Как пишется армия россии

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Скажите, пожалуйста, как пишутся словосочетания «русская армия», «шведская армия». С прописной или строчной?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно написание со строчной буквы при употреблении сочетания как описательного оборота, например: На стенах рядом с портретами помещены 12 лепных медальонов, обрамленных позолоченными лавровыми венками, с названиями крупнейших сражений русской армии в 1812–1814 гг.; В плен сда­лась вся шведская ар­мия вме­сте с Ле­вен­га­уп­том. Сочетание Русская армия используется как название белогвардейских войск во время Гражданской войны 1917—1922 гг., например: Вскоре Крым стал бастионом Русской армии генерала Врангеля. Сочетание Русская армия встречается в контекстах, где ему приписывается особый высокий смысл, например: Вспомним вычеркнутые из отечественной истории подвиги Русской армии, тех, кто защищал нашу Родину.

Здравствуйте. Как пишется Сирийская Арабская Армия?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Нормативной рекомендации нет. Возможно: Сирийская Арабская армия.

…. и многочисленная наполеоновская армия не смогла оказать сопротивлени (Е,Я). Ученик написал «Е», учитель исправил на «Я», как правильно?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Можно было не исправлять, ошибки здесь нет, возможны оба варианта: не смогла оказать сопротивление и не смогла оказать сопротивления. В конструкциях «не + спрягаемая форма глагола + инфинитив + существительное» существительное, зависимое от инфинитива, может стоять как в форме винительного падежа, так и в форме родительного падежа. См.: Граудина Л. К., Ицкович В. А., Катлинская Л. П. Словарь грамматических вариантов русского языка. – 3-е изд., стер. М., 2008.

«Русская императорская армия«. Капитализация полного названия мне понятна — первое слово («Русская») пишем с Прописной, остальные слова — со строчной. Но как писать сокращённые (уcечённые) названия — по правилам в усечённом названии с Прописной пишется первое из оставшихся слов. Таким образом, если я «Русскую императорскую армию» хочу сократить до «Русской армии» я должен именно так и написать («Русская» с Прописной). Верно это? Спасибо! HOBOPOCC

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Это так. Но такое написание будет уместно лишь в том случае, когда Вы хотите подчеркнуть, что речь в тексте идет не просто о русской армии, а именно о Русской императорской армии.

Здравствуйте! В каких случаях словосочетание «российская армия» пишется: оба слова с заглавной буквы, оба слова с маленькой буквы и вариант Российская армия? Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: Российская армия (см.:  В. В. Лопатин, И. В. Нечаева, Л. К. Чельцова. Прописная или строчная? Орфографический словарь. М., 2007).

Здравствуйте! Ответьте,пожалуйста, на вопрос. Как правильно : со строчной или прописной пишутся следующие слова: » Русское зарубежье» и «Добровольческая армия«. Очень срочно нужно! Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: русское зарубежье, Добровольческая армия.

Здравствуйте!
Меня интересует, как правильно надо писать слово «советский», с большой или маленькой буквы. Понятно почему так пишется «Советский Союз», а с какой буквы писать «советское правительство»? Ведь сейчас все, что связано с Советским Союзом, стало лишь исторической реалией и не требует пафоса, как это было ранее.
Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: советское правительство. Слово советский пишется со строчной буквы (но: Советская армия, Советская страна, Советский Союз, Советское информбюро).

Как правильно: Советская Армия или Советская армия?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: Советская армия.

с красной армией понятно
а как пишется Советская Армия?
Российская армия?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно: Советская армия, Российская армия.

Добрый день, подскажите, пожалуйста, в дореволюционной России существовали:
а) Русская императорская армия; Русский императорский флот;
или
б) Российская императорская армия; Российский императорский флот.

Спасибо

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Верен вариант 2.

Как правильно писать названия воинских подразделений, к примеру: 3-я Гвардейская армия или 6-й Ударный батальон? Какие буквы прописные?
Спасибо

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Вы написали правильно.

Здравствуйте!
Мой вопрос касается прописных и строчных букв. Как на настоящее время пишутся слова императорский (императорский двор, императорская армия и тп.), великий князь?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно со строчной: _императорский двор, императорская армия, великий князь (титул)._

Российская Армия и Флот — верно ли писать все три слова с прописной буквы? Заранее спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: _Российская армия и флот_.

Поиск ответа

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Действительно, существует особая группа территорий, представление о которых включает исторический, политический, этнический, культурный, эстетический и пр. компонент, в отличие от собственно географических (природных) территорий, названия которых не содержат никаких дополнительных коннотаций. Например, Балтия — это не территория вокруг Балтийского моря, а Латвия, Литва и Эстония, связанные с Россией общей историей; под Восточной Европой понимают не просто часть европейского континента, а часть, населенную преимущественно славянскими народами. Север — полярные и приполярные территории, Арктика. Но сочетание Юг России в написании с заглавной буквы закрепилось в русском культурном фонде как название территории, подконтрольной белогвардейцам в 1918—1920 гг., ср.: Вооруженные силы Юга России — объединенные вооруженные силы Белого движения, образованные 8 января 1919 г. в результате соглашения между командующим Добровольческой армией А. И. Деникиным и атаманом Донского казачьего войска П. Н. Красновым. Только в таком значении и следует писать с заглавной буквы Юг России.

Здравствуйте, уважаемая Грамота. Есть ли примеры, когда слово «юг» пишется с прописной буквы. спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Да, например: Война Севера и Юга (в США, ист.), Вооружённые силы Юга России (белая армия).

Уважаемая грамота! В ответе на вопрос № 287860 исправьте ошибку. Вопрос: Корректна ли пунктуация? Оперативная обстановка продолжает оставаться сложной, несмотря на то что, по данным Центра по примирению враждующих сторон, на территории Сирии с начала перемирия к режиму прекращения боевых действий присоединились вооруженные формирования. Ответ справочной службы русского языка: Пунктуация верна. ______________ Запятая ставится либо перед союзом «несмотря на то что», либо перед «что», но никак не две запятых сразу.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В предложении из вопроса 287860 запятой перед что нет. Запятая стоит после что, перед вводным сочетанием по данным Центра по примирению враждующих сторон.

Здравствуйте. Корректна ли пунктуация? Оперативная обстановка продолжает оставаться сложной, несмотря на то что, по данным Центра по примирению враждующих сторон, на территории Сирии с начала перемирия к режиму прекращения боевых действий присоединились вооруженные формирования.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Может ли определение одного причастного оборота быть в другом причастном обороте?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Вы имели в виду определяемое слово? Тогда может, например: Он родился в семье военных и проделал весь путь, на роду написанный людям, делающим военную карьеру [С. Татевосов. Князь тьмы в малиновом берете // «Коммерсантъ-Власть», 1999], Казаки же долго не могли отрешиться от этого жестокого приёма, отталкивавшего от нас многих, желавших перейти на нашу сторону [А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты. Том IV. Вооруженные силы Юга России (1922)].

. и являемся на старт, вооруженные любым фотографирующим устройством.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Поставленная Вами запятая нужна.

Здравствуйте! Как правильно писать: Вооруженные (С,с)илы РФ? На вопросы № 262393 и № 244687 сайт отвечает по-разному.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Сколько прописных букв в словах » вооруженные силы»

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Как правильно: Вооружённые силы или Вооружённые Силы?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Как правильно: Вооруженные силы РФ или Вооруженные Силы РФ?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Как правильно пишется словосочетание Вооруженные силы или Вооруженные Силы?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Скажите, в каких случаях » Вооруженные силы» пишется со строчной, а в каких с прописной? Вооруженные силы РФ и просто вооруженные силы… Хотелось бы внести ясность. Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Согласно орфографическому словарю, правильно: Вооружённые с и лы РФ. В тексте газетной статьи сочетание вооруженые силы может писаться строчными буквами.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Пунктуация в обоих случаях верна.

И Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации (ПРОП) 2006 г.(Под ред. В. В. Лопатина. М.: Эксмо, 2006), и новый академический «Русский орфографический словарь» (2-изд. М., 2005), и «Справочник издателя и автора» (СИА) под ред. Мильчина (М.: ОЛМА-пресс, 2003) предписывают написание с прописной буквы всех трех слов в названии ‘Содружество Независимых Государств’. В ПРОП (разд. «Орфография», § 170) это объясняется тем, что СНГ относится к «государственным объединениям». В СИА (п. 3.8.3), где понятию «государственное объединение» придается, судя по всему, иной смысл, говорится, что в названиях «групп, союзов и объединений государств» с прописной буквы пишется первое слово, а также собственные имена, однако в приведенном там списке примеров СНГ объявлено исключением: ‘Европейское экономическое сообщество… Лига арабских государств… НО: Содружество Независимых Государств’. Подобное написание развернутого названия СНГ тем более удивительно, что ПРОП-2006 (разд. «Орфография», § 170) вполне резонно рекомендуют писать с прописной буквы только первое слово в названиях высших учреждений РФ типа ‘Государственная дума, Федеральное собрание, Конституционный суд, Вооруженные силы’ — невзирая на их «торжественное» написание в Конституции РФ. («Поддерживаемая лингвистами тенденция к употреблению прописной буквы только в первом слове» таких названий констатируется и в СИА (п. 3.11.2, прим.).) Ваше мнение?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Согласно словарю «Как правильно? С большой буквы или с маленькой?» (В. В. Лопатин, И. В. Нечаева, Л. К. Чельцова): _ Вооруженные силы РФ, Генеральный штаб, вооруженные силы_. Однако в «Кратком справочнике по оформлению актов Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации» зафиксированы следующие варианты: _ Вооруженные Силы РФ, Генеральный штаб РФ_. Этот справочник рекомендуется как нормативный источник для оформления официальной документации. Как писать _ вооруженные силы_ с указанием других стран, информации в справочниках нет.
См. также ответ № 186221.

Источник

Поиск ответа

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Действительно, существует особая группа территорий, представление о которых включает исторический, политический, этнический, культурный, эстетический и пр. компонент, в отличие от собственно географических (природных) территорий, названия которых не содержат никаких дополнительных коннотаций. Например, Балтия — это не территория вокруг Балтийского моря, а Латвия, Литва и Эстония, связанные с Россией общей историей; под Восточной Европой понимают не просто часть европейского континента, а часть, населенную преимущественно славянскими народами. Север — полярные и приполярные территории, Арктика. Но сочетание Юг России в написании с заглавной буквы закрепилось в русском культурном фонде как название территории, подконтрольной белогвардейцам в 1918—1920 гг., ср.: Вооруженные сил ы Юга России — объединенные вооруженные сил ы Белого движения, образованные 8 января 1919 г. в результате соглашения между командующим Добровольческой армией А. И. Деникиным и атаманом Донского казачьего войска П. Н. Красновым. Только в таком значении и следует писать с заглавной буквы Юг России.

Здравствуйте, уважаемая Грамота. Есть ли примеры, когда слово «юг» пишется с прописной буквы. спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Да, например: Война Севера и Юга (в США, ист.), Вооружённые силы Юга России (белая армия).

Может ли определение одного причастного оборота быть в другом причастном обороте?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Вы имели в виду определяемое слово? Тогда может, например: Он родился в семье военных и проделал весь путь, на роду написанный людям, делающим военную карьеру [С. Татевосов. Князь тьмы в малиновом берете // «Коммерсантъ-Власть», 1999], Казаки же долго не могли отрешиться от этого жестокого приёма, отталкивавшего от нас многих, желавших перейти на нашу сторону [А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты. Том IV. Вооруженные сил ы Юга России (1922)].

Здравствуйте! Как правильно писать: Вооруженные (С,с)илы РФ? На вопросы № 262393 и № 244687 сайт отвечает по-разному.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Сколько прописных букв в словах » вооруженные сил ы»

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Как правильно: Вооружённые силы или Вооружённые Силы?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Как правильно: Вооруженные сил ы РФ или Вооруженные Сил ы РФ?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Как правильно пишется словосочетание Вооруженные сил ы или Вооруженные Сил ы?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Скажите, в каких случаях » Вооруженные сил ы» пишется со строчной, а в каких с прописной? Вооруженные сил ы РФ и просто вооруженные сил ы… Хотелось бы внести ясность. Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Согласно орфографическому словарю, правильно: Вооружённые с и лы РФ. В тексте газетной статьи сочетание вооруженые силы может писаться строчными буквами.

И Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации (ПРОП) 2006 г.(Под ред. В. В. Лопатина. М.: Эксмо, 2006), и новый академический «Русский орфографический словарь» (2-изд. М., 2005), и «Справочник издателя и автора» (СИА) под ред. Мильчина (М.: ОЛМА-пресс, 2003) предписывают написание с прописной буквы всех трех слов в названии ‘Содружество Независимых Государств’. В ПРОП (разд. «Орфография», § 170) это объясняется тем, что СНГ относится к «государственным объединениям». В СИА (п. 3.8.3), где понятию «государственное объединение» придается, судя по всему, иной смысл, говорится, что в названиях «групп, союзов и объединений государств» с прописной буквы пишется первое слово, а также собственные имена, однако в приведенном там списке примеров СНГ объявлено исключением: ‘Европейское экономическое сообщество… Лига арабских государств… НО: Содружество Независимых Государств’. Подобное написание развернутого названия СНГ тем более удивительно, что ПРОП-2006 (разд. «Орфография», § 170) вполне резонно рекомендуют писать с прописной буквы только первое слово в названиях высших учреждений РФ типа ‘Государственная дума, Федеральное собрание, Конституционный суд, Вооруженные сил ы’ — невзирая на их «торжественное» написание в Конституции РФ. («Поддерживаемая лингвистами тенденция к употреблению прописной буквы только в первом слове» таких названий констатируется и в СИА (п. 3.11.2, прим.).) Ваше мнение?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Согласно словарю «Как правильно? С большой буквы или с маленькой?» (В. В. Лопатин, И. В. Нечаева, Л. К. Чельцова): _ Вооруженные сил ы РФ, Генеральный штаб, вооруженные сил ы_. Однако в «Кратком справочнике по оформлению актов Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации» зафиксированы следующие варианты: _ Вооруженные Сил ы РФ, Генеральный штаб РФ_. Этот справочник рекомендуется как нормативный источник для оформления официальной документации. Как писать _ вооруженные сил ы_ с указанием других стран, информации в справочниках нет.
См. также ответ № 186221.

Как правильно писать » Вооружённые Силы» или «Вооружённые силы»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Верно: _ вооруженные сил ы_, но _ Вооруженные Сил ы РФ_.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

1. В приведенном примере возможно двоякое толкование. Если рассматривать _соответственно_ как вводное слово со значением «следовательно, значит», то запятые в скобках нужны. Если _соответственно_ имеет значение наречия «равным образом; так, как требуется», то корректно без запятых. 2. Запятая факультативна. 3. Написание _ Вооруженные Сил ы РФ_ мы рекомендуем согласно «Краткому справочнику по оформлению актов Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации».

Здравствуйте, Грамота! Помогите, пожалуйста, определиться с написанием прописной-строчной в словосочетании » вооруженные сил ы» без указания страны. Например,»в вооруженных силах проводится реформирование». Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно написание с маленькой буквы: _ вооруженные сил ы_.

Скажите, пожалуйста, с прописной или строчной буквы нужно писать слово «силы» в случае » Вооруженные сил ы Республики Б. «. Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

По аналогии с _ Вооруженные Сил ы РФ_ в официальном названии корректно с прописной.

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Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Действительно, существует особая группа территорий, представление о которых включает исторический, политический, этнический, культурный, эстетический и пр. компонент, в отличие от собственно географических (природных) территорий, названия которых не содержат никаких дополнительных коннотаций. Например, Балтия — это не территория вокруг Балтийского моря, а Латвия, Литва и Эстония, связанные с Россией общей историей; под Восточной Европой понимают не просто часть европейского континента, а часть, населенную преимущественно славянскими народами. Север — полярные и приполярные территории, Арктика. Но сочетание Юг России в написании с заглавной буквы закрепилось в русском культурном фонде как название территории, подконтрольной белогвардейцам в 1918—1920 гг., ср.: Вооруженные силы Юга России — объединенные вооруженные силы Белого движения, образованные 8 января 1919 г. в результате соглашения между командующим Добровольческой армией А. И. Деникиным и атаманом Донского казачьего войска П. Н. Красновым. Только в таком значении и следует писать с заглавной буквы Юг России.

Здравствуйте, уважаемая Грамота. Есть ли примеры, когда слово «юг» пишется с прописной буквы. спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Да, например: Война Севера и Юга (в США, ист.), Вооружённые силы Юга России (белая армия).

Уважаемая грамота! В ответе на вопрос № 287860 исправьте ошибку. Вопрос: Корректна ли пунктуация? Оперативная обстановка продолжает оставаться сложной, несмотря на то что, по данным Центра по примирению враждующих сторон, на территории Сирии с начала перемирия к режиму прекращения боевых действий присоединились вооруженные формирования. Ответ справочной службы русского языка: Пунктуация верна. ______________ Запятая ставится либо перед союзом «несмотря на то что», либо перед «что», но никак не две запятых сразу.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В предложении из вопроса 287860 запятой перед что нет. Запятая стоит после что, перед вводным сочетанием по данным Центра по примирению враждующих сторон.

Здравствуйте. Корректна ли пунктуация? Оперативная обстановка продолжает оставаться сложной, несмотря на то что, по данным Центра по примирению враждующих сторон, на территории Сирии с начала перемирия к режиму прекращения боевых действий присоединились вооруженные формирования.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Может ли определение одного причастного оборота быть в другом причастном обороте?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Вы имели в виду определяемое слово? Тогда может, например: Он родился в семье военных и проделал весь путь, на роду написанный людям, делающим военную карьеру [С. Татевосов. Князь тьмы в малиновом берете // «Коммерсантъ-Власть», 1999], Казаки же долго не могли отрешиться от этого жестокого приёма, отталкивавшего от нас многих, желавших перейти на нашу сторону [А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты. Том IV. Вооруженные силы Юга России (1922)].

. и являемся на старт, вооруженные любым фотографирующим устройством.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Поставленная Вами запятая нужна.

Здравствуйте! Как правильно писать: Вооруженные (С,с)илы РФ? На вопросы № 262393 и № 244687 сайт отвечает по-разному.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Сколько прописных букв в словах » вооруженные силы»

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Как правильно: Вооружённые силы или Вооружённые Силы?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Как правильно: Вооруженные силы РФ или Вооруженные Силы РФ?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Как правильно пишется словосочетание Вооруженные силы или Вооруженные Силы?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Скажите, в каких случаях » Вооруженные силы» пишется со строчной, а в каких с прописной? Вооруженные силы РФ и просто вооруженные силы… Хотелось бы внести ясность. Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Согласно орфографическому словарю, правильно: Вооружённые с и лы РФ. В тексте газетной статьи сочетание вооруженые силы может писаться строчными буквами.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Пунктуация в обоих случаях верна.

И Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации (ПРОП) 2006 г.(Под ред. В. В. Лопатина. М.: Эксмо, 2006), и новый академический «Русский орфографический словарь» (2-изд. М., 2005), и «Справочник издателя и автора» (СИА) под ред. Мильчина (М.: ОЛМА-пресс, 2003) предписывают написание с прописной буквы всех трех слов в названии ‘Содружество Независимых Государств’. В ПРОП (разд. «Орфография», § 170) это объясняется тем, что СНГ относится к «государственным объединениям». В СИА (п. 3.8.3), где понятию «государственное объединение» придается, судя по всему, иной смысл, говорится, что в названиях «групп, союзов и объединений государств» с прописной буквы пишется первое слово, а также собственные имена, однако в приведенном там списке примеров СНГ объявлено исключением: ‘Европейское экономическое сообщество… Лига арабских государств… НО: Содружество Независимых Государств’. Подобное написание развернутого названия СНГ тем более удивительно, что ПРОП-2006 (разд. «Орфография», § 170) вполне резонно рекомендуют писать с прописной буквы только первое слово в названиях высших учреждений РФ типа ‘Государственная дума, Федеральное собрание, Конституционный суд, Вооруженные силы’ — невзирая на их «торжественное» написание в Конституции РФ. («Поддерживаемая лингвистами тенденция к употреблению прописной буквы только в первом слове» таких названий констатируется и в СИА (п. 3.11.2, прим.).) Ваше мнение?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Согласно словарю «Как правильно? С большой буквы или с маленькой?» (В. В. Лопатин, И. В. Нечаева, Л. К. Чельцова): _ Вооруженные силы РФ, Генеральный штаб, вооруженные силы_. Однако в «Кратком справочнике по оформлению актов Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации» зафиксированы следующие варианты: _ Вооруженные Силы РФ, Генеральный штаб РФ_. Этот справочник рекомендуется как нормативный источник для оформления официальной документации. Как писать _ вооруженные силы_ с указанием других стран, информации в справочниках нет.
См. также ответ № 186221.

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Как правильно написать вооруженные силы российской федерации

1. В названиях высших органов власти, центральных организаций, учреждений и т. п. все слова, кроме служебных, пишутся с прописной буквы: Федеральное Собрание Российской Федерации, Государственная Дума Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации, Государственное Собрание Венгерской Народной Республики, Государственный Совет Польской Народной Республики, Всемирный Совет Мира, Организация Объединённых Наций, Совет Безопасности ООН, Союз Обществ Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца.

2. В названиях государственных учреждений, общественных, профессиональных и т. п. организаций первое слово (и все имена собственные) пишется с прописной буквы: Верховный суд Российской Федерации, Министерство обороны Российской Федерации, Международная демократическая федерация женщин, Международный союз молодёжи, Итальянская конфедерация профсоюзов трудящихся, Народная палата Индии, Верховный суд США, Московская патриархия.

Примечания: 1. Различаются написания аналогичных сочетаний в зависимости от того, выступают ли они в роли собственного или нарицательного имени; ср.: Вооружённые силы Российской Федерации (официальное название)— вооруженные силы Германии (нарицательное обозначение).

2. В форме множественного числа или не в качестве имени собственного названия указанного типа пишутся со строчной буквы: главные управления министерства. Ср. при полном наименовании: Министерства финансов стран СНГ.

3. Названия высших представительных органов стран, не имеющие значения собственного имени, пишутся со строчной буквы: парламент, нижняя палата, палата лордов, рейхстаг, бундесрат, сейм, стортинг, конгресс, меджлис. Но: Конгресс США, Сенат США — официальные названия.

В исторических названиях аналогичных русских и зарубежных учреждений первое слово пишется с прописной буквы: Правительствующий сенат, Святейший синод, Генеральные штаты, Долгий парламент, Конвент, Временное правительство.

4. В названиях политических партий и движений первое слово (и все имена собственные) пишется с прописной буквы: Социал-демократическая рабочая партия Германии, Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза, Партия единства и развития, Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия, Христианско-демократический союз, Демократическая партия (например, в США). Но: партия «Союз 17 октября», партия «Единая Россия», партия Индийский национальный конгресс, где слово партия не входит в составное название.

Аналогичные названия, не имеющие значения официального наименования, пишутся со строчной буквы: демократическая партия, партия консерваторов, большевистская партия, партия социалистов-революционеров, партия меньшевиков, партия кадетов.

5. В официальных названиях учреждений местного значения первое слово (и все имена собственные) пишется с прописной буквы: Ленинградский областной Совет народных депутатов (слово Совет как название органа власти пишется с прописной буквы, за исключением тех случаев, когда оно входит в состав сложносокращенных слов), Московская городская дума, Префектура Западного округа г. Москвы.

6. В названиях научных учреждений и учебных заведений первое слово (и все имена собственные) пишется с прописной буквы: Российская академия наук, Академия медицинских наук Российской Федерации, Московский государственный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова, Российская академия театрального искусства, Московский государственный институт международных отношений, Всесоюзный государственный институт кинематографии. Центральный научно-исследовательский институт технологии машиностроения, Воронежский государственный университет, Саратовский государственный педагогический институт, Московский техникум лёгкой промышленности, Московский педагогический колледж, Центральная музыкальная школа при Московской государственной консерватории им. П. И. Чайковского, Московское училище живописи, ваяния и зодчества.

С прописной буквы пишется начальное слово неполного названия, которое употребляется в функции полного: Литературный музей (Государственный литературный музей), Третьяковская галерея (Государственная Третьяковская галерея), Большой театр (Государственный академический Большой театр России), Дом журналиста (Центральный Дом журналиста).

8. В названиях промышленных и торговых предприятий, финансовых организаций первое слово пишется с прописной буквы: Харьковский тракторный завод, Государственный универсальный магазин, Центральный универсальный магазин, Первый московский часовой завод, 2-й Московский шарикоподшипниковый завод, Дрезденский банк, Федеральный банк инноваций и развития, Российская страховая компания.

Примечание. Различаются написания: Минский автомобильный завод (первое слово входит в состав официального названия) — минский мыловаренный завод (указан лишь профиль завода и его местонахождение).

9. В выделяемых кавычками названиях предприятий, фирм и т. п. первое слово (и все имена собственные) пишется с прописной буквы (родовое наименование и название, указывающее на профиль предприятия, пишутся со строчной буквы): текстильный комбинат «Трёхгорная мануфактура», завод «Красный Октябрь», киноконцерн «Мосфильм», акционерное общество «Московский вентиляторный завод», шахта «Северная 2-бис», концерн «Дженерал моторс корпорейшн», фирма «Юнайтед фрут компани».

Географическое определение, не входящее в состав официального названия организации, учреждения, фирмы и т. д., обычно пишется со строчной буквы: московская кондитерская фабрика «Красный Октябрь», московский филиал банка «Олимпийский», французский автомобильный концерн «Пежо», концерн английской автомобильной и авиамоторной промышленности «Роллс-Ройс», шведская автомобилестроительная фирма «Вольво». Ср.: Московский театр «Современник» — географическое определение входит в состав официального названия.

10. Если название учреждения, предприятия и т. п. начинается словами Всероссийский, Всесоюзный, Государственный, Центральный, порядковым числительным ( Первый, 2-й и т. д.) или географическим определением, то первое слово в названии пишется с прописной буквы: Всероссийский художественный научно-реставрационный центр им. акад. И. Э. Грабаря, Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт гидротехники, Государственный академический русский народный оркестр им. И. П. Осипова, Центральный академический театр кукол им. С. В. Образцова, Первый московский часовой завод, 2-й Московский шарикоподшипниковый завод.

11. Если в название предприятия входят слова имени того-то, то первое слово названия пишется со строчной буквы: завод имени И. А. Лихачёва, агрофирма имени И. В. Мичурина.

Источник

Как правильно пишется словосочетание «российская армия»

• Как правильно пишется слово «российский»
• Как правильно пишется слово «армия»

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Вооружённые си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции
Emblem of the Russian Armed Forces
Banner of the Russian Armed Forces
Founded	1721 (Imperial Russian Army)
Current form	7 May 1992
Service branches	Ground Forces Navy Aerospace Forces Air Force Space Forces Strategic Rocket Forces Airborne Forces Special Operations Forces
Headquarters	Ministry of Defence, Moscow
Leadership
Supreme Commander-in-Chief	Vladimir Putin
Minister of Defence	Sergei Shoigu
Chief of the General Staff	Valery Gerasimov
Personnel
Military age	18[1]
Conscription	12 months[2]
Active personnel	c. 1,000,000[3][4]
Reserve personnel	c. 2,000,000[5]
Expenditures
Budget	US$65.9 billion (2020–2021)[6]
Percent of GDP	4.3% (2021)[7]
Industry
Domestic suppliers	See list: Rostec Rosatom United Aircraft Corporation United Shipbuilding Corporation Russian Helicopters Tactical Missiles Corporation Almaz-Antey High Precision Systems Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology Kalashnikov Concern Military Industrial Company Uralvagonzavod Kurganmashzavod KAMAZ
Foreign suppliers	Belarus (MZKT)  Italy (Iveco)[8][9]  Israel (IAI)[10]  Iran (HESA)[11]
Annual exports	US$15–19 billion (2018)[12][13]
Related articles
History	Military history of the Russian Federation
Ranks	Army ranks Navy ranks Aerospace Forces ranks

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Russian: Вооружённые Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции, Vooruzhonnije Síly Rossíyskoj Federátsii), commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces, are the military of Russia. In terms of active-duty personnel, they are the world’s fifth-largest military force, with at least two million reserve personnel.^[14][15][16] Their branches consist of the Ground Forces, the Navy, and the Aerospace Forces, as well as three independent arms of service: the Strategic Rocket Forces, the Airborne Forces, and the Special Operations Forces.

In 2021, Russia had the world’s fifth-highest military expenditure, allocating a budget of approximately US$65.9 billion to the military.^[17] The Russian Armed Forces maintain the world’s largest stockpile of nuclear weapons,^[18] and possess the world’s second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines;^[19] they are also one of only three national militaries (alongside those of the United States and China) that operate strategic bombers.^[20] With certain exceptions, Russian law mandates one year of military service for all male citizens aged 18–27, though conscripted soldiers are generally not deployed outside of Russia.^[1][21]

In spite of Russia’s perceived military strength, as recorded in various assessments, deficiencies have been noted in the country’s combat performance on both the tactical and operational scales. According to multiple reports, endemic corruption within the Russian Armed Forces has had a major impact on weakening Russia’s ability to effectively project hard power.^[22][23][24] Amidst the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, severe logistical failures have greatly impacted the operational performance of Russian troops, as different service branches have struggled to coordinate and work together. Continuous shortcomings have led Russia’s war effort to suffer extensive setbacks since the initial invasion; the Russian Armed Forces have experienced successive losses of occupied/annexed territory, the large-scale destruction and squandering of their equipment, and a notably high casualty rate.^[25][26][27] Researchers from the RAND Corporation have observed that Russia continues to struggle with military professionalization.^[28]

Directly controlled by the Security Council of Russia, the Russian Armed Forces form part of the country’s defence services under Russian law, fulfilling this capacity alongside the Border Guard of the Federal Security Service, the National Guard, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Protective Service, the Foreign Intelligence Service, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Service branches

Armed forces under the Ministry of Defence are divided into:^{[citation needed]}

• the three «branches of Armed Forces»: the Ground Forces, Aerospace Forces, and Navy
• the two «separate troop branches»: the Strategic Rocket Forces and Airborne Forces
• the «special forces of Armed Forces»: the Special Operations Forces
• the Logistical Support, which has a separate status of its own

There are additionally two further «separate troop branches», the National Guard and the Border Service. These retain the legal status of «Armed Forces», while falling outside of the jurisdiction of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The National Guard is formed on the basis of the former Internal Troops of Russia. The new structure has been detached from the Ministry of Internal Affairs into a separate agency, directly subordinated to the President of Russia. The Border Service is a paramilitary organization of the Federal Security Service, the country’s main internal intelligence agency. Both organizations have significant wartime tasks in addition to their main peacetime activities and operate their own land, air and maritime units.

The number of personnel is specified by decree of the President of Russia. On 1 January 2008, a number of 2,019,629 units, including military of 1,134,800 units, was set.^[29] In 2010 the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) estimated that the Russian Armed Forces numbered about 1,027,000 active troops and in the region of 2,035,000 reserves (largely ex-conscripts).^[30] As opposed to personnel specified by decree, actual personnel numbers on the payroll was reported by the Audit Chamber of Russia as 766,000 in October 2013.^[31][32]

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, between 2005–2009 and 2010–2014, Russian exports of major weapons increased by 37 percent;^[33] Russia spent $66.4 billion on arms in 2015,^[34] then $69.2 billion in 2016, having taken 3rd place (after the U.S. and China).^[35] According to the Russian Defence Ministry, the share of modern weaponry in service with Russia’s army and fleet amounts to 71.2% with serviceability of weapons at 99% as of 2021.^[36][37][38]

History

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2019)

The Soviet Union officially dissolved on 25 December 1991. For the next year various attempts to keep its unity and to transform it into the military of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) failed. Over time, some units stationed in the newly independent republics swore loyalty to their new national governments, while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military’s assets.^[39]

Apart from assuming control of the bulk of the former Soviet Internal Troops and the KGB Border Troops, seemingly the only independent defence move the new Russian government made before March 1992 involved announcing the establishment of a National Guard.^[40] Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades numbering 3,000 to 5,000 each, with a total of no more than 100,000. National Guard military units were to be deployed in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), (two brigades), and a number of other important cities and regions. By the end of September 1991 in Moscow the National Guard was about 15,000 strong, mostly consisting of former Soviet Armed Forces servicemen. In the end, President Yeltsin tabled a decree «On the temporary position of the Russian Guard», but it was not put into practice.^[41]

After signing the Belavezha Accords on 21 December 1991, the countries of the newly formed CIS signed a protocol on the temporary appointment of Marshal of Aviation Yevgeny Shaposhnikov as Minister of Defence and commander of the armed forces in their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On 14 February 1992 Shaposhnikov formally became Supreme Commander of the CIS Armed Forces. On 16 March 1992 a decree by Boris Yeltsin created the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the operational control of Allied High Command and the Ministry of Defence, which was headed by President.^{[citation needed]} Finally, on 7 May 1992, Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the armed forces and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander.^[42]

In May 1992, General Colonel Pavel Grachev became the Minister of Defence, and was made Russia’s first Army General on assuming the post. By August or December 1993 CIS military structures had become CIS military cooperation structures with all real influence lost.^[43]

In the next few years, Russian forces withdrew from central and eastern Europe, as well as from some newly independent post-Soviet republics. While in most places the withdrawal took place without any problems, the Russian Armed Forces remained in some disputed areas such as the Sevastopol naval base in the Crimea as well as in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and in Transnistria. The Armed Forces have several bases in foreign countries, especially on territory of the former Soviet Republics.

On 24 February 2022 Russian president Vladimir Putin gave the execute order to for the Armed Forces to begin the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 10 April 2022 General Aleksandr Dvornikov assumed command of the operation.^[44] In July 2022, at the same time as the Armed Forces began suffering severe casualties, the Ground Forces began to site ammunition in or near structures which are frequented by civilians due to the human shield benefit, ostensibly because Ukrainian HIMARS had tilted the odds of his strategy of attrition by artillery.^[45] Within hours after Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu’s signature on the UN-brokered deal to resume Ukraine’s Black Sea grain exports, Russia bombed the Port of Odessa.^[46][47]

According to Forbes Moscow had committed, as of the end of July 2022, 10 of its Combined Arms Armies to Putin’s invasion of Ukraine.^[48]

Structure

The Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation serves as the administrative body of the Armed Forces. Since Soviet times, the General Staff has acted as the main commanding and supervising body of the Russian armed forces: U.S. expert William Odom said in 1998, that ‘the Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable, but the MoD without the General Staff is not.’^[49]

Other departments include the Main Intelligence Directorate, the personnel directorate as well as the Rear of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Railway Troops, Signal Troops and Construction Troops. The Chief of the General Staff is currently General of the Army Valery Gerasimov.

Since 1 December 2012, the structure of the Ministry of defence has been containing the Main Directorate of the Military Police, to which all military district’s regional directorates of military police are subordinated.^[50]

In July 2018, the Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces was created, restoring a responsibility for ideological training that had been done away with in the Soviet Armed Forces.^[51]

The Russian military is divided into three services: the Russian Ground Forces, the Russian Navy, and the Russian Aerospace Forces. In addition there are two independent arms of service: the Strategic Missile Troops and the Russian Airborne Troops. The Armed Forces as a whole are traditionally referred to as the Army (armiya), except in some cases, the Navy is specifically singled out.

Military districts

Since late 2010, the Ground Forces as well as the Aerospace Forces and Navy are distributed among four military districts: Western Military District, Southern Military District, Central Military District, and the Eastern Military District which also constitute four Joint Strategic Commands—West, South, Central, and East. Previously from 1992 to 2010, the Ground Forces were divided into six military districts: Moscow, Leningrad, North Caucausian, Privolzhsk-Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern, with the seventh military district: Kaliningrad formed in 1997; in service until 2010.

Russia’s four naval fleets and one flotilla were organizations on par with the Ground Forces’ Military Districts. These seven MDs were merged into the four new MDs, which now also incorporate the aerospace forces and naval forces. There is one remaining Russian military base, the 102nd Military Base, in Armenia left of the former Transcaucasus Group of Forces and is incorporated into the Southern Military District.

In mid-2010 a reorganisation was announced which consolidated military districts and the navy’s fleets into four Joint Strategic Commands (OSC).^[52]
In 2014 the Northern Fleet was reorganized in separate Joint Strategic Command. Since 1 January 2021, this Command has the status of military district.^[53]

Geographically divided, the five commands/districts are:

• Joint Strategic Command West – Western Military District (HQ in St. Petersburg), includes the Baltic Fleet;
• Joint Strategic Command North – Northern Military District (HQ in Severomorsk), includes the Northern Fleet;
• Joint Strategic Command South – Southern Military District (HQ in Rostov-on-Don) includes the Black Sea Fleet and Caspian Flotilla;
• Joint Strategic Command Center – Central Military District (HQ in Yekaterinburg);
• Joint Strategic Command East – Eastern Military District (HQ in Khabarovsk), includes the Pacific Fleet.

The plan was put in place on 1 December 2010 and mirrors a proposed reorganisation by former Chief of the General Staff Army General Yuri Baluyevsky for a Regional Command East which was not implemented.^[54] The four commands were set up by a decree of President Medvedev on 14 July 2010.^[55][56] In July 2011, an Operational-Strategic Command of Missile-Space Defence has also been established on the basis of the former Special Purpose Command of the Russian Air Force. A Presidential decree of January 2011 named commanders for several of the new organisational structures.^[57]

Russian security bodies not under the control of the Ministry of Defence include the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (now the National Guard of Russia’s National Guard Forces Command), the Border Guard Service of Russia (part of the Federal Security Service), the Kremlin Regiment and the rest of the Federal Protective Service, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the country’s civil defence service since 1995 and successor to earlier civil defence units.

Naval fleets

The Navy consists of four fleets and one flotilla:

• Northern Fleet (HQ at Severomorsk) forms own Joint Strategic Command.
• Baltic Fleet (HQ at Kaliningrad in the exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast) subordinated to Joint Strategic Command West.
• Black Sea Fleet (HQ at Sevastopol, disputed region of Crimea) subordinated to Joint Strategic Command South.
• Pacific Fleet (HQ at Vladivostok) subordinated to Joint Strategic Command East.
• Caspian Flotilla (HQ at Astrakhan) subordinated to Joint Strategic Command South.

The Kaliningrad Special Region, under the command of the Commander Baltic Fleet, comprises Ground & Coastal Forces, formerly the 11th Guards Army and now the 11th Army Corps with a motor rifle division HQ (formed in 2021)^[58] and subordinate units, as well as naval aviation regiments employing Sukhoi Su-27 ‘Flankers’ and other combat aircraft. As noted, both the Baltic Fleet and the 11th Army Corps in Kaliningrad are subordinate to Strategic Command West.

Similarly, the Northeast Group of Troops and Forces, headquartered at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, comprises all Russian Armed Forces components in the Kamchatka Krai and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug [district] and is subordinate to the Commander Pacific Fleet headquartered in Vladivostok.

Personnel

Conscription is used in Russia; the term of service is 12 months; and the eligible age is between 18 and 27 years old.^[1] Deferments are provided to undergraduate and graduate students, men supporting disabled relatives, parents of at least two children and—upon Presidential proclamation—to some employees of military-oriented enterprises. Men holding a Ph.D., as well as sons and brothers of servicemen killed or disabled during their military service, are released from conscription.

There were widespread problems with hazing in the Army, known as dedovshchina, where first-year draftees are abused by second-year draftees, a practice that appeared in its current form after the change to a two-year service term in 1967.^[59] According to Anna Politkovskaya, in 2002, «a complete battalion, more than five hundred men, had been killed not by enemy fire but by beatings».^[60] To combat this problem, a new decree was signed in March 2007, which cut the conscription service term from 24 to 18 months. The term was cut further to one year on 1 January 2008.^[61][62]

Thirty percent of Russian Armed Forces’ personnel were contract servicemen at the end of 2005.^[21] For the foreseeable future, the Armed Forces will be a mixed contract/conscript force.^[21] The Russian Armed Forces need to maintain a mobilization reserve to have manning resources capable of reinforcing the permanent readiness forces if the permanent readiness forces cannot deter or suppress an armed conflict on their own.^[63]

Nearly 400,000 contractors serve in the Russian Army as of March 2019. According to Defence Minister Shoigu, in every regiment and brigade, two battalions are formed by contractors, while one is formed by recruits, who are not involved in combat missions. Currently, there are 136 battalion tactical groups in the armed forces formed by contractors.^[64] The number of conscripts amounts to 225,000 and the number of contractors amounts to 405,000 as of March 2020 and exceeds the number of conscripts by 2 times as of the end of 2021.^[65][66][67]

Recruitment into the Russian military are also open to non-Russian citizens of the Commonwealth of Independent States, of which Russia is the largest member.^[68] By December 2003, the Russian parliament had approved a law in principle to permit the Armed Forces to employ foreign nationals on contract by offering them Russian citizenship after several years service^[69] yet, up to 2010, foreigners could only serve in Russia’s armed forces after getting a Russian passport. Under a 2010 Defence Ministry plan, foreigners without dual citizenship would be able to sign up for five-year contracts and will be eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years.^[70][71] The change could open the way for CIS citizens to get fast-track Russian citizenship, and counter the effects of Russia’s demographic crisis on its army recruitment. Each soldier in duty receives an Identity Card of the Russian Armed Forces.

Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces are covered at the Awards and Emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation.

On 17 November 2011, General Nikolai Makarov said that Russia had reached a crisis in the conscript service where there simply were not sufficient able bodied men to draft and was forced to halve its conscription.^{[citation needed]} Military draft dodging declined 66% since 2012 and as of March 2019. It is reported that about 80% of the young people who were drafted into the ranks of the Russian Armed Forces in the autumn of 2018 were found fit for military service. According to the head of the mobilization, in recent years, the fitness of future recruits has increased by 7%.^[72]

In March 2013, Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu promised that all army quarters would have showers by the end of the year.^[73] RIA also said that the shower plans were the latest in a series of creature-comfort improvements the Defence Ministry had recently announced. In mid-January, Shoygu said he would rid the army of its antiquated «footwraps,» or portyanki, and a few days later the designer of Russia’s new army uniform said that the ear-flap hats traditionally worn in winter would be replaced with more modern headgear. The Russian military’s ushanka hats were improved between 2013 and 2015, when the Russian armed forces were being equipped with new uniforms. The new version of the traditional — and somewhat stereotypical — hat features better heat insulation and longer ear flaps.^[74]

A new uniform for hot climates was introduced in mid-2018.^[75]

On 28 May 2022, on the background of the ongoing invasion of Ukraine, Vladimir Putin signed the law which removed the upper age limit for signing first contract for the performance of voluntary military service (earlier this limit was 40 years old).^[76][77]

Age limits for active duty service in Russian Armed Forces (males)^[1]

Military rank	Conscript service	Voluntary service
Lower age limit	Upper age limit	Lower age limit for signing first contract	Upper age limit for signing first contract	General upper age limit for tenure	Final upper age limit for tenure
Marshal of the Russian Federation	None	None	18	None	65	70
Army general/Admiral of the fleet
Colonel general/Admiral
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral	60	65
Major general/Counter admiral
Colonel/Captain 1st rank	55
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank	50
Major/Captain 3rd rank
Captain/Captain lieutenant
Senior lieutenant
Lieutenant
Junior lieutenant
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman
Praporshchik/Michman
Starshina/Chief ship starshina
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class
Gefreiter/Senior seaman
Private/Seaman	18	27

Age limits for active duty service in Russian Armed Forces (females)^[1]

Military rank	Conscript service	Voluntary service
Lower age limit	Upper age limit	Lower age limit for signing first contract	Upper age limit for signing first contract	General upper age limit for tenure	Final upper age limit for tenure
Marshal of the Russian Federation	None	None	18	None	45	70
Army general/Admiral of the fleet
Colonel general/Admiral
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral	65
Major general/Counter admiral
Colonel/Captain 1st rank
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank
Major/Captain 3rd rank
Captain/Captain lieutenant
Senior lieutenant
Lieutenant
Junior lieutenant
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman
Praporshchik/Michman
Starshina/Chief ship starshina
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class
Gefreiter/Senior seaman
Private/Seaman

Military education

The Russian military education system, inherited from the Soviet Union, trains officer-specialists in narrowly-defined military occupational specialties. In this it differs greatly from the American military education system in which newly-qualified second lieutenants receive particular specialties in the framework of their «career branch» only after graduation from a military academy or the ROTC.^[78] Students of Russian civilian institutions of higher education wishing to join the reserve officer training program can’t choose a military occupational specialty, because each civilian specialty taught by civilian university is attached to a particular military occupational specialty taught by the military training center of the same university by the rector’s order. It also differs from the American military education system in which students can choose between available types of ROTC.

The Russian military education system includes:

• Warrant officer schools, which prepare career warrant officers for active duty service.
• Higher military schools, which prepare career commissioned officers for active duty service as platoon/company commanders and at equivalent positions (tactical level).
• Military training centers within civilian institutions of higher education, which prepare reserve commissioned officers who can serve as platoon/company commanders and at equivalent positions (tactical level).
• Military academies, which improve the military occupational specialty knowledge of commissioned officers to allow them to be appointed to battalion/regiment/brigade commander or equivalent positions (operational-tactical level).
• Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia, which improves skills of officers graduated from military academies to allow them to become highest ranking military officers (strategic level).
• Adjunctura is a military analogue of civilian graduate school, which allow commissioned officers to get academic degree of candidate of sciences in military oriented specialties and be appointed to a teaching positions in military academies, military schools, military training centers.

Age limits for admission to military educational institutions^[1][79]

Type of military educational institution	Persons who have not been on active duty service	Persons who are on conscript active duty service or are demobbed from this service	Persons who are on voluntary active duty service
Lower age limit	Upper age limit	Lower age limit	Upper age limit	Lower age limit	Upper age limit
Military school	16	22	18	24	18	27
Military training center (active duty officer program)	16	24	—	—	—	—
Military training center (reserve officer program)	16	30	—	—	—	—

Russian military academies and adjunctura entry requirements^[79][80]

Type of military educational institution	Reached educational level	Years of active duty service as commissioned officer	Military rank (no lower than)	Military position (years of experience)	Expected number of years of active duty service after graduation until general upper age limit for tenure
Military academy	Military school or Military training center	no less than 7 years	Captain/Captain lieutenant	Major’s/Captain 3rd rank’s positions (1 year at least)	5 years at least
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia	Military academy	—	Major/Captain 3rd rank	Colonel’s/Captain 1st rank’s positions (1 year at least)	5 years at least
Adjunctura	Military school or Military training center	no less than 2 years	Lieutenant	—	5 years at least

Reserve components

Russian Armed Forces have reserves (Russian: запас; transliteration: zapas) which includes 2 components:^[1]

• Active reserve — Mobilization human reserve (Russian: мобилизационный людской резерв; transliteration: mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy reserv)
• Inactive reserve — Mobilization human resource (Russian: мобилизационный людской ресурс; transliteration: mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy resurs)

By default, at the end of active duty each military personnel is enrolled as a mobilization human resource. This applies equally to conscripts and volunteers regardless of ranks. Furthermore, graduates of civilian institutions of higher education, who have graduated the military training centers of their almae matres, trained under reserve officer program, are enrolled as mobilization Human Resources after their promotion to officer’s rank (unlike graduates of such centers, trained under active duty officer program, who are due to be enrolled for active duty after their promotion to officer’s rank). Mobilization human resource are replenished with males who reach the age of 27 years old and were not in military service for any reason.

Enrolling in the mobilization human reserve is voluntary and implies the special contract. This possibility is available for each persons, who is in the mobilization human resource already.^[81] The initial contract is concluded for 3 years period. Military personnel of mobilization human reserve (reservists) perform part-time duties in military units.^[82] Reservists are appointed to a military position in particular military units and are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these military units. As a rule, in peacetime time reservists perform their duties 2–3 days per month and during an annual military camp training of 20 to 30 days.^[83]

The exact number of reservists is unknown because a relevant paragraph of the Presidential Decree^[84] which determines the number of reserve troops is classified. The military units manned by reservists are determined by General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and this information is classified too.

The persons who are in mobilization human resource (non-reservists) may be enlisted to military camp trainings in peacetime. The duration of each training can not exceed 2 months, herewith the total duration of such trainings for the entire period of being in mobilization human resource can not exceed 12 months, and a person may be enlisted in such training no more than once every three years.^[85]

As of 2009, the number of citizens who can be used for mobilization deployment on an involuntary basis in the case of wartime mobilization was estimated at 31 million.^[86]

Reservists are subject to mobilization in wartime first of all. Non-reservists are subject to mobilization secondarily. The mobilization of non-reservists is carried out by taking into account the age category under the article 53 of Federal Law of 28 March 1998, No.53-FZ «About military duty and military service»: in order from first category to third category.^[87][88]

The first category includes: 1) the persons at the any military rank below that of a commissioned officer (enlisted personnel) and not reached the age of 35 years old; 2) the persons at the any rank from junior lieutenant to captain (captain-lieutenant in naval service) inclusively (junior commissioned officers) and not reached the age of 50 years old; 3) the persons at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively and not reached the age of 55 years old; 4) the persons at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) and not reached the age of 60 years old; 5) the persons at the rank of major general (counter admiral in naval service) or higher (supreme officers) and not reached the age of 65 years old.^[87][88]

The second category includes: 1) enlisted personnel in age from 35 but less than 45; 2) junior commissioned officers in the age from 50 but less than 55; 3) commissioned officers at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively in the age from 55 but less than 60; 4) commissioned officers at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) in the age from 60 but less than 65; 5) supreme officers in age from 65 but less than 70.^[87][88]

The third category includes: 1) enlisted personnel in the age from 45 but less than 50; 2) junior commissioned officers in the age from 55 but less than 60; 3) commissioned officers at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively in the age from 60 but less than 65; 4) all females in the age less than 45 for enlisted personnel and less than 50 for commissioned officers. The person who has reached the age limit, established for the third category (the second category for persons at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) or higher), is retired and is not subject to mobilization.^[87][88]

Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces (males)^[1]

Military rank	Mobilization human reserve	Mobilization human resource
Age limit for signing first contract	Age limit for tenure	First grade Age limit	Second grade Age limit	Third grade Age limit
Marshal of the Russian Federation	—	—	65	70	—
Army general/Admiral of the fleet	—	—	65	70	—
Colonel general/Admiral	—	—	65	70	—
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral	—	—	65	70	—
Major general/Counter admiral	—	—	65	70	—
Colonel/Captain 1st rank	57	65	60	65	—
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank	52	60	55	60	65
Major/Captain 3rd rank	52	60	55	60	65
Captain/Captain lieutenant	47	55	50	55	60
Senior lieutenant	47	55	50	55	60
Lieutenant	47	55	50	55	60
Junior lieutenant	47	55	50	55	60
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman	42	45	35	45	50
Praporshchik/Michman	42	45	35	45	50
Starshina/Chief ship starshina	42	45	35	45	50
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina	42	45	35	45	50
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class	42	45	35	45	50
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class	42	45	35	45	50
Gefreiter/Senior seaman	42	45	35	45	50
Private/Seaman	42	45	35	45	50

Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces (females)^[1]

Military rank	Mobilization human reserve	Mobilization human resource
Age limit for signing first contract	Age limit for tenure	First grade Age limit	Second grade Age limit	Third grade Age limit
Marshal of the Russian Federation	—	—	—	—	50
Army general/Admiral of the fleet	—	—	—	—	50
Colonel general/Admiral	—	—	—	—	50
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral	—	—	—	—	50
Major general/Counter admiral	—	—	—	—	50
Colonel/Captain 1st rank	47	50	—	—	50
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank	47	50	—	—	50
Major/Captain 3rd rank	47	50	—	—	50
Captain/Captain lieutenant	47	50	—	—	50
Senior lieutenant	47	50	—	—	50
Lieutenant	47	50	—	—	50
Junior lieutenant	47	50	—	—	50
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman	42	45	—	—	45
Praporshchik/Michman	42	45	—	—	45
Starshina/Chief ship starshina	42	45	—	—	45
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina	42	45	—	—	45
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class	42	45	—	—	45
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class	42	45	—	—	45
Gefreiter/Senior seaman	42	45	—	—	45
Private/Seaman	42	45	—	—	45

2005–2008 reform of the reserve officer training system

The reserve officer training system, inherited from the Soviet Union, involved selective conscription of graduates of civilian institutions of higher education, who have graduated the military departments of their almae matres and received a commission as an officer. Such person could be conscripted from the reserve of armed forces to active duty, up until the age of 27. The period of active duty of such an officer was several years, and at the end of that period he was due to be enlisted in the reserve of armed forces again. Such officers were called «blazers» in the army’s slang (for example, Anatoly Kvashnin was a «blazer»).^[89]

In 2005, minister of defence Sergei Ivanov announced a significant reduction in the number of military departments carrying out the training commissioned officers from students of civilian institutions of higher education.^[90] By March 2008, 168 of 235 civilian universities, academies and institutions which previously had military departments had lost these units.^[91] 37 of 67 civilian universities, academies and institutions which retained military departments became the basis for the establishment of new military training centers.^[91] The military training centers focused on training officers for active duty, whilst the military departments focused on training officers for the reserve.^[92]

In 2006 the conscription of reserve officers was abolished. Graduates of military departments were not subject to conscription to active duty anymore (with the exception of a wartime mobilization). All graduates of military training centers were due to be enrolled for 3 years active duty upon their university graduation.^[93]

2018 beginning of formation of voluntary military reserve force

In 2018, Russia started a full-scale formation of a military reserve force based upon volunteers selected from among those who retired from active duty.^[83] The Russian military reserve force (Russian: мобилизационный людской резерв) is a set of citizens who have signed a contract to perform military service as a reservist. They are appointed to a military position in a particular military unit. They are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these military units, unlike other citizens who haven’t signed such contracts and who can be used for a mobilization deployment of armed forces on an involuntary basis only in cases stipulated by law (Russian: мобилизационный людской ресурс).^[94]

The deployment of military units composed of reservists, takes minimum time and does not requires any retraining of military personnel. The military units composed of reservists use the same weapons as used by military units, composed of active duty military personnel. Military units staffed by reservists are 100% manned up to wartime standards just like military units staffed by active duty military personnel only. There is no possibility to define by military units designation what we’re dealing with — reserve or not reserve military unit. The number of reservists is not presented in open sources and is not among the number of active duty military volunteers which is published by Ministry of Defence. This makes it difficult for establish real troop strength of new Russian military units and formations.

2019 reform of the reserve officer training system

In 2018 the military departments and the military training centers were abolished.^[95] From that moment on, students of civilian institutions of higher education were trained under both officers training programmes (for reserve and for active duty) in the Military Training Centers.^[96] In 2019, there were training military centers in 93 civilian institutions of higher education.^[97][98]

Mobilization

The first mobilization of citizens being in mobilization human resource, conducted on a compulsory basis, in the Russian Federation’s history was announced by Presidential Decree of 21 September 2022 №647 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[99]

Budget

Between 1991 and 1997 newly independent Russia’s defence spending fell by a factor of eight in real prices.^[100] In 1998, when Russia experienced a severe financial crisis, its military expenditure in real terms reached its lowest point—barely one-quarter of the USSR’s in 1991, and two-fifths of the level of 1992, the first year of Russia’s independent existence.

In the early 2000s, defence spending increased by at least a minimum of one-third year-on-year, leading to overall defence expenditure almost quadrupling over the past six years, and according to Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin, this rate is to be sustained through 2010.^[101] Official government military spending for 2005 was US$32.4 billion, though various sources, have estimated Russia’s military expenditures to be considerably higher than the reported amount.^[102]

Estimating Russian military expenditure is beset with difficulty; the annual IISS Military Balance has underscored the problem numerous times within its section on Russia.^[102] The IISS Military Balance comments, «By simple observation … [the military budget] would appear to be lower than is suggested by the size of the armed forces or the structure of the military–industrial complex, and thus neither of the figures is particularly useful for comparative analysis.»^[103] By some estimates, overall Russian defence expenditure is now at the second highest in the world after the USA.^[104] According to Alexander Kanshin, Chairman of the Public Chamber of Russia on affairs of veterans, military personnel, and their families, the Russian military is losing up to US$13 billion to corruption every year.^[105]

On 16 September 2008 Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that in 2009, Russia’s defence budget would be increased to a record amount of $50 billion.^[106][107]

On 16 February 2009 Russia’s deputy defence minister said state defence contracts would not be subject to cuts this year despite the ongoing financial crisis, and that there would be no decrease in 2009.^[108] The budget would still be 1.376 trillion rubles and in the current exchange rates this would amount to $41.5 billion.

Later in February 2009, due to the world financial crisis, the Russian Parliament’s Defence Committee stated that the Russian defence budget would instead be slashed by 15 percent, from $40 billion to $34 billion, with further cuts to come.^[109] On 5 May 2009, First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov said that the defence budget for 2009 will be 1.3 trillion rubles (US$39.4 billion). 322 billion rubles are allocated to purchase weapons, and the rest of the fund will be spent on construction, fuel storage and food supply.

According to the head of the Defence Committee of the State Duma Vladimir Komoyedov, Russia plans to spend 101.15 billion rubles on nuclear weapons in 2013–2015. «The budget provisions under ‘The Nuclear Weapons Complex’ section in 2013-2015 will amount to 29.28 billion rubles, 33.3 billion rubles and 38.57 billion rubles respectively,» Komoyedov said, Vechernaya Moskva reports.

Komoyedov added that in 2012 the spending on nuclear weapons made up 27.4 billion rubles. The draft law «On the Federal Budget for 2013 and for the planning period of 2014 and 2015» will be discussed in the first reading on 19 October 2012, The Voice of Russia reports.^[110] In a meeting in Sochi in November 2013, President Putin said the country’s defence budget will reach 2.3 trillion roubles, stressing the huge amount in comparison to the 2003 budget, which stood on 600 billion rubles.^[111]

The Russian government’s published 2014 military budget is about 2.49 trillion rubles (approximately US$69.3 billion), the fourth largest in the world behind the US, China and Saudi Arabia. The official budget is set to rise to 3.03 trillion rubles (approximately US$83.7 billion) in 2015, and 3.36 trillion rubles (approximately US$93.9 billion) in 2016.^[112] As of 2014, Russia’s military budget is higher than any other European nation, and approximately 1/7th (14 percent) of the US military budget.^[33]

In 2015, SIPRI found that Russia was the world’s second biggest exporter of major weapons for the period 2010–14, increasing exports by 37 per cent. India, China and Algeria accounted for almost 60 percent of total Russian exports. Asia and Oceania received 66 percent of Russian arms exports in 2010–14, Africa 12 percent and the Middle East 10 percent.^[33]

In 2017, Russia was reported to have slashed its defense spending by 20%, due to calls by Vladimir Putin to spend money on other initiatives such as healthcare and education. The cut decreased Russia’s military spending to $66.3 billion, in which Russia slumped to being the fourth-highest military spender.^[113] Russia’s 2019 defense budget was US$48 billion and the 2020 figure was $61.7 billion.^[114]

Procurement

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2022)

About 70 percent of the former Soviet Union’s defence industries are located in the Russian Federation.^[115] Many defence firms have been privatised; some have developed significant partnerships with firms in other countries.

The recent steps towards modernization of the Armed Forces have been made possible by Russia’s economic resurgence based on oil and gas revenues as well a strengthening of its own domestic market. Currently^[when?], the military is in the middle of a major equipment upgrade, with the government in the process of spending about $200 billion (what equals to about $400 billion in PPP dollars) on development and production of military equipment between 2006 and 2015 under the State Armament Programme for 2007–2015 (GPV – госпрограмма вооружения).^[116]

Mainly as a result of lessons learned during the Russo-Georgian War, the State Armament Programme for 2011–2020 was launched in December 2010. Prime Minister Putin announced that 20–21.5 trillion rubles (over $650 billion) will be allocated to purchase new hardware in the next 10 years. The aim is to have a growth of 30% of modern equipment in the army, navy and air force by 2015, and of 70% by 2020.^{[117][118][119][120]} In some categories, the proportion of new weapon systems will reach 80% or even 100%.^[121]

At this point, the Russian MoD plans to purchase, among others, up to 250 ICBMs, 800 aircraft, 1,200 helicopters, 44 submarines, 36 frigates, 28 corvettes, 18 cruisers, 24 destroyers, 6 aircraft carriers, and 62 air defence battalions. Several existing types will be upgraded.^[121][122]

In total since 2012 and as of 2017, the Armed Forces received more than 30,000 units of new and modernized weapons and equipment, including more than 50 warships, 1,300 aircraft, over 1,800 drones, 4,700 tanks and armored combat vehicles compared to two warships, 151 aircraft and 217 tanks received in 2007–2011. The Russian army also receives 150–250 aircraft per year and over 300 short-range UAVs.^[123]

As of 2011, Russia’s chief military prosecutor said that 20 percent of the defence budget was being stolen or defrauded yearly.^[124] It is suspected that equipment is not properly maintained due to the resulting lack of funds, which may have contributed to equipment failures observed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.^[26][125]

In 2018, RF Armed Forces adopted 35 types of weapons and military equipment and completed state tests of 21 more.^[126] The Russian Ministry of Defence (MoD) was procured the YeSU TZ (Yedinaya Sistema Upravleniya Takticheskogo Zvena) battlefield management system that same year. The YeSU TZ battlefield management system incorporates 11 subsystems that control artillery, electronic warfare systems, ground vehicles, air defence assets, engineering equipment, and logistics support, among other things.^[127]

Twelve missile regiments have been rearmed with Yars ICBMs, 10 missile brigades with Iskander tactical ballistic missile systems, 13 aviation regiments with MiG-31BM, Su-35S, Su-30SM, and Su-34 combat aircraft, three army aviation brigades and six helicopter regiments with Mi-28N and Ka-52 combat helicopters, 20 surface-to-air missile (SAM) regiments with S-400 Triumf SAM systems, 23 batteries with Pantsir-S self-propelled anti-aircraft gun-missile systems, and 17 batteries with Bal and Bastion mobile coastal defence missile systems [MCDMSs] since 2012 and as of March 2019.^[127]

Since 2012 and as of April 2021, the Ground Forces have received more than 15,500 pieces of weapon systems and equipment and rearmed all missile brigades with the Iskander tactical ballistic missile system. Aerospace Force and naval aviation have received over 1,500 aircraft and helicopters and the Navy more than 190 ships, vessels and boats.^[128][129]

Since 2012 and as of December 2020, the number of long-range land-, sea-, and air-launched cruise missiles increased by 37 times. The number of their cruise missile carriers was also increased by 13 times.^[130]

In late 2022, the Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu claimed that supplies of major weapons in the outgoing year had risen by 30%, while the amount of ammunition for rocket, artillery and aircraft systems increased by 69% to 109%.^[131] The Chief of Russian Armed Forces General Staff Valery Gerasimov also claimed that his troops had received more than 3,100 armored, rocket-artillery and other weapons including aviation systems and upgraded gunships.^[132]

Nuclear weapons

As of January 2017, the Federation of American Scientists estimated that Russia has approximately 1,765 deployed strategic warheads, and another 2,700 non-deployed strategic and deployed and non-deployed tactical warheads, plus an additional 2,510 warheads awaiting dismantlement.^[133] Russia’s Strategic Rocket Forces controls its land-based nuclear warheads, while the Navy controls the submarine based missiles and the Aerospace Forces the air-launched warheads. Russia’s nuclear warheads are deployed in four areas:

1. Land-based immobile (silos), like R-36 and its replacement RS-28 Sarmat.
2. Land-based mobile, like RT-2PM2 Topol-M and new RS-24 Yars.
3. Submarine based, like R-29RMU2 Layner and RSM-56 Bulava.
4. Air-launched warheads of the Russian Air Forces’ Long Range Aviation Command

The military doctrine of Russia sees NATO expansion as one of the threats for the Russian Federation and reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to a conventional aggression that can endanger the existence of the state. In keeping with this, the country’s nuclear forces received adequate funding throughout the late 1990s. The number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and warheads on active duty has declined over the years, in part in keeping with arms limitation agreements with the U.S. and in part due to insufficient spending on maintenance, but this is balanced by the deployment of new missiles as proof against missile defences.^[134]

Russia has developed the new RT-2PM2 Topol-M (SS-27) missiles that a Russian general claimed to be able to penetrate any missile defence, including the planned U.S. National Missile Defence. The missile can change course in both air and space to avoid countermeasures. It is designed to be launched from land-based, mobile TEL units.^[134]

Because of international awareness of the danger that Russian nuclear technology might fall into the hands of terrorists or rogue officers who it was feared might want to use nuclear weapons to threaten or attack other countries, the federal government of the United States and many other countries provided considerable financial assistance to the Russian nuclear forces in the early 1990s.^{[citation needed]} This money went in part to finance decommissioning of warheads under international agreements, such the Cooperative Threat Reduction programme, but also to improve security and personnel training in Russian nuclear facilities.

In the late evening of 11 September 2007 the fuel-air explosive AVBPM or «Father of All Bombs» was successfully field-tested.^[135] According to the Russian military, the new weapon will replace several smaller types of nuclear bombs in its arsenal.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Military academies in Russia
• Military commissioning schools in Russia
• Reserve Officer Training in Russia
• Warrant officer schools of the Russian Armed Forces
• Adjunctura in Russia
• Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation
• Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces
• Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia
• History of Russian military ranks
  • Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation
  • Naval ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

• Bowen, Andrew (2017). «Coercive Diplomacy and the Donbas: Explaining Russian Strategy in Eastern Ukraine». Journal of Strategic Studies. 42 (3–4): 312–343. doi:10.1080/01402390.2017.1413550. S2CID 158522112.
• Galeotti, Mark, ‘Organised crime and Russian security forces: mafiya, militia and military’, Journal of Conflict, Security and Development, issue 1:2, 2001.
• Ivanov, Henry, ‘Country Briefing: Russia—Austere deterrence’, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 28 April 2006
• Lehrke, Jesse Paul (2013). The Transition to National Armies in the Former Soviet Republics, 1988-2005. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-10886-1.
• Pynnöniemi, K., ‘Russia’s Defence Reform: Assessing the real «Serdyukov heritage»‘ Archived 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, FIIA Briefing Paper 126, 26 March 2013, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs.
• Turbiville, G., ‘Organized crime and the Russian armed forces’, Transnational Organized Crime, vol. 1, issue 4, 1995, pp. 55–73;
• Waters, T., ‘Crime in the Russian military’, CSRC Paper C90, (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1996).
• Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (27 April 2020). «Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2019» (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 8 January 2020.

External links

• Russian Ministry of Defense Archived 4 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine (in English)
• Russian Military Capabilities in a 10 year perspective (PDF) 2013 study by the Swedish Defence Research Agency
• Russia’s military modernisation — Putin’s new model army by The Economist, 24 May 2014
• Just How Dangerous is Russia’s Military? by The National Interest 15 July 2016 by Nikolas Gvosdev
• Что такое современная армия России [What is the modern army of Russia]. Vlast (in Russian). Kommersant. 7 (610). 21 February 2005. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
• Russia’s New Army study from 2011 by the Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies
• Russia’s Military: Assessment, Strategy, and Threat report by the Center on Global Interests
• Russia’s shiny new weapons an article about Russian drones by Mark Galeotti, 10 January 2014

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Вооружённые си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции
Emblem of the Russian Armed Forces
Banner of the Russian Armed Forces
Founded	1721 (Imperial Russian Army)
Current form	7 May 1992
Service branches	Ground Forces Navy Aerospace Forces Air Force Space Forces Strategic Rocket Forces Airborne Forces Special Operations Forces
Headquarters	Ministry of Defence, Moscow
Leadership
Supreme Commander-in-Chief	Vladimir Putin
Minister of Defence	Sergei Shoigu
Chief of the General Staff	Valery Gerasimov
Personnel
Military age	18[1]
Conscription	12 months[2]
Active personnel	c. 1,000,000[3][4]
Reserve personnel	c. 2,000,000[5]
Expenditures
Budget	US$65.9 billion (2020–2021)[6]
Percent of GDP	4.3% (2021)[7]
Industry
Domestic suppliers	See list: Rostec Rosatom United Aircraft Corporation United Shipbuilding Corporation Russian Helicopters Tactical Missiles Corporation Almaz-Antey High Precision Systems Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology Kalashnikov Concern Military Industrial Company Uralvagonzavod Kurganmashzavod KAMAZ
Foreign suppliers	Belarus (MZKT)  Italy (Iveco)[8][9]  Israel (IAI)[10]  Iran (HESA)[11]
Annual exports	US$15–19 billion (2018)[12][13]
Related articles
History	Military history of the Russian Federation
Ranks	Army ranks Navy ranks Aerospace Forces ranks

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Russian: Вооружённые Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции, Vooruzhonnije Síly Rossíyskoj Federátsii), commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces, are the military of Russia. In terms of active-duty personnel, they are the world’s fifth-largest military force, with at least two million reserve personnel.^[14][15][16] Their branches consist of the Ground Forces, the Navy, and the Aerospace Forces, as well as three independent arms of service: the Strategic Rocket Forces, the Airborne Forces, and the Special Operations Forces.

In 2021, Russia had the world’s fifth-highest military expenditure, allocating a budget of approximately US$65.9 billion to the military.^[17] The Russian Armed Forces maintain the world’s largest stockpile of nuclear weapons,^[18] and possess the world’s second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines;^[19] they are also one of only three national militaries (alongside those of the United States and China) that operate strategic bombers.^[20] With certain exceptions, Russian law mandates one year of military service for all male citizens aged 18–27, though conscripted soldiers are generally not deployed outside of Russia.^[1][21]

In spite of Russia’s perceived military strength, as recorded in various assessments, deficiencies have been noted in the country’s combat performance on both the tactical and operational scales. According to multiple reports, endemic corruption within the Russian Armed Forces has had a major impact on weakening Russia’s ability to effectively project hard power.^[22][23][24] Amidst the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, severe logistical failures have greatly impacted the operational performance of Russian troops, as different service branches have struggled to coordinate and work together. Continuous shortcomings have led Russia’s war effort to suffer extensive setbacks since the initial invasion; the Russian Armed Forces have experienced successive losses of occupied/annexed territory, the large-scale destruction and squandering of their equipment, and a notably high casualty rate.^[25][26][27] Researchers from the RAND Corporation have observed that Russia continues to struggle with military professionalization.^[28]

Directly controlled by the Security Council of Russia, the Russian Armed Forces form part of the country’s defence services under Russian law, fulfilling this capacity alongside the Border Guard of the Federal Security Service, the National Guard, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Protective Service, the Foreign Intelligence Service, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Service branches

Armed forces under the Ministry of Defence are divided into:^{[citation needed]}

• the three «branches of Armed Forces»: the Ground Forces, Aerospace Forces, and Navy
• the two «separate troop branches»: the Strategic Rocket Forces and Airborne Forces
• the «special forces of Armed Forces»: the Special Operations Forces
• the Logistical Support, which has a separate status of its own

There are additionally two further «separate troop branches», the National Guard and the Border Service. These retain the legal status of «Armed Forces», while falling outside of the jurisdiction of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The National Guard is formed on the basis of the former Internal Troops of Russia. The new structure has been detached from the Ministry of Internal Affairs into a separate agency, directly subordinated to the President of Russia. The Border Service is a paramilitary organization of the Federal Security Service, the country’s main internal intelligence agency. Both organizations have significant wartime tasks in addition to their main peacetime activities and operate their own land, air and maritime units.

The number of personnel is specified by decree of the President of Russia. On 1 January 2008, a number of 2,019,629 units, including military of 1,134,800 units, was set.^[29] In 2010 the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) estimated that the Russian Armed Forces numbered about 1,027,000 active troops and in the region of 2,035,000 reserves (largely ex-conscripts).^[30] As opposed to personnel specified by decree, actual personnel numbers on the payroll was reported by the Audit Chamber of Russia as 766,000 in October 2013.^[31][32]

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, between 2005–2009 and 2010–2014, Russian exports of major weapons increased by 37 percent;^[33] Russia spent $66.4 billion on arms in 2015,^[34] then $69.2 billion in 2016, having taken 3rd place (after the U.S. and China).^[35] According to the Russian Defence Ministry, the share of modern weaponry in service with Russia’s army and fleet amounts to 71.2% with serviceability of weapons at 99% as of 2021.^[36][37][38]

History

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2019)

The Soviet Union officially dissolved on 25 December 1991. For the next year various attempts to keep its unity and to transform it into the military of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) failed. Over time, some units stationed in the newly independent republics swore loyalty to their new national governments, while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military’s assets.^[39]

Apart from assuming control of the bulk of the former Soviet Internal Troops and the KGB Border Troops, seemingly the only independent defence move the new Russian government made before March 1992 involved announcing the establishment of a National Guard.^[40] Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades numbering 3,000 to 5,000 each, with a total of no more than 100,000. National Guard military units were to be deployed in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), (two brigades), and a number of other important cities and regions. By the end of September 1991 in Moscow the National Guard was about 15,000 strong, mostly consisting of former Soviet Armed Forces servicemen. In the end, President Yeltsin tabled a decree «On the temporary position of the Russian Guard», but it was not put into practice.^[41]

After signing the Belavezha Accords on 21 December 1991, the countries of the newly formed CIS signed a protocol on the temporary appointment of Marshal of Aviation Yevgeny Shaposhnikov as Minister of Defence and commander of the armed forces in their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On 14 February 1992 Shaposhnikov formally became Supreme Commander of the CIS Armed Forces. On 16 March 1992 a decree by Boris Yeltsin created the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the operational control of Allied High Command and the Ministry of Defence, which was headed by President.^{[citation needed]} Finally, on 7 May 1992, Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the armed forces and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander.^[42]

In May 1992, General Colonel Pavel Grachev became the Minister of Defence, and was made Russia’s first Army General on assuming the post. By August or December 1993 CIS military structures had become CIS military cooperation structures with all real influence lost.^[43]

In the next few years, Russian forces withdrew from central and eastern Europe, as well as from some newly independent post-Soviet republics. While in most places the withdrawal took place without any problems, the Russian Armed Forces remained in some disputed areas such as the Sevastopol naval base in the Crimea as well as in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and in Transnistria. The Armed Forces have several bases in foreign countries, especially on territory of the former Soviet Republics.

On 24 February 2022 Russian president Vladimir Putin gave the execute order to for the Armed Forces to begin the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 10 April 2022 General Aleksandr Dvornikov assumed command of the operation.^[44] In July 2022, at the same time as the Armed Forces began suffering severe casualties, the Ground Forces began to site ammunition in or near structures which are frequented by civilians due to the human shield benefit, ostensibly because Ukrainian HIMARS had tilted the odds of his strategy of attrition by artillery.^[45] Within hours after Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu’s signature on the UN-brokered deal to resume Ukraine’s Black Sea grain exports, Russia bombed the Port of Odessa.^[46][47]

According to Forbes Moscow had committed, as of the end of July 2022, 10 of its Combined Arms Armies to Putin’s invasion of Ukraine.^[48]

Structure

The Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation serves as the administrative body of the Armed Forces. Since Soviet times, the General Staff has acted as the main commanding and supervising body of the Russian armed forces: U.S. expert William Odom said in 1998, that ‘the Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable, but the MoD without the General Staff is not.’^[49]

Other departments include the Main Intelligence Directorate, the personnel directorate as well as the Rear of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Railway Troops, Signal Troops and Construction Troops. The Chief of the General Staff is currently General of the Army Valery Gerasimov.

Since 1 December 2012, the structure of the Ministry of defence has been containing the Main Directorate of the Military Police, to which all military district’s regional directorates of military police are subordinated.^[50]

In July 2018, the Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces was created, restoring a responsibility for ideological training that had been done away with in the Soviet Armed Forces.^[51]

The Russian military is divided into three services: the Russian Ground Forces, the Russian Navy, and the Russian Aerospace Forces. In addition there are two independent arms of service: the Strategic Missile Troops and the Russian Airborne Troops. The Armed Forces as a whole are traditionally referred to as the Army (armiya), except in some cases, the Navy is specifically singled out.

Military districts

Since late 2010, the Ground Forces as well as the Aerospace Forces and Navy are distributed among four military districts: Western Military District, Southern Military District, Central Military District, and the Eastern Military District which also constitute four Joint Strategic Commands—West, South, Central, and East. Previously from 1992 to 2010, the Ground Forces were divided into six military districts: Moscow, Leningrad, North Caucausian, Privolzhsk-Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern, with the seventh military district: Kaliningrad formed in 1997; in service until 2010.

Russia’s four naval fleets and one flotilla were organizations on par with the Ground Forces’ Military Districts. These seven MDs were merged into the four new MDs, which now also incorporate the aerospace forces and naval forces. There is one remaining Russian military base, the 102nd Military Base, in Armenia left of the former Transcaucasus Group of Forces and is incorporated into the Southern Military District.

In mid-2010 a reorganisation was announced which consolidated military districts and the navy’s fleets into four Joint Strategic Commands (OSC).^[52]
In 2014 the Northern Fleet was reorganized in separate Joint Strategic Command. Since 1 January 2021, this Command has the status of military district.^[53]

Geographically divided, the five commands/districts are:

• Joint Strategic Command West – Western Military District (HQ in St. Petersburg), includes the Baltic Fleet;
• Joint Strategic Command North – Northern Military District (HQ in Severomorsk), includes the Northern Fleet;
• Joint Strategic Command South – Southern Military District (HQ in Rostov-on-Don) includes the Black Sea Fleet and Caspian Flotilla;
• Joint Strategic Command Center – Central Military District (HQ in Yekaterinburg);
• Joint Strategic Command East – Eastern Military District (HQ in Khabarovsk), includes the Pacific Fleet.

The plan was put in place on 1 December 2010 and mirrors a proposed reorganisation by former Chief of the General Staff Army General Yuri Baluyevsky for a Regional Command East which was not implemented.^[54] The four commands were set up by a decree of President Medvedev on 14 July 2010.^[55][56] In July 2011, an Operational-Strategic Command of Missile-Space Defence has also been established on the basis of the former Special Purpose Command of the Russian Air Force. A Presidential decree of January 2011 named commanders for several of the new organisational structures.^[57]

Russian security bodies not under the control of the Ministry of Defence include the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (now the National Guard of Russia’s National Guard Forces Command), the Border Guard Service of Russia (part of the Federal Security Service), the Kremlin Regiment and the rest of the Federal Protective Service, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the country’s civil defence service since 1995 and successor to earlier civil defence units.

Naval fleets

The Navy consists of four fleets and one flotilla:

• Northern Fleet (HQ at Severomorsk) forms own Joint Strategic Command.
• Baltic Fleet (HQ at Kaliningrad in the exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast) subordinated to Joint Strategic Command West.
• Black Sea Fleet (HQ at Sevastopol, disputed region of Crimea) subordinated to Joint Strategic Command South.
• Pacific Fleet (HQ at Vladivostok) subordinated to Joint Strategic Command East.
• Caspian Flotilla (HQ at Astrakhan) subordinated to Joint Strategic Command South.

The Kaliningrad Special Region, under the command of the Commander Baltic Fleet, comprises Ground & Coastal Forces, formerly the 11th Guards Army and now the 11th Army Corps with a motor rifle division HQ (formed in 2021)^[58] and subordinate units, as well as naval aviation regiments employing Sukhoi Su-27 ‘Flankers’ and other combat aircraft. As noted, both the Baltic Fleet and the 11th Army Corps in Kaliningrad are subordinate to Strategic Command West.

Similarly, the Northeast Group of Troops and Forces, headquartered at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, comprises all Russian Armed Forces components in the Kamchatka Krai and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug [district] and is subordinate to the Commander Pacific Fleet headquartered in Vladivostok.

Personnel

Conscription is used in Russia; the term of service is 12 months; and the eligible age is between 18 and 27 years old.^[1] Deferments are provided to undergraduate and graduate students, men supporting disabled relatives, parents of at least two children and—upon Presidential proclamation—to some employees of military-oriented enterprises. Men holding a Ph.D., as well as sons and brothers of servicemen killed or disabled during their military service, are released from conscription.

There were widespread problems with hazing in the Army, known as dedovshchina, where first-year draftees are abused by second-year draftees, a practice that appeared in its current form after the change to a two-year service term in 1967.^[59] According to Anna Politkovskaya, in 2002, «a complete battalion, more than five hundred men, had been killed not by enemy fire but by beatings».^[60] To combat this problem, a new decree was signed in March 2007, which cut the conscription service term from 24 to 18 months. The term was cut further to one year on 1 January 2008.^[61][62]

Thirty percent of Russian Armed Forces’ personnel were contract servicemen at the end of 2005.^[21] For the foreseeable future, the Armed Forces will be a mixed contract/conscript force.^[21] The Russian Armed Forces need to maintain a mobilization reserve to have manning resources capable of reinforcing the permanent readiness forces if the permanent readiness forces cannot deter or suppress an armed conflict on their own.^[63]

Nearly 400,000 contractors serve in the Russian Army as of March 2019. According to Defence Minister Shoigu, in every regiment and brigade, two battalions are formed by contractors, while one is formed by recruits, who are not involved in combat missions. Currently, there are 136 battalion tactical groups in the armed forces formed by contractors.^[64] The number of conscripts amounts to 225,000 and the number of contractors amounts to 405,000 as of March 2020 and exceeds the number of conscripts by 2 times as of the end of 2021.^[65][66][67]

Recruitment into the Russian military are also open to non-Russian citizens of the Commonwealth of Independent States, of which Russia is the largest member.^[68] By December 2003, the Russian parliament had approved a law in principle to permit the Armed Forces to employ foreign nationals on contract by offering them Russian citizenship after several years service^[69] yet, up to 2010, foreigners could only serve in Russia’s armed forces after getting a Russian passport. Under a 2010 Defence Ministry plan, foreigners without dual citizenship would be able to sign up for five-year contracts and will be eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years.^[70][71] The change could open the way for CIS citizens to get fast-track Russian citizenship, and counter the effects of Russia’s demographic crisis on its army recruitment. Each soldier in duty receives an Identity Card of the Russian Armed Forces.

Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces are covered at the Awards and Emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation.

On 17 November 2011, General Nikolai Makarov said that Russia had reached a crisis in the conscript service where there simply were not sufficient able bodied men to draft and was forced to halve its conscription.^{[citation needed]} Military draft dodging declined 66% since 2012 and as of March 2019. It is reported that about 80% of the young people who were drafted into the ranks of the Russian Armed Forces in the autumn of 2018 were found fit for military service. According to the head of the mobilization, in recent years, the fitness of future recruits has increased by 7%.^[72]

In March 2013, Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu promised that all army quarters would have showers by the end of the year.^[73] RIA also said that the shower plans were the latest in a series of creature-comfort improvements the Defence Ministry had recently announced. In mid-January, Shoygu said he would rid the army of its antiquated «footwraps,» or portyanki, and a few days later the designer of Russia’s new army uniform said that the ear-flap hats traditionally worn in winter would be replaced with more modern headgear. The Russian military’s ushanka hats were improved between 2013 and 2015, when the Russian armed forces were being equipped with new uniforms. The new version of the traditional — and somewhat stereotypical — hat features better heat insulation and longer ear flaps.^[74]

A new uniform for hot climates was introduced in mid-2018.^[75]

On 28 May 2022, on the background of the ongoing invasion of Ukraine, Vladimir Putin signed the law which removed the upper age limit for signing first contract for the performance of voluntary military service (earlier this limit was 40 years old).^[76][77]

Age limits for active duty service in Russian Armed Forces (males)^[1]

Military rank	Conscript service	Voluntary service
Lower age limit	Upper age limit	Lower age limit for signing first contract	Upper age limit for signing first contract	General upper age limit for tenure	Final upper age limit for tenure
Marshal of the Russian Federation	None	None	18	None	65	70
Army general/Admiral of the fleet
Colonel general/Admiral
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral	60	65
Major general/Counter admiral
Colonel/Captain 1st rank	55
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank	50
Major/Captain 3rd rank
Captain/Captain lieutenant
Senior lieutenant
Lieutenant
Junior lieutenant
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman
Praporshchik/Michman
Starshina/Chief ship starshina
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class
Gefreiter/Senior seaman
Private/Seaman	18	27

Age limits for active duty service in Russian Armed Forces (females)^[1]

Military rank	Conscript service	Voluntary service
Lower age limit	Upper age limit	Lower age limit for signing first contract	Upper age limit for signing first contract	General upper age limit for tenure	Final upper age limit for tenure
Marshal of the Russian Federation	None	None	18	None	45	70
Army general/Admiral of the fleet
Colonel general/Admiral
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral	65
Major general/Counter admiral
Colonel/Captain 1st rank
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank
Major/Captain 3rd rank
Captain/Captain lieutenant
Senior lieutenant
Lieutenant
Junior lieutenant
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman
Praporshchik/Michman
Starshina/Chief ship starshina
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class
Gefreiter/Senior seaman
Private/Seaman

Military education

The Russian military education system, inherited from the Soviet Union, trains officer-specialists in narrowly-defined military occupational specialties. In this it differs greatly from the American military education system in which newly-qualified second lieutenants receive particular specialties in the framework of their «career branch» only after graduation from a military academy or the ROTC.^[78] Students of Russian civilian institutions of higher education wishing to join the reserve officer training program can’t choose a military occupational specialty, because each civilian specialty taught by civilian university is attached to a particular military occupational specialty taught by the military training center of the same university by the rector’s order. It also differs from the American military education system in which students can choose between available types of ROTC.

The Russian military education system includes:

• Warrant officer schools, which prepare career warrant officers for active duty service.
• Higher military schools, which prepare career commissioned officers for active duty service as platoon/company commanders and at equivalent positions (tactical level).
• Military training centers within civilian institutions of higher education, which prepare reserve commissioned officers who can serve as platoon/company commanders and at equivalent positions (tactical level).
• Military academies, which improve the military occupational specialty knowledge of commissioned officers to allow them to be appointed to battalion/regiment/brigade commander or equivalent positions (operational-tactical level).
• Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia, which improves skills of officers graduated from military academies to allow them to become highest ranking military officers (strategic level).
• Adjunctura is a military analogue of civilian graduate school, which allow commissioned officers to get academic degree of candidate of sciences in military oriented specialties and be appointed to a teaching positions in military academies, military schools, military training centers.

Age limits for admission to military educational institutions^[1][79]

Type of military educational institution	Persons who have not been on active duty service	Persons who are on conscript active duty service or are demobbed from this service	Persons who are on voluntary active duty service
Lower age limit	Upper age limit	Lower age limit	Upper age limit	Lower age limit	Upper age limit
Military school	16	22	18	24	18	27
Military training center (active duty officer program)	16	24	—	—	—	—
Military training center (reserve officer program)	16	30	—	—	—	—

Russian military academies and adjunctura entry requirements^[79][80]

Type of military educational institution	Reached educational level	Years of active duty service as commissioned officer	Military rank (no lower than)	Military position (years of experience)	Expected number of years of active duty service after graduation until general upper age limit for tenure
Military academy	Military school or Military training center	no less than 7 years	Captain/Captain lieutenant	Major’s/Captain 3rd rank’s positions (1 year at least)	5 years at least
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia	Military academy	—	Major/Captain 3rd rank	Colonel’s/Captain 1st rank’s positions (1 year at least)	5 years at least
Adjunctura	Military school or Military training center	no less than 2 years	Lieutenant	—	5 years at least

Reserve components

Russian Armed Forces have reserves (Russian: запас; transliteration: zapas) which includes 2 components:^[1]

• Active reserve — Mobilization human reserve (Russian: мобилизационный людской резерв; transliteration: mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy reserv)
• Inactive reserve — Mobilization human resource (Russian: мобилизационный людской ресурс; transliteration: mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy resurs)

By default, at the end of active duty each military personnel is enrolled as a mobilization human resource. This applies equally to conscripts and volunteers regardless of ranks. Furthermore, graduates of civilian institutions of higher education, who have graduated the military training centers of their almae matres, trained under reserve officer program, are enrolled as mobilization Human Resources after their promotion to officer’s rank (unlike graduates of such centers, trained under active duty officer program, who are due to be enrolled for active duty after their promotion to officer’s rank). Mobilization human resource are replenished with males who reach the age of 27 years old and were not in military service for any reason.

Enrolling in the mobilization human reserve is voluntary and implies the special contract. This possibility is available for each persons, who is in the mobilization human resource already.^[81] The initial contract is concluded for 3 years period. Military personnel of mobilization human reserve (reservists) perform part-time duties in military units.^[82] Reservists are appointed to a military position in particular military units and are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these military units. As a rule, in peacetime time reservists perform their duties 2–3 days per month and during an annual military camp training of 20 to 30 days.^[83]

The exact number of reservists is unknown because a relevant paragraph of the Presidential Decree^[84] which determines the number of reserve troops is classified. The military units manned by reservists are determined by General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and this information is classified too.

The persons who are in mobilization human resource (non-reservists) may be enlisted to military camp trainings in peacetime. The duration of each training can not exceed 2 months, herewith the total duration of such trainings for the entire period of being in mobilization human resource can not exceed 12 months, and a person may be enlisted in such training no more than once every three years.^[85]

As of 2009, the number of citizens who can be used for mobilization deployment on an involuntary basis in the case of wartime mobilization was estimated at 31 million.^[86]

Reservists are subject to mobilization in wartime first of all. Non-reservists are subject to mobilization secondarily. The mobilization of non-reservists is carried out by taking into account the age category under the article 53 of Federal Law of 28 March 1998, No.53-FZ «About military duty and military service»: in order from first category to third category.^[87][88]

The first category includes: 1) the persons at the any military rank below that of a commissioned officer (enlisted personnel) and not reached the age of 35 years old; 2) the persons at the any rank from junior lieutenant to captain (captain-lieutenant in naval service) inclusively (junior commissioned officers) and not reached the age of 50 years old; 3) the persons at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively and not reached the age of 55 years old; 4) the persons at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) and not reached the age of 60 years old; 5) the persons at the rank of major general (counter admiral in naval service) or higher (supreme officers) and not reached the age of 65 years old.^[87][88]

The second category includes: 1) enlisted personnel in age from 35 but less than 45; 2) junior commissioned officers in the age from 50 but less than 55; 3) commissioned officers at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively in the age from 55 but less than 60; 4) commissioned officers at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) in the age from 60 but less than 65; 5) supreme officers in age from 65 but less than 70.^[87][88]

The third category includes: 1) enlisted personnel in the age from 45 but less than 50; 2) junior commissioned officers in the age from 55 but less than 60; 3) commissioned officers at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively in the age from 60 but less than 65; 4) all females in the age less than 45 for enlisted personnel and less than 50 for commissioned officers. The person who has reached the age limit, established for the third category (the second category for persons at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) or higher), is retired and is not subject to mobilization.^[87][88]

Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces (males)^[1]

Military rank	Mobilization human reserve	Mobilization human resource
Age limit for signing first contract	Age limit for tenure	First grade Age limit	Second grade Age limit	Third grade Age limit
Marshal of the Russian Federation	—	—	65	70	—
Army general/Admiral of the fleet	—	—	65	70	—
Colonel general/Admiral	—	—	65	70	—
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral	—	—	65	70	—
Major general/Counter admiral	—	—	65	70	—
Colonel/Captain 1st rank	57	65	60	65	—
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank	52	60	55	60	65
Major/Captain 3rd rank	52	60	55	60	65
Captain/Captain lieutenant	47	55	50	55	60
Senior lieutenant	47	55	50	55	60
Lieutenant	47	55	50	55	60
Junior lieutenant	47	55	50	55	60
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman	42	45	35	45	50
Praporshchik/Michman	42	45	35	45	50
Starshina/Chief ship starshina	42	45	35	45	50
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina	42	45	35	45	50
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class	42	45	35	45	50
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class	42	45	35	45	50
Gefreiter/Senior seaman	42	45	35	45	50
Private/Seaman	42	45	35	45	50

Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces (females)^[1]

Military rank	Mobilization human reserve	Mobilization human resource
Age limit for signing first contract	Age limit for tenure	First grade Age limit	Second grade Age limit	Third grade Age limit
Marshal of the Russian Federation	—	—	—	—	50
Army general/Admiral of the fleet	—	—	—	—	50
Colonel general/Admiral	—	—	—	—	50
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral	—	—	—	—	50
Major general/Counter admiral	—	—	—	—	50
Colonel/Captain 1st rank	47	50	—	—	50
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank	47	50	—	—	50
Major/Captain 3rd rank	47	50	—	—	50
Captain/Captain lieutenant	47	50	—	—	50
Senior lieutenant	47	50	—	—	50
Lieutenant	47	50	—	—	50
Junior lieutenant	47	50	—	—	50
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman	42	45	—	—	45
Praporshchik/Michman	42	45	—	—	45
Starshina/Chief ship starshina	42	45	—	—	45
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina	42	45	—	—	45
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class	42	45	—	—	45
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class	42	45	—	—	45
Gefreiter/Senior seaman	42	45	—	—	45
Private/Seaman	42	45	—	—	45

2005–2008 reform of the reserve officer training system

The reserve officer training system, inherited from the Soviet Union, involved selective conscription of graduates of civilian institutions of higher education, who have graduated the military departments of their almae matres and received a commission as an officer. Such person could be conscripted from the reserve of armed forces to active duty, up until the age of 27. The period of active duty of such an officer was several years, and at the end of that period he was due to be enlisted in the reserve of armed forces again. Such officers were called «blazers» in the army’s slang (for example, Anatoly Kvashnin was a «blazer»).^[89]

In 2005, minister of defence Sergei Ivanov announced a significant reduction in the number of military departments carrying out the training commissioned officers from students of civilian institutions of higher education.^[90] By March 2008, 168 of 235 civilian universities, academies and institutions which previously had military departments had lost these units.^[91] 37 of 67 civilian universities, academies and institutions which retained military departments became the basis for the establishment of new military training centers.^[91] The military training centers focused on training officers for active duty, whilst the military departments focused on training officers for the reserve.^[92]

In 2006 the conscription of reserve officers was abolished. Graduates of military departments were not subject to conscription to active duty anymore (with the exception of a wartime mobilization). All graduates of military training centers were due to be enrolled for 3 years active duty upon their university graduation.^[93]

2018 beginning of formation of voluntary military reserve force

In 2018, Russia started a full-scale formation of a military reserve force based upon volunteers selected from among those who retired from active duty.^[83] The Russian military reserve force (Russian: мобилизационный людской резерв) is a set of citizens who have signed a contract to perform military service as a reservist. They are appointed to a military position in a particular military unit. They are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these military units, unlike other citizens who haven’t signed such contracts and who can be used for a mobilization deployment of armed forces on an involuntary basis only in cases stipulated by law (Russian: мобилизационный людской ресурс).^[94]

The deployment of military units composed of reservists, takes minimum time and does not requires any retraining of military personnel. The military units composed of reservists use the same weapons as used by military units, composed of active duty military personnel. Military units staffed by reservists are 100% manned up to wartime standards just like military units staffed by active duty military personnel only. There is no possibility to define by military units designation what we’re dealing with — reserve or not reserve military unit. The number of reservists is not presented in open sources and is not among the number of active duty military volunteers which is published by Ministry of Defence. This makes it difficult for establish real troop strength of new Russian military units and formations.

2019 reform of the reserve officer training system

In 2018 the military departments and the military training centers were abolished.^[95] From that moment on, students of civilian institutions of higher education were trained under both officers training programmes (for reserve and for active duty) in the Military Training Centers.^[96] In 2019, there were training military centers in 93 civilian institutions of higher education.^[97][98]

Mobilization

The first mobilization of citizens being in mobilization human resource, conducted on a compulsory basis, in the Russian Federation’s history was announced by Presidential Decree of 21 September 2022 №647 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[99]

Budget

Between 1991 and 1997 newly independent Russia’s defence spending fell by a factor of eight in real prices.^[100] In 1998, when Russia experienced a severe financial crisis, its military expenditure in real terms reached its lowest point—barely one-quarter of the USSR’s in 1991, and two-fifths of the level of 1992, the first year of Russia’s independent existence.

In the early 2000s, defence spending increased by at least a minimum of one-third year-on-year, leading to overall defence expenditure almost quadrupling over the past six years, and according to Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin, this rate is to be sustained through 2010.^[101] Official government military spending for 2005 was US$32.4 billion, though various sources, have estimated Russia’s military expenditures to be considerably higher than the reported amount.^[102]

Estimating Russian military expenditure is beset with difficulty; the annual IISS Military Balance has underscored the problem numerous times within its section on Russia.^[102] The IISS Military Balance comments, «By simple observation … [the military budget] would appear to be lower than is suggested by the size of the armed forces or the structure of the military–industrial complex, and thus neither of the figures is particularly useful for comparative analysis.»^[103] By some estimates, overall Russian defence expenditure is now at the second highest in the world after the USA.^[104] According to Alexander Kanshin, Chairman of the Public Chamber of Russia on affairs of veterans, military personnel, and their families, the Russian military is losing up to US$13 billion to corruption every year.^[105]

On 16 September 2008 Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that in 2009, Russia’s defence budget would be increased to a record amount of $50 billion.^[106][107]

On 16 February 2009 Russia’s deputy defence minister said state defence contracts would not be subject to cuts this year despite the ongoing financial crisis, and that there would be no decrease in 2009.^[108] The budget would still be 1.376 trillion rubles and in the current exchange rates this would amount to $41.5 billion.

Later in February 2009, due to the world financial crisis, the Russian Parliament’s Defence Committee stated that the Russian defence budget would instead be slashed by 15 percent, from $40 billion to $34 billion, with further cuts to come.^[109] On 5 May 2009, First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov said that the defence budget for 2009 will be 1.3 trillion rubles (US$39.4 billion). 322 billion rubles are allocated to purchase weapons, and the rest of the fund will be spent on construction, fuel storage and food supply.

According to the head of the Defence Committee of the State Duma Vladimir Komoyedov, Russia plans to spend 101.15 billion rubles on nuclear weapons in 2013–2015. «The budget provisions under ‘The Nuclear Weapons Complex’ section in 2013-2015 will amount to 29.28 billion rubles, 33.3 billion rubles and 38.57 billion rubles respectively,» Komoyedov said, Vechernaya Moskva reports.

Komoyedov added that in 2012 the spending on nuclear weapons made up 27.4 billion rubles. The draft law «On the Federal Budget for 2013 and for the planning period of 2014 and 2015» will be discussed in the first reading on 19 October 2012, The Voice of Russia reports.^[110] In a meeting in Sochi in November 2013, President Putin said the country’s defence budget will reach 2.3 trillion roubles, stressing the huge amount in comparison to the 2003 budget, which stood on 600 billion rubles.^[111]

The Russian government’s published 2014 military budget is about 2.49 trillion rubles (approximately US$69.3 billion), the fourth largest in the world behind the US, China and Saudi Arabia. The official budget is set to rise to 3.03 trillion rubles (approximately US$83.7 billion) in 2015, and 3.36 trillion rubles (approximately US$93.9 billion) in 2016.^[112] As of 2014, Russia’s military budget is higher than any other European nation, and approximately 1/7th (14 percent) of the US military budget.^[33]

In 2015, SIPRI found that Russia was the world’s second biggest exporter of major weapons for the period 2010–14, increasing exports by 37 per cent. India, China and Algeria accounted for almost 60 percent of total Russian exports. Asia and Oceania received 66 percent of Russian arms exports in 2010–14, Africa 12 percent and the Middle East 10 percent.^[33]

In 2017, Russia was reported to have slashed its defense spending by 20%, due to calls by Vladimir Putin to spend money on other initiatives such as healthcare and education. The cut decreased Russia’s military spending to $66.3 billion, in which Russia slumped to being the fourth-highest military spender.^[113] Russia’s 2019 defense budget was US$48 billion and the 2020 figure was $61.7 billion.^[114]

Procurement

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2022)

About 70 percent of the former Soviet Union’s defence industries are located in the Russian Federation.^[115] Many defence firms have been privatised; some have developed significant partnerships with firms in other countries.

The recent steps towards modernization of the Armed Forces have been made possible by Russia’s economic resurgence based on oil and gas revenues as well a strengthening of its own domestic market. Currently^[when?], the military is in the middle of a major equipment upgrade, with the government in the process of spending about $200 billion (what equals to about $400 billion in PPP dollars) on development and production of military equipment between 2006 and 2015 under the State Armament Programme for 2007–2015 (GPV – госпрограмма вооружения).^[116]

Mainly as a result of lessons learned during the Russo-Georgian War, the State Armament Programme for 2011–2020 was launched in December 2010. Prime Minister Putin announced that 20–21.5 trillion rubles (over $650 billion) will be allocated to purchase new hardware in the next 10 years. The aim is to have a growth of 30% of modern equipment in the army, navy and air force by 2015, and of 70% by 2020.^{[117][118][119][120]} In some categories, the proportion of new weapon systems will reach 80% or even 100%.^[121]

At this point, the Russian MoD plans to purchase, among others, up to 250 ICBMs, 800 aircraft, 1,200 helicopters, 44 submarines, 36 frigates, 28 corvettes, 18 cruisers, 24 destroyers, 6 aircraft carriers, and 62 air defence battalions. Several existing types will be upgraded.^[121][122]

In total since 2012 and as of 2017, the Armed Forces received more than 30,000 units of new and modernized weapons and equipment, including more than 50 warships, 1,300 aircraft, over 1,800 drones, 4,700 tanks and armored combat vehicles compared to two warships, 151 aircraft and 217 tanks received in 2007–2011. The Russian army also receives 150–250 aircraft per year and over 300 short-range UAVs.^[123]

As of 2011, Russia’s chief military prosecutor said that 20 percent of the defence budget was being stolen or defrauded yearly.^[124] It is suspected that equipment is not properly maintained due to the resulting lack of funds, which may have contributed to equipment failures observed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.^[26][125]

In 2018, RF Armed Forces adopted 35 types of weapons and military equipment and completed state tests of 21 more.^[126] The Russian Ministry of Defence (MoD) was procured the YeSU TZ (Yedinaya Sistema Upravleniya Takticheskogo Zvena) battlefield management system that same year. The YeSU TZ battlefield management system incorporates 11 subsystems that control artillery, electronic warfare systems, ground vehicles, air defence assets, engineering equipment, and logistics support, among other things.^[127]

Twelve missile regiments have been rearmed with Yars ICBMs, 10 missile brigades with Iskander tactical ballistic missile systems, 13 aviation regiments with MiG-31BM, Su-35S, Su-30SM, and Su-34 combat aircraft, three army aviation brigades and six helicopter regiments with Mi-28N and Ka-52 combat helicopters, 20 surface-to-air missile (SAM) regiments with S-400 Triumf SAM systems, 23 batteries with Pantsir-S self-propelled anti-aircraft gun-missile systems, and 17 batteries with Bal and Bastion mobile coastal defence missile systems [MCDMSs] since 2012 and as of March 2019.^[127]

Since 2012 and as of April 2021, the Ground Forces have received more than 15,500 pieces of weapon systems and equipment and rearmed all missile brigades with the Iskander tactical ballistic missile system. Aerospace Force and naval aviation have received over 1,500 aircraft and helicopters and the Navy more than 190 ships, vessels and boats.^[128][129]

Since 2012 and as of December 2020, the number of long-range land-, sea-, and air-launched cruise missiles increased by 37 times. The number of their cruise missile carriers was also increased by 13 times.^[130]

In late 2022, the Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu claimed that supplies of major weapons in the outgoing year had risen by 30%, while the amount of ammunition for rocket, artillery and aircraft systems increased by 69% to 109%.^[131] The Chief of Russian Armed Forces General Staff Valery Gerasimov also claimed that his troops had received more than 3,100 armored, rocket-artillery and other weapons including aviation systems and upgraded gunships.^[132]

Nuclear weapons

As of January 2017, the Federation of American Scientists estimated that Russia has approximately 1,765 deployed strategic warheads, and another 2,700 non-deployed strategic and deployed and non-deployed tactical warheads, plus an additional 2,510 warheads awaiting dismantlement.^[133] Russia’s Strategic Rocket Forces controls its land-based nuclear warheads, while the Navy controls the submarine based missiles and the Aerospace Forces the air-launched warheads. Russia’s nuclear warheads are deployed in four areas:

1. Land-based immobile (silos), like R-36 and its replacement RS-28 Sarmat.
2. Land-based mobile, like RT-2PM2 Topol-M and new RS-24 Yars.
3. Submarine based, like R-29RMU2 Layner and RSM-56 Bulava.
4. Air-launched warheads of the Russian Air Forces’ Long Range Aviation Command

The military doctrine of Russia sees NATO expansion as one of the threats for the Russian Federation and reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to a conventional aggression that can endanger the existence of the state. In keeping with this, the country’s nuclear forces received adequate funding throughout the late 1990s. The number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and warheads on active duty has declined over the years, in part in keeping with arms limitation agreements with the U.S. and in part due to insufficient spending on maintenance, but this is balanced by the deployment of new missiles as proof against missile defences.^[134]

Russia has developed the new RT-2PM2 Topol-M (SS-27) missiles that a Russian general claimed to be able to penetrate any missile defence, including the planned U.S. National Missile Defence. The missile can change course in both air and space to avoid countermeasures. It is designed to be launched from land-based, mobile TEL units.^[134]

Because of international awareness of the danger that Russian nuclear technology might fall into the hands of terrorists or rogue officers who it was feared might want to use nuclear weapons to threaten or attack other countries, the federal government of the United States and many other countries provided considerable financial assistance to the Russian nuclear forces in the early 1990s.^{[citation needed]} This money went in part to finance decommissioning of warheads under international agreements, such the Cooperative Threat Reduction programme, but also to improve security and personnel training in Russian nuclear facilities.

In the late evening of 11 September 2007 the fuel-air explosive AVBPM or «Father of All Bombs» was successfully field-tested.^[135] According to the Russian military, the new weapon will replace several smaller types of nuclear bombs in its arsenal.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Military academies in Russia
• Military commissioning schools in Russia
• Reserve Officer Training in Russia
• Warrant officer schools of the Russian Armed Forces
• Adjunctura in Russia
• Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation
• Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces
• Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia
• History of Russian military ranks
  • Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation
  • Naval ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

• Bowen, Andrew (2017). «Coercive Diplomacy and the Donbas: Explaining Russian Strategy in Eastern Ukraine». Journal of Strategic Studies. 42 (3–4): 312–343. doi:10.1080/01402390.2017.1413550. S2CID 158522112.
• Galeotti, Mark, ‘Organised crime and Russian security forces: mafiya, militia and military’, Journal of Conflict, Security and Development, issue 1:2, 2001.
• Ivanov, Henry, ‘Country Briefing: Russia—Austere deterrence’, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 28 April 2006
• Lehrke, Jesse Paul (2013). The Transition to National Armies in the Former Soviet Republics, 1988-2005. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-10886-1.
• Pynnöniemi, K., ‘Russia’s Defence Reform: Assessing the real «Serdyukov heritage»‘ Archived 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, FIIA Briefing Paper 126, 26 March 2013, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs.
• Turbiville, G., ‘Organized crime and the Russian armed forces’, Transnational Organized Crime, vol. 1, issue 4, 1995, pp. 55–73;
• Waters, T., ‘Crime in the Russian military’, CSRC Paper C90, (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1996).
• Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (27 April 2020). «Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2019» (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 8 January 2020.

External links

• Russian Ministry of Defense Archived 4 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine (in English)
• Russian Military Capabilities in a 10 year perspective (PDF) 2013 study by the Swedish Defence Research Agency
• Russia’s military modernisation — Putin’s new model army by The Economist, 24 May 2014
• Just How Dangerous is Russia’s Military? by The National Interest 15 July 2016 by Nikolas Gvosdev
• Что такое современная армия России [What is the modern army of Russia]. Vlast (in Russian). Kommersant. 7 (610). 21 February 2005. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
• Russia’s New Army study from 2011 by the Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies
• Russia’s Military: Assessment, Strategy, and Threat report by the Center on Global Interests
• Russia’s shiny new weapons an article about Russian drones by Mark Galeotti, 10 January 2014