград : Мысль, 1925. — 80 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Бог его отцов [и другие рассказы] / Джек Лондон ; пер. Н. М. Цытович. — Ленинград : Мысль, 1925. — 188 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Гавайские рассказы / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. А. Острогорской-Малкиной. — Ленинград ; Москва : Петроград, 1925. — 151 с. — (Библиотека художественной литературы). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Глаза Азии ; Как я понимаю жизнь : [пер. с англ.] / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. В. Вильямс. — Ленинград : Колос, 1925. — 111 с. — (Библиотека художественной литературы). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Джон Ячменное Зерно : воспоминания алкоголика : повесть / Джек Лондон ; [пер. с англ. В. Азова]. — Москва ; Ленинград : «Земля и фабрика», 1925. — 192 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Дом гордости : рассказы / Джэк Лондон ; пер. Д. Е.Лейхтенберг. — Ленинград : Мысль, 1925. — 136 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Дочь снегов : роман / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. Зин. Львовского. — Ленинград : Мысль, 1925. — 204 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Забастовал : [рассказ] / Джек Лондон. — [Харьков] : Юношеск. сектор изд-ва «Пролетарий», 1925. — 31 с. — (Библиотека молодого рабочего). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Зверь из бездны : [рассказ] / Джек Лондон ; пер. Н. Горвица. — Ленинград : «Сеятель» Е. В. Высоцкого, [1925]. — 96 с. — (Общедоступная библиотека «Сеятель». Отдел художественной литературы ; [№ 34–35]). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Когда боги смеются [и другие рассказы] / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Зин. Львовского. — Ленинград : Мысль, 1925. — 180 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Потерянное лицо [и др. рассказы] / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. Э. К. Пименовой. — Ленинград ; Москва : Петроград, 1925. — 152 с. — (Библиотека художественной литературы). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Прощай, Джек! : рассказы : [пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон. — [Москва] : Новая Москва, 1925. — 91 с. — (Библиотека романов и повестей). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Разсказы об американской рабочей молодежи / Джек Лондон. — Москва : Гудок, 1925. — 31 с. — (Приложение к газете «Гудок». Кн. 6). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Сказки южных морей : [рассказы] / Джэк Лондон ; пер. с англ. Зин. Львовского. — Ленинград : Мысль, 1925. — 144 с., из них 5 с. объявл. — — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Снарк / Джек Лондон ; пер. А. Г. Мовшенсона. — Ленинград : Мысль, 1925. — 239 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Бурый волк : рассказ / Джек Лондон ; пер. С. Г. Займовского ; рис. В. Ватагина ; обл. А. Комарова. — Москва : Г. Ф. Мириманов, 1926. — 20 с. : ил. — (Библиотека школьника). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Дорожные парни и веселые коты : [Тюрьма ; Быки] : [рассказы ; перевод] / Джек Лондон. — Ленинград : Прибой, 1926. — 74 с. — (Библиотека для всех ; [№ 234–236]). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Лунный лик [и другие рассказы] / Джек Лондон ; пер. Зин. Львовского. — Ленинград : Мысль, 1926. — 128 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Маленькая ошибка [и другие рассказы] / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Зин. Львовского. — Ленинград : «Сеятель» Е. В. Высоцкого, [1926]. — 77 с. — (Общедоступная библиотека «Сеятель». Отдел художественной литературы ; [№ 239–240]). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. На дне Лондона : [очерки из жизни английских рабочих ; пер. с англ.] / Джэк Лондон. — Ленинград : Книжные новинки, [1926]. — 176 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. На свободу : сокращенный рассказ / Джек Лондон. — Москва ; Ленинград : Гос. изд-во, 1926. — 32 с. : ил. — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. По ту сторону черты ; Последняя борьба : [рассказы : пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон. — Москва ; Ленинград : Гос. изд-во, 1926. — 61 с. — (Универсальная библиотека ; № 18). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Повесть о Кише : рассказ / Д. Лондон ; пер. с англ. С. Займовского ; рисунки В. Ватагина. — Москва : Издание Г. Ф. Мириманова, 1926. — 14 с. : ил. — (Библиотека школьника). — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Сила сильных : [рассказ] по Дж. Лондону / Джек Лондон. — Москва ; Ленинград : Гос. изд-во, 1926. — 31 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Тысяча жизней : роман ; пер. с англ. / Джек Лондон. — Ленинград : Книжные новинки, [1926]. — 231 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Ходя (Чинаго) : рассказ / Джек Лондон ; перевод С. Займовского ; рисунки А. Андронова. — Москва : Издание Г. Ф. Мириманова, 1926. — 24 с. : ил. — (Библиотека школьника). — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Чародей : рассказ : [пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон. — [Гомель] : Гомельский рабочий, 1926. — 19 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Шабаш (Забастовал) : рассказ / Джек Лондон ; перевод С. Заимовского ; рисунки Д. Мощевитина. — Москва : Издание Г. Ф. Мириманова, 1926. — 24 с. : ил. — (Библиотека школьника). — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Голиаф : рассказы : [пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон. — Москва ; Ленинград : Гос. изд-во, 1927. — 63 с. — (Универсальная библиотека ; № 194). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Мужская верность : рассказы / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. В. Кошевич. — Москва ; Ленинград : Гос. изд-во, 1927. — 96 с. — (Универсальная библиотека ; № 283–284). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Северная Одиссея : рассказы / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Е. Н. Благовещенской, Л. М. Вайсенберга, Н. С. Кауфмана [и др.] ; папка: М[арк] К[ирнарский]. — Москва ; Ленинград : Гос. изд-во, 1927. — 420 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Сила женщины : рассказы / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Львовского. — Москва ; Ленинград : Гос. изд-во, 1927. — 94 с., [2] с. объявл. — (Универсальная библиотека ; № 300–301). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Берега Сакраменто : [рассказ ; пер. с англ.] / Д. Лондон. — Москва : ВХТИ, 1928. — 14 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Человек со шрамом : клондайкские рассказы / Джек Лондон ; обл.: А. Романов. — Москва : ЦК Союза текстильщиков, 1928. — 112 с. : ил. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Матрос первой статьи : рассказ : [пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон ; рис. Г. Нисского. — Москва ; Ленинград : Гос. изд-во, 1930. — 24 с. : ил. — (Для детей среднего возраста). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Ошибка : рассказ / Джек Лондон ; перевод с английского В. Мининой ; под редакцией И. Жилкина ; рисунки А. Брей. — Москва ; Ленинград : Гос. изд-во, 1930. — 32 с. : ил. — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Сказание о Кише / Джек Лондон ; пер. [с англ.] под ред. В. Стэнича ; рис. В. Тимирева. — 2-е изд. — Москва ; Ленинград : ЦК ВЛКСМ. Изд-во детской литературы, 1936. — 16 с. : ил. — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Любовь к жизни / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Л. Вайсенберга ; рис. худ. Т. Глебовой. — Москва ; Ленинград : Детиздат, 1937. — 32 с. : ил. — (Рассказы иностранных писателей). — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Мексиканец / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. под ред. Д. Горфинкеля ; рис. худ. Н. Травина. — Москва ; Ленинград : Детиздат, 1937. — 48 с. : ил. — (Рассказы иностранных писателей). — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Хват Беллью. Хват и Малыш / Джек Лондон ; пер. Н. и Л. Чуковских. — Москва : Гослитиздат, 1937. — 296 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Изменник / Д. Лондон ; под ред. Д. Горфинкеля. — Москва ; Ленинград : Детиздат, 1938. — 31 с. : ил. — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Рассказы / Джек Лондон ; пер. под ред. Д. Горфинкеля ; рисунки А. Могилевского. — Москва ; Ленинград : Детиздат ЦК ВЛКСМ, 1938. — 88 с. : ил. — (Школьная библиотека). — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Крис Фаррингтон ; Матрос первой статьи / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Д. Горфинкеля ; рис. П. Нисского. — Москва ; Ленинград : Детиздат, 1939. — 32 с. : ил. — (Книга за книгой). — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Морской волк. Поездка на «Ослепительном» / Джек Лондон ; сокращенный пер. с англ. Д. Горфинкеля. — Москва ; Ленинград : Детиздат, 1941. — 359 с. : ил. — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Смок Белью / Джек Лондон ; перевод под редакцией Е. Старинкевич ; рисунки К. Арцеулова. — Москва ; Ленинград : ДЕТГИЗ, 1945. — 80 с. : ил. — (Библиотека научной фантастики и приключений). — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Приключения рыбачьего патруля / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Е. Паттерсон ; иллюстрации В. Синани. — Москва ; Ленинград : Детгиз, 1947. — 107 с. : ил. — (Школьная библиотека). — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Рассказы / Джек Лондон ; [вступит. ст. М. Лорие ; рисунки В. Цигаль]. — Москва ; Ленинград : Детгиз, 1948. — 142 с. : ил. — (Школьная библиотека). — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Сказание о Кише : [рассказы] / Джек Лондон ; рис. В. Цигаль. — Москва ; Ленинград : Детгиз, 1950. — 32 с. : ил. — (Школьная библиотека). — [Хранится в Фонде редкой и ценной книги РГДБ].
- Лондон, Д. Рассказы / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. А. Елеонской. Н. Галь, Т. Озёрской [и др.] ; худож. Н. Попов. — Москва : Художественная литература, 1977. — 476 с. : ил. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Железная пята ; Время — не ждет : пер. с англ. / Д. Лондон ; под ред. Г.П. Злобина ; худож. П. Н. Пинкисевич. — Москва : Правда, 1984. — 543 с. : ил.
- Лондон, Д. Рассказы ; Люди бездны : книга очерков: пер. с англ. / Д. Лондон ; сост., вступ. ст. А. М. Зверев ; худож. Б. А. Алимов. — Москва : Правда, 1987. — 528 с. ил. — (Библиотека зарубежной классики).
- Лондон, Д. Путешествие на «Снарке» ; рассказы : пер. с англ. / Д. Лондон ; послесл. А. Ерохина ; худож. М. Петров. — Москва : Правда, 1988. — 463 с. : ил. — (Мир приключений).
- Лондон, Д. Северная Одиссея : рассказы / Джек Лондон ; предисл. А. Мулярчика ; худож. А. Голицын. — Москва : Художественная литература, 1988. — 207 с. : ил.
- Лондон, Д. Бюро убийств : роман : [перевод] / Джек Лондон. — Ташкент : Узбекистан, 1991. — 124 с. : ил. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Межзвездный скиталец : [роман] ; До Адама ; Алая чума : [повести : перевод] / Джек Лондон. — Екатеринбург : Сред.-Урал. кн. изд-во, 1993. — 423 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Осколок третичной эпохи : фантастические повести и рассказы / Джек Лондон ; [сост. и авт. предисл. В. Быков]. — Москва : Прометей, 1993. — 287 с.
- Лондон, Д. Революция / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. С. Займовского. — Москва ; Берлин : Межрабпом, [19–]. — 59 с. — (Международная б-ка ; № 7). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Дочь снегов ; Сын волка ; Бог его отцов : пер. с англ. / Джек Лондон. — Москва : АСТ, 2001. — 511 с. — (Библиотека приключений).
- Лондон, Д. Лунный лик = Moon face ; Рассказы южных морей = South sea tales ; Приключения рыбачьего патруля = Fish patrol : собрание сочинений / Джек Лондон. — Белгород ; Харьков : Книжный клуб семейного досуга ; 2008. — 413 с. : ил. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Сын Волка = The son of the wolf ; Дети Мороза = Children of the frost ; Игра = The game : [перевод с английского] / Джек Лондон. — Харьков ; Белгород : Кн. клуб «Клуб семейного досуга», 2008. — 413 с. : ил. — (Собрание сочинений = Selected works). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Лондон, Д. Время-не-ждет : роман / Джек Лондон ; [пер. с англ. В. Топер]. — Санкт-Петербург : Азбука, 2011. — 383 с. — (Азбука-классика).
- Лондон, Д. Белый Клык / Джек Лондон ; [перевод с английского Н. А. Волжиной] ; иллюстрации Петра Любаева. — Москва : Нигма, 2018. — 224 с. : цв. ил. — (Страна приключений).
- Лондон, Д. Рассказы : перевод с английского / Джек Лондон ; художник Г. П. Фитингоф. — Санкт-Петербург ; Москва : Речь, 2018. — 352 с. : ил. — (Малая лассика Речи).
- Лондон, Д. Сердца трёх : роман / Джек Лондон ; перевод с английского Т. Кудрявцевой ; художник М. Петров. — Санкт-Петербург ; Москва : Речь, 2018. — 543 с. : цв. ил. — (Малая Классика Речи).
- Лондон, Д. Смок Беллью ; Смок и малыш / Джек Лондон ; [перевод с английского Л. Чуковской, Н. Чуковского, Н. Галь] ; иллюстрации Петра Любаева. — Москва : Нигма, 2018. — 304 с. : цв. ил. — (Страна приключений).
- Лондон, Д. Джерри — островитянин / Джек Лондон ; [ил. В. Баранова ; пер. с англ. А. Кривцовой]. — Санкт-Петербург : Акварель : Книжная лаборатория, 2019. — 287 с. : ил. — (Золотая полка).
- Лондон, Д. Майкл, брат Джерри / Джек Лондон ; [пер. с англ. Н. Ман ; ил. на обл. А. Ломаева]. — Санкт-Петербург : Акварель : Книжная лаборатория, 2019. — 335 с. : ил. — (Золотая полка).
- Лондон, Д. Зов предков / Джек Лондон ; [пер. с англ. М. Абкиной ; ил. Ф. Р. Гудвина, Ч. Л. Булла]. — Москва : Эксмо, 2020. — 158 с. : ил. — (Классика в школе) (Классика в школе и дома).
- Лондон, Д. Мартин Иден / Джек Лондон ; перевод с английского Р. Облонской, Норы Галь. — Москва : Эксмо, 2020. — 416 с. — (Яркие страницы).
- Лондон, Д. Любовь к жизни : рассказы : [перевод с английского] / Джек Лондон ; иллюстрации Олега Пахомова. — Москва : Нигма, 2021. — 296 с. — (Чтение с увлечением).
- Лондон, Д. Мартин Иден ; Маленькая хозяйка Большого дома ; Джон Ячменное Зерно / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. В. Азова, Р. Облонской, В. Станевич. — Москва : Иностранка, 2021. — 861 с. — (Иностранная литература. Большие книги).
- Лондон, Д. Морской волк : роман / Джек Лондон ; [перевод с английского Д. М. Горфинкеля и Л. В. Хвостенко] ; иллюстрации Петра Любаева. — Москва : Нигма, 2021. — 304 с. : цв. ил. — (Страна приключений).
- London, J. The son of the wolf : tales of the far north / by Jack London. — New York : Grosset & Dunlap, [c1900]. — 268 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The god of his fathers : and other stories / by Jack London. — New York : McClure, 1901. — 299 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. A daughter of the snows / by Jack London ; with illustrations in color by Frederick C. Yohn. — Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott co., 1902. — 334 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Children of the frost, by Jack London / by Jack London ; with illustrations by Raphael M. Reay. — New York : The The Macmillan company, 1902. — 250 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The cruise of the Dazzler / by Jack London. — New York : The Century co., 1902. — 250 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Kempton-Wace letters, by Jack London and Anna Strunsky. — New York ; London The Macmillan Company, 1903. — 256 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The Call of the Wild / by Jack London. — New York ; London : The Macmillan Сompany, 1903. — 3 p. l., 11–202 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The People of the Abyss / by Jack London. — New York, The Macmillan company; London, Macmillan & co., ltd., 1903. — 280 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The faith of men, and other stories / Jack London. — New York : Regent Press, 1904. — 286 p.
- London, J. The Sea-Wolf / by Jack London ; with illustrations by W. J. Aylward. — London : Heinemann, 1904. — 372 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Tales of the fish patrol / by Jack London ; with illustrations by George Varian. — New York, London, The Macmillan company, 1905. — 243 p. : ill. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Before Adam / by Jack London. — New York ; London : The Macmillan Сompany, 1906. — 215 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Moon-face, and other stories / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan company, 1906. — 273 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J White Fang / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan Сompany, 1906. — 327 p.
- London, J. Love of life, and Оther Stories / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan co. ; London : Macmillan & co., ltd., 1907. — 265 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The iron heel / by Jack London. — New York ; London : The Macmillan Company, 1908, c1907. — 360 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Martin Eden / by Jack London. — New York : Macmillan, 1909. — 411 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Burning Daylight / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan company, 1910. — 361 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Lost Face / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan Company, 1910.— 240 p. front., 5 pl. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Adventure / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan Company, 1911. — 405 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. South Sea tales / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan Company, 1911. — 327 p. col. front. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The cruise of the Snark / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan company, 1911. — 340 p. : ill. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. A son of the sun / Jack London ; illustrated by A. O. Fischer and C. W. Ashley. — Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday, Page, 1912. — 333 p. front., plates. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Smoke Bellew / Jack London ; illustrated by P. J. Monahan. — New York, The Century Co., 1912. — 385 p. : ill. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The abysmal brute / by Jack London. — New York : The Century Co., 1913. — 169 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The valley of the moon / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan company, 1913. — 530 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. John Barleycorn, or, Alcoholic memoirs / by Jack London. — London : Mills & Boon, 1914. — 316 p. : 1 col. ill., 1 port. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The mutiny of the Elsinore / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan Company, 1914. — 378 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The Scarlet Plague / by Jack London ; illustrated by Gordon Grant — New York : The Macmillan company, 1915. — 181 p. : ill. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The star rover / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan Company, 1915. — 329 p. : ill. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The Little Lady of the Big House / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan Company, 1916. — 392 p. col. front. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Jerry of the Islands / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan Company, 1917. — 337 p. col. front. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Michael, Brother of Jerry / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan Company, 1917. — 344 p. col. front. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The red one / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan Company, 1918. — 193 p. front. (port.). — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Hearts o Three / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan Company, 1920. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. Dutch courage and other stories / by Jack London. — New York : The Macmillan Company, 1922. — 180 p. front. (port.) plates. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- London, J. The Assassination Bureau, ltd / сompleted by Robert L. Fish from notes by Jack London. — New York, McGraw-Hill, [1963]. — 184 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
Джек Лондон / Книги в Национальной электронной детской библиотеке
- Лондон, Д. Повести и рассказы. Т. 1 / Джек Лондон ; пер. Б. Пегелау и Ф. Д. — Текст : электронный. — Москва : типо-лит. «Печатник», 1918. — 32 с.
- Лондон, Д. На свободу : [пер. с англ.] / Джек Лондон. — Текст : электронный. — Москва : Государственное издательство, 1926. — 32 с.
- Лондон, Д. Повесть о Кише / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. С. Г. Займовского. — Текст : электронный. — Москва : Издание Г. Ф. Мириманова, 1926. — 14 с. : ил.
- Лондон, Д. Ходя (Чинаго) / Джек Лондон ; перевод С. Г. Займовского. — 2-е изд. — Текст : электронный. — Москва : Издание Г. Ф. Мириманова, 1926. — 24 с. — Текст : электронный.
- Лондон, Д. Шабаш (Забастовал) / Джек Лондон ; перевод С. Г. Займовского. — Текст : электронный. — Москва : Издание Г. Ф. Мириманова, 1926. — 24 с.
- Лондон, Д. Ходя (Чинаго) : рассказ / Д. Лондон ; пер. с англ. С. Займовского ; рисунки А. Андронова. — Текст : Электронный. — 2-е изд. — Москва : Издание Г. Ф. Мириманова, 1928. — 24 с. : ил. — (Библиотека школьника).
- Лондон, Д. Ошибка / Джек Лондон ; перевод с английского В. Мининой. — Текст : электронный. — Москва : Гос.изд-во, 1930. — 32 с.
- Лондон, Д. Любовь к жизни / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Л. Вайсенберга. — Текст : электронный. — Москва : Детиздат, 1937. — 32 с. — Текст : электронный.
- Лондон, Д. Изменник / Д. Лондон ; под ред. Д. Горфинкеля. — Текст : электронный. — Москва : Детиздат, 1938. — 31 с.
- Лондон, Д. Рассказы / Джек Лондон ; перевод под редакцией Д. Горфинкеля. — Текст : электронный. — Москва : Детиздат ЦК ВЛКСМ, 1938. — 88 с.
- Лондон, Д. Крис Фаррингтон / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Д. Горфинкеля. — Текст : электронный. — Москва : Детиздат, 1939. — 32 с.
- Лондон, Д. Морской волк. Поездка на «Ослепительном» / Джек Лондон ; сокращенный пер. с англ. Д. Горфинкеля. — Текст : электронный. — Москва : Детиздат, 1941. — 359 с.
- Лондон, Д. Рассказы / Д. Лондон ; [рисунки В. Тимирева, Л. Каплан, Г. Миллера]. — Москва : Детгиз, 1942. — 47 с. : ил.
- Лондон, Д. Смок Белью / Джек Лондон ; перевод под редакцией Е. Старинкевич ; рисунки К. Арцеулова. — Текст : электронный. — Москва ; Ленинград : ДЕТГИЗ, 1945. — 80 с. : ил. — (Библиотека научной фантастики и приключений). Оригинал хранится в РГДБ.
- Лондон, Д. Приключения рыбачьего патруля / Джек Лондон ; пер. с англ. Е. И. Паттерсон. — Текст : электронный. — Москва : Детгиз, 1947. — 107 с.
Диафильмы
- На берегах Сакраменто : [диафильм] / Дж. Лондон ; худож. К. Безбородов. — Москва : Диафильм, 1958. — 1 дф. (47 кд.) Оригинал хранится в РГДБ.
- Сказание о Кише : [диафильм] / Дж. Лондон ; худож. К. Безбородов. — Москва : Диафильм, 1968. — 1 дф. (52 кд.) Оригинал хранится в РГДБ.
- Белый Клык : [диафильм] / Дж. Лондон ; худож. Г. Никольский. — Москва : Диафильм, 1969. — 1 дф. (49 кд.) Оригинал хранится в РГДБ.
О жизни и творчестве
- Балтроп, Р. Джек Лондон: человек, писатель, бунтарь : пер. с англ. / Р. Балтроп ; предисл. А. Зверева. — Москва : Прогресс, 1981. — 208 с.
- Батурин, С. «Ваш во имя революции» : рассказ о Джеке Лондоне / С. Батурин ; худож. Е. Коган. — Москва : Детская литература, 1983. — 160 с. : ил.
- Быков, В. Джек Лондон / Виль Быков. — [2-е изд., доп.]. — Саратов : Изд-во Сарат. ун-та, 1968. — 283 с., 9 л. ил. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Быков, В. На родине Джека Лондона / Виль Быков. — Москва : Детгиз, 1962. — 87 с. : ил.
- Быков, В. По следам Джека Лондона / Виль Быков. — Москва : Изд-во Моск. ун-та, 1996. — 236 с. : ил. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Джек Лондон (наст. имя Джон Гриффит Чейни) 12 января 1876 – 22 ноября 1916. К 145-летию со дня рождения / [авт.-сост. Н. Молодцова, Л. Раншакова, Л. Коршунова]. — Москва : Русская школьная библиотечная ассоциация, 2020. — 24 с. : 8 л. цв. ил., портр., фот., факс. — (Профессиональная библиотека школьного библиотекаря. Сер. 2) (Выставка в школьной библиотеке ; вып. 11.2020).
- Захарова, А. П. Джек Лондон и зелёный змий : повесть «Джон Ячменное Зерно» (1913) в контексте литературы Движения за трезвость / Алина Захарова // Литература двух Америк. — 2018. — № 4. — С. 41—71.
- Кингман, Р. Иллюстрированная жизнь Джека Лондона = A Pictorial life of Jack London / Расс Кингман ; пер. с англ. В. М. Быкова. — Москва : Изд-во МГУ, 1998. — 367 с. : ил., факс., портр. — [Хранится в РНБ].
- Книгоиздание СССР. Цифры и факты. 1917–1987 / Е. Л. Немировский, М. Л. Платова. — Москва : Книга, 1987. — 320 с. — [Хранится в РНБ].
- Лунина, И. Евгеньевна. Художественный мир Джека Лондона : человек — природа — цивилизация : диссертация … доктора филологических наук : 10.01.03 / Лунина Ирина Евгеньевна; [Место защиты: Моск. гос. обл. ун-т]. — Москва, 2010. — 618 с. : ил. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Рубинова, Р. Джекъ Лондонъ : биогр. очерк / Р. Рубинова. — Москва : ред. журн. «Юная Россия», 1917. — 32 с. : ил., портр. — (Дешевая библиотека для семьи и школы). — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Омарова, С. И. Традиции фронтира и «Северные рассказы» Джека Лондона : диссертация … кандидата филологических наук : 10.01.05. — Москва, 1979. — 206 с. — [Хранится в РГБ].
- Стоун, И. Моряк в седле / Ирвинг Стоун ; [пер. с англ. М. Кан]. — Москва : АСТ, 2019. — 382 с. — (Зарубежная классика).
- Танасейчук, А. Джек Лондон. Одиночное плавание / Андрей Танасейчук. — Москва : Молодая гвардия, 2017. — 336 с. : ил. — (Жизнь замечательных людей : серия биографий ; выпуск 1859 (1659).
- Фонер, Ф. Джек Лондон — американский бунтарь : пер. с англ. / Ф. Фонер ; вступ. ст. В. М. Быкова. — Москва : Прогресс, 1966. — 239 с. : ил.
- Джек Лондон. Фильмография // Кинориум : сайт.
- Calder-Marshall, A. Lone wolf : The story of Jack London / вy Arthur Calder-Marshall ; ill. by Biro. — New York : Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1961. — 173 с. : ил. — [Хранится в РНБ].
- Chérel G. Jack London: le mangeur de vent : (Récit d’une rêverie voyageuse) / Guillaume Chérel. — Paris : Flammarion, 2000. — 250 с. — (Étonnants voyageurs). — [Хранится в РНБ].
- London, J. Jack London and his times; an unconventional biography / by Joan London. — New York, Doubleday, Doran & company, inc., [1939]. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- Perry, J. London, an American myth / John Perry. — Chicago : Nelson-Hall, [c1981]. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- Reesman, J. C. Jack London’s racial lives : a critical biography / Jeanne Campbell Reesman. — Athens : University of Georgia Press, c2009. — 389 p., [40] p. of plates : ill. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
- Russell, F. A. American pilgrimage / by Ted Malone (Frank Alden Russell). — Freeport, N.Y. : Books for Libraries Press. [1972]. — 270 p. — [Хранится в Библиотеке Конгресса].
Джек Лондон / Экранизации
- По закону (Трое). Художественный фильм по мотивам рассказа «Неожиданное» / «The Unexpected». Реж. Лев Кулешов. СССР, 1926.
- Белый Клык. Киноповесть. Реж. Александр Згуриди. СССР, 1946.
- Мексиканец. Художественный фильм. Реж. Владимир Каплуновский. СССР, 1955.
- Убить человека. Художественный фильм. Реж. В. Джумати. СССР, 1960.
- Время-не-ждёт. Телевизионный двухсерийный художественный фильм. Реж. Виталий Четвериков. СССР, 1975.
- Смок и Малыш. Телевизионный трёхсерийный художественный фильм («Вкус мяса», «Сны», «Золото»). Реж. Раймондас Вабалас. СССР, 1975.
- Мартин Иден. Телеспектакль. Реж. Сергей Евлахишвилии. СССР, 1976.
- Пусть он выступит… Телевизионный художественный фильм по пьесе «Кража». Реж. Олег Бийма. СССР, 1982.
- Кража. Телевизионный двухсерийный художественный фильм. Реж. Леонид Пчёлкин. СССР, 1982.
- Морской волк. Телевизионный четырёхсерийный художественный фильм. Реж. Игорь Апасян. СССР, 1990.
- Собака, которая умела петь. Художественный фильм по мотивам произведений Д. Лондона. Реж. Ада Неретниеце. СССР, 1991
- Сердца трёх. Художественный многосерийный фильм. Реж. Владимир Попков. Россия – Украина, 1992.
- Кусок мяса. Художественный фильм по мотивам рассказа «Любовь к жизни». Реж. Антон Борода. Россия, 2017.
- For Love of Gold / Из-за любви к золоту. Немой короткометражный художественный фильм по мотивам рассказов Д. Лондона. Реж. Дэвид Гриффит. США, 1908.
- An Odyssey of the North / Северная одиссея. Художественный фильм. Реж. Хобарт Босворт. Авторы сценария: Джек Лондон и др. США, 1913.
- The Sea Wolf / Морской волк. Немой полнометражный художественный фильм. Реж. Хобарт Босворт. Авторы сценария: Джек Лондон и др. Актёр: Джек Лондон. США, 1913.
- Martin Eden / Мартин Иден. Художественный фильм. Реж. Хобарт Босворт. США, 1914.
- The Sands of Life / Пески жизни (A Piece of Steak / Кусок мяса). Короткометражный художественный фильм. Автор сценария Джек Лондон. США, 1914.
- The Valley of the Moon / Лунная долина. Художественный фильм. Реж. Хобарт Босворт. США, 1914.
- The Iron Mitt / Железная пята. Короткометражный художественный фильм. Реж. Джон Френсис Диллон. США, 1916.
- The Mutiny of the Elsinore / Мятеж на «Эльсиноре». Художественный фильм. Реж. Эдвард Сломан. США, 1920.
- The Little Fool / Маленькая хозяйка большого дома. Художественный фильм. Реж. Фил Розен. США, 1921.
- White and Yellow / Белые и жёлтые. Художественный фильм. Реж. Эдвард А. Кулл. США, 1922.
- White Fang / Белый клык. Художественный фильм. Реж. Лоуренс Тримбл. США, 1925.
- The Call of the Wild / Зов предков. Художественный фильм. Реж. Ральф Инс. США, 1926.
- Smoke Bellew / Смок Бэлью. Художественный фильм. Реж. Скотт Р. Данлэп. США, 1929.
- The Sea Wolf / Морской волк. Художественный фильм. Реж. Альфред Сентелл. США, 1930.
- Construire un feu / Развести огонь. Короткометражный художественный фильм. Реж. Клод Отан-Лара. Франция, 1930.
- El mexicano / Мексиканец. Художественный фильм. Реж. Агустин П. Дельгадо. Мексика, 1944.
- The Assassination Bureau / Бюро убийств. Художественный фильм. Реж. Бэзил Дирден. Великобритания, 1969.
- Emperor Of The North / Император Севера. Художественный фильм по мотивам рассказа «Дорога» / «The Road». Реж. Роберт Олдрич. США, 1973.
- Kit & Co / Приключения Кита. Художественный фильм по мотивам цикла повестей и рассказов «Смок Беллью» и «Смок и Малыш». Реж. Конрад Петцольд. Германия (ГДР), Чехословакия, СССР, 1974.
- White Fang / Белый Клык. Художественный фильм. Реж. Рэндал Клайзер. США, 1991.
- Alaska Kid / Аляска Кид. Телевизионный многосерийный художественный фильм по мотивам рассказов из сборника «Смок Беллью». Реж. Джеймс Хилл. Россия – Германия – Польша, 1993.
- The Sea Wolf / Морской волк. Художественный фильм. Реж. Майкл Андерсон. США, 1993.
- Burning Daylight / Время не ждёт. Художественный фильм. Реж. Санжар Султанов. Канада, 2010.
- Build a Fire / Костёр. Короткометражный художественный фильм. Реж. Александр Рэй Пиментел. США, 2011.
- The Ballad of Buster Scruggs / Баллада Бастера Скраггса. Киноальманах. Сюжет новеллы «Весь Голд-Каньон» повторяет рассказ «Золотой каньон». Реж.: Джоэл Дэвид Коэн, Итан Джесси Коэн. США, 2018.
- Yours for the Revolution / Ваш во имя революции. Документальный короткометражный фильм. Реж. Benjamin Yates. США, 2018.
- The Call of the Wild / Зов предков. Художественный фильм. Реж. Крис Сандерс. США – Канада, 2020.
Мультипликационные фильмы
- Yasei no Sakebi / Зов предков. Телевизионный аниме-сериал. Реж.: Сигэру Омура, Taкеши Тамазава. Япония, 1982.
- The Call of the Wild / Зов предков. Мультипликационный фильм. Реж.: Аль Гест, Жан Матисон. Ирландия – Канада, 1997.
- White Fang / Белый Клык. Мультипликационный фильм. Реж. Майкл Спорн. США, 1997.
- Cara de luna / Лунный лик. Мультипликационный фильм. Реж.: Энрике Диего, Росио Галеа, Дэни Эрнандес… Испания, 2012.
Памятники, музеи
- Памятник Джеку Лондону. Окленд, Калифорния, США. Скульптор Седрик Уэнтуорт. 1996.
- Дом-музей Джека Лондона. Глен-Эллен, Сан-Франциско, США.
- «Дом волка», построен по проекту Д. Лондона. Глен-Эллен, Сан-Франциско, США.
- «Дом счастливых стен», построен по распоряжению Чармиан Лондон. Глен-Эллен, Сан-Франциско, США.
- Jack London State Historic Park : сайт : [на английском языке].
См. также
- Дефо Даниэль
- Диккенс Чарльз
- Киплинг Редьярд
- Мало Гектор
- По Эдгар Аллан
- Твен Марк