Как пишется город нижний новгород

Правильное написание слова нижний новгород:

нижний новгород

Крутая NFT игра. Играй и зарабатывай!

Правильный транслит слова: nizhniy novgorod

Написание с не правильной раскладкой клавиатуры: yb;ybq yjdujhjl

Тест на правописание

Как и все названия городов и прочих мест в русском языке склоняются. Москва, Москвы, Москвой и так далее. Пенза, Пензы, Пензой. Так и Новгород тоже склоняется. Поэтому нужно писать и говорить города Новгорода, городом Новгородом и так далее. автор вопроса выбрал этот ответ лучшим Влад Славя­нин [10] 5 лет назад При имеющихся в названии корней город или град, обозначение город перед названием не пишется, но само название склоняется в соответствии с правилами русского языка, — в Новгороде, полное же название Великий Новгород, также Нижний Новгород и, Новгород-Северский(Украина). Знаете ответ?

Как написать слово «нижегородский» правильно? Где поставить ударение, сколько в слове ударных и безударных гласных и согласных букв? Как проверить слово «нижегородский»?

нижегоро́дский

Правильное написание — нижегородский, ударение падает на букву: о, безударными гласными являются: и, е, о, и.

Выделим согласные буквы — нижегородский, к согласным относятся: н, ж, г, р, д, с, к, й, звонкие согласные: н, ж, г, р, д, й, глухие согласные: с, к.

Количество букв и слогов:

• букв — 13,
• слогов — 5,
• гласных — 5,
• согласных — 8.

Формы слова: нижегоро́дский (от Ни́жний Но́вгород).

нижний новгород на английском языке как пишется?

Как по-английски пишется Нижний Новгород?

Как написать Нижний Новгород транслитом?

Как будет Нижний Новгород на английском языке?

4 ответа:

1



0

Наиболее распространенный вариант написания — Nizhny Novgorod:

0



0

Так же как и на русском. Мы же не пишем о Нью — Йорке, — Новый Город?

0



0

Старинный город Нижний Новгород, основанный в 1221 году можно писать на английском языке как Nizhny Novgorod. Т.е при написание названия данного города просто используют латиницу. И больших проблем для перевода их с русского на английский язык я не вижу. Возможен еще вариант написания на французский лад и тогда это будет Nijni-Novgorod.

0



0

Нижний Новгород в советское время назывался Горьким (в честь писателя Алексея Пешкова, чьим творческим псевдонимом был Максим Горький). Но потом город вернул свое историческое название, а заодно занял пятое место по количеству населения среди российских городов.

Что касается написания на английском, то Нижний Новгород стоит писать как Nizhny Novgorod. Не очень сложно, если знать звукообразование в английском языке.

Читайте также

Если для паспорта заграничного, то там существуют нормы написания имен и фамилия в английской транскрипции. Сегодня Любовь будет Liubov.Если захотите можно старую транскрипцию выбрать, но придется заявление написать. По старому было Lyubov. Имя собственное не переводится на английский, то есть по смыслу.

При написании по-английски имени Карина, мы можем, теоретически, сподобиться на два варианта — «Karina» и «Carina». И нам остаётся выбрать из них наиболее подходящий, правильный с точки зрения современного транслита.

В запасе есть и ещё много ещё более теоретических вариантов, наподобие «Karrina» или «Carrina», но давайте пока оставим все эти роскошные изыски в покое. Транслит — это приспособление имени к мнимым традициям другого языка, а наиболее точная передача звуко-буквенного ряда с помощью букв.

_

Рекомендуемый последними соответствующими ГОСТами вариант — это «Karina«. Русское «к» передаётся «кэйем». Думается, что это нам привычнее.

Имя Василиса на английском языке точно так же и пишется с одним НО. Русские буквы нужно заменить на английские подобные. То есть получается:

Русскую букву В меняем на английскую V

Русскую букву А меняем на английскую а

Русскую букву С меняем на английскую s

Русскую букву И меняем на английскую i

Русскую букву Л меняем на английскую L

Русскую букву И меняем на английскую i

Русскую букву С меняем на английскую s

Русскую букву А меняем на английскую а

В итоге получаем Vasilisa. Точно такое же написание можно увидеть в заграничном паспорте женщины с таким именем.

А вот имени Василиса или похожего на это имя в английском языке нет. Так что тут без вариантов.

А вот похожее имя можно увидеть в греческом языке. Откуда оно и пошло.

Русское имя Надежда, с точки зрения правила транслитерации пишется по-английски как Nadezhda. Написание имени Надежда на английском языке является достаточно простым, так как практически все буквы данного имени аналоги на английским языком (правило транслитерация, его смысл написание слова буквами другого языка) , за исключением буквы «ж», в данном случаи мы её пишем как «zh».

Имя же Надя это уменьшительное ласкательное от имени Надежда и пишется оно правильно: Nadya.

Здесь тоже нет никаких проблем при написание.

С транслитом отчества Ивановна нет никаких сложностей. По правилам транслитерации русские буквы меняются на английские. Тем более все аналогичные буквы есть в английском алфавите.

Вот так это делается.

Буква И меняется на букву I

Буква В меняется на букву V

Буква А меняется на букву A

Буква Н меняется на букву N

Буква О меняется на букву О

Буква В меняется на букву V

Буква Н меняется на букву N

Буква А меняется на букву А

В итоге получаем английский вариант отчества Ivanovna.

Именно так пишется это отчество по-английски. Такой вариант можно увидеть например в заграничном паспорте или водительских правах гражданина России.

нижегородский

ниже городский

ниже-городский

Правила

В слове «нижегородский» пишут «и» в корне. Слово нужно писать слитно, несмотря на то, что происходит оно от названия «Нижний Новгород».

В русском языке прилагательные, образованные от названий городов, принято писать слитно, сколько бы слов в наименовании не использовалось. Буква «и» проверяется также названием «Нижний» Новгород».

Значение слова

«Нижегородский» — относящийся к Нижнему Новгороду, проживающий в Нижнем Новгороде.

Примеры слова в предложениях

• Это нижегородский парень, он недавно приехал в Москву.
• Нижегородский завод показывает отличную производительность в последние годы.
• Пройтись по нижегородским улицам для меня всегда в удовольствие, это мой родной город и я по нему скучаю.

Всего найдено: 28

Скажите, пожалуйста, в выражениях «нижний, средний, верхний Енисей» первое слово должно писаться со строчной или с прописной?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правило таково: слова, обозначающие участки течения рек, пишутся со строчной буквы, если не входят в состав названий, напр.: верхняя Припять, нижняя Березина, но: Верхняя Тура, Нижняя Тунгуска (названия рек). Поэтому корректно: нижний Енисей, средний Енисей, верхний Енисей.

Добрый день, подскажите, насколько правильно в наименовании улицы Салтыкова-Щедрина, сокращать слово «Салтыкова» и писать «улица С-Щедирна»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Привычны сокращения слов-определений большой, малый, верхний, нижний, северный и под. Сокращение фамилии в названии нежелательно.

Добрый день! Нужна ли в этом предложении запятая? А потом не сговариваясь(,) оба поехали поступать в медицинский институт в Нижний Новгород. Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно: А потом, не сговариваясь, оба поехали поступать в медицинский институт в Нижний Новгород.

Добрый день! Каким правилом регулируется отсутствие запятой перед «чем» в предложениях вроде: «Нижний Новгород — это большая семья, и чем больше крепких союзов рождается, тем счастливее становится наш город»? Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Запятая между двумя союзами не ставится, поскольку нельзя изъять придаточное предложение из состава сложного предложения.

Доброго времени суток! Подскажите, правильно ли употреблен топоним и расставлены при нем знаки препинания: По сообщениям, над районным центром городом Нижний Ломов и прилегающей к нему сельской местности ожидается гроза (или Нижним Ломовом; нужен ли дефис между цетром и городом). Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Требуется тире: По сообщениям, над районным центром — городом Нижний Ломов и прилегающей к нему сельской местностью ожидается гроза.

Что касается склонения названия, то справочники дают разные рекомендации. На практики названия из двух слов при употреблении с родовым словом город чаще не склоняются.

Какой вариант наименования муниципального учреждения верный: «Администрация города Нижний Тагил» или «Администрация города Нижнего Тагила»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Разные справочники дают разные рекомендации (подробнее см. в «Письмовнике»). На практике названия городов из двух слов, если они следуют после родового слова город, чаще не склоняют.

Как правильно пишется в документе: г. Нижний Новгород или Г. Нижний Новгород …выполнены следующие мероприятия: 1. г. Нижний Новгород, пр. Кирова, д. 4, проведена промывка и опрессовка… 2. ……..

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В случаях, когда каждый абзац перечня нумеруется цифрой с точкой, текст после цифры пишется с большой буквы (то есть Г. Нижний Новгород). В конце каждого пункта также ставится точка.

Здравствуйте! Какой временной период означает предложение, следующего содержания: «Человек должен отработать после окончания Вуза на предприятии до пяти лет?» Слово «включительно» отсутствует, то есть это может быть и один день? Правильно ли я понимаю??

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

До пяти лет — это верхний предел. Нижний здесь не указан. Указано только то, что отработать все-таки должен.

Здравствуйте! Склоняются ли такие географические названия, как Нижний Новгород, Старый Оскол, если они употреблены с родовым словом? Например, правильно ли будет сказать: «по городу Нижнему Новгороду?» Я считаю, что название склоняется, хотя у Розенталя есть такие слова: «Обычно не согласуются составные названия: в городе Минеральные Воды; у города Матвеев Курган; в городе Новый Орлеан». Разъясните, пожалуйста, данный вопрос.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Подробный ответ см. в «Письмовнике».

Здравствуйте! Проконсультируйте, пожалуйста, как правильно писать такие географические названия, как В(в)ерхний (нижний, средний) Амур и подобные названия, если речь идет об участках одной реки. Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В «Справочнике издателя и автора» А. Э. Мильчина, Л, К. Чельцовой дана такая рекомендация: названия участков течения рек и плесов пишутся со строчной, если они не входят в состав сложных собственных названий. Например: верхняя Припять, нижняя Березина, средний плес Волги. Но: Верхняя Тура (название города), Нижняя Тунгуска (название реки). Поэтому правильно: верхний Амур, средний Амур, нижний Амур.

Добрый вечер! Какой из вариантов будет более грамотным: «Ложе Бенуара» или «Ложе Бенуар»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: ложа бенуара. Бенуар – нижний ярус лож в зрительном зале, расположенный на уровне сцены или партера.

Здравствуйте! У нас в Якутии есть такие населенные пункты, как Нижний Куранах, Нижний Бестях. Естественно, пишутся они в два слова без знаков препинания. А какому правилу подчиняется написание прилагательных от этих названий? Например, нижне-куранахская больница (гимназия) или нижнекуранахская, нижне-бестяхский или нижнебестяхский (техникум)? Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

По аналогии со словами нижнерейнский (от Нижний Рейн), нижневолжский (от Нижняя Волга) рекомендуем слитное написание: нижнекуранахская, нижнебестяхский.

Здравствуйте!
помогите же, помогите! а то голова почти сломана. уже спрашивала — не ответили… попытка-2.
редактируем медицинское издание и ПОСТОЯННО сталкиваемся со сложными прилагательными-терминами. по какому правилу их следует писать? например, почему плечелопаточный — слитно, а ключично-лопаточный через дефис?! почему в большинстве источников иноязычные термины (вертебробазилярный, торакоабдоминальный, краниосакральный…) пишутся слитно, хотя по сути также обозначают совмещение двух органов (областей тела)? или эти термины переносятся как кальки из другого языка? задненижний слитно, а передне-задний через дефис? неужели первое — от словосочетания «задний низ»?!
ну хотя бы по поводу иноязычных посоветуйте, пожалуйста! потому что и в словарях они встречаются по-разному написанными…

с верой в Ваш разум и теплой благодарностью,
Анна.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Сложносоставные термины, особенно иноязычные, на практике имеют тенденцию к слитному написанию. Дефисное написание ряда слов может быть связано с традицией или логическими отношениями подчинения (конечно, приведенный Вами пример подчинительного сочетания «задний низ» комичен). 

как называются жители городов: Варшава, Анапа, Витебск, Ижевск, Иркутск, Киев, Керчь, Киров, Кострома, Кривой Рог, Курск, Липецк, Минеральные Воды, Мурманск, Нижний Новгород, Омск, Пенза, Псков, Смоленск, Тула?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Найти ответ на этот вопрос Вам поможет словарь И. Л. Городецкой, Е. А. Левашова «Русские названия жителей» (М., 2003).

Здравствуйте.
Скажите, откуда в русском языке появилась традиция писать иностранные географические названия из двух слов через дефис? Например: Нью-Йорк, Лос-Анджелес, Тель-Авив, Буэнос-Айрес.
Заранее спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Скорее всего, это связано с тем, что в русском языке не существует употребляющихся самостоятельно слов Тель, Авив, Буэнос, Айрес, Анджелес и т. д. Согласно нормам русской орфографии раздельно пишутся только составные географические названия, представляющие собой сочетание существительного с предшествующим прилагательным или числительным (Нижний Новгород, Ясная Поляна, Царское Село) или включающие в свой состав такое сочетание (мыс Доброй Надежды). Конечно, в названиях Нью-Йорк, Буэнос-Айрес первая часть тоже является прилагательным (нью – новый, буэнос – добрых), но по-русски они как прилагательные не воспринимаются.

Всего найдено: 14

Уважаемая «Грамота.ру», здравствуйте. У меня такой вопрос: названия погранзастав ведь не нужно брать в кавычки, т. к. это топонимы? Например, застава Нижнемихайловская, застава Кулебякины Сопки. С благодарностью за помощь, Вера, г. Пермь

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Написание без кавычек (по аналогии с топонимами) корректно.

Здравствуйте! Склоняются ли такие географические названия, как Нижний Новгород, Старый Оскол, если они употреблены с родовым словом? Например, правильно ли будет сказать: «по городу Нижнему Новгороду?» Я считаю, что название склоняется, хотя у Розенталя есть такие слова: «Обычно не согласуются составные названия: в городе Минеральные Воды; у города Матвеев Курган; в городе Новый Орлеан». Разъясните, пожалуйста, данный вопрос.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Подробный ответ см. в «Письмовнике».

Грамота, нужна ли запятая в скобках?
_В 2012 году открыли самую большую в Нижнем Новгороде, оснащённую в соответствии с современными мировыми стандартам(,) конгресс-зону._

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Предложение составлено небезупречно, его лучше перестроить: В 2012 году открыли самую большую в Нижнем Новгороде конгресс-зону, оснащенную в соответствии с современными мировыми стандартами.

Грамота, подскажи! Можно ли писать слово «Кремль» с прописной буквы в значении резиденция правительства, если имеется виду Нижегородский кремль и нижегородское правительство? В Нижнем Новгороде, так же как и в Москве, правительство заседает в кремле.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Можно, но делать это не обязательно.

Приведите примеры, пжт, в каких случаях в окончании слова «течение» на конце пишется «ИИ».

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Например: уровень воды в нижнем течении реки.

В нижнем этаже (,) под балконом заиграла скрипка (,) и запели два нежных женский голоса.Нужна ли запятая?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Слова под балконом могут быть выделены запятыми, если выступают в роли уточнения. Перед союзом и запятая не нужна, т. к. части сложносочиненного предложения имеют общий второстепенный член.

Добрый день, подскажите как правильно писать: филиал в г.Н.Новгород или филиал в г.Н.Новгороде?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Лучше всего: филиал в Нижнем Новгороде.

Где должна стоять заптая? Вопрос срочный. Заранее спасибо за ответ

По данным городской администрации(,) на 1 января 2007 г.(,) в Нижнем Новгороде функционировало порядка 78 гостиниц

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Первая запятая нужна, вторая не требуется.

Здравствуйте!
верно ли написание слова «несбалансированна»:
она в нижнем углу была несбалансированна с остальным изображением.
Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В данном случае это слово употреблено неверно, его следует заменить.

Как написать «речной вокзал»(с прописной или со строчной?) в предложении «С причала речного воказала отправился теплоход», если в Нижнем Новгороде только один речной вокзал? Очень многие пишут с прописной, а мне кажется, что у Розенталя в словаре со строчной, однако словарь дома, а проблему надо решить в офисе и быстро. Спасибо за то, что вы есть.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Верно написание с маленькой буквы.

ГДЕ ОТВЕТ ПО ПОВОДУ ВИТАМИНОВ? ДВА РАЗА СПРАШИВАЛ! ГИГАНТСКОЕ СПАСИБО!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В названиях витаминов цифры пишутся в нижнем регистре без отбивки от буквы (как _2_ в химической формуле воды).

Как правильно писать слово сигнатар и каково его происхождение?
Спасибо

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Возможно, имеетс в виду слово _сигнатура_ (средневековое латинское signatura < латинское signare ‘обозначать, указывать’). 1. Ярлычок на приготовленном в аптеке лекарстве, представляющий собою копию рецепта. 2. Цифра, обозначающая порядковый номер печатного листа в книге или журнале и печатающаяся в нижнем левом углу на первой странице каждого печатного листа (в полиграфии).

Помогите, пожалуйста, разрешить спор с коллегами по поводу склоняемости следующих словосочетаний:город Нижний Тагил и город Каменск-Уральский. Мне говорят, что согласно Розенталю не склоняются, а я читал на вашем сайте, что склоняются. Так как же все-таки правильно: в гор. Нижний(ем) Тагил(е) и в гор. Каменск-Уральский, в гор. Каменск-Уральском, в гор. Каменске-Уральском?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Согласно правилам, оба названия склоняются: _в г. Нижнем Тагиле_, в г. Каменске-Уральском_ (первая часть тоже склоняется). Подробнее см. http://spravka.gramota.ru/blang.html?id=167 [в Письмовнике].

Как правильно: Живу в городе Нижнем Новгороде или Живу в городе Нижний Новгород? Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: _Живу в городе Нижнем Новгороде_.

Nizhny Novgorod Нижний Новгород
City[1]
Top-down, left-to-right: Dmitrievskaya Tower of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin and Minin and Pozharsky Square, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral and Nizhny Novgorod Stadium, Minin and Pozharsky Monument, GAZ, Chkalov Stairs, Nizhny Novgorod Fair.
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod Location of Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod (European Russia) Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod (Europe)
Coordinates: 56°19′37″N 44°00′27″E / 56.32694°N 44.00750°ECoordinates: 56°19′37″N 44°00′27″E / 56.32694°N 44.00750°E
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast[1]
Founded	1221[2]
City status since	1221[2]
Government
• Body	City Duma[3]
• Mayor[5]	Yury Shalabaev[4]
Area [6]
• Total	514.56 km2 (198.67 sq mi)
Elevation	200 m (700 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[7]
• Total	1,250,619
• Estimate  (2018)[8]	1,259,013 (+0.7%)
• Rank	5th in 2010
• Density	2,400/km2 (6,300/sq mi)
Demonym	Nizhegorodian
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod[1]
• Capital of	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast[1], city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod[1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug[9]
• Capital of	Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug[9]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [10])
Postal code(s)[11]	603000-603999
Dialing code(s)	+7 831[12]
OKTMO ID	22701000001
City Day	3rd Saturday of August[13]
Website	admgor.nnov.ru

Nizhny Novgorod ( NIZH-nee NOV-gə-rod;^[14] Russian: Нижний Новгород, IPA: [ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət] (listen) lit. ‘Lower Novgorod/Lower New City’), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, from the 13th to the 17th century Novgorod of the Lower Land, known from 1932 to 1990 as Gorky (Горький, [ˈɡorʲkʲɪj]), is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District. The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents,^[15] up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration.^[16] Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.

The city was founded on 4 February 1221^[17] by Prince George II of Vladimir. In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow and all Russia from the Poles and Lithuanians. In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire. In 1896, at a fair, an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period, the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period. Then the city was given the nickname «Russian Detroit». Shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant, which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation.

The Kremlin – the historic center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is «нижегородец» (nizhegorodets) for male or «нижегородка» (nizhegorodka) for female, rendered in English as Nizhegorodian. Novgorodian is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

History[edit]

Name[edit]

Originally the name was just Novgorod («Newtown»), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called «Novgorod of the Lower lands,» or «Lower Newtown.» This land was named «lower» (nizhniy (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.

Seat of medieval princes[edit]

The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the
capture of Kazan in 1552.

Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.

Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centers in Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved there from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the Laurentian Codex, was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.

Strongest fortress of the Grand Duchy of Moscow[edit]

After the city’s incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick Kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.

In 1612, the so-called «national militia», gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the «Time of Troubles» and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin’s remains are buried in the citadel. In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.

In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs, the wealthiest merchant family of Russia, as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov School, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.

The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above.

Great trade center[edit]

In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world’s first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world’s first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics, the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.

The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company’s own railway to Moskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century, the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.

Soviet era[edit]

There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.

The Marxist activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat. When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky’s name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey’s grandfather who owned the place.

During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the Soviet Union.

During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Lenin. Mátyás Rákosi, the former Stalinist General Secretary of Hungary’s communist party, died in exile there in 1971. November 20, 1985, in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the «closed» status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city’s original name in 1990.^[18]

Post-Soviet era[edit]

The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod was celebrated on August 21, 2021. It celebrated the history and the great people who came from the city. The climax of the celebration was the city’s 800th Anniversary Gala Show. Natalia Vodianova gave a speech and Vladimir Putin was in attendance.^[19] The Central Bank of Russia issued commemorative coins to honor the 800th anniversary.^[20]

• 

• 

• 

  Kanavino Bridge

Administrative and municipal status[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast.^[1] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug.^[9]
In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin’s United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.^[21]

City layout and divisions[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (Russian: Нагорная часть, Nagornaya chast, Mountainous part) is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:

1.    Nizhegorodsky (the Kremlin, the historical and administrative center of the city);
2.    Prioksky
3.    Sovetsky

The Lower City (Russian: Заречная часть, Zarechnaya chast, Over river part) occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:

1.    Avtozavodsky (built around the Gorky Automobile Plant);
2.    Kanavinsky (the site of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair and the location of the main train station);
3.    Leninsky.
4.    Moskovsky (home of the Sokol Aircraft Plant and its airfield);
5.    Sormovsky (where Krasnoye Sormovo and the Volga Shipyard are located);

All of today’s lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.

Demographics[edit]

• Population: 1,250,619 (2010 Census);^[7] 1,311,252 (2002 Census);^[22] 1,438,133 (1989 Census).^[23]
• Births (2009): 12,934
• Deaths (2009): 20,987

Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.

Geographу[edit]

Time[edit]

The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.

Climate[edit]

In 1834 the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since 1978 it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.

The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental (Dfb), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from +19 °C (66 °F) in July to −9 °C (16 °F) in January. Average annual temperature is +4.8 °C (40.6 °F), wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%. Being far enough away from the Baltic Sea for maritime effects to lower, Nizhny Novgorod has similar winters to Bothnian Bay climates near the Arctic Circle, but instead has very warm summers for its latitude.

Nizhny receives on average 1 775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), and the minimum in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75 to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it’s only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter, the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster (‘cumulus cloud’), and disappear towards the evening.

In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from −10 °C (14 °F) to −20 °C (−4 °F). A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there’s less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when the temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from +15 °C (59 °F) to +20 °C (68 °F). A maximum temperature of +38.2 °C (100.8 °F) was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summer rain is short but intense, with strong wind. In September temperature starts to drop and gets below +10 °C (50 °F) in the mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn, and the sky is overcast.

Politics[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod constituency for the State Duma.

Economy[edit]

Information technology[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. Intel has a big software research and development center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major data center. In Nizhny Novgorod, there are also a number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.

There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.

Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.

Engineering industry[edit]

Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod’s economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture, and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).

Some of the largest plants include:

• JSC «Gorky Automobile Plant» – personal cars, trucks, armored personnel carriers, and other autos
• JSC «Krasnoye Sormovo» – river and sea ships, submarines
• JSC «Sokol» – airplanes, jets
• PJSC «Nizhny Novgorod Machine-building Plant» – armament, artillery, howitzers, anti-tank guns, oil and gas fittings
• JSC «Hydromash»- hydraulic actuators, landing gear
• JSC «Nitel» – TV sets
• JSC «RUMO» – diesel generators
• JSC «Krasny yakor» – anchor chains
• OKBM Afrikantov – nuclear reactors

Transportation[edit]

Local public transportation[edit]

Public transportation within the city is provided by a trams, marshrutkas (routed taxis), buses, and trolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.

Metro[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with railway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.^[26]

S-Train[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: Sormovskaya and Priokskaya. It was founded on June 24, 2013, on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.

Railway[edit]

The Gorky Railway, a Russian Railways department which operates some 5,700 km (3,500 mi) of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and 1,200 km (750 mi) in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow.^[27] Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. А fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing, Pyongyang, and Ulan-Bator.

The first high-speed rail Sapsan train to Moscow (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010.^[28] The route has been run using Strizh trains since 2015.

Suburban commuter trains (elektrichka) connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.

Waterways[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod – Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod – Makaryevo.

Highway[edit]

The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod – Saransk – Penza – Saratov).

Intercity buses[edit]

The system of Nizhny Novgorod’s bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south.^[29][30] Presently, the city’s main bus terminals are the following:

• Kanavino Bus Station, near the Moscow Railway Station. Mostly serves directions west and northwest (e.g. toward Moscow)
• Scherbinki Bus Station, a few miles south of downtown. Mostly serves directions east and south.

Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.

Aerial cableway[edit]

In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched.^[31] The length of the cableway is 3.5 km (2.2 mi). It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface, which is 861 metres (2,825 feet). The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque and Pechersky Ascension Monastery.100 metres (330 feet) from the Borskaya station is located the park of historical reconstruction of Pax Romana, which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. July 31, 2014 on the cable car there was an incident. The lightning struck a metal support near the booth in which people were. At this time there was a heavy thunderstorm and the cable car was stopped. However, people were already in the cabins.^[32]

Air travel[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is served by Strigino International Airport,^[33] which has direct flights to major Russian cities and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. S7 Airlines and Aeroflot fly to Moscow’s Domodedovo and Sheremetyevo Airports daily.

It is unknown when the first aerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was 0.5 km (0 mi) north from where the «Moscow» movie theater stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, certain renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility whilst the new one is being built.

In June 2014, the construction of a new terminal started. It is supposed to be opened by December 2015 and be able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. The second terminal will be built after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, hosted by Nizhny Novgorod among others, and the aforementioned railway station is planned to be constructed during that time as well. The new terminal was opened on December 29, 2015, as the first flight, from Moscow, was directed there. The airport authority plans to redirect all the domestic flights to the new terminal by February 2016 and all the international flights by April 2016.

Main sights[edit]

Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.

There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions, there are eight theaters, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 movie theaters (including five for children), 25 institutions of children’s optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.

The Fair[edit]

The center of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a 3.5 m (11 ft) high dam was built. On November 4, 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called «Russia is My History» was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the history of Nizhny Novgorod, starting from Finnic peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the Time of Troubles and the bombing of the city during the World War II. On the first day of work, the entrance to the exhibition was free, because of which a long line lined up in front of the Main Fair Building.

Nizhny Novgorod art gallery[edit]

The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture.

Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.

Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also a collection of East Asian art.

Houses of worship[edit]

Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.

There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin’s Nativity Church^[34] (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk^[35] (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city’s Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.

Other notable churches include:

• the Transfiguration Cathedral,^[36] also known as the Old Fair Cathedral, a huge domed edifice built at the site of the great fair to an Empire style design by Agustín de Betancourt and Auguste de Montferrand in 1822;
• the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral,^[37] designed in the Russian Revival style and constructed between 1856 and 1880 at the Spit of Nizhny Novgorod (the confluence of the Oka and the Volga). It is the third-tallest Cathedral in Russia;
• the Church of the Nativity. One of the most beautiful churches in the city. Was built 1696–1719 on the means of the merchant Grigory Stroganov. It is one of the best examples of Stroganov style. Church located at the Rozhdestvenskaya Street
• the recently reconstructed Church of the Nativity of John the Precursor^[38] (1676–83), standing just below the Kremlin walls; it was used during the Soviet period as an apartment house;
• the parish churches of the Holy Wives^[39] (1649) and of Saint Elijah^[40] (1656);
• the Assumption Church on St Elijah’s Hill^[41] (1672), with five green-tiled domes arranged unorthodoxly on the lofty cross-shaped barrel roof;
• the shrine of the Old Believers at the Bugrovskoe cemetery,^[42] erected in the 1910s to a critically acclaimed design by Vladimir Pokrovsky;
• the wooden chapel of the Intercession^[43] (1660), transported to Nizhny Novgorod from a rural area.

The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991.

Chkalov Stairs[edit]

The Chkalov Staircase connects Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga, and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev, and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in Russia. The staircase starts from the monument to Chkalov, near St. George’s Tower of the Kremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps if you count it on both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the boat «Hero», which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.

Nizhny Novgorod Stadium[edit]

Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city center is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.

Other[edit]

A singular monument of industrial architecture is a 128 m (420 ft) open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.

Education[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:

• N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod
• Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University^[44]
• Research Medical University of Volga region
• Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
• Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University
• Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
• Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy
• Volgo-Vyatsky Region Civil Service Academy^[45]

There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.

Sports[edit]

Several sports clubs are active in the city:

Club	Sport	Founded	Current League	League Rank	Stadium
FC Nizhny Novgorod	Football	2015	Russian Premier League	1st	Nizhny Novgorod Stadium
Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod	Ice hockey	1946	Kontinental Hockey League	1st	Trade Union Sport Palace
Start Nizhny Novgorod	Bandy	1932	Bandy Super League	1st	Start Stadium
BC Nizhny Novgorod	Basketball	2000	VTB United League	1st	Trade Union Sport Palace
ASC	Volleyball	2016	Major League A	2nd	FOK Zarechye
Sparta	Volleyball	2000	Women’s Volleyball Supreme League A	2nd	FOK Zarechye
Futbol-Hokkey NN	Futsal	1996	Futsal Supreme League	2nd	FOK Krasnaya Gorka

2018 FIFA World Cup[edit]

Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the new Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.^[46]
The stadium hosted six matches of the FIFA World Cup:

• June 18, 2018 15:00 Sweden – South Korea, Group F
• June 21, 2018 21:00 Argentina – Croatia, Group D
• June 24, 2018 15:00 England – Panama, Group G
• June 27, 2018 21:00 Switzerland – Costa Rica, Group E
• July 1, 2018 21:00 Croatia – Denmark Round of 16
• July 6, 17:00, Uruguay – France Quarter-finals

During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop, and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.

Media[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is the center of television and radio broadcasting in the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet, and print media.

Newspapers[edit]

In the city, there are some popular urban newspapers. Nizhegorodskaya Pravda, Stolitsa Nizhny and Nizhegorodsky rabochiy are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Nizhegorodskaya pravda is the oldest newspaper of the city.

TV and radio[edit]

One of the first TV channels in the city was NNTV. It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also, there is the TV channel Volga. The earlier existing most popular TV channel, Seti-NN, stopped broadcasting in December 2015.

Nizhny Novgorod television networks:

Channel One Russia-1 Russia-2 NTV TV Tsentr Channel 5 Russia-K Russia-24

Public Television of Russia REN TV STS 3ABN TNT TV-3 Zvezda Domashny Carousel

Peretz 2×2 Pyatnica! Disney Channel RBC RU.TV

STRC Nizhny Novgorod NNTV Volga

Nizhny Novgorod radio stations:

3ABN Russia Radio «Russian (Russkoye) Radio» «Europa Plus» «DFM» «NRJ (Russia)» «Radio Maximum» «Obraz» «NN-Radio» «Comedy Radio»

«Love Radio» «Pioneer FM» «Radio Dacha» «Nashe Radio» «Radio 7» «Humor FM» «Retro FM» «Politseiskaya Volna (Police Wave)»

«Radio Rendez Vous» «Zvezda» «Radio Rossii» «Mayak» «Business FM» «Autoradio» «Silver Rain» «Chanson»

«Dorozhnoe Radio (Radio of roads)» «Vesti FM» «Kommersant FM» «Children’s Radio» «Radio Alla» «Hit FM» «Radio Record»

Notable people[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with:^[47]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

• Media related to Nizhny Novgorod at Wikimedia Commons

• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). «Nizhniy-Novgorod (town)» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). p. 721.
• Official website of Nizhny Novgorod
• NIZHNY NOVGOROD — 2018 FIFA World Cup™ Host City on YouTube by FIFA
• Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin (in Russian)
• Official website of Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum (in Russian)
• The Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas Archdiocese (in Russian)

Nizhny Novgorod Нижний Новгород
City[1]
Top-down, left-to-right: Dmitrievskaya Tower of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin and Minin and Pozharsky Square, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral and Nizhny Novgorod Stadium, Minin and Pozharsky Monument, GAZ, Chkalov Stairs, Nizhny Novgorod Fair.
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod Location of Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod (European Russia) Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod (Europe)
Coordinates: 56°19′37″N 44°00′27″E / 56.32694°N 44.00750°ECoordinates: 56°19′37″N 44°00′27″E / 56.32694°N 44.00750°E
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast[1]
Founded	1221[2]
City status since	1221[2]
Government
• Body	City Duma[3]
• Mayor[5]	Yury Shalabaev[4]
Area [6]
• Total	514.56 km2 (198.67 sq mi)
Elevation	200 m (700 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[7]
• Total	1,250,619
• Estimate  (2018)[8]	1,259,013 (+0.7%)
• Rank	5th in 2010
• Density	2,400/km2 (6,300/sq mi)
Demonym	Nizhegorodian
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod[1]
• Capital of	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast[1], city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod[1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug[9]
• Capital of	Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug[9]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [10])
Postal code(s)[11]	603000-603999
Dialing code(s)	+7 831[12]
OKTMO ID	22701000001
City Day	3rd Saturday of August[13]
Website	admgor.nnov.ru

Nizhny Novgorod ( NIZH-nee NOV-gə-rod;^[14] Russian: Нижний Новгород, IPA: [ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət] (listen) lit. ‘Lower Novgorod/Lower New City’), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, from the 13th to the 17th century Novgorod of the Lower Land, known from 1932 to 1990 as Gorky (Горький, [ˈɡorʲkʲɪj]), is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District. The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents,^[15] up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration.^[16] Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.

The city was founded on 4 February 1221^[17] by Prince George II of Vladimir. In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow and all Russia from the Poles and Lithuanians. In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire. In 1896, at a fair, an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period, the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period. Then the city was given the nickname «Russian Detroit». Shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant, which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation.

The Kremlin – the historic center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is «нижегородец» (nizhegorodets) for male or «нижегородка» (nizhegorodka) for female, rendered in English as Nizhegorodian. Novgorodian is inappropriate; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

History[edit]

Name[edit]

Originally the name was just Novgorod («Newtown»), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called «Novgorod of the Lower lands,» or «Lower Newtown.» This land was named «lower» (nizhniy (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.

Seat of medieval princes[edit]

The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the
capture of Kazan in 1552.

Its independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.

Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centers in Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved there from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the Laurentian Codex, was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.

Strongest fortress of the Grand Duchy of Moscow[edit]

After the city’s incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick Kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.

In 1612, the so-called «national militia», gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the «Time of Troubles» and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as Minin Square. Minin’s remains are buried in the citadel. In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.

In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs, the wealthiest merchant family of Russia, as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov School, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.

The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above.

Great trade center[edit]

In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world’s first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world’s first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics, the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.

The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company’s own railway to Moskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century, the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.

Soviet era[edit]

There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.

The Marxist activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat. When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin, the city was renamed Gorky. The city bore Gorky’s name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey’s grandfather who owned the place.

During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was the main supplier of military equipment to the front. These attacks became the most powerful in the entire World War II in the rear of the Soviet Union.

During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Lenin. Mátyás Rákosi, the former Stalinist General Secretary of Hungary’s communist party, died in exile there in 1971. November 20, 1985, in the city was launched the first section of the metro. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the «closed» status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city’s original name in 1990.^[18]

Post-Soviet era[edit]

The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod was celebrated on August 21, 2021. It celebrated the history and the great people who came from the city. The climax of the celebration was the city’s 800th Anniversary Gala Show. Natalia Vodianova gave a speech and Vladimir Putin was in attendance.^[19] The Central Bank of Russia issued commemorative coins to honor the 800th anniversary.^[20]

• 

• 

• 

  Kanavino Bridge

Administrative and municipal status[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast.^[1] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug.^[9]
In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin’s United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.^[21]

City layout and divisions[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (Russian: Нагорная часть, Nagornaya chast, Mountainous part) is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:

1.    Nizhegorodsky (the Kremlin, the historical and administrative center of the city);
2.    Prioksky
3.    Sovetsky

The Lower City (Russian: Заречная часть, Zarechnaya chast, Over river part) occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:

1.    Avtozavodsky (built around the Gorky Automobile Plant);
2.    Kanavinsky (the site of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair and the location of the main train station);
3.    Leninsky.
4.    Moskovsky (home of the Sokol Aircraft Plant and its airfield);
5.    Sormovsky (where Krasnoye Sormovo and the Volga Shipyard are located);

All of today’s lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.

Demographics[edit]

• Population: 1,250,619 (2010 Census);^[7] 1,311,252 (2002 Census);^[22] 1,438,133 (1989 Census).^[23]
• Births (2009): 12,934
• Deaths (2009): 20,987

Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.

Geographу[edit]

Time[edit]

The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.

Climate[edit]

In 1834 the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service, then since 1978 it is known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department.

The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental (Dfb), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from +19 °C (66 °F) in July to −9 °C (16 °F) in January. Average annual temperature is +4.8 °C (40.6 °F), wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%. Being far enough away from the Baltic Sea for maritime effects to lower, Nizhny Novgorod has similar winters to Bothnian Bay climates near the Arctic Circle, but instead has very warm summers for its latitude.

Nizhny receives on average 1 775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), and the minimum in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75 to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it’s only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter, the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster (‘cumulus cloud’), and disappear towards the evening.

In spring temperatures set above zero around April 5 and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from −10 °C (14 °F) to −20 °C (−4 °F). A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there’s less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when the temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from +15 °C (59 °F) to +20 °C (68 °F). A maximum temperature of +38.2 °C (100.8 °F) was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Summer rain is short but intense, with strong wind. In September temperature starts to drop and gets below +10 °C (50 °F) in the mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn, and the sky is overcast.

Politics[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod constituency for the State Duma.

Economy[edit]

Information technology[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. Intel has a big software research and development center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major data center. In Nizhny Novgorod, there are also a number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.

There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.

Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.

Engineering industry[edit]

Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod’s economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture, and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%).

Some of the largest plants include:

• JSC «Gorky Automobile Plant» – personal cars, trucks, armored personnel carriers, and other autos
• JSC «Krasnoye Sormovo» – river and sea ships, submarines
• JSC «Sokol» – airplanes, jets
• PJSC «Nizhny Novgorod Machine-building Plant» – armament, artillery, howitzers, anti-tank guns, oil and gas fittings
• JSC «Hydromash»- hydraulic actuators, landing gear
• JSC «Nitel» – TV sets
• JSC «RUMO» – diesel generators
• JSC «Krasny yakor» – anchor chains
• OKBM Afrikantov – nuclear reactors

Transportation[edit]

Local public transportation[edit]

Public transportation within the city is provided by a trams, marshrutkas (routed taxis), buses, and trolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.

Metro[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with railway terminal, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.^[26]

S-Train[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: Sormovskaya and Priokskaya. It was founded on June 24, 2013, on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.

Railway[edit]

The Gorky Railway, a Russian Railways department which operates some 5,700 km (3,500 mi) of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and 1,200 km (750 mi) in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow.^[27] Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. А fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing, Pyongyang, and Ulan-Bator.

The first high-speed rail Sapsan train to Moscow (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010.^[28] The route has been run using Strizh trains since 2015.

Suburban commuter trains (elektrichka) connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.

Waterways[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod – Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod – Makaryevo.

Highway[edit]

The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod – Saransk – Penza – Saratov).

Intercity buses[edit]

The system of Nizhny Novgorod’s bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south.^[29][30] Presently, the city’s main bus terminals are the following:

• Kanavino Bus Station, near the Moscow Railway Station. Mostly serves directions west and northwest (e.g. toward Moscow)
• Scherbinki Bus Station, a few miles south of downtown. Mostly serves directions east and south.

Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.

Aerial cableway[edit]

In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched.^[31] The length of the cableway is 3.5 km (2.2 mi). It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface, which is 861 metres (2,825 feet). The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque and Pechersky Ascension Monastery.100 metres (330 feet) from the Borskaya station is located the park of historical reconstruction of Pax Romana, which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. July 31, 2014 on the cable car there was an incident. The lightning struck a metal support near the booth in which people were. At this time there was a heavy thunderstorm and the cable car was stopped. However, people were already in the cabins.^[32]

Air travel[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is served by Strigino International Airport,^[33] which has direct flights to major Russian cities and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. S7 Airlines and Aeroflot fly to Moscow’s Domodedovo and Sheremetyevo Airports daily.

It is unknown when the first aerodrome in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was 0.5 km (0 mi) north from where the «Moscow» movie theater stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, certain renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility whilst the new one is being built.

In June 2014, the construction of a new terminal started. It is supposed to be opened by December 2015 and be able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. The second terminal will be built after the 2018 FIFA World Cup, hosted by Nizhny Novgorod among others, and the aforementioned railway station is planned to be constructed during that time as well. The new terminal was opened on December 29, 2015, as the first flight, from Moscow, was directed there. The airport authority plans to redirect all the domestic flights to the new terminal by February 2016 and all the international flights by April 2016.

Main sights[edit]

Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century.

There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions, there are eight theaters, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 movie theaters (including five for children), 25 institutions of children’s optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks.

The Fair[edit]

The center of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a 3.5 m (11 ft) high dam was built. On November 4, 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called «Russia is My History» was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the history of Nizhny Novgorod, starting from Finnic peoples. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the Time of Troubles and the bombing of the city during the World War II. On the first day of work, the entrance to the exhibition was free, because of which a long line lined up in front of the Main Fair Building.

Nizhny Novgorod art gallery[edit]

The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture.

Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.

Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also a collection of East Asian art.

Houses of worship[edit]

Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.

There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin’s Nativity Church^[34] (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk^[35] (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city’s Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.

Other notable churches include:

• the Transfiguration Cathedral,^[36] also known as the Old Fair Cathedral, a huge domed edifice built at the site of the great fair to an Empire style design by Agustín de Betancourt and Auguste de Montferrand in 1822;
• the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral,^[37] designed in the Russian Revival style and constructed between 1856 and 1880 at the Spit of Nizhny Novgorod (the confluence of the Oka and the Volga). It is the third-tallest Cathedral in Russia;
• the Church of the Nativity. One of the most beautiful churches in the city. Was built 1696–1719 on the means of the merchant Grigory Stroganov. It is one of the best examples of Stroganov style. Church located at the Rozhdestvenskaya Street
• the recently reconstructed Church of the Nativity of John the Precursor^[38] (1676–83), standing just below the Kremlin walls; it was used during the Soviet period as an apartment house;
• the parish churches of the Holy Wives^[39] (1649) and of Saint Elijah^[40] (1656);
• the Assumption Church on St Elijah’s Hill^[41] (1672), with five green-tiled domes arranged unorthodoxly on the lofty cross-shaped barrel roof;
• the shrine of the Old Believers at the Bugrovskoe cemetery,^[42] erected in the 1910s to a critically acclaimed design by Vladimir Pokrovsky;
• the wooden chapel of the Intercession^[43] (1660), transported to Nizhny Novgorod from a rural area.

The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991.

Chkalov Stairs[edit]

The Chkalov Staircase connects Minin and Pozharsky Square, the Upper Volga, and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev, and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in Russia. The staircase starts from the monument to Chkalov, near St. George’s Tower of the Kremlin. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps if you count it on both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the boat «Hero», which is located at the Lower Volga embankment.

Nizhny Novgorod Stadium[edit]

Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city center is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex.

Other[edit]

A singular monument of industrial architecture is a 128 m (420 ft) open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.

Education[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:

• N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod
• Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University^[44]
• Research Medical University of Volga region
• Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
• Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University
• Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
• Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy
• Volgo-Vyatsky Region Civil Service Academy^[45]

There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.

Sports[edit]

Several sports clubs are active in the city:

Club	Sport	Founded	Current League	League Rank	Stadium
FC Nizhny Novgorod	Football	2015	Russian Premier League	1st	Nizhny Novgorod Stadium
Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod	Ice hockey	1946	Kontinental Hockey League	1st	Trade Union Sport Palace
Start Nizhny Novgorod	Bandy	1932	Bandy Super League	1st	Start Stadium
BC Nizhny Novgorod	Basketball	2000	VTB United League	1st	Trade Union Sport Palace
ASC	Volleyball	2016	Major League A	2nd	FOK Zarechye
Sparta	Volleyball	2000	Women’s Volleyball Supreme League A	2nd	FOK Zarechye
Futbol-Hokkey NN	Futsal	1996	Futsal Supreme League	2nd	FOK Krasnaya Gorka

2018 FIFA World Cup[edit]

Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and six matches were played at the new Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.^[46]
The stadium hosted six matches of the FIFA World Cup:

• June 18, 2018 15:00 Sweden – South Korea, Group F
• June 21, 2018 21:00 Argentina – Croatia, Group D
• June 24, 2018 15:00 England – Panama, Group G
• June 27, 2018 21:00 Switzerland – Costa Rica, Group E
• July 1, 2018 21:00 Croatia – Denmark Round of 16
• July 6, 17:00, Uruguay – France Quarter-finals

During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop, and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen.

Media[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is the center of television and radio broadcasting in the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet, and print media.

Newspapers[edit]

In the city, there are some popular urban newspapers. Nizhegorodskaya Pravda, Stolitsa Nizhny and Nizhegorodsky rabochiy are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Nizhegorodskaya pravda is the oldest newspaper of the city.

TV and radio[edit]

One of the first TV channels in the city was NNTV. It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also, there is the TV channel Volga. The earlier existing most popular TV channel, Seti-NN, stopped broadcasting in December 2015.

Nizhny Novgorod television networks:

Channel One Russia-1 Russia-2 NTV TV Tsentr Channel 5 Russia-K Russia-24

Public Television of Russia REN TV STS 3ABN TNT TV-3 Zvezda Domashny Carousel

Peretz 2×2 Pyatnica! Disney Channel RBC RU.TV

STRC Nizhny Novgorod NNTV Volga

Nizhny Novgorod radio stations:

3ABN Russia Radio «Russian (Russkoye) Radio» «Europa Plus» «DFM» «NRJ (Russia)» «Radio Maximum» «Obraz» «NN-Radio» «Comedy Radio»

«Love Radio» «Pioneer FM» «Radio Dacha» «Nashe Radio» «Radio 7» «Humor FM» «Retro FM» «Politseiskaya Volna (Police Wave)»

«Radio Rendez Vous» «Zvezda» «Radio Rossii» «Mayak» «Business FM» «Autoradio» «Silver Rain» «Chanson»

«Dorozhnoe Radio (Radio of roads)» «Vesti FM» «Kommersant FM» «Children’s Radio» «Radio Alla» «Hit FM» «Radio Record»

Notable people[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with:^[47]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

• Media related to Nizhny Novgorod at Wikimedia Commons

• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). «Nizhniy-Novgorod (town)» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). p. 721.
• Official website of Nizhny Novgorod
• NIZHNY NOVGOROD — 2018 FIFA World Cup™ Host City on YouTube by FIFA
• Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin (in Russian)
• Official website of Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum (in Russian)
• The Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas Archdiocese (in Russian)