Как пишется буква р маленькая по английскому

(Redirected from Letter R)

This article is about the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet. For other uses, see R (disambiguation).

«ℛ» redirects here. For the Unicode block containing this character, see Letterlike Symbols.

R
R r
(See below)
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic and Logographic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[r] [ɾ] [ɹ] [ɻ] [ʀ] [ʁ] (Table) (English variations)
Unicode codepoint	U+0052, U+0072
Alphabetical position	18
History
Development	Ρ ρ 𐌓 R r
Time period	~50 to present
Descendants	• ℟  • ℞  • ®  • Ɍ  • ᚱ  • 𐍂  • Ꭱ
Sisters	• Р  • ר • ر • ܪ  • ࠓ  • 𐎗  • 𐡓  • ረ  • Ռ  • ռ  • Ր  • ր  • ર  • र
Variations	(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with	r(x), rh
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ar (pronounced ), plural ars,^[1] or in Ireland or .^[2]

The letter ⟨r⟩ is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant (after ⟨t⟩, ⟨n⟩, and ⟨s⟩).^[3]

The letter ⟨r⟩ is used to form the ending «-re», which is used in certain words such as centre in some varieties of English spelling, such as British English. Canadian English also uses the «-re» ending, unlike American English, where the ending is usually replaced by «-er» (center). This does not affect pronunciation.

Name[edit]

The name of the letter in Latin was er (/ɛr/), following the pattern of other letters representing continuants, such as F, L, M, N and S. This name is preserved in French and many other languages. In Middle English, the name of the letter changed from /ɛr/ to /ar/, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as farm (compare French ferme) and star (compare German Stern).

In Hiberno-English the letter is called /ɒr/ or /ɔːr/, somewhat similar to oar, ore, orr.^[4][5][6]

The letter R is sometimes referred to as the littera canīna (literally ‘canine letter’, often rendered in English as the dog’s letter). This Latin term referred to the Latin R that was trilled to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as vōx canīna (‘dog voice’). A good example of a trilled R is in the Spanish word for dog, perro.^[7]

In William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, such a reference is made by Juliet’s nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R «the dog’s name». The reference is also found in Ben Jonson’s English Grammar.^[8]

History[edit]

Antiquity[edit]

The original Semitic letter may have been inspired by an Egyptian hieroglyph for tp, «head».^{[citation needed]} It was used for /r/ by Semites because in their language, the word for «head» was rêš (also the name of the letter). It developed into Greek ‘Ρ’ ῥῶ (rhô) and Latin R.

The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing rho as ), but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their rho between a «P» and a «D» shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke.
Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the Duenos and the Forum inscription, still write r using the «P» shape of the letter.
The Lapis Satricanus inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the p and the Ρ shape of the r have become difficult to distinguish.
The descending stroke of the Latin letter R has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the Tomb of the Scipios sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From around 50 AD, the letter P would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by R.

Cursive[edit]

The minuscule (lowercase) form (r) developed through several variations on the capital form.
Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from Roman cursive via the uncial script of Late Antiquity into the Carolingian minuscule of the 9th century.

In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today.

A calligraphic minuscule r, known as r rotunda (ꝛ), was used in the sequence or, bending the shape of the r to accommodate the bulge of the o (as in oꝛ as opposed to or). Later, the same variant was also used where r followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right (such as b, h, p) and to write the geminate rr (as ꝛꝛ). Use of r rotunda was mostly tied to blackletter typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century.

Insular script used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop («Insular r«, ꞃ); this variant survives in the Gaelic type popular in Ireland until the mid-20th century (but now mostly limited to decorative purposes).

Pronunciation and use[edit]

Pronunciations of Rr

Languages in italics do not use the roman alphabet; the table refers to romanizations
Language	Dialect(s)	Pronunciation (IPA)	Environment	Notes
Albanian	/ɾ/		rr represents a trilled /r/
Arabic	Most dialects	/r/
North Mesopotamian, Judeo-Iraqi	/ʀ/
Egyptian	/ɾ/
Aragonese	/r/	Word-initially
/ɾ/	Usually	rr represents a trilled /r/
Asturian	/r/	Word-initially
/ɾ/	Usually	rr represents a trilled /r/
Basque	/r/	Word-initially
/ɾ/	Usually	rr represents a trilled /r/
Catalan	/r/	Word-initially
/ɾ/	Usually
Danish	/ʀ/
/r/		Archaic
Dutch	Most dialects	/ɾ/
Brabantish, Limburgish	/ʀ/
English	Non-rhotic	/ɹ/	Before vowels
silent	After vowels
Rhotic	/ɻ/	Before vowels
ʵ	After vowels
Faroese	/ɹ/
French	/ʁ/
Galician	/ɾ/
German	Standard	/ʀ/	Before vowels
/ɐ̯/	After vowels
Gutnish	/ɻ/
Haitian	/ɣ/
Hebrew	/ʁ/
/r/		Archaic
Hopi	/ʐ/
Indonesian	Standard	/r/
Sumatran dialects	/r/	Before vowels/consonants
silent	After vowels
Irish	/ɾ/
/ɻʲ/	After i; before e, i
Italian	/r/
Japanese	Standard	/ɾ/
Leonese	/ɾ/
Malay	Standard	/r/	Before vowels/consonants
silent	After vowels
Mandarin	Standard	/ʐ/
Manx	/ɹ/
silent
Māori	/ɾ/
Norwegian	Most dialects	/r/
Western and Southern dialects	/ʁ/
Tromsø	/ʐ/
Portuguese	/ʁ/		In certain environments
/ɾ/		In certain environments
Scottish Gaelic	/ɾ/	Usually
/ɾʲ/	After i; before e, i
Sicilian	/ɹ/
Spanish	Some dialects	/l/	After a vowel
Most dialects	/r/	Word-initially
All dialects	/ɾ/	Usually
Puerto Rican	/ʁ/	Word-initially
Swedish	Most dialects	/ɾ/
Southern dialects	/ʀ/
Turkish	/ɾ/
Venetian	Most dialects	/ɾ/
Venice	/ʀ/
Vietnamese	Northern dialect	/z/
Most dialects	/ʐ/, /ɾ/, /r/, /ɹ/

Non-English languages[edit]

⟨r⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below.

Alveolar trill [r]	Listen	some dialects of British English or in emphatic speech, standard Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, Galician, German in some dialects, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Czech, Javanese, Lithuanian, Latvian, Latin, Norwegian mostly in the northwest, Polish, Portuguese (traditional form), Romanian, Russian, Scots, Slovak, Swedish, Sundanese, Ukrainian, Welsh; also Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨rr⟩
Alveolar approximant [ɹ]	Listen	English (most varieties), Dutch in some Netherlandic dialects (in specific positions of words), Faroese, Sicilian
Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap [ɾ]	Listen	Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨r⟩, Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Galician, Leonese, Norwegian, Irish, Māori
Voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]	Listen	Norwegian around Tromsø; Spanish used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; Hopi used before vowels, as in raana, «toad», from Spanish rana; Hanyu Pinyin transliteration of Standard Chinese.
Retroflex approximant [ɻ]	Listen	some English dialects (in the United States, South West England, and Dublin), Gutnish
Retroflex flap [ɽ]	Listen	Norwegian when followed by <d>, sometimes in Scottish English
Uvular trill [ʀ]	Listen	German stage standard; some Dutch dialects (in Brabant and Limburg, and some city dialects in The Netherlands), Swedish in Southern Sweden, Norwegian in western and southern parts, Venetian only in Venice area.
Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]	Listen	North Mesopotamian Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi Arabic, German, Danish, French, standard European Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, standard Brazilian Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, Puerto Rican Spanish ⟨rr⟩ and ‘r-‘ in western parts, Norwegian in western and southern parts.

Other languages may use the letter ⟨r⟩ in their alphabets (or Latin transliterations schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with ⟨w⟩, e.g. ‘Kweyol’ for ‘Kreyol’.

Brazilian Portuguese has a great number of allophones of /ʁ/ such as [χ], [h], [ɦ], [x], [ɣ], [ɹ] and [r], the latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts ([ɣ] and [r] as ⟨rr⟩; [ɹ] in the syllable coda, as an allophone of /ɾ/ according to the European Portuguese norm and /ʁ/ according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as Rio de Janeiro’s [ʁ], [χ], [ɦ] and, for a few speakers, [ɣ].

Other systems[edit]

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; ⟨r⟩ represents the alveolar trill.

[edit]

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet[edit]

• R with diacritics: Ŕ ŕ Ɍ ɍ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṙ ṙ Ȑ ȑ Ȓ ȓ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ Ṟ ṟ Ꞧ ꞧ Ɽ ɽ R̃ r̃ ᵲ^[9] ꭨ^[10] ᵳ^[9] ᶉ^[11]
• International Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to R: 𝼈^[12][13] ɹ ɺ ɾ ɻ ɽ ʀ ʁ ʶ ˞ ʴ
• IPA superscript letters:^[14] 𐞦 𐞧 𐞨 𐞩 𐞪
• Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet: ɼ ɿ
• Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to R:^[15]
  • U+1D19 ᴙ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED R
  • U+1D1A ᴚ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED R
  • U+1D3F ᴿ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL R
  • U+1D63 ᵣ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER R
• Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to R:^[16]
  • U+AB45 ꭅ LATIN SMALL LETTER STIRRUP R
  • U+AB46 ꭆ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R WITH RIGHT LEG
• Anthropos phonetic transcription:^[16]
  • U+AB48 ꭈ LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R
  • U+AB49 ꭉ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CROSSED-TAIL
  • U+AB4A ꭊ LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R WITH CROSSED-TAIL
• Otto Bremer’s phonetic transcription:^[16]
  • U+AB47 ꭇ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITHOUT HANDLE
  • U+AB4B ꭋ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R
  • U+AB4C ꭌ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING
• 𝼨 : R with mid-height left hook was used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.^[17]
• ⱹ : Turned r with tail is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet^[18]
• Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕^[12][13] 𝼖^[12][13] ʳ ʵ

Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet[edit]

• Ꝛ ꝛ : R rotunda
• Ꞃ ꞃ : «Insular» R (Gaelic type)
• ᫍ : Combining insular r was used in the Ormulum^[19]

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets[edit]

• 𐤓 : Semitic letter Resh, from which the following letters derive
  • Ρ ρ : Greek letter Rho, from which the following letters derive
    • 𐌓 : Old Italic letter R, the ancestor of modern Latin R
      • ᚱ : Runic letter Raido
    • Р р : Cyrillic letter Er
    • 𐍂 : Gothic letter Reda

Abbreviations, signs and symbols[edit]

• ℟ : symbol for «response» in liturgy
• ℞ : Medical prescription Rx
• ® : Registered trademark symbol
• ₹ : Indian rupee sign

Encoding[edit]

Character information

Preview	R	r
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R	LATIN SMALL LETTER R
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	82	U+0052	114	U+0072
UTF-8	82	52	114	72
Numeric character reference	R	R	r	r
EBCDIC family	217	D9	153	99
ASCII 1	82	52	114	72

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

See also[edit]

• Guttural R

References[edit]

External links[edit]

(Redirected from Letter R)

This article is about the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet. For other uses, see R (disambiguation).

«ℛ» redirects here. For the Unicode block containing this character, see Letterlike Symbols.

R
R r
(See below)
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic and Logographic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[r] [ɾ] [ɹ] [ɻ] [ʀ] [ʁ] (Table) (English variations)
Unicode codepoint	U+0052, U+0072
Alphabetical position	18
History
Development	Ρ ρ 𐌓 R r
Time period	~50 to present
Descendants	• ℟  • ℞  • ®  • Ɍ  • ᚱ  • 𐍂  • Ꭱ
Sisters	• Р  • ר • ر • ܪ  • ࠓ  • 𐎗  • 𐡓  • ረ  • Ռ  • ռ  • Ր  • ր  • ર  • र
Variations	(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with	r(x), rh
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ar (pronounced ), plural ars,^[1] or in Ireland or .^[2]

The letter ⟨r⟩ is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant (after ⟨t⟩, ⟨n⟩, and ⟨s⟩).^[3]

The letter ⟨r⟩ is used to form the ending «-re», which is used in certain words such as centre in some varieties of English spelling, such as British English. Canadian English also uses the «-re» ending, unlike American English, where the ending is usually replaced by «-er» (center). This does not affect pronunciation.

Name[edit]

The name of the letter in Latin was er (/ɛr/), following the pattern of other letters representing continuants, such as F, L, M, N and S. This name is preserved in French and many other languages. In Middle English, the name of the letter changed from /ɛr/ to /ar/, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as farm (compare French ferme) and star (compare German Stern).

In Hiberno-English the letter is called /ɒr/ or /ɔːr/, somewhat similar to oar, ore, orr.^[4][5][6]

The letter R is sometimes referred to as the littera canīna (literally ‘canine letter’, often rendered in English as the dog’s letter). This Latin term referred to the Latin R that was trilled to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as vōx canīna (‘dog voice’). A good example of a trilled R is in the Spanish word for dog, perro.^[7]

In William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, such a reference is made by Juliet’s nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R «the dog’s name». The reference is also found in Ben Jonson’s English Grammar.^[8]

History[edit]

Antiquity[edit]

The original Semitic letter may have been inspired by an Egyptian hieroglyph for tp, «head».^{[citation needed]} It was used for /r/ by Semites because in their language, the word for «head» was rêš (also the name of the letter). It developed into Greek ‘Ρ’ ῥῶ (rhô) and Latin R.

The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing rho as ), but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their rho between a «P» and a «D» shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke.
Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the Duenos and the Forum inscription, still write r using the «P» shape of the letter.
The Lapis Satricanus inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the p and the Ρ shape of the r have become difficult to distinguish.
The descending stroke of the Latin letter R has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the Tomb of the Scipios sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From around 50 AD, the letter P would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by R.

Cursive[edit]

The minuscule (lowercase) form (r) developed through several variations on the capital form.
Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from Roman cursive via the uncial script of Late Antiquity into the Carolingian minuscule of the 9th century.

In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today.

A calligraphic minuscule r, known as r rotunda (ꝛ), was used in the sequence or, bending the shape of the r to accommodate the bulge of the o (as in oꝛ as opposed to or). Later, the same variant was also used where r followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right (such as b, h, p) and to write the geminate rr (as ꝛꝛ). Use of r rotunda was mostly tied to blackletter typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century.

Insular script used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop («Insular r«, ꞃ); this variant survives in the Gaelic type popular in Ireland until the mid-20th century (but now mostly limited to decorative purposes).

Pronunciation and use[edit]

Pronunciations of Rr

Languages in italics do not use the roman alphabet; the table refers to romanizations
Language	Dialect(s)	Pronunciation (IPA)	Environment	Notes
Albanian	/ɾ/		rr represents a trilled /r/
Arabic	Most dialects	/r/
North Mesopotamian, Judeo-Iraqi	/ʀ/
Egyptian	/ɾ/
Aragonese	/r/	Word-initially
/ɾ/	Usually	rr represents a trilled /r/
Asturian	/r/	Word-initially
/ɾ/	Usually	rr represents a trilled /r/
Basque	/r/	Word-initially
/ɾ/	Usually	rr represents a trilled /r/
Catalan	/r/	Word-initially
/ɾ/	Usually
Danish	/ʀ/
/r/		Archaic
Dutch	Most dialects	/ɾ/
Brabantish, Limburgish	/ʀ/
English	Non-rhotic	/ɹ/	Before vowels
silent	After vowels
Rhotic	/ɻ/	Before vowels
ʵ	After vowels
Faroese	/ɹ/
French	/ʁ/
Galician	/ɾ/
German	Standard	/ʀ/	Before vowels
/ɐ̯/	After vowels
Gutnish	/ɻ/
Haitian	/ɣ/
Hebrew	/ʁ/
/r/		Archaic
Hopi	/ʐ/
Indonesian	Standard	/r/
Sumatran dialects	/r/	Before vowels/consonants
silent	After vowels
Irish	/ɾ/
/ɻʲ/	After i; before e, i
Italian	/r/
Japanese	Standard	/ɾ/
Leonese	/ɾ/
Malay	Standard	/r/	Before vowels/consonants
silent	After vowels
Mandarin	Standard	/ʐ/
Manx	/ɹ/
silent
Māori	/ɾ/
Norwegian	Most dialects	/r/
Western and Southern dialects	/ʁ/
Tromsø	/ʐ/
Portuguese	/ʁ/		In certain environments
/ɾ/		In certain environments
Scottish Gaelic	/ɾ/	Usually
/ɾʲ/	After i; before e, i
Sicilian	/ɹ/
Spanish	Some dialects	/l/	After a vowel
Most dialects	/r/	Word-initially
All dialects	/ɾ/	Usually
Puerto Rican	/ʁ/	Word-initially
Swedish	Most dialects	/ɾ/
Southern dialects	/ʀ/
Turkish	/ɾ/
Venetian	Most dialects	/ɾ/
Venice	/ʀ/
Vietnamese	Northern dialect	/z/
Most dialects	/ʐ/, /ɾ/, /r/, /ɹ/

Non-English languages[edit]

⟨r⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below.

Alveolar trill [r]	Listen	some dialects of British English or in emphatic speech, standard Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, Galician, German in some dialects, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Czech, Javanese, Lithuanian, Latvian, Latin, Norwegian mostly in the northwest, Polish, Portuguese (traditional form), Romanian, Russian, Scots, Slovak, Swedish, Sundanese, Ukrainian, Welsh; also Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨rr⟩
Alveolar approximant [ɹ]	Listen	English (most varieties), Dutch in some Netherlandic dialects (in specific positions of words), Faroese, Sicilian
Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap [ɾ]	Listen	Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨r⟩, Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Galician, Leonese, Norwegian, Irish, Māori
Voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]	Listen	Norwegian around Tromsø; Spanish used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; Hopi used before vowels, as in raana, «toad», from Spanish rana; Hanyu Pinyin transliteration of Standard Chinese.
Retroflex approximant [ɻ]	Listen	some English dialects (in the United States, South West England, and Dublin), Gutnish
Retroflex flap [ɽ]	Listen	Norwegian when followed by <d>, sometimes in Scottish English
Uvular trill [ʀ]	Listen	German stage standard; some Dutch dialects (in Brabant and Limburg, and some city dialects in The Netherlands), Swedish in Southern Sweden, Norwegian in western and southern parts, Venetian only in Venice area.
Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]	Listen	North Mesopotamian Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi Arabic, German, Danish, French, standard European Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, standard Brazilian Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, Puerto Rican Spanish ⟨rr⟩ and ‘r-‘ in western parts, Norwegian in western and southern parts.

Other languages may use the letter ⟨r⟩ in their alphabets (or Latin transliterations schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with ⟨w⟩, e.g. ‘Kweyol’ for ‘Kreyol’.

Brazilian Portuguese has a great number of allophones of /ʁ/ such as [χ], [h], [ɦ], [x], [ɣ], [ɹ] and [r], the latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts ([ɣ] and [r] as ⟨rr⟩; [ɹ] in the syllable coda, as an allophone of /ɾ/ according to the European Portuguese norm and /ʁ/ according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as Rio de Janeiro’s [ʁ], [χ], [ɦ] and, for a few speakers, [ɣ].

Other systems[edit]

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; ⟨r⟩ represents the alveolar trill.

[edit]

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet[edit]

• R with diacritics: Ŕ ŕ Ɍ ɍ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṙ ṙ Ȑ ȑ Ȓ ȓ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ Ṟ ṟ Ꞧ ꞧ Ɽ ɽ R̃ r̃ ᵲ^[9] ꭨ^[10] ᵳ^[9] ᶉ^[11]
• International Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to R: 𝼈^[12][13] ɹ ɺ ɾ ɻ ɽ ʀ ʁ ʶ ˞ ʴ
• IPA superscript letters:^[14] 𐞦 𐞧 𐞨 𐞩 𐞪
• Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet: ɼ ɿ
• Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to R:^[15]
  • U+1D19 ᴙ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED R
  • U+1D1A ᴚ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED R
  • U+1D3F ᴿ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL R
  • U+1D63 ᵣ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER R
• Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to R:^[16]
  • U+AB45 ꭅ LATIN SMALL LETTER STIRRUP R
  • U+AB46 ꭆ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R WITH RIGHT LEG
• Anthropos phonetic transcription:^[16]
  • U+AB48 ꭈ LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R
  • U+AB49 ꭉ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CROSSED-TAIL
  • U+AB4A ꭊ LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R WITH CROSSED-TAIL
• Otto Bremer’s phonetic transcription:^[16]
  • U+AB47 ꭇ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITHOUT HANDLE
  • U+AB4B ꭋ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R
  • U+AB4C ꭌ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING
• 𝼨 : R with mid-height left hook was used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.^[17]
• ⱹ : Turned r with tail is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet^[18]
• Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕^[12][13] 𝼖^[12][13] ʳ ʵ

Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet[edit]

• Ꝛ ꝛ : R rotunda
• Ꞃ ꞃ : «Insular» R (Gaelic type)
• ᫍ : Combining insular r was used in the Ormulum^[19]

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets[edit]

• 𐤓 : Semitic letter Resh, from which the following letters derive
  • Ρ ρ : Greek letter Rho, from which the following letters derive
    • 𐌓 : Old Italic letter R, the ancestor of modern Latin R
      • ᚱ : Runic letter Raido
    • Р р : Cyrillic letter Er
    • 𐍂 : Gothic letter Reda

Abbreviations, signs and symbols[edit]

• ℟ : symbol for «response» in liturgy
• ℞ : Medical prescription Rx
• ® : Registered trademark symbol
• ₹ : Indian rupee sign

Encoding[edit]

Character information

Preview	R	r
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R	LATIN SMALL LETTER R
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	82	U+0052	114	U+0072
UTF-8	82	52	114	72
Numeric character reference	R	R	r	r
EBCDIC family	217	D9	153	99
ASCII 1	82	52	114	72

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

See also[edit]

• Guttural R

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Английский алфавит, в основе которого лежат латинские буквы, имеет интересную и долгую историю. C течением времени алфавит претерпел значительные изменения. Теперь английский представляет чётко оформленную систему. Различают печатный и прописной английский алфавит, каждый из которых отличается преимуществами и недостатками.

Буквы английского алфавита

В составе английского алфавита 26 букв, из которых:

• 6 передают гласные звуки;
• 21 передаёт согласные звуки.

Название последней буквы – “Z” – пишется и произносится двумя способами:

• в британском варианте как “zed” (читается [zɛd]);
• в американском как “zee” (читается [ziː]).

Таблица английского алфавита

Таблица заглавных и строчных букв, а также транскрипция:

Заглавная буква	Строчная буква	Как произносится название
A	a	[ei]
B	b	[biː]
C	c	[siː]
D	d	[diː]
E	e	[iː]
F	f	[ef]
G	g	[dʒiː]
H	h	[eɪtʃ]
I	i	[ai]
J	j	[dʒeɪ]
K	k	[kei]
L	l	[el]
M	m	[em]
N	n	[ɛn]
O	o	[əʊ]
P	p	[piː]
Q	q	[kjuː]
R	r	[ɑː, ar]
S	s	[es]
T	t	[tiː]
U	u	[juː]
V	v	[viː]
W	w	[‘dʌbljuː]
X	x	[eks]
Y	y	[waɪ]
Z	z	[zɛd, ziː]

Плюсы и минусы прописных букв английского алфавита

Плюсы	Минусы
Отлично развивают моторику, поэтому используются при обучении детей.	Нужно время, чтобы научиться писать красиво.
Повышают скорость письма, так как буквы в слове соединяются между собой.	Иногда трудно разобрать то, что написано.
При аккуратном почерке текст с прописными буквами выглядит опрятнее.	Используются все реже и реже.
Нет строгих правил написания, поэтому можно добавлять что-то своё.
Владея этим типом письма, проще разобраться рукописные источники.
Развивают аккуратность.

Прописные буквы английского алфавита

Представить алфавит этого языка без прописных букв невозможно. Прописной алфавит — комфортный и быстрый способ письма. Кроме того, прописные буквы не подразумевают полное копирование образцов. Вы сами можете создавать собственный стиль письма, главное, чтобы буквы были разборчивы.

Каллиграфический английский алфавит

Каллиграфию считают декоративным стилем, поэтому требует немало времени, креативности и точности. Нельзя утверждать, что научиться этому нельзя, когда у человека плохой почерк. Освоить каллиграфию могут все. Это займёт время, но принесёт пользу.

Так как каллиграфия становится популярной проводят удобные мастер-классы и уроки по ее освоению. Научиться можно не выходя из дома.

Вам потребуется только:

• бумага;
• необходимые принадлежности (ручка, перо, тушь);
• терпение и желание.

Прописи английского алфавита

Несколько прописей, которые можно скачать и распечатать:

Песни для запоминания английского алфавита

Чтобы запомнить порядок алфавита и произношение букв самым маленьким, начинать изучение стоит с раскрасок и песен. Здесь представлены популярные песни, которые будут помогать изучать алфавит малышам.

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Заключение

Английский алфавит существует в прописном и печатном варианте написания, как и в некоторых других языках, например, русском. Овладеть письменным алфавитом не так трудно, если научиться каллиграфии. Пропись имеет преимущества, почему и стоит уделить ей внимание.

В англо­языч­ных стра­нах уже дли­тель­ное вре­мя пишут полу печат­ны­ми или печат­ны­ми бук­ва­ми, поэто­му не все зна­ют как писать строч­ные бук­вы пра­виль­но. Рас­смот­рим как пра­виль­но писать про­пис­ные бук­вы англий­ско­го алфавита.

Прописи английского алфавита — плюсы и минусы

Тем, кто не хочет в век гло­баль­ной ком­пью­те­ри­за­ции тра­тить вре­мя на обу­че­ние про­пис­ные бук­вы англий­ско­го алфа­ви­та, вполне доста­точ­но зна­ния печат­но­го алфа­ви­та. При таком спо­со­бе пись­ма надо обра­щать вни­ма­ние на то, что­бы меж­ду бук­ва­ми одно­го сло­ва рас­сто­я­ния были мини­маль­ны­ми, посколь­ку печат­ные бук­вы меж­ду собой не соеди­ня­ют­ся, и зача­стую текст труд­но читать, так как внут­ри сло­ва про­ме­жут­ки боль­ше, чем интер­вал меж­ду словами.

Каж­дая бук­ва долж­на писать­ся слит­но, не раз­де­ля­ясь на части, ина­че напи­сан­ное будет тяже­ло понять.

При этом необ­хо­ди­мо учесть, что печат­ный спо­соб напи­са­ния букв в зна­чи­тель­ной сте­пе­ни уве­ли­чи­ва­ет вре­мя, необ­хо­ди­мое на напи­са­ние тек­ста. Поми­мо это­го, чело­век, усво­ив­ший толь­ко печат­ный алфа­вит, не смо­жет про­чи­тать руко­пис­ные тек­сты или их элек­трон­ную имитацию.

Для того что­бы при­сту­пить к заня­тию запа­си­тесь шари­ко­вой руч­кой и лист­ком бума­ги (жела­тель­но в линей­ку). Помни­те, очень важ­но пра­виль­но повто­рить тра­ек­то­рию напи­са­ния англий­ских про­пис­ных букв. Это сле­ду­ет делать для того что­бы в даль­ней­шем мож­но было достичь высо­кой ско­ро­сти напи­са­ния англий­ских слов.

Прописные буквы английского алфавита

Если ваш ребё­нок начи­на­ет учить англий­ский язык – вам пона­до­бит­ся пла­кат не толь­ко с печат­ны­ми англий­ски­ми бук­ва­ми, но и с про­пис­ны­ми бук­ва­ми англий­ско­го алфавита.

Обра­ти­те вни­ма­ние на новую тен­ден­цию напи­са­ния боль­шой бук­вы A. Сего­дня при­ня­то ее писать так­же как и малень­кую, хотя ранее она писа­лась похо­же на рус­скую боль­шую A.

В насто­я­щее вре­мя, пожа­луй, сто­ит сми­рить­ся с тем, что боль­шин­ство носи­те­лей англий­ско­го язы­ка (осо­бен­но – аме­ри­кан­цы, австра­лий­цы) уже дав­но в сво­ем повсе­днев­ном оби­хо­де не исполь­зу­ют клас­си­че­скую про­пись, посколь­ку изоб­ра­зить «коря­вые» печат­ные бук­вы гораз­до проще.

Каллиграфический английский алфавит

Каж­дый может научить­ся кал­ли­гра­фии. Даже если вы дума­е­те, что ваш почерк отвра­ти­те­лен, най­дет­ся тот чело­век, кото­рый захо­чет, что­бы имен­но вы под­пи­са­ли сва­деб­ные при­гла­ше­ния перье­вой руч­кой. Осо­бен­но людям нра­вит­ся совре­мен­ная кал­ли­гра­фия, пото­му что она откро­вен­но игно­ри­ру­ет тра­ди­ци­он­ные пра­ви­ла и под­чер­ки­ва­ет индивидуальность.

Английский алфавит прописью