Как пишется harley davidson

Harley-Davidson, Inc.

Type	Public
Traded as	NYSE: HOG S&P 400 component
ISIN	US4128221086
Founded	1903; 120 years ago
Founder	William S. Harley Arthur Davidson Walter Davidson William A. Davidson
Headquarters	Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. 43°02′46″N 87°57′36″W / 43.04611°N 87.96000°WCoordinates: 43°02′46″N 87°57′36″W / 43.04611°N 87.96000°W
Key people	Jochen Zeitz (CEO and chairman)[1]
Products	Motorcycles
Production output	194,256 units (2021)[2]
Revenue	US$4.540 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
Operating income	US$823 Million (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
Net income	US$650.0 Million (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
Total assets	US$11.051 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
Total equity	US$2.553 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
Number of employees	≈5,800 (2021)[2]
Subsidiaries	Harley-Davidson EMEA Harley-Davidson Brazil Harley-Davidson India Harley-Davidson Asia
Website	harley-davidson.com

Harley-Davidson, Inc. (H-D, or simply Harley) is an American motorcycle manufacturer headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Founded in 1903, it is one of two major American motorcycle manufacturers to survive the Great Depression along with its historical rival, Indian Motorcycles.^[3] The company has survived numerous ownership arrangements, subsidiary arrangements, periods of poor economic health and product quality, and intense global competition^[4] to become one of the world’s largest motorcycle manufacturers and an iconic brand widely known for its loyal following. There are owner clubs and events worldwide, as well as a company-sponsored, brand-focused museum.

Harley-Davidson is noted for a style of customization that gave rise to the chopper motorcycle style.^[5] The company traditionally marketed heavyweight, air-cooled cruiser motorcycles with engine displacements greater than 700 cc, but it has broadened its offerings to include more contemporary VRSC (2002) and middle-weight Street (2015) platforms.

Harley-Davidson manufactures its motorcycles at factories in York, Pennsylvania; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Manaus, Brazil; Bawal, India; and Pluak Daeng, Thailand.^[6] The company markets its products worldwide, and also licenses and markets merchandise under the Harley-Davidson brand, among them apparel, home décor and ornaments, accessories, toys, scale models of its motorcycles, and video games based on its motorcycle line and the community.

History[edit]

In 1901, 20-year-old William S. Harley drew up plans for a small engine with a displacement of 7.07 cubic inches (116 cc) and four-inch (102 mm) flywheels^[7][8] designed for use in a regular pedal-bicycle frame. Over the next two years, he and his childhood friend Arthur Davidson worked on their motor-bicycle using the northside Milwaukee machine shop at the home of their friend Henry Melk. It was finished in 1903 with the help of Arthur’s brother Walter Davidson. Upon testing their power-cycle, Harley and the Davidson brothers found it unable to climb the hills around Milwaukee without pedal assistance, and they wrote off their first motor-bicycle as a valuable learning experiment.^[9]

The three began work on a new and improved machine with an engine of 24.74 cubic inches (405 cc) with 9.75 in (24.8 cm) flywheels weighing 28 lb (13 kg). Its advanced loop-frame pattern was similar to the 1903 Milwaukee Merkel motorcycle designed by Joseph Merkel, later of Flying Merkel fame. The bigger engine and loop-frame design took it out of the motorized bicycle category and marked the path to future motorcycle designs. They also received help with their bigger engine from outboard motor pioneer Ole Evinrude, who was then building gas engines of his own design for automotive use on Milwaukee’s Lake Street.

The prototype of the new loop-frame Harley-Davidson was assembled in a 10 ft × 15 ft (3.0 m × 4.6 m) shed in the Davidson family backyard.^[10][11] Most of the major parts, however, were made elsewhere, including some probably fabricated at the West Milwaukee railshops where oldest brother William A. Davidson was toolroom foreman. This prototype machine was functional by September 8, 1904, when it competed in a Milwaukee motorcycle race held at State Fair Park. Edward Hildebrand rode it and placed fourth in the race.^[10]

In January 1905, the company placed small advertisements in the Automobile and Cycle Trade Journal offering bare Harley-Davidson engines to the do-it-yourself trade. By April, they were producing complete motorcycles on a very limited basis. That year, Harley-Davidson dealer Carl H. Lang of Chicago sold three bikes from the five built in the Davidson backyard shed. Years later, the company moved the original shed to the Juneau Avenue factory where it stood for many decades as a tribute.

In 1906, Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory on Chestnut Street (later Juneau Avenue),^[12] at the current location of Harley-Davidson’s corporate headquarters.^[13] The first Juneau Avenue plant was a 40 ft × 60 ft (12 m × 18 m) single-story wooden structure. The company produced about 50 motorcycles that year.

In 1907, William S. Harley graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a degree in mechanical engineering. That year, they expanded the factory with a second floor and later with facings and additions of Milwaukee pale yellow («cream») brick. With the new facilities, production increased to 150 motorcycles in 1907. The company was officially incorporated that September. They also began selling their motorcycles to police departments around this time, a market that has been important to them ever since.^[14] In 1907, William A. Davidson quit his job as tool foreman for the Milwaukee Road railroad and joined the Motor Company.

Production in 1905 and 1906 were all single-cylinder models with 26.84-cubic-inch (440 cc) engines. In February 1907, they displayed a prototype model at the Chicago Automobile Show with a 45-degree V-Twin engine. Very few V-Twin models were built between 1907 and 1910. These first V-Twins displaced 53.68 cubic inches (880 cc) and produced about 7 horsepower (5.2 kW). This gave about double the power of the first singles, and top speed was about 60 mph (100 km/h). Production jumped from 450 motorcycles in 1908 to 1,149 machines in 1909.^[15]

In 1911, the company introduced an improved V-Twin model with a displacement of 49.48 cubic inches (811 cc) and mechanically operated intake valves, as opposed to the «automatic» intake valves used on earlier V-Twins that opened by engine vacuum. It was smaller than earlier twins but gave better performance. After 1913, the majority of bikes produced by Harley-Davidson were V-Twin models.

In 1912, Harley-Davidson introduced their patented «Ful-Floteing Seat», which was suspended by a coil spring inside the seat tube.^[16] The spring tension could be adjusted to suit the rider’s weight, and more than 3 inches (76 mm) of travel was available.^[17] Harley-Davidson used seats of this type until 1958.^[18]

By 1913, the yellow brick factory had been demolished and a new five-story structure had been built on the site which took up two blocks along Juneau Avenue and around the corner on 38th Street. Despite the competition, Harley-Davidson was already pulling ahead of Indian and dominated motorcycle racing after 1914. Production that year swelled to 16,284 machines.

World War I[edit]

In 1917, the United States entered World War I and the military demanded motorcycles for the war effort.^[19] Harleys had already been used by the military in the Pancho Villa Expedition^[20][21] but World War I was the first time that it was adopted for military issue, first with the British Model H produced by Triumph Motorcycles Ltd in 1915.^[22] The U.S. military purchased over 20,000 motorcycles from Harley-Davidson.^[23]

Harley-Davidson launched a line of bicycles in 1917 in hopes of recruiting more domestic customers for its motorcycles. Models included the traditional diamond frame men’s bicycle, a step-through frame 3–18 «Ladies Standard», and a 5–17 «Boy Scout» for youth. The effort was discontinued in 1923 because of disappointing sales.^[24] The bicycles were built for Harley-Davidson in Dayton, Ohio by the Davis Machine Company from 1917 to 1921, when Davis stopped manufacturing bicycles.^[25]

1920s[edit]

By 1920 Harley-Davidson was the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world, with 28,189 machines produced and dealers in 67 countries.^[26] In 1921, Otto Walker set a record on a Harley-Davidson as the first motorcycle to win a race at an average speed greater than 100 mph (160 km/h).^[27][28]

Harley-Davidson put several improvements in place during the 1920s, such as a new 74 cubic inch (1,212.6  cc) V-Twin introduced in 1921, and the «teardrop» gas tank in 1925. They added a front brake in 1928, although only on the J/JD models.^[29] In the late summer of 1929, Harley-Davidson introduced its 45-cubic-inch (737 cc) flathead V-Twin to compete with the Indian 101 Scout and the Excelsior Super X.^[30] This was the «D» model produced from 1929 to 1931.^[31] Riders of Indian motorcycles derisively referred to it as the «three cylinder Harley» because the generator was upright and parallel to the front cylinder.^[32] In 1929, Vivian Bales drove a record 5,000 miles across the United States and Canada on a D-model.^[33]

Great Depression[edit]

The Great Depression began a few months after the introduction of their 45 cu in (740 cm³) model. Harley-Davidson’s sales fell from 21,000 in 1929 to 3,703 in 1933. Despite this, Harley-Davidson unveiled a new lineup for 1934, which included a flathead engine and Art Deco styling.^[34]

In order to survive the remainder of the Depression, the company manufactured industrial powerplants based on their motorcycle engines. They also designed and built a three-wheeled delivery vehicle called the Servi-Car, which remained in production until 1973.^[30]

Alfred Rich Child opened a production line in Japan in the mid-1930s with the 74 cu in (1,210 cm³) VL. The Japanese license-holder, Sankyo Seiyaku Corporation, severed its business relations with Harley-Davidson in 1936 and continued manufacturing the VL under the Rikuo name.^[35]

An 80 cubic inches (1,300 cm³) flathead engine was added to the line in 1935, by which time the single-cylinder motorcycles had been discontinued.^[36]

In 1936, the 61E and 61EL models with the «Knucklehead» OHV engines were introduced.^[37] Valvetrain problems in early Knucklehead engines required a redesign halfway through its first year of production and retrofitting of the new valvetrain on earlier engines.^[38]

By 1937, all Harley-Davidson flathead engines were equipped with dry-sump oil recirculation systems similar to the one introduced in the «Knucklehead» OHV engine. The revised 74 cubic inches (1,210 cm³) V and VL models were renamed U and UL, the 80 cu in (1,300 cm³) VH and VLH to be renamed UH and ULH, and the 45 cu in (740 cm³) R to be renamed W.^[37]

In 1941, the 74-cubic-inch «Knucklehead» was introduced as the F and the FL. The 80 cu in (1,300 cm³) flathead UH and ULH models were discontinued after 1941, while the 74-cubic-inchU & UL flathead models were produced up to 1948.^[37]

World War II[edit]

One of only two American cycle^[clarify] manufacturers to survive the Great Depression,^[39][40] Harley-Davidson again produced large numbers of motorcycles for the US Army in World War II and resumed civilian production afterwards, producing a range of large V-twin motorcycles that were successful both on racetracks and for private buyers.

Harley-Davidson, on the eve of World War II, was already supplying the Army with a military-specific version of its 45 cubic inches (740 cm³) WL line, called the WLA. The A in this case stood for «Army». Upon the outbreak of war, the company, along with most other manufacturing enterprises, shifted to war work. More than 90,000 military motorcycles, mostly WLAs and WLCs (the Canadian version) were produced, many to be provided to allies.^[41] Harley-Davidson received two Army-Navy «E» Awards, one in 1943 and the other in 1945, which were awarded for Excellence in Production.

Shipments to the Soviet Union under the Lend-Lease program numbered at least 30,000.^[42] The WLAs produced during all four years of war production generally have 1942 serial numbers. Production of the WLA stopped at the end of World War II, but was resumed from 1950 to 1952 for use in the Korean War.

The U.S. Army also asked Harley-Davidson to produce a new motorcycle with many of the features of BMW’s side-valve and shaft-driven R71. Harley-Davidson largely copied the BMW engine and drive train and produced the shaft-driven 750 cc 1942 Harley-Davidson XA. This shared no dimensions, no parts or no design concepts (except side valves) with any prior Harley-Davidson engine. Due to the superior cooling of the flat-twin engine with the cylinders across the frame, Harley’s XA cylinder heads ran 100 °F (56 °C) cooler than its V-twins.^[43] The XA never entered full production: the motorcycle by that time had been eclipsed by the Jeep as the Army’s general-purpose vehicle, and the WLA – already in production – was sufficient for its limited police, escort, and courier roles. Only 1,000 were made and the XA never went into full production. It remains the only shaft-driven Harley-Davidson ever made.

Small: Hummer, Sportcycle and Aermacchi[edit]

As part of war reparations, Harley-Davidson acquired the design of a small German motorcycle, the DKW RT 125, which they adapted, manufactured, and sold from 1948 to 1966.^[45] Various models were made, including the Hummer from 1955 to 1959, but they are all colloquially referred to as «Hummers» at present.^[46] BSA in the United Kingdom took the same design as the foundation of their BSA Bantam.^[47]

In 1960, Harley-Davidson consolidated the Model 165 and Hummer lines into the Super-10, introduced the Topper scooter,^[48] and bought fifty percent of Aermacchi’s motorcycle division.^[48][49] Importation of Aermacchi’s 250 cc horizontal single began the following year.^[49][50][51] The bike bore Harley-Davidson badges and was marketed as the Harley-Davidson Sprint.^[50][51] The engine of the Sprint was increased to 350 cc in 1969^[49][52] and would remain that size until 1974, when the four-stroke Sprint was discontinued.^[52]

After the Pacer and Scat models were discontinued at the end of 1965, the Bobcat became the last of Harley-Davidson’s American-made two-stroke motorcycles. The Bobcat was manufactured only in the 1966 model year.^[53]

Harley-Davidson replaced their American-made lightweight two-stroke motorcycles with the Italian Aermacchi-built two-stroke powered M-65, M-65S, and Rapido. The M-65 had a semi-step-through frame and tank. The M-65S was a M-65 with a larger tank that eliminated the step-through feature. The Rapido was a larger bike with a 125 cc engine.^[54] The Aermacchi-built Harley-Davidsons became entirely two-stroke powered when the 250 cc two-stroke SS-250 replaced the four-stroke 350 cc Sprint in 1974.^[55]

Harley-Davidson purchased full control of Aermacchi’s motorcycle production in 1974 and continued making two-stroke motorcycles there until 1978, when they sold the facility to Cagiva, owned by the Castiglioni family.^[48]

Tarnished reputation[edit]

In 1952, following their application to the U.S. Tariff Commission for a 40 percent tax on imported motorcycles, Harley-Davidson was charged with restrictive practices.^[56]

In 1969, American Machine and Foundry (AMF) bought the company,^[57][58] streamlined production, and slashed the workforce. This tactic resulted in a labor strike and cost-cutting produced lower-quality bikes.^[4] Simultaneously, the Japanese «big four» manufacturers (Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Yamaha)^[59] revolutionized the North American market by introducing what the motoring press would call the Universal Japanese Motorcycle.^[60] In comparison, Harley-Davidson’s bikes were expensive and inferior in performance, handling, and quality. Sales and quality declined, and the company almost went bankrupt.^[4] The «Harley-Davidson» name was mocked as «Hardly Ableson», «Hardly Driveable», and «Hogly Ferguson»,^[61]
and the nickname «Hog» became pejorative.^[62]

In 1977, following the successful manufacture of the Liberty Edition to commemorate America’s bicentennial in 1976,^[63] Harley-Davidson produced what has become one of its most controversial models, the Harley-Davidson Confederate Edition. The bike was essentially a stock Harley-Davidson with Confederate-specific paint and details.^[64]

Restructuring and revival[edit]

In 1981, AMF sold the company to a group of 13 investors led by Vaughn Beals and Willie G. Davidson for $80 million.^[65] The new management team improved product quality, introduced new technologies, and adopted just-in-time inventory management.^[66] These operational and product improvements were matched with a strategy of seeking tariff protection for large-displacement motorcycles in the face of intense competition with Japanese manufacturers. These protections were granted by the Reagan administration in 1983, giving Harley-Davidson time to implement their new strategies.^[67][68]

Revising stagnated product designs was a crucial centerpiece of Harley-Davidson’s turnaround strategy. Rather than trying to mimic popular Japanese designs, the new management deliberately exploited the «retro» appeal of Harley motorcycles, building machines that deliberately adopted the look and feel of their earlier bikes and the subsequent customizations of owners of that era. Many components such as brakes, forks, shocks, carburetors, electrics and wheels were outsourced from foreign manufacturers and quality increased, technical improvements were made, and buyers slowly returned.

Harley-Davidson bought the «Sub Shock» cantilever-swingarm rear suspension design from Missouri engineer Bill Davis and developed it into its Softail series of motorcycles, introduced in 1984 with the FXST Softail.^[69]

In response to possible motorcycle market loss due to the aging of baby-boomers, Harley-Davidson bought luxury motorhome manufacturer Holiday Rambler in 1986.^[70] In 1996, the company sold Holiday Rambler to the Monaco Coach Corporation.^[71]

The «Sturgis» model, boasting a dual belt-drive, was introduced initially in 1980 and was made for three years. This bike was then brought back as a commemorative model in 1991.

Fat Boy, Dyna, and Harley-Davidson museum[edit]

By 1990, with the introduction of the «Fat Boy», Harley-Davidson once again became the sales leader in the heavyweight (over 750 cc) market.^[72] At the time of the Fat Boy model introduction, a false etymology spread that «Fat Boy» was a combination of the names of the atomic bombs Fat Man and Little Boy.^[73] This has been debunked, as the name «Fat Boy» actually comes from the observation that the motorcycle is somewhat wider than other bikes when viewed head-on.^[74][75][76]

1993 and 1994 saw the replacement of FXR models with the Dyna (FXD), which became the sole rubber mount FX Big Twin frame in 1994. The FXR was revived briefly from 1999 to 2000 for special limited editions (FXR², FXR³ & FXR⁴).^[77]

Harley-Davidson celebrated their 100th anniversary on September 1, 2003 with a large event and concert featuring performances from Elton John, The Doobie Brothers, Kid Rock, and Tim McGraw.^[78]

Construction started on the $75 million, 130,000 square-foot (12,000 m²) Harley-Davidson Museum in the Menomonee Valley of Milwaukee, Wisconsin on June 1, 2006. It opened in 2008 and houses the company’s vast collection of historic motorcycles and corporate archives, along with a restaurant, café and meeting space.^[79]

Overseas operations[edit]

Established in 1918, the oldest continuously operating Harley-Davidson dealership outside of the United States is in Australia.^[13] Sales in Japan started in 1912^[13] then in 1929, Harley-Davidsons were produced in Japan under license to the company Rikuo (Rikuo Internal Combustion Company)^[80] under the name of Harley-Davidson and using the company’s tooling, and later under the name Rikuo. Production continued until 1958.^[81][82]

In 1998, the first Harley-Davidson factory outside the US opened in Manaus, Brazil, taking advantage of the free economic zone there. The location was positioned to sell motorcycles in the southern hemisphere market.^[83][84]

In August 2009, Harley-Davidson launched Harley-Davidson India and started selling motorcycles there in 2010. The company established the subsidiary in Gurgaon, near Delhi, in 2011 and created an Indian dealer network.^[85][86] On September 24, 2020, Harley Davidson announced that it would discontinue its sales and manufacturing operations in India due to weak demand and sales. The move involves $75 million in restructuring costs, 70 layoffs and the closure of its Bawal plant in northern India.^[87]

Buell Motorcycle Company[edit]

Harley-Davidson’s association with sportbike manufacturer Buell Motorcycle Company began in 1987 when they supplied Buell with fifty surplus XR1000 engines. Buell continued to buy engines from Harley-Davidson until 1993, when Harley-Davidson bought 49 percent of the Buell Motorcycle Company.^[88] Harley-Davidson increased its share in Buell to ninety-eight percent in 1998, and to complete ownership in 2003.^[89]

In an attempt to attract newcomers to motorcycling in general and to Harley-Davidson in particular, Buell developed a low-cost, low-maintenance motorcycle. The resulting single-cylinder Buell Blast was introduced in 2000,^[90] and was made through 2009, which, according to Buell, was to be the final year of production.^[91] The Buell Blast was the training vehicle for the Harley-Davidson Rider’s Edge New Rider Course from 2000 until May 2014, when the company re-branded the training academy and started using the Harley-Davidson Street 500 motorcycles. In those 14 years, more than 350,000 participants in the course learned to ride on the Buell Blast.^[92]

On October 15, 2009, Harley-Davidson Inc. issued an official statement that it would be discontinuing the Buell line and ceasing production immediately.^[93] The stated reason was to focus on the Harley-Davidson brand. The company refused to consider selling Buell.^[94] Founder Erik Buell subsequently established Erik Buell Racing and continued to manufacture and develop the company’s 1125RR racing motorcycle.^[95]

Claims of stock price manipulation[edit]

During its period of peak demand, during the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century, Harley-Davidson embarked on a program of expanding the number of dealerships throughout the country. At the same time, its current dealers typically had waiting lists that extended up to a year for some of the most popular models. Harley-Davidson, like the auto manufacturers, records a sale not when a consumer buys their product, but rather when it is delivered to a dealer. Therefore, it is possible for the manufacturer to inflate sales numbers by requiring dealers to accept more inventory than desired in a practice called channel stuffing. When demand softened following the unique 2003 model year, this news led to a dramatic decline in the stock price. In April 2004 alone, the price of HOG shares dropped from more than $60 to less than $40. Immediately prior to this decline, retiring CEO Jeffrey Bleustein profited $42 million on the exercise of employee stock options.^[96] Harley-Davidson was named as a defendant in numerous class action suits filed by investors who claimed they were intentionally defrauded by Harley-Davidson’s management and directors.^[97] By January 2007, the price of Harley-Davidson shares reached $70.

Problems with Police Touring models[edit]

Starting around 2000, several police departments started reporting problems with high-speed instability on the Harley-Davidson Touring motorcycles.^[98] A Raleigh, North Carolina police officer, Charles Paul, was killed when his 2002 police touring motorcycle crashed after reportedly experiencing a high-speed wobble.^[99] The California Highway Patrol conducted testing of the Police Touring motorcycles in 2006. The CHP test riders reported experiencing wobble or weave instability while operating the motorcycles on the test track.^[100]

2007 strike[edit]

On February 2, 2007, upon the expiration of their union contract, about 2,700 employees at Harley-Davidson Inc.’s largest manufacturing plant in York, Pennsylvania, went on strike after failing to agree on wages and health benefits.^[101][102] During the pendency of the strike, the company refused to pay for any portion of the striking employees’ health care.^[103]

The day before the strike, after the union voted against the proposed contract and to authorize the strike, the company shut down all production at the plant. The York facility employs more than 3,200 workers, both union and non-union.^[104]

Harley-Davidson announced on February 16, 2007, that it had reached a labor agreement with union workers at its largest manufacturing plant, a breakthrough in the two-week-old strike.^[105] The strike disrupted Harley-Davidson’s national production and was felt in Wisconsin, where 440 employees were laid off, and many Harley suppliers also laid off workers because of the strike.^[106]

MV Agusta Group[edit]

On July 11, 2008, Harley-Davidson announced they had signed a definitive agreement to acquire the MV Agusta Group for US$109 million (€70M). MV Agusta Group contains two lines of motorcycles: the high-performance MV Agusta brand and the lightweight Cagiva brand.^[107][108] The acquisition was completed on August 8.^[109][110]

On October 15, 2009, Harley-Davidson announced that it would divest its interest in MV Agusta.^[93] Harley-Davidson Inc. sold Italian motorcycle maker MV Agusta to Claudio Castiglioni – a member of the family that had purchased Aermacchi from H-D in 1978 – for a reported 3 euros, ending the transaction in the first week of August 2010. Castiglioni was MV Agusta’s former owner, and had been MV Agusta’s chairman since Harley-Davidson bought it in 2008. As part of the deal, Harley-Davidson put $26M into MV Agusta’s accounts, essentially giving Castiglioni $26M to take the brand.^[111][112]

Financial crisis[edit]

According to Interbrand, the value of the Harley-Davidson brand fell by 43 percent to $4.34 billion in 2009. The fall in value is believed to be connected to the 66 percent drop in the company profits in two-quarters of the previous year.^[113] On April 29, 2010, Harley-Davidson stated that they must cut $54 million in manufacturing costs from its production facilities in Wisconsin, and that they would explore alternative U.S. sites to accomplish this. The announcement came in the wake of a massive company-wide restructuring, which began in early 2009 and involved the closing of two factories, one distribution center, and the planned elimination of nearly 25 percent of its total workforce (around 3,500 employees). The company announced on September 14, 2010, that it would remain in Wisconsin.^[114]

Motorcycle engines[edit]

The classic Harley-Davidson engines are V-twin engines, with a 45° angle between the cylinders. The crankshaft has a single pin, and both pistons are connected to this pin through their connecting rods.^[5]

This 45° angle is covered under several United States patents and is an engineering tradeoff that allows a large, high-torque engine in a relatively small space. It causes the cylinders to fire at uneven intervals and produces the choppy «potato-potato» sound so strongly linked to the Harley-Davidson brand.

To simplify the engine and reduce costs, the V-twin ignition was designed to operate with a single set of points and no distributor. This is known as a dual fire ignition system, causing both spark plugs to fire regardless of which cylinder was on its compression stroke, with the other spark plug firing on its cylinder’s exhaust stroke, effectively «wasting a spark». The exhaust note is basically a throaty growling sound with some popping.
The 45° design of the engine thus creates a plug firing sequencing as such: The first cylinder fires, the second (rear) cylinder fires 315° later, then there is a 405° gap until the first cylinder fires again, giving the engine its unique sound.^[115]

Harley-Davidson has used various ignition systems throughout its history – be it the early points and condenser system, (Big Twin and Sportsters up to 1978), magneto ignition system used on some 1958 to 1969 Sportsters, early electronic with centrifugal mechanical advance weights, (all models from mid-1978 until 1979), or the late electronic with a transistorized ignition control module, more familiarly known as the black box or the brain, (all models 1980 to present).

Starting in 1995, the company introduced Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) as an option for the 30th anniversary edition Electra Glide.^[116] EFI became standard on all Harley-Davidson motorcycles, including Sportsters, upon the introduction of the 2007 product line.^[117]

In 1991, Harley-Davidson began to participate in the Sound Quality Working Group, founded by Orfield Labs, Bruel and Kjaer, TEAC, Yamaha, Sennheiser, SMS and Cortex. This was the nation’s first group to share research on psychological acoustics. Later that year, Harley-Davidson participated in a series of sound quality studies at Orfield Labs, based on recordings taken at the Talladega Superspeedway, with the objective to lower the sound level for EU standards while analytically capturing the «Harley Sound».^[118][119] This research resulted in the bikes that were introduced in compliance with EU standards for 1998.

On February 1, 1994, the company filed a sound trademark application for the distinctive sound of the Harley-Davidson motorcycle engine: «The mark consists of the exhaust sound of applicant’s motorcycles, produced by V-twin, common crankpin motorcycle engines when the goods are in use». Nine of Harley-Davidson’s competitors filed comments opposing the application, arguing that cruiser-style motorcycles of various brands use a single-crankpin V-twin engine which produce a similar sound.^[120] These objections were followed by litigation. In June 2000, the company dropped efforts to federally register its trademark.^[121][122]

Big V-twins[edit]

• F-head, also known as JD, pocket valve and IOE (intake over exhaust), 1914–1929 (1,000 cc), and 1922–1929 (1,200 cc)
• Flathead, 1930–1949 (1,200 cc) and 1935–1941 (1,300 cc).
• Knucklehead, 1936–1947 61 cubic inch (1,000 cc), and 1941–1947 74 cubic inch (1,200 cc)
• Panhead, 1948–1965 61 cubic inch (1,000 cc), and 1948–1965, 74 cubic inch (1,200 cc)
• Shovelhead, 1966–1984, 74 cubic inch (1,200 cc) and 80 cubic inch (1,338 cc) since late 1978
• Evolution (a.k.a. «Evo» and «Blockhead»), 1984–1999, 80 cubic inch (1,340 cc)
• Twin Cam (a.k.a. «Fathead» as named by American Iron Magazine) 1999–2017, in the following versions:
  • Twin Cam 88, 1999–2006, 88 cubic inch (1,450 cc)
  • Twin Cam 88B, counterbalanced version of the Twin Cam 88, 2000–2006, 88 cubic inch (1,450 cc)
  • Twin Cam 95, since 2000, 95 cubic inch (1,550 cc) (engines for early C.V.O. models)
  • Twin Cam 96, since 2007.
  • Twin Cam 103, 2003–2006, 2009, 103 cubic inch (1,690 cc) (engines for C.V.O. models), Standard on 2011 Touring models: Ultra Limited, Road King Classic and Road Glide Ultra and optional on the Road Glide Custom and Street Glide. Standard on most 2012 models excluding Sportsters and 2 Dynas (Street Bob and Super Glide Custom). Standard on all 2014 dyna models.
  • Twin Cam 110, 2007–2017, 110 cubic inch (1,800 cc) (engines for C.V.O. models, 2016 Soft Tail Slim S; FatBoy S, Low Rider S, and Pro-Street Breakout)
• Milwaukee-Eight
  • Standard 107 cu in (1,746 cc): Standard on touring model year 2017+ and Softail models 2018+.^[123]
  • Twin-cooled 107 cu in (1,746 cc): Optional on some touring and trike model year 2017+.^[124]
  • Twin-cooled 114 cu in (1,868 cc): Optional on touring and trike model year 2017+, standard on 2017 CVO models.^[124]
  • Twin-cooled 117 cu in (1,923 cc): Standard on 2018 CVO models^[125]

Small V-twins[edit]

• D Model, 1929–1931, 750 cc
• R Model, 1932–1936, 750 cc
• W Model, 1937–1952, 750 cc, solo (2 wheel, frame only)
• G (Servi-Car) Model, 1932–1973, 750 cc
• K Model, 1952–1953, 750 cc
• KH Model, 1954–1956, 900 cc
• Ironhead, 1957–1971, 883 cc; 1972–1985, 1,000 cc
• Evolution, since 1986, 883 cc, 1,100 cc and 1,200 cc

Revolution engine[edit]

The Revolution engine is based on the VR-1000 Superbike race program, developed by Harley-Davidson’s Powertrain Engineering with Porsche helping to make the engine suitable for street use. It is a liquid cooled, dual overhead cam, internally counterbalanced 60 degree V-twin engine with a displacement of 69 cubic inch (1,130 cc), producing 115 hp (86 kW) at 8,250 rpm at the crank, with a redline of 9,000 rpm.^[126][127] It was introduced for the new VRSC (V-Rod) line in 2001 for the 2002 model year, starting with the single VRSCA (V-Twin Racing Street Custom) model.^[128][129] The Revolution marks Harley’s first collaboration with Porsche since the V4 Nova project, which, like the V-Rod, was a radical departure from Harley’s traditional lineup until it was cancelled by AMF in 1981 in favor of the Evolution engine.^[130]

A 1,250 cc Screamin’ Eagle version of the Revolution engine was made available for 2005 and 2006, and was present thereafter in a single production model from 2005 to 2007. In 2008, the 1,250 cc Revolution Engine became standard for the entire VRSC line. Harley-Davidson claims 123 hp (92 kW) at the crank for the 2008 VRSCAW model. The VRXSE Destroyer dragbike is equipped with a stroker (75 mm crank) Screamin’ Eagle 79 cubic inch (1,300 cc) Revolution Engine, producing 97 pound-feet (132 N⋅m),^[131] and more than 165 hp (123 kW).

750 cc and 500 cc versions of the Revolution engine are used in Harley-Davidson’s Street line of light cruisers.^[39] These motors, named the Revolution X, use a single overhead cam, screw and locknut valve adjustment, a single internal counterbalancer, and vertically split crankcases; all of these changes making it different from the original Revolution design.^[132]

Düsseldorf-Test[edit]

An extreme endurance test of the Revolution engine was performed in a dynamometer installation at the Harley-Davidson factory in Milwaukee, simulating the German Autobahn (highways without general speed limit) between the Porsche research and development center in Weissach, near Stuttgart to Düsseldorf. An undisclosed number of samples of engines failed, until an engine successfully passed the 500-hour nonstop run. This was the benchmark for the engineers to approve the start of production for the Revolution engine, which was documented in the Discovery channel special Harley-Davidson: Birth of the V-Rod, October 14, 2001.^[133]

Single-cylinder engines[edit]

IOE singles

The first Harley-Davidson motorcycles were powered by single-cylinder IOE engines with the inlet valve operated by engine vacuum, based on the DeDion-Bouton pattern.^[134] Singles of this type continued to be made until 1913, when a pushrod and rocker system was used to operate the overhead inlet valve on the single, a similar system having been used on their V-twins since 1911.^[135] Single-cylinder motorcycle engines were discontinued in 1918.^[136]

Flathead and OHV singles

Single-cylinder engines were reintroduced in 1925 as 1926 models.^[137] These singles were available either as flathead engines or as overhead valve engines^[138] until 1930, after which they were only available as flatheads.^[137] The flathead single-cylinder motorcycles were designated Model A for engines with magneto systems only and Model B for engines with battery and coil systems, while overhead valve versions were designated Model AA and Model BA respectively, and a magneto-only racing version was designated Model S.^[138] This line of single-cylinder motorcycles ended production in 1934.^[137]

Two-stroke singles

Model families[edit]

Modern Harley-branded motorcycles fall into one of seven model families: Touring, Softail, Dyna, Sportster, Vrod, Street and LiveWire. These model families are distinguished by the frame, engine, suspension, and other characteristics.

Touring[edit]

Touring models use Big-Twin engines and large-diameter telescopic forks. All Touring designations begin with the letters FL, e.g., FLHR (Road King) and FLTR (Road Glide).

The touring family, also known as «dressers» or «baggers», includes Road King, Road Glide, Street Glide and Electra Glide models offered in various trims. The Road Kings have a «retro cruiser» appearance and are equipped with a large clear windshield. Road Kings are reminiscent of big-twin models from the 1940s and 1950s. Electra Glides can be identified by their full front fairings. Most Electra Glides sport a fork-mounted fairing referred to as the «Batwing» due to its unmistakable shape. The Road Glide and Road Glide Ultra Classic have a frame-mounted fairing, referred to as the «Sharknose». The Sharknose includes a unique, dual front headlight.

Touring models are distinguishable by their large saddlebags, rear coil-over air suspension and are the only models to offer full fairings with radios and CBs. All touring models use the same frame, first introduced with a Shovelhead motor in 1980, and carried forward with only modest upgrades until 2009, when it was extensively redesigned. The frame is distinguished by the location of the steering head in front of the forks and was the first H-D frame to rubber mount the drivetrain to isolate the rider from the vibration of the big V-twin.

The frame was modified for the 1993 model year when the oil tank went under the transmission and the battery was moved inboard from under the right saddlebag to under the seat. In 1997, the frame was again modified to allow for a larger battery under the seat and to lower seat height. In 2007, Harley-Davidson introduced the 96 cubic inches (1,570 cubic centimetres)^[139] Twin Cam 96 engine, as well the six-speed transmission to give the rider better speeds on the highway.

In 2006, Harley introduced the FLHX Street Glide, a bike designed by Willie G. Davidson to be his personal ride, to its touring line.^[140]

In 2008, Harley added anti-lock braking systems and cruise control as a factory installed option on all touring models (standard on CVO and Anniversary models).^[141] Also new for 2008 is the 6-US-gallon (23 l; 5.0 imp gal) fuel tank for all touring models. 2008 also brought throttle-by-wire to all touring models.

For the 2009 model year, Harley-Davidson redesigned the entire touring range with several changes, including a new frame, new swingarm, a completely revised engine-mounting system, 17-inch (430 mm) front wheels for all but the FLHRC Road King Classic, and a 2–1–2 exhaust. The changes result in greater load carrying capacity, better handling, a smoother engine, longer range and less exhaust heat transmitted to the rider and passenger.^[142][143]
Also released for the 2009 model year is the FLHTCUTG Tri-Glide Ultra Classic, the first three-wheeled Harley since the Servi-Car was discontinued in 1973. The model features a unique frame and a 103-cubic-inch (1,690 cc) engine exclusive to the trike.^[144]

In 2014, Harley-Davidson released a redesign for specific touring bikes and called it «Project Rushmore».^[145] Changes include a new 103CI High Output engine, one handed easy open saddlebags and compartments, a new Boom! Box Infotainment system with either 4.3-inch (10 cm) or 6.5-inch (16.5 cm) screens featuring touchscreen functionality [6.5-inch (16.5 cm) models only], Bluetooth (media and phone with approved compatible devices), available GPS and SiriusXM, Text-to-Speech functionality (with approved compatible devices) and USB connectivity with charging. Other features include ABS with Reflex linked brakes, improved styling, Halogen or LED lighting and upgraded passenger comfort.

Softail[edit]

These big-twin motorcycles capitalize on Harley’s strong value on tradition. With the rear-wheel suspension hidden under the transmission, they are visually similar to the «hardtail» choppers popular in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as from their own earlier history. In keeping with that tradition, Harley offers Softail models with «Heritage» styling that incorporate design cues from throughout their history and used to offer «Springer» front ends on these Softail models from the factory.

Designation

Softail models utilize the big-twin engine (F) and the Softail chassis (ST).

• Softail models that use 21-inch (530 mm) Front Wheels have designations that begin with FX, e.g., FXSTB (Night Train), FXSTD (Deuce), and FXSTS (Springer).
• Softail models that use 16-inch (410 mm) Front Wheels have designations beginning with FL, e.g., FLSTF (Fat Boy), FLSTC (Heritage Softail Classic), FLSTN (Softail Deluxe) and FLS (Softail Slim).
• Softail models that use Springer forks with a 21-inch (530 mm) wheel have designations that begin with FXSTS, e.g., FXSTS (Springer Softail) and FXSTSB (Bad Boy).
• Softail models that use Springer forks with a 16-inch (410 mm) wheel have designations that begin with FLSTS, e.g., FLSTSC (Springer Classic) and FLSTSB (Cross Bones).

Dyna[edit]

Dyna-frame motorcycles were developed in the 1980s and early 1990s and debuted in the 1991 model year with the FXDB Sturgis offered in limited edition quantities. In 1992 the line continued with the limited edition FXDB Daytona and a production model FXD Super Glide. The new DYNA frame featured big-twin engines and traditional styling. They can be distinguished from the Softail by the traditional coil-over suspension that connects the swingarm to the frame, and from the Sportster by their larger engines. On these models, the transmission also houses the engine’s oil reservoir.

Prior to 2006, Dyna models typically featured a narrow, XL-style 39mm front fork and front wheel, as well as footpegs which the manufacturer included the letter «X» in the model designation to indicate. This lineup traditionally included the Super Glide (FXD), Super Glide Custom (FXDC), Street Bob (FXDB), and Low Rider (FXDL). One exception was the Wide Glide (FXDWG), which featured thicker 41mm forks and a narrow front wheel, but positioned the forks on wider triple-trees that give a beefier appearance. In 2008, the Dyna Fat Bob (FXDF) was introduced to the Dyna lineup, featuring aggressive styling like a new 2–1–2 exhaust, twin headlamps, a 180 mm rear tire, and, for the first time in the Dyna lineup, a 130 mm front tire. For the 2012 model year, the Dyna Switchback (FLD) became the first Dyna to break the tradition of having an FX model designation with floorboards, detachable painted hard saddlebags, touring windshield, headlight nacelle and a wide front tire with full fender. The new front end resembled the big-twin FL models from 1968 to 1971.

The Dyna family used the 88-cubic-inch (1,440 cc) twin cam from 1999 to 2006. In 2007, the displacement was increased to 96 cubic inches (1,570 cc) as the factory increased the stroke to 4.375 inches (111.1 mm). For the 2012 model year, the manufacturer began to offer Dyna models with the 103-cubic-inch (1,690 cc) upgrade. All Dyna models use a rubber-mounted engine to isolate engine vibration. Harley discontinued the Dyna platform in 2017 for the 2018 model year, having been replaced by a completely-redesigned Softail chassis; some of the existing models previously released by the company under the Dyna nameplate have since been carried over to the new Softail line.^[146]

Designation

Dyna models utilize the big-twin engine (F), footpegs noted as (X) with the exception of the 2012 FLD Switchback, a Dyna model which used floorboards as featured on the Touring (L) models, and the Dyna chassis (D). Therefore, except for the FLD from 2012 to 2016, all Dyna models have designations that begin with FXD, e.g., FXDWG (Dyna Wide Glide) and FXDL (Dyna Low Rider).

Sportster[edit]

Introduced in 1957, the Sportster family were conceived as racing motorcycles, and were popular on dirt and flat-track race courses through the 1960s and 1970s. Smaller and lighter than the other Harley models, contemporary Sportsters make use of 883 cc or 1,200 cc Evolution engines and, though often modified, remain similar in appearance to their racing ancestors.^[147]

Up until the 2003 model year, the engine on the Sportster was rigidly mounted to the frame. The 2004 Sportster received a new frame accommodating a rubber-mounted engine. This made the bike heavier and reduced the available lean angle, while it reduced the amount of vibration transmitted to the frame and the rider, providing a smoother ride for rider and passenger.^[148]

In the 2007 model year, Harley-Davidson celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Sportster and produced a limited edition called the XL50, of which only 2000 were made for sale worldwide. Each motorcycle was individually numbered and came in one of two colors, Mirage Pearl Orange or Vivid Black. Also in 2007, electronic fuel injection was introduced to the Sportster family, and the Nightster model was introduced in mid-year. In 2009, Harley-Davidson added the Iron 883 to the Sportster line, as part of the Dark Custom series.
In the 2008 model year, Harley-Davidson released the XR1200 Sportster in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The XR1200 had an Evolution engine tuned to produce 91 bhp (68 kW), four-piston dual front disc brakes, and an aluminum swing arm. Motorcyclist featured the XR1200 on the cover of its July 2008 issue and was generally positive about it in their «First Ride» story, in which Harley-Davidson was repeatedly asked to sell it in the United States.^[149]
One possible reason for the delayed availability in the United States was the fact that Harley-Davidson had to obtain the «XR1200» naming rights from Storz Performance, a Harley customizing shop in Ventura, Calif.^[150] The XR1200 was released in the United States in 2009 in a special color scheme including Mirage Orange highlighting its dirt-tracker heritage. The first 750 XR1200 models in 2009 were pre-ordered and came with a number 1 tag for the front of the bike, autographed by Kenny Coolbeth and Scott Parker and a thank you/welcome letter from the company, signed by Bill Davidson.^{[citation needed]} The XR1200 was discontinued in model year 2013.

In 2021, Harley-Davidson launched the Sportster S model, with a 121 hp engine and 228 Kg ready-to-ride weight.^[151] The Sportster S was one of the first Harleys to come with cornering-ABS and lean-sensitive traction control.^[152] The Sportster S is also the first model under the Sportster nameplate since 1957 to receive a completely new engine.

Designation

Except for the street-going XR1000 of the 1980s and the XR1200, most Sportsters made for street use have the prefix XL in their model designation. For the Sportster Evolution engines used since the mid-1980s, there have been two engine sizes. Motorcycles with the smaller engine are designated XL883, while those with the larger engine were initially designated XL1100. When the size of the larger engine was increased from 1,100 cc to 1,200 cc, the designation was changed accordingly from XL1100 to XL1200. Subsequent letters in the designation refer to model variations within the Sportster range, e.g. the XL883C refers to an 883 cc Sportster Custom, while the XL1200S designates the now-discontinued 1200 Sportster Sport.

VRSC[edit]

Introduced in 2001 and produced until 2017,^[153] the VRSC muscle bike family bears little resemblance to Harley’s more traditional lineup. Competing against Japanese and American muscle bikes in the upcoming muscle bike/power cruiser segment, the «V-Rod» makes use of the revolution engine that, for the first time in Harley history, incorporates overhead cams and liquid cooling. The V-Rod is visually distinctive, easily identified by the 60-degree V-Twin engine, the radiator and the hydroformed frame members that support the round-topped air cleaner cover. The VRSC platform was also used for factory drag-racing motorcycles.

In 2008, Harley added the anti-lock braking system as a factory-installed option on all VRSC models.^[141] Harley also increased the displacement of the stock engine from 1,130 to 1,250 cc (69 to 76 cu in), which had only previously been available from Screamin’ Eagle, and added a slipper clutch as standard equipment.

VRSC models include:

• VRSCA: V-Rod (2002–2006), VRSCAW: V-Rod (2007–2010), VRSCB: V-Rod (2004–2005), VRSCD: Night Rod (2006–2008), VRSCDX: Night Rod Special (2007–2014), VRSCSE: Screamin’ Eagle CVO V-Rod (2005), VRSCSE2: Screamin’ Eagle CVO V-Rod (2006), VRSCR: Street Rod (2006–2007), VRSCX: Screamin’ Eagle Tribute V-Rod (2007), VRSCF: V-Rod Muscle (2009–2014).

VRSC models utilize the Revolution engine (VR), and the street versions are designated Street Custom (SC). After the VRSC prefix common to all street Revolution bikes, the next letter denotes the model, either A (base V-Rod: discontinued), AW (base V-Rod + W for Wide with a 240 mm rear tire), B (discontinued), D (Night Rod: discontinued), R (Street Rod: discontinued), SE and SEII (CVO Special Edition), or X (Special edition). Further differentiation within models are made with an additional letter, e.g., VRSCDX denotes the Night Rod Special.

VRXSE[edit]

The VRXSE V-Rod Destroyer is Harley-Davidson’s production drag racing motorcycle, constructed to run the quarter mile in less than ten seconds. It is based on the same revolution engine that powers the VRSC line, but the VRXSE uses the Screamin’ Eagle 1,300 cc «stroked» incarnation, featuring a 75 mm crankshaft, 105 mm Pistons, and 58 mm throttle bodies.

The V-Rod Destroyer is not a street-legal motorcycle. As such, it uses «X» instead of «SC» to denote a non-street bike. «SE» denotes a CVO Special Edition.

Street[edit]

The Street, Harley-Davidson’s newest platform and their first all new platform in thirteen years, was designed to appeal to younger riders looking for a lighter bike at a cheaper price.^[39] The Street 750 model was launched in India at the 2014 Indian Auto Expo, Delhi-NCR on February 5, 2014. The Street 750 weighs 218 kg and has a ground clearance of 144 mm giving it the lowest weight and the highest ground clearance of Harley-Davidson motorcycles currently available.^[154]

The Street 750 uses an all-new, liquid-cooled, 60° V-twin engine called the Revolution X. In the Street 750, the engine displaces 749 cc (45.7 cu in) and produces 65 Nm at 4,000 rpm. A six speed transmission is used.^[154]

The Street 750 and the smaller-displacement Street 500 have been available since late 2014.^[39] Street series motorcycles for the North American market will be built in Harley-Davidson’s Kansas City, Missouri plant,^[39] while those for other markets around the world will be built completely in their plant in Bawal, India.^[39][154]

LiveWire[edit]

Harley-Davidson’s LiveWire, released in 2019, is their first electric vehicle. The high-voltage battery provides a minimum city range of 98 miles (158 km).^[155] The LiveWire targets a different type of customer than their classic V-twin powered motorcycles.^[156]

In March 2020, a Harley-Davidson LiveWire was used to break the 24-hour distance record for an electric motorcycle. The bike traveled a reported 1,723 km (1,079 miles) in 23 hours and 48 minutes. The LiveWire offers a Level 1 slow recharge, which uses a regular wall outlet to refill an empty battery overnight, or a quick Level 3 DC Fast Charge. The Fast Charge fills the battery most of the way in about 40 minutes. Swiss rider Michel von Tell used the Level 3 charging to make the 24-hour ride.^[157]

In December 2021, the news was published that LiveWire would be spun-off from parent Harley Davidson, set to go public in the first half of 2022 as a special-purpose acquisition company (SPAC) valued at $1.77 billion.^[158]

Custom Vehicle Operations[edit]

Custom Vehicle Operations (CVO) is a team within Harley-Davidson that produces limited-edition customizations of Harley’s stock models. Every year since 1999, the team has selected two to five of the company’s base models and added higher-displacement engines, performance upgrades, special-edition paint jobs, more chromed or accented components, audio system upgrades, and electronic accessories to create high-dollar, premium-quality customizations for the factory custom market.^[159] The models most commonly upgraded in such a fashion are the Ultra Classic Electra Glide, which has been selected for CVO treatment every year from 2006 to the present, and the Road King, which was selected in 2002, 2003, 2007, and 2008. The Dyna, Softail, and VRSC families have also been selected for CVO customization.

Environmental record[edit]

The Environmental Protection Agency conducted emissions-certification and representative emissions test in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 2005. Subsequently, Harley-Davidson produced an «environmental warranty». The warranty ensures each owner that the vehicle is designed and built free of any defects in materials and workmanship that would cause the vehicle to not meet EPA standards.^[160] In 2005, the EPA and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) confirmed Harley-Davidson to be the first corporation to voluntarily enroll in the One Clean-Up Program. This program is designed for the clean-up of the affected soil and groundwater at the former York Naval Ordnance Plant. The program is backed by the state and local government along with participating organizations and corporations.^[161]

Paul Gotthold, Director of Operations for the EPA, congratulated the motor company:

Harley-Davidson has taken their environmental responsibilities very seriously and has already made substantial progress in the investigation and cleanup of past contamination. Proof of Harley’s efforts can be found in the recent EPA determination that designates the Harley property as ‘under control’ for cleanup purposes. This determination means that there are no serious contamination problems at the facility. Under the new One Cleanup Program, Harley, EPA, and PADEP will expedite the completion of the property investigation and reach a final solution that will permanently protect human health and the environment.^[161]

Harley-Davidson also purchased most of Castalloy, a South Australian producer of cast motorcycle wheels and hubs. The South Australian government has set forth «protection to the purchaser (Harley-Davidson) against environmental risks».^[162]

In August 2016, Harley-Davidson settled with the EPA for $12 million, without admitting wrongdoing, over the sale of after-market «super tuners».^[163][164] Super tuners were devices, marketed for competition, which enabled increased performance of Harley-Davidson products. However, the devices also modified the emission control systems, producing increased hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide. Harley-Davidson is required to buy back and destroy any super tuners which do not meet Clean Air Act requirements and spend $3 million on air pollution mitigation.

Brand culture[edit]

According to a recent Harley-Davidson study, in 1987 half of all Harley riders were under age 35.^[165] However, by 2006, only 15 percent of Harley buyers were under 35,^[165] and as of 2005, the median age had risen to 46.7.^{[166][167][168][169]} In 2008, Harley-Davidson stopped disclosing the average age of riders; at this point it was 48 years old.^[170]

In 1987, the median household income of a Harley-Davidson rider was $38,000. By 1997, the median household income for those riders had more than doubled, to $83,000.^{[171][clarification needed]}

Many Harley-Davidson Clubs exist nowadays around the world;^[172] the oldest one, founded in 1928, is in Prague.^[173]

Harley-Davidson attracts a loyal brand community,^[174] with licensing of the Harley-Davidson logo accounting for almost 5 percent of the company’s net revenue ($41 million in 2004).^[175] Harley-Davidson supplies many American police forces with their motorcycle fleets.^[176]

From its founding, Harley-Davidson had worked to brand its motorcycles as respectable and refined products, with ads that showed what motorcycling writer Fred Rau called «refined-looking ladies with parasols, and men in conservative suits as the target market».^[177][178] The 1906 Harley-Davidson’s effective, and polite, muffler was emphasized in advertisements with the nickname «The Silent Gray Fellow».^[178][179] That began to shift in the 1960s, partially in response to the clean-cut motorcyclist portrayed in Honda’s «You meet the nicest people on a Honda» campaign, when Harley-Davidson sought to draw a contrast with Honda by underscoring the more working-class, macho, and even a little anti-social attitude associated with motorcycling’s dark side. With the 1971 FX Super Glide, the company embraced, rather than distanced, itself from chopper style, and the counterculture custom Harley scene.^[180] Their marketing cultivated the «bad boy» image of biker and motorcycle clubs, and to a point, even outlaw or one-percenter motorcycle clubs.^[177][178]

Origin of «Hog» nickname[edit]

Beginning in 1920, a team of farm boys, including Ray Weishaar, who became known as the «hog boys», consistently won races. The group had a live hog as their mascot. Following a win, they would put the hog on their Harley and take a victory lap.^[181] In 1983, the Motor Company formed a club for owners of its product, taking advantage of the long-standing nickname by turning «hog» into the acronym HOG, for Harley Owners Group. Harley-Davidson attempted to trademark «hog», but lost a case against an independent Harley-Davidson specialist, The Hog Farm of West Seneca, New York,^[182] in 1999, when the appellate panel ruled that «hog» had become a generic term for large motorcycles and was therefore unprotectable as a trademark.^[183]

On August 15, 2006, Harley-Davidson Inc. had its NYSE ticker symbol changed from HDI to HOG.^[184]

Bobbers[edit]

Harley-Davidson FL «big twins» normally had heavy steel fenders, chrome trim, and other ornate and heavy accessories. After World War II, riders wanting more speed would often shorten the fenders or take them off completely to reduce the weight of the motorcycle. These bikes were called «bobbers» or sometimes «choppers», because parts considered unnecessary were chopped off. Those who made or rode choppers and bobbers, especially members of motorcycle clubs like the Hells Angels, referred to stock FLs as «garbage wagons».^[185]

Harley Owners Group[edit]

Harley-Davidson established the Harley Owners Group (HOG) in 1983 to build on the loyalty of Harley-Davidson enthusiasts as a means to promote a lifestyle alongside its products. The HOG also opened new revenue streams for the company, with the production of tie-in merchandise offered to club members, numbering more than one million. Other motorcycle brands,^[186]
and other and consumer brands outside motorcycling, have also tried to create factory-sponsored community marketing clubs of their own.^[187]
HOG members typically spend 30 percent more than other Harley owners on such items as clothing and Harley-Davidson-sponsored events.^[188]

In 1991, HOG went international, with the first official European HOG Rally in Cheltenham, England.^[189]
Today, more than one million members and more than 1400 chapters worldwide make HOG the largest factory-sponsored motorcycle organization in the world.^[190]

HOG benefits include organized group rides, exclusive products and product discounts, insurance discounts, and the Hog Tales newsletter. A one-year full membership is included with the purchase of a new, unregistered Harley-Davidson.^[191]

In 2008, HOG celebrated its 25th anniversary in conjunction with the Harley 105th in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

3rd Southern HOG Rally set to bring together largest gathering of Harley-Davidson owners in South India. More than 600 Harley-Davidson Owners expected to ride to Hyderabad from across 13 HOG Chapters.^[192]

Factory tours and museum[edit]

Harley-Davidson offers factory tours at four of its manufacturing sites, and the Harley-Davidson Museum, which opened in 2008, exhibits Harley-Davidson’s history, culture, and vehicles, including the motor company’s corporate archives.^[193][194]

• York, Pennsylvania – Vehicle Operations: Manufacturing site for Touring class, Softail, and custom vehicles.
• Tomahawk, Wisconsin – Tomahawk Operations: Facility that makes sidecars, saddlebags, windshields, and more.
• Kansas City, Missouri – Vehicle and Powertrain Operations: Manufacturing site of Sportster, VRSC, and other vehicles.
• Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin – Pilgrim Road Powertrain Operations plant, two types of tours.
• Milwaukee, Wisconsin – Harley-Davidson Museum: Archive; exhibits of people, products, culture and history; restaurant & café; and museum store.

Due to the consolidation of operations, the Capitol Drive Tour Center in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, was closed in 2009.

Historic register designations[edit]

Some of the company’s buildings have been listed on state and national historic registers, including:

• Harley-Davidson Motorcycle Factory Building – added to National Register of Historic Places on November 9, 1994.^[195][196]
• Factory No. 7 – added to Wisconsin State Register of Historic Places on August 14, 2020.^[197]

Anniversary celebrations[edit]

Beginning with Harley-Davidson’s 90th anniversary in 1993, Harley-Davidson has had celebratory rides to Milwaukee called the «Ride Home».^[198] This new tradition has continued every five years, and is referred to unofficially as «Harleyfest», in line with Milwaukee’s other festivals (Summerfest, German fest, Festa Italiana, etc.). This event brings Harley riders from all around the world.^[199][200] The 105th anniversary celebration was held on August 28–31, 2008,^[201] and included events in Milwaukee, Waukesha, Racine, and Kenosha counties, in Southeast Wisconsin. The 110th-anniversary celebration was held on August 29–31, 2013. The 115th anniversary was held in Prague, Czech Republic, the home country of the oldest existing Harley Davidson Club, on July 5–8, 2018 and attracted more than 100,000 visitors and 60,000 bikes.^[202]

Labor Hall of Fame[edit]

William S. Harley, Arthur Davidson, William A. Davidson and Walter Davidson Sr were, in 2004, inducted into the Labor Hall of Fame for their accomplishments for the H-D company and its workforce.^[203]

Television drama[edit]

The company’s origins were dramatized in a 2016 miniseries entitled Harley and the Davidsons, starring Robert Aramayo as William Harley, Bug Hall as Arthur Davidson^[204] and Michiel Huisman as Walter Davidson, and premiered on the Discovery Channel as a «three-night event series» on September 5, 2016.^[205][206]

See also[edit]

• List of Harley-Davidson motorcycles
• Category:Harley-Davidson engines
• Harley-Davidson (Bally pinball)
• Harley-Davidson (Sega/Stern pinball)
• Harley-Davidson & L.A. Riders
• Harley-Davidson: Race Across America
• List of motor scooter manufacturers and brands

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Videos

• «Why Harley-Davidson Is Struggling In India». CNBC. May 28, 2019. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021.

External links[edit]

• Official website
• Business data for Harley-Davidson:
  • Google
  • SEC filings
  • Yahoo!

Harley-Davidson, Inc.

Type	Public
Traded as	NYSE: HOG S&P 400 component
ISIN	US4128221086
Founded	1903; 120 years ago
Founder	William S. Harley Arthur Davidson Walter Davidson William A. Davidson
Headquarters	Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. 43°02′46″N 87°57′36″W / 43.04611°N 87.96000°WCoordinates: 43°02′46″N 87°57′36″W / 43.04611°N 87.96000°W
Key people	Jochen Zeitz (CEO and chairman)[1]
Products	Motorcycles
Production output	194,256 units (2021)[2]
Revenue	US$4.540 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
Operating income	US$823 Million (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
Net income	US$650.0 Million (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
Total assets	US$11.051 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
Total equity	US$2.553 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021)[2]
Number of employees	≈5,800 (2021)[2]
Subsidiaries	Harley-Davidson EMEA Harley-Davidson Brazil Harley-Davidson India Harley-Davidson Asia
Website	harley-davidson.com

Harley-Davidson, Inc. (H-D, or simply Harley) is an American motorcycle manufacturer headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Founded in 1903, it is one of two major American motorcycle manufacturers to survive the Great Depression along with its historical rival, Indian Motorcycles.^[3] The company has survived numerous ownership arrangements, subsidiary arrangements, periods of poor economic health and product quality, and intense global competition^[4] to become one of the world’s largest motorcycle manufacturers and an iconic brand widely known for its loyal following. There are owner clubs and events worldwide, as well as a company-sponsored, brand-focused museum.

Harley-Davidson is noted for a style of customization that gave rise to the chopper motorcycle style.^[5] The company traditionally marketed heavyweight, air-cooled cruiser motorcycles with engine displacements greater than 700 cc, but it has broadened its offerings to include more contemporary VRSC (2002) and middle-weight Street (2015) platforms.

Harley-Davidson manufactures its motorcycles at factories in York, Pennsylvania; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Manaus, Brazil; Bawal, India; and Pluak Daeng, Thailand.^[6] The company markets its products worldwide, and also licenses and markets merchandise under the Harley-Davidson brand, among them apparel, home décor and ornaments, accessories, toys, scale models of its motorcycles, and video games based on its motorcycle line and the community.

History[edit]

In 1901, 20-year-old William S. Harley drew up plans for a small engine with a displacement of 7.07 cubic inches (116 cc) and four-inch (102 mm) flywheels^[7][8] designed for use in a regular pedal-bicycle frame. Over the next two years, he and his childhood friend Arthur Davidson worked on their motor-bicycle using the northside Milwaukee machine shop at the home of their friend Henry Melk. It was finished in 1903 with the help of Arthur’s brother Walter Davidson. Upon testing their power-cycle, Harley and the Davidson brothers found it unable to climb the hills around Milwaukee without pedal assistance, and they wrote off their first motor-bicycle as a valuable learning experiment.^[9]

The three began work on a new and improved machine with an engine of 24.74 cubic inches (405 cc) with 9.75 in (24.8 cm) flywheels weighing 28 lb (13 kg). Its advanced loop-frame pattern was similar to the 1903 Milwaukee Merkel motorcycle designed by Joseph Merkel, later of Flying Merkel fame. The bigger engine and loop-frame design took it out of the motorized bicycle category and marked the path to future motorcycle designs. They also received help with their bigger engine from outboard motor pioneer Ole Evinrude, who was then building gas engines of his own design for automotive use on Milwaukee’s Lake Street.

The prototype of the new loop-frame Harley-Davidson was assembled in a 10 ft × 15 ft (3.0 m × 4.6 m) shed in the Davidson family backyard.^[10][11] Most of the major parts, however, were made elsewhere, including some probably fabricated at the West Milwaukee railshops where oldest brother William A. Davidson was toolroom foreman. This prototype machine was functional by September 8, 1904, when it competed in a Milwaukee motorcycle race held at State Fair Park. Edward Hildebrand rode it and placed fourth in the race.^[10]

In January 1905, the company placed small advertisements in the Automobile and Cycle Trade Journal offering bare Harley-Davidson engines to the do-it-yourself trade. By April, they were producing complete motorcycles on a very limited basis. That year, Harley-Davidson dealer Carl H. Lang of Chicago sold three bikes from the five built in the Davidson backyard shed. Years later, the company moved the original shed to the Juneau Avenue factory where it stood for many decades as a tribute.

In 1906, Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory on Chestnut Street (later Juneau Avenue),^[12] at the current location of Harley-Davidson’s corporate headquarters.^[13] The first Juneau Avenue plant was a 40 ft × 60 ft (12 m × 18 m) single-story wooden structure. The company produced about 50 motorcycles that year.

In 1907, William S. Harley graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a degree in mechanical engineering. That year, they expanded the factory with a second floor and later with facings and additions of Milwaukee pale yellow («cream») brick. With the new facilities, production increased to 150 motorcycles in 1907. The company was officially incorporated that September. They also began selling their motorcycles to police departments around this time, a market that has been important to them ever since.^[14] In 1907, William A. Davidson quit his job as tool foreman for the Milwaukee Road railroad and joined the Motor Company.

Production in 1905 and 1906 were all single-cylinder models with 26.84-cubic-inch (440 cc) engines. In February 1907, they displayed a prototype model at the Chicago Automobile Show with a 45-degree V-Twin engine. Very few V-Twin models were built between 1907 and 1910. These first V-Twins displaced 53.68 cubic inches (880 cc) and produced about 7 horsepower (5.2 kW). This gave about double the power of the first singles, and top speed was about 60 mph (100 km/h). Production jumped from 450 motorcycles in 1908 to 1,149 machines in 1909.^[15]

In 1911, the company introduced an improved V-Twin model with a displacement of 49.48 cubic inches (811 cc) and mechanically operated intake valves, as opposed to the «automatic» intake valves used on earlier V-Twins that opened by engine vacuum. It was smaller than earlier twins but gave better performance. After 1913, the majority of bikes produced by Harley-Davidson were V-Twin models.

In 1912, Harley-Davidson introduced their patented «Ful-Floteing Seat», which was suspended by a coil spring inside the seat tube.^[16] The spring tension could be adjusted to suit the rider’s weight, and more than 3 inches (76 mm) of travel was available.^[17] Harley-Davidson used seats of this type until 1958.^[18]

By 1913, the yellow brick factory had been demolished and a new five-story structure had been built on the site which took up two blocks along Juneau Avenue and around the corner on 38th Street. Despite the competition, Harley-Davidson was already pulling ahead of Indian and dominated motorcycle racing after 1914. Production that year swelled to 16,284 machines.

World War I[edit]

In 1917, the United States entered World War I and the military demanded motorcycles for the war effort.^[19] Harleys had already been used by the military in the Pancho Villa Expedition^[20][21] but World War I was the first time that it was adopted for military issue, first with the British Model H produced by Triumph Motorcycles Ltd in 1915.^[22] The U.S. military purchased over 20,000 motorcycles from Harley-Davidson.^[23]

Harley-Davidson launched a line of bicycles in 1917 in hopes of recruiting more domestic customers for its motorcycles. Models included the traditional diamond frame men’s bicycle, a step-through frame 3–18 «Ladies Standard», and a 5–17 «Boy Scout» for youth. The effort was discontinued in 1923 because of disappointing sales.^[24] The bicycles were built for Harley-Davidson in Dayton, Ohio by the Davis Machine Company from 1917 to 1921, when Davis stopped manufacturing bicycles.^[25]

1920s[edit]

By 1920 Harley-Davidson was the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world, with 28,189 machines produced and dealers in 67 countries.^[26] In 1921, Otto Walker set a record on a Harley-Davidson as the first motorcycle to win a race at an average speed greater than 100 mph (160 km/h).^[27][28]

Harley-Davidson put several improvements in place during the 1920s, such as a new 74 cubic inch (1,212.6  cc) V-Twin introduced in 1921, and the «teardrop» gas tank in 1925. They added a front brake in 1928, although only on the J/JD models.^[29] In the late summer of 1929, Harley-Davidson introduced its 45-cubic-inch (737 cc) flathead V-Twin to compete with the Indian 101 Scout and the Excelsior Super X.^[30] This was the «D» model produced from 1929 to 1931.^[31] Riders of Indian motorcycles derisively referred to it as the «three cylinder Harley» because the generator was upright and parallel to the front cylinder.^[32] In 1929, Vivian Bales drove a record 5,000 miles across the United States and Canada on a D-model.^[33]

Great Depression[edit]

The Great Depression began a few months after the introduction of their 45 cu in (740 cm³) model. Harley-Davidson’s sales fell from 21,000 in 1929 to 3,703 in 1933. Despite this, Harley-Davidson unveiled a new lineup for 1934, which included a flathead engine and Art Deco styling.^[34]

In order to survive the remainder of the Depression, the company manufactured industrial powerplants based on their motorcycle engines. They also designed and built a three-wheeled delivery vehicle called the Servi-Car, which remained in production until 1973.^[30]

Alfred Rich Child opened a production line in Japan in the mid-1930s with the 74 cu in (1,210 cm³) VL. The Japanese license-holder, Sankyo Seiyaku Corporation, severed its business relations with Harley-Davidson in 1936 and continued manufacturing the VL under the Rikuo name.^[35]

An 80 cubic inches (1,300 cm³) flathead engine was added to the line in 1935, by which time the single-cylinder motorcycles had been discontinued.^[36]

In 1936, the 61E and 61EL models with the «Knucklehead» OHV engines were introduced.^[37] Valvetrain problems in early Knucklehead engines required a redesign halfway through its first year of production and retrofitting of the new valvetrain on earlier engines.^[38]

By 1937, all Harley-Davidson flathead engines were equipped with dry-sump oil recirculation systems similar to the one introduced in the «Knucklehead» OHV engine. The revised 74 cubic inches (1,210 cm³) V and VL models were renamed U and UL, the 80 cu in (1,300 cm³) VH and VLH to be renamed UH and ULH, and the 45 cu in (740 cm³) R to be renamed W.^[37]

In 1941, the 74-cubic-inch «Knucklehead» was introduced as the F and the FL. The 80 cu in (1,300 cm³) flathead UH and ULH models were discontinued after 1941, while the 74-cubic-inchU & UL flathead models were produced up to 1948.^[37]

World War II[edit]

One of only two American cycle^[clarify] manufacturers to survive the Great Depression,^[39][40] Harley-Davidson again produced large numbers of motorcycles for the US Army in World War II and resumed civilian production afterwards, producing a range of large V-twin motorcycles that were successful both on racetracks and for private buyers.

Harley-Davidson, on the eve of World War II, was already supplying the Army with a military-specific version of its 45 cubic inches (740 cm³) WL line, called the WLA. The A in this case stood for «Army». Upon the outbreak of war, the company, along with most other manufacturing enterprises, shifted to war work. More than 90,000 military motorcycles, mostly WLAs and WLCs (the Canadian version) were produced, many to be provided to allies.^[41] Harley-Davidson received two Army-Navy «E» Awards, one in 1943 and the other in 1945, which were awarded for Excellence in Production.

Shipments to the Soviet Union under the Lend-Lease program numbered at least 30,000.^[42] The WLAs produced during all four years of war production generally have 1942 serial numbers. Production of the WLA stopped at the end of World War II, but was resumed from 1950 to 1952 for use in the Korean War.

The U.S. Army also asked Harley-Davidson to produce a new motorcycle with many of the features of BMW’s side-valve and shaft-driven R71. Harley-Davidson largely copied the BMW engine and drive train and produced the shaft-driven 750 cc 1942 Harley-Davidson XA. This shared no dimensions, no parts or no design concepts (except side valves) with any prior Harley-Davidson engine. Due to the superior cooling of the flat-twin engine with the cylinders across the frame, Harley’s XA cylinder heads ran 100 °F (56 °C) cooler than its V-twins.^[43] The XA never entered full production: the motorcycle by that time had been eclipsed by the Jeep as the Army’s general-purpose vehicle, and the WLA – already in production – was sufficient for its limited police, escort, and courier roles. Only 1,000 were made and the XA never went into full production. It remains the only shaft-driven Harley-Davidson ever made.

Small: Hummer, Sportcycle and Aermacchi[edit]

As part of war reparations, Harley-Davidson acquired the design of a small German motorcycle, the DKW RT 125, which they adapted, manufactured, and sold from 1948 to 1966.^[45] Various models were made, including the Hummer from 1955 to 1959, but they are all colloquially referred to as «Hummers» at present.^[46] BSA in the United Kingdom took the same design as the foundation of their BSA Bantam.^[47]

In 1960, Harley-Davidson consolidated the Model 165 and Hummer lines into the Super-10, introduced the Topper scooter,^[48] and bought fifty percent of Aermacchi’s motorcycle division.^[48][49] Importation of Aermacchi’s 250 cc horizontal single began the following year.^[49][50][51] The bike bore Harley-Davidson badges and was marketed as the Harley-Davidson Sprint.^[50][51] The engine of the Sprint was increased to 350 cc in 1969^[49][52] and would remain that size until 1974, when the four-stroke Sprint was discontinued.^[52]

After the Pacer and Scat models were discontinued at the end of 1965, the Bobcat became the last of Harley-Davidson’s American-made two-stroke motorcycles. The Bobcat was manufactured only in the 1966 model year.^[53]

Harley-Davidson replaced their American-made lightweight two-stroke motorcycles with the Italian Aermacchi-built two-stroke powered M-65, M-65S, and Rapido. The M-65 had a semi-step-through frame and tank. The M-65S was a M-65 with a larger tank that eliminated the step-through feature. The Rapido was a larger bike with a 125 cc engine.^[54] The Aermacchi-built Harley-Davidsons became entirely two-stroke powered when the 250 cc two-stroke SS-250 replaced the four-stroke 350 cc Sprint in 1974.^[55]

Harley-Davidson purchased full control of Aermacchi’s motorcycle production in 1974 and continued making two-stroke motorcycles there until 1978, when they sold the facility to Cagiva, owned by the Castiglioni family.^[48]

Tarnished reputation[edit]

In 1952, following their application to the U.S. Tariff Commission for a 40 percent tax on imported motorcycles, Harley-Davidson was charged with restrictive practices.^[56]

In 1969, American Machine and Foundry (AMF) bought the company,^[57][58] streamlined production, and slashed the workforce. This tactic resulted in a labor strike and cost-cutting produced lower-quality bikes.^[4] Simultaneously, the Japanese «big four» manufacturers (Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Yamaha)^[59] revolutionized the North American market by introducing what the motoring press would call the Universal Japanese Motorcycle.^[60] In comparison, Harley-Davidson’s bikes were expensive and inferior in performance, handling, and quality. Sales and quality declined, and the company almost went bankrupt.^[4] The «Harley-Davidson» name was mocked as «Hardly Ableson», «Hardly Driveable», and «Hogly Ferguson»,^[61]
and the nickname «Hog» became pejorative.^[62]

In 1977, following the successful manufacture of the Liberty Edition to commemorate America’s bicentennial in 1976,^[63] Harley-Davidson produced what has become one of its most controversial models, the Harley-Davidson Confederate Edition. The bike was essentially a stock Harley-Davidson with Confederate-specific paint and details.^[64]

Restructuring and revival[edit]

In 1981, AMF sold the company to a group of 13 investors led by Vaughn Beals and Willie G. Davidson for $80 million.^[65] The new management team improved product quality, introduced new technologies, and adopted just-in-time inventory management.^[66] These operational and product improvements were matched with a strategy of seeking tariff protection for large-displacement motorcycles in the face of intense competition with Japanese manufacturers. These protections were granted by the Reagan administration in 1983, giving Harley-Davidson time to implement their new strategies.^[67][68]

Revising stagnated product designs was a crucial centerpiece of Harley-Davidson’s turnaround strategy. Rather than trying to mimic popular Japanese designs, the new management deliberately exploited the «retro» appeal of Harley motorcycles, building machines that deliberately adopted the look and feel of their earlier bikes and the subsequent customizations of owners of that era. Many components such as brakes, forks, shocks, carburetors, electrics and wheels were outsourced from foreign manufacturers and quality increased, technical improvements were made, and buyers slowly returned.

Harley-Davidson bought the «Sub Shock» cantilever-swingarm rear suspension design from Missouri engineer Bill Davis and developed it into its Softail series of motorcycles, introduced in 1984 with the FXST Softail.^[69]

In response to possible motorcycle market loss due to the aging of baby-boomers, Harley-Davidson bought luxury motorhome manufacturer Holiday Rambler in 1986.^[70] In 1996, the company sold Holiday Rambler to the Monaco Coach Corporation.^[71]

The «Sturgis» model, boasting a dual belt-drive, was introduced initially in 1980 and was made for three years. This bike was then brought back as a commemorative model in 1991.

Fat Boy, Dyna, and Harley-Davidson museum[edit]

By 1990, with the introduction of the «Fat Boy», Harley-Davidson once again became the sales leader in the heavyweight (over 750 cc) market.^[72] At the time of the Fat Boy model introduction, a false etymology spread that «Fat Boy» was a combination of the names of the atomic bombs Fat Man and Little Boy.^[73] This has been debunked, as the name «Fat Boy» actually comes from the observation that the motorcycle is somewhat wider than other bikes when viewed head-on.^[74][75][76]

1993 and 1994 saw the replacement of FXR models with the Dyna (FXD), which became the sole rubber mount FX Big Twin frame in 1994. The FXR was revived briefly from 1999 to 2000 for special limited editions (FXR², FXR³ & FXR⁴).^[77]

Harley-Davidson celebrated their 100th anniversary on September 1, 2003 with a large event and concert featuring performances from Elton John, The Doobie Brothers, Kid Rock, and Tim McGraw.^[78]

Construction started on the $75 million, 130,000 square-foot (12,000 m²) Harley-Davidson Museum in the Menomonee Valley of Milwaukee, Wisconsin on June 1, 2006. It opened in 2008 and houses the company’s vast collection of historic motorcycles and corporate archives, along with a restaurant, café and meeting space.^[79]

Overseas operations[edit]

Established in 1918, the oldest continuously operating Harley-Davidson dealership outside of the United States is in Australia.^[13] Sales in Japan started in 1912^[13] then in 1929, Harley-Davidsons were produced in Japan under license to the company Rikuo (Rikuo Internal Combustion Company)^[80] under the name of Harley-Davidson and using the company’s tooling, and later under the name Rikuo. Production continued until 1958.^[81][82]

In 1998, the first Harley-Davidson factory outside the US opened in Manaus, Brazil, taking advantage of the free economic zone there. The location was positioned to sell motorcycles in the southern hemisphere market.^[83][84]

In August 2009, Harley-Davidson launched Harley-Davidson India and started selling motorcycles there in 2010. The company established the subsidiary in Gurgaon, near Delhi, in 2011 and created an Indian dealer network.^[85][86] On September 24, 2020, Harley Davidson announced that it would discontinue its sales and manufacturing operations in India due to weak demand and sales. The move involves $75 million in restructuring costs, 70 layoffs and the closure of its Bawal plant in northern India.^[87]

Buell Motorcycle Company[edit]

Harley-Davidson’s association with sportbike manufacturer Buell Motorcycle Company began in 1987 when they supplied Buell with fifty surplus XR1000 engines. Buell continued to buy engines from Harley-Davidson until 1993, when Harley-Davidson bought 49 percent of the Buell Motorcycle Company.^[88] Harley-Davidson increased its share in Buell to ninety-eight percent in 1998, and to complete ownership in 2003.^[89]

In an attempt to attract newcomers to motorcycling in general and to Harley-Davidson in particular, Buell developed a low-cost, low-maintenance motorcycle. The resulting single-cylinder Buell Blast was introduced in 2000,^[90] and was made through 2009, which, according to Buell, was to be the final year of production.^[91] The Buell Blast was the training vehicle for the Harley-Davidson Rider’s Edge New Rider Course from 2000 until May 2014, when the company re-branded the training academy and started using the Harley-Davidson Street 500 motorcycles. In those 14 years, more than 350,000 participants in the course learned to ride on the Buell Blast.^[92]

On October 15, 2009, Harley-Davidson Inc. issued an official statement that it would be discontinuing the Buell line and ceasing production immediately.^[93] The stated reason was to focus on the Harley-Davidson brand. The company refused to consider selling Buell.^[94] Founder Erik Buell subsequently established Erik Buell Racing and continued to manufacture and develop the company’s 1125RR racing motorcycle.^[95]

Claims of stock price manipulation[edit]

During its period of peak demand, during the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century, Harley-Davidson embarked on a program of expanding the number of dealerships throughout the country. At the same time, its current dealers typically had waiting lists that extended up to a year for some of the most popular models. Harley-Davidson, like the auto manufacturers, records a sale not when a consumer buys their product, but rather when it is delivered to a dealer. Therefore, it is possible for the manufacturer to inflate sales numbers by requiring dealers to accept more inventory than desired in a practice called channel stuffing. When demand softened following the unique 2003 model year, this news led to a dramatic decline in the stock price. In April 2004 alone, the price of HOG shares dropped from more than $60 to less than $40. Immediately prior to this decline, retiring CEO Jeffrey Bleustein profited $42 million on the exercise of employee stock options.^[96] Harley-Davidson was named as a defendant in numerous class action suits filed by investors who claimed they were intentionally defrauded by Harley-Davidson’s management and directors.^[97] By January 2007, the price of Harley-Davidson shares reached $70.

Problems with Police Touring models[edit]

Starting around 2000, several police departments started reporting problems with high-speed instability on the Harley-Davidson Touring motorcycles.^[98] A Raleigh, North Carolina police officer, Charles Paul, was killed when his 2002 police touring motorcycle crashed after reportedly experiencing a high-speed wobble.^[99] The California Highway Patrol conducted testing of the Police Touring motorcycles in 2006. The CHP test riders reported experiencing wobble or weave instability while operating the motorcycles on the test track.^[100]

2007 strike[edit]

On February 2, 2007, upon the expiration of their union contract, about 2,700 employees at Harley-Davidson Inc.’s largest manufacturing plant in York, Pennsylvania, went on strike after failing to agree on wages and health benefits.^[101][102] During the pendency of the strike, the company refused to pay for any portion of the striking employees’ health care.^[103]

The day before the strike, after the union voted against the proposed contract and to authorize the strike, the company shut down all production at the plant. The York facility employs more than 3,200 workers, both union and non-union.^[104]

Harley-Davidson announced on February 16, 2007, that it had reached a labor agreement with union workers at its largest manufacturing plant, a breakthrough in the two-week-old strike.^[105] The strike disrupted Harley-Davidson’s national production and was felt in Wisconsin, where 440 employees were laid off, and many Harley suppliers also laid off workers because of the strike.^[106]

MV Agusta Group[edit]

On July 11, 2008, Harley-Davidson announced they had signed a definitive agreement to acquire the MV Agusta Group for US$109 million (€70M). MV Agusta Group contains two lines of motorcycles: the high-performance MV Agusta brand and the lightweight Cagiva brand.^[107][108] The acquisition was completed on August 8.^[109][110]

On October 15, 2009, Harley-Davidson announced that it would divest its interest in MV Agusta.^[93] Harley-Davidson Inc. sold Italian motorcycle maker MV Agusta to Claudio Castiglioni – a member of the family that had purchased Aermacchi from H-D in 1978 – for a reported 3 euros, ending the transaction in the first week of August 2010. Castiglioni was MV Agusta’s former owner, and had been MV Agusta’s chairman since Harley-Davidson bought it in 2008. As part of the deal, Harley-Davidson put $26M into MV Agusta’s accounts, essentially giving Castiglioni $26M to take the brand.^[111][112]

Financial crisis[edit]

According to Interbrand, the value of the Harley-Davidson brand fell by 43 percent to $4.34 billion in 2009. The fall in value is believed to be connected to the 66 percent drop in the company profits in two-quarters of the previous year.^[113] On April 29, 2010, Harley-Davidson stated that they must cut $54 million in manufacturing costs from its production facilities in Wisconsin, and that they would explore alternative U.S. sites to accomplish this. The announcement came in the wake of a massive company-wide restructuring, which began in early 2009 and involved the closing of two factories, one distribution center, and the planned elimination of nearly 25 percent of its total workforce (around 3,500 employees). The company announced on September 14, 2010, that it would remain in Wisconsin.^[114]

Motorcycle engines[edit]

The classic Harley-Davidson engines are V-twin engines, with a 45° angle between the cylinders. The crankshaft has a single pin, and both pistons are connected to this pin through their connecting rods.^[5]

This 45° angle is covered under several United States patents and is an engineering tradeoff that allows a large, high-torque engine in a relatively small space. It causes the cylinders to fire at uneven intervals and produces the choppy «potato-potato» sound so strongly linked to the Harley-Davidson brand.

To simplify the engine and reduce costs, the V-twin ignition was designed to operate with a single set of points and no distributor. This is known as a dual fire ignition system, causing both spark plugs to fire regardless of which cylinder was on its compression stroke, with the other spark plug firing on its cylinder’s exhaust stroke, effectively «wasting a spark». The exhaust note is basically a throaty growling sound with some popping.
The 45° design of the engine thus creates a plug firing sequencing as such: The first cylinder fires, the second (rear) cylinder fires 315° later, then there is a 405° gap until the first cylinder fires again, giving the engine its unique sound.^[115]

Harley-Davidson has used various ignition systems throughout its history – be it the early points and condenser system, (Big Twin and Sportsters up to 1978), magneto ignition system used on some 1958 to 1969 Sportsters, early electronic with centrifugal mechanical advance weights, (all models from mid-1978 until 1979), or the late electronic with a transistorized ignition control module, more familiarly known as the black box or the brain, (all models 1980 to present).

Starting in 1995, the company introduced Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) as an option for the 30th anniversary edition Electra Glide.^[116] EFI became standard on all Harley-Davidson motorcycles, including Sportsters, upon the introduction of the 2007 product line.^[117]

In 1991, Harley-Davidson began to participate in the Sound Quality Working Group, founded by Orfield Labs, Bruel and Kjaer, TEAC, Yamaha, Sennheiser, SMS and Cortex. This was the nation’s first group to share research on psychological acoustics. Later that year, Harley-Davidson participated in a series of sound quality studies at Orfield Labs, based on recordings taken at the Talladega Superspeedway, with the objective to lower the sound level for EU standards while analytically capturing the «Harley Sound».^[118][119] This research resulted in the bikes that were introduced in compliance with EU standards for 1998.

On February 1, 1994, the company filed a sound trademark application for the distinctive sound of the Harley-Davidson motorcycle engine: «The mark consists of the exhaust sound of applicant’s motorcycles, produced by V-twin, common crankpin motorcycle engines when the goods are in use». Nine of Harley-Davidson’s competitors filed comments opposing the application, arguing that cruiser-style motorcycles of various brands use a single-crankpin V-twin engine which produce a similar sound.^[120] These objections were followed by litigation. In June 2000, the company dropped efforts to federally register its trademark.^[121][122]

Big V-twins[edit]

• F-head, also known as JD, pocket valve and IOE (intake over exhaust), 1914–1929 (1,000 cc), and 1922–1929 (1,200 cc)
• Flathead, 1930–1949 (1,200 cc) and 1935–1941 (1,300 cc).
• Knucklehead, 1936–1947 61 cubic inch (1,000 cc), and 1941–1947 74 cubic inch (1,200 cc)
• Panhead, 1948–1965 61 cubic inch (1,000 cc), and 1948–1965, 74 cubic inch (1,200 cc)
• Shovelhead, 1966–1984, 74 cubic inch (1,200 cc) and 80 cubic inch (1,338 cc) since late 1978
• Evolution (a.k.a. «Evo» and «Blockhead»), 1984–1999, 80 cubic inch (1,340 cc)
• Twin Cam (a.k.a. «Fathead» as named by American Iron Magazine) 1999–2017, in the following versions:
  • Twin Cam 88, 1999–2006, 88 cubic inch (1,450 cc)
  • Twin Cam 88B, counterbalanced version of the Twin Cam 88, 2000–2006, 88 cubic inch (1,450 cc)
  • Twin Cam 95, since 2000, 95 cubic inch (1,550 cc) (engines for early C.V.O. models)
  • Twin Cam 96, since 2007.
  • Twin Cam 103, 2003–2006, 2009, 103 cubic inch (1,690 cc) (engines for C.V.O. models), Standard on 2011 Touring models: Ultra Limited, Road King Classic and Road Glide Ultra and optional on the Road Glide Custom and Street Glide. Standard on most 2012 models excluding Sportsters and 2 Dynas (Street Bob and Super Glide Custom). Standard on all 2014 dyna models.
  • Twin Cam 110, 2007–2017, 110 cubic inch (1,800 cc) (engines for C.V.O. models, 2016 Soft Tail Slim S; FatBoy S, Low Rider S, and Pro-Street Breakout)
• Milwaukee-Eight
  • Standard 107 cu in (1,746 cc): Standard on touring model year 2017+ and Softail models 2018+.^[123]
  • Twin-cooled 107 cu in (1,746 cc): Optional on some touring and trike model year 2017+.^[124]
  • Twin-cooled 114 cu in (1,868 cc): Optional on touring and trike model year 2017+, standard on 2017 CVO models.^[124]
  • Twin-cooled 117 cu in (1,923 cc): Standard on 2018 CVO models^[125]

Small V-twins[edit]

• D Model, 1929–1931, 750 cc
• R Model, 1932–1936, 750 cc
• W Model, 1937–1952, 750 cc, solo (2 wheel, frame only)
• G (Servi-Car) Model, 1932–1973, 750 cc
• K Model, 1952–1953, 750 cc
• KH Model, 1954–1956, 900 cc
• Ironhead, 1957–1971, 883 cc; 1972–1985, 1,000 cc
• Evolution, since 1986, 883 cc, 1,100 cc and 1,200 cc

Revolution engine[edit]

The Revolution engine is based on the VR-1000 Superbike race program, developed by Harley-Davidson’s Powertrain Engineering with Porsche helping to make the engine suitable for street use. It is a liquid cooled, dual overhead cam, internally counterbalanced 60 degree V-twin engine with a displacement of 69 cubic inch (1,130 cc), producing 115 hp (86 kW) at 8,250 rpm at the crank, with a redline of 9,000 rpm.^[126][127] It was introduced for the new VRSC (V-Rod) line in 2001 for the 2002 model year, starting with the single VRSCA (V-Twin Racing Street Custom) model.^[128][129] The Revolution marks Harley’s first collaboration with Porsche since the V4 Nova project, which, like the V-Rod, was a radical departure from Harley’s traditional lineup until it was cancelled by AMF in 1981 in favor of the Evolution engine.^[130]

A 1,250 cc Screamin’ Eagle version of the Revolution engine was made available for 2005 and 2006, and was present thereafter in a single production model from 2005 to 2007. In 2008, the 1,250 cc Revolution Engine became standard for the entire VRSC line. Harley-Davidson claims 123 hp (92 kW) at the crank for the 2008 VRSCAW model. The VRXSE Destroyer dragbike is equipped with a stroker (75 mm crank) Screamin’ Eagle 79 cubic inch (1,300 cc) Revolution Engine, producing 97 pound-feet (132 N⋅m),^[131] and more than 165 hp (123 kW).

750 cc and 500 cc versions of the Revolution engine are used in Harley-Davidson’s Street line of light cruisers.^[39] These motors, named the Revolution X, use a single overhead cam, screw and locknut valve adjustment, a single internal counterbalancer, and vertically split crankcases; all of these changes making it different from the original Revolution design.^[132]

Düsseldorf-Test[edit]

An extreme endurance test of the Revolution engine was performed in a dynamometer installation at the Harley-Davidson factory in Milwaukee, simulating the German Autobahn (highways without general speed limit) between the Porsche research and development center in Weissach, near Stuttgart to Düsseldorf. An undisclosed number of samples of engines failed, until an engine successfully passed the 500-hour nonstop run. This was the benchmark for the engineers to approve the start of production for the Revolution engine, which was documented in the Discovery channel special Harley-Davidson: Birth of the V-Rod, October 14, 2001.^[133]

Single-cylinder engines[edit]

IOE singles

The first Harley-Davidson motorcycles were powered by single-cylinder IOE engines with the inlet valve operated by engine vacuum, based on the DeDion-Bouton pattern.^[134] Singles of this type continued to be made until 1913, when a pushrod and rocker system was used to operate the overhead inlet valve on the single, a similar system having been used on their V-twins since 1911.^[135] Single-cylinder motorcycle engines were discontinued in 1918.^[136]

Flathead and OHV singles

Single-cylinder engines were reintroduced in 1925 as 1926 models.^[137] These singles were available either as flathead engines or as overhead valve engines^[138] until 1930, after which they were only available as flatheads.^[137] The flathead single-cylinder motorcycles were designated Model A for engines with magneto systems only and Model B for engines with battery and coil systems, while overhead valve versions were designated Model AA and Model BA respectively, and a magneto-only racing version was designated Model S.^[138] This line of single-cylinder motorcycles ended production in 1934.^[137]

Two-stroke singles

Model families[edit]

Modern Harley-branded motorcycles fall into one of seven model families: Touring, Softail, Dyna, Sportster, Vrod, Street and LiveWire. These model families are distinguished by the frame, engine, suspension, and other characteristics.

Touring[edit]

Touring models use Big-Twin engines and large-diameter telescopic forks. All Touring designations begin with the letters FL, e.g., FLHR (Road King) and FLTR (Road Glide).

The touring family, also known as «dressers» or «baggers», includes Road King, Road Glide, Street Glide and Electra Glide models offered in various trims. The Road Kings have a «retro cruiser» appearance and are equipped with a large clear windshield. Road Kings are reminiscent of big-twin models from the 1940s and 1950s. Electra Glides can be identified by their full front fairings. Most Electra Glides sport a fork-mounted fairing referred to as the «Batwing» due to its unmistakable shape. The Road Glide and Road Glide Ultra Classic have a frame-mounted fairing, referred to as the «Sharknose». The Sharknose includes a unique, dual front headlight.

Touring models are distinguishable by their large saddlebags, rear coil-over air suspension and are the only models to offer full fairings with radios and CBs. All touring models use the same frame, first introduced with a Shovelhead motor in 1980, and carried forward with only modest upgrades until 2009, when it was extensively redesigned. The frame is distinguished by the location of the steering head in front of the forks and was the first H-D frame to rubber mount the drivetrain to isolate the rider from the vibration of the big V-twin.

The frame was modified for the 1993 model year when the oil tank went under the transmission and the battery was moved inboard from under the right saddlebag to under the seat. In 1997, the frame was again modified to allow for a larger battery under the seat and to lower seat height. In 2007, Harley-Davidson introduced the 96 cubic inches (1,570 cubic centimetres)^[139] Twin Cam 96 engine, as well the six-speed transmission to give the rider better speeds on the highway.

In 2006, Harley introduced the FLHX Street Glide, a bike designed by Willie G. Davidson to be his personal ride, to its touring line.^[140]

In 2008, Harley added anti-lock braking systems and cruise control as a factory installed option on all touring models (standard on CVO and Anniversary models).^[141] Also new for 2008 is the 6-US-gallon (23 l; 5.0 imp gal) fuel tank for all touring models. 2008 also brought throttle-by-wire to all touring models.

For the 2009 model year, Harley-Davidson redesigned the entire touring range with several changes, including a new frame, new swingarm, a completely revised engine-mounting system, 17-inch (430 mm) front wheels for all but the FLHRC Road King Classic, and a 2–1–2 exhaust. The changes result in greater load carrying capacity, better handling, a smoother engine, longer range and less exhaust heat transmitted to the rider and passenger.^[142][143]
Also released for the 2009 model year is the FLHTCUTG Tri-Glide Ultra Classic, the first three-wheeled Harley since the Servi-Car was discontinued in 1973. The model features a unique frame and a 103-cubic-inch (1,690 cc) engine exclusive to the trike.^[144]

In 2014, Harley-Davidson released a redesign for specific touring bikes and called it «Project Rushmore».^[145] Changes include a new 103CI High Output engine, one handed easy open saddlebags and compartments, a new Boom! Box Infotainment system with either 4.3-inch (10 cm) or 6.5-inch (16.5 cm) screens featuring touchscreen functionality [6.5-inch (16.5 cm) models only], Bluetooth (media and phone with approved compatible devices), available GPS and SiriusXM, Text-to-Speech functionality (with approved compatible devices) and USB connectivity with charging. Other features include ABS with Reflex linked brakes, improved styling, Halogen or LED lighting and upgraded passenger comfort.

Softail[edit]

These big-twin motorcycles capitalize on Harley’s strong value on tradition. With the rear-wheel suspension hidden under the transmission, they are visually similar to the «hardtail» choppers popular in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as from their own earlier history. In keeping with that tradition, Harley offers Softail models with «Heritage» styling that incorporate design cues from throughout their history and used to offer «Springer» front ends on these Softail models from the factory.

Designation

Softail models utilize the big-twin engine (F) and the Softail chassis (ST).

• Softail models that use 21-inch (530 mm) Front Wheels have designations that begin with FX, e.g., FXSTB (Night Train), FXSTD (Deuce), and FXSTS (Springer).
• Softail models that use 16-inch (410 mm) Front Wheels have designations beginning with FL, e.g., FLSTF (Fat Boy), FLSTC (Heritage Softail Classic), FLSTN (Softail Deluxe) and FLS (Softail Slim).
• Softail models that use Springer forks with a 21-inch (530 mm) wheel have designations that begin with FXSTS, e.g., FXSTS (Springer Softail) and FXSTSB (Bad Boy).
• Softail models that use Springer forks with a 16-inch (410 mm) wheel have designations that begin with FLSTS, e.g., FLSTSC (Springer Classic) and FLSTSB (Cross Bones).

Dyna[edit]

Dyna-frame motorcycles were developed in the 1980s and early 1990s and debuted in the 1991 model year with the FXDB Sturgis offered in limited edition quantities. In 1992 the line continued with the limited edition FXDB Daytona and a production model FXD Super Glide. The new DYNA frame featured big-twin engines and traditional styling. They can be distinguished from the Softail by the traditional coil-over suspension that connects the swingarm to the frame, and from the Sportster by their larger engines. On these models, the transmission also houses the engine’s oil reservoir.

Prior to 2006, Dyna models typically featured a narrow, XL-style 39mm front fork and front wheel, as well as footpegs which the manufacturer included the letter «X» in the model designation to indicate. This lineup traditionally included the Super Glide (FXD), Super Glide Custom (FXDC), Street Bob (FXDB), and Low Rider (FXDL). One exception was the Wide Glide (FXDWG), which featured thicker 41mm forks and a narrow front wheel, but positioned the forks on wider triple-trees that give a beefier appearance. In 2008, the Dyna Fat Bob (FXDF) was introduced to the Dyna lineup, featuring aggressive styling like a new 2–1–2 exhaust, twin headlamps, a 180 mm rear tire, and, for the first time in the Dyna lineup, a 130 mm front tire. For the 2012 model year, the Dyna Switchback (FLD) became the first Dyna to break the tradition of having an FX model designation with floorboards, detachable painted hard saddlebags, touring windshield, headlight nacelle and a wide front tire with full fender. The new front end resembled the big-twin FL models from 1968 to 1971.

The Dyna family used the 88-cubic-inch (1,440 cc) twin cam from 1999 to 2006. In 2007, the displacement was increased to 96 cubic inches (1,570 cc) as the factory increased the stroke to 4.375 inches (111.1 mm). For the 2012 model year, the manufacturer began to offer Dyna models with the 103-cubic-inch (1,690 cc) upgrade. All Dyna models use a rubber-mounted engine to isolate engine vibration. Harley discontinued the Dyna platform in 2017 for the 2018 model year, having been replaced by a completely-redesigned Softail chassis; some of the existing models previously released by the company under the Dyna nameplate have since been carried over to the new Softail line.^[146]

Designation

Dyna models utilize the big-twin engine (F), footpegs noted as (X) with the exception of the 2012 FLD Switchback, a Dyna model which used floorboards as featured on the Touring (L) models, and the Dyna chassis (D). Therefore, except for the FLD from 2012 to 2016, all Dyna models have designations that begin with FXD, e.g., FXDWG (Dyna Wide Glide) and FXDL (Dyna Low Rider).

Sportster[edit]

Introduced in 1957, the Sportster family were conceived as racing motorcycles, and were popular on dirt and flat-track race courses through the 1960s and 1970s. Smaller and lighter than the other Harley models, contemporary Sportsters make use of 883 cc or 1,200 cc Evolution engines and, though often modified, remain similar in appearance to their racing ancestors.^[147]

Up until the 2003 model year, the engine on the Sportster was rigidly mounted to the frame. The 2004 Sportster received a new frame accommodating a rubber-mounted engine. This made the bike heavier and reduced the available lean angle, while it reduced the amount of vibration transmitted to the frame and the rider, providing a smoother ride for rider and passenger.^[148]

In the 2007 model year, Harley-Davidson celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Sportster and produced a limited edition called the XL50, of which only 2000 were made for sale worldwide. Each motorcycle was individually numbered and came in one of two colors, Mirage Pearl Orange or Vivid Black. Also in 2007, electronic fuel injection was introduced to the Sportster family, and the Nightster model was introduced in mid-year. In 2009, Harley-Davidson added the Iron 883 to the Sportster line, as part of the Dark Custom series.
In the 2008 model year, Harley-Davidson released the XR1200 Sportster in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The XR1200 had an Evolution engine tuned to produce 91 bhp (68 kW), four-piston dual front disc brakes, and an aluminum swing arm. Motorcyclist featured the XR1200 on the cover of its July 2008 issue and was generally positive about it in their «First Ride» story, in which Harley-Davidson was repeatedly asked to sell it in the United States.^[149]
One possible reason for the delayed availability in the United States was the fact that Harley-Davidson had to obtain the «XR1200» naming rights from Storz Performance, a Harley customizing shop in Ventura, Calif.^[150] The XR1200 was released in the United States in 2009 in a special color scheme including Mirage Orange highlighting its dirt-tracker heritage. The first 750 XR1200 models in 2009 were pre-ordered and came with a number 1 tag for the front of the bike, autographed by Kenny Coolbeth and Scott Parker and a thank you/welcome letter from the company, signed by Bill Davidson.^{[citation needed]} The XR1200 was discontinued in model year 2013.

In 2021, Harley-Davidson launched the Sportster S model, with a 121 hp engine and 228 Kg ready-to-ride weight.^[151] The Sportster S was one of the first Harleys to come with cornering-ABS and lean-sensitive traction control.^[152] The Sportster S is also the first model under the Sportster nameplate since 1957 to receive a completely new engine.

Designation

Except for the street-going XR1000 of the 1980s and the XR1200, most Sportsters made for street use have the prefix XL in their model designation. For the Sportster Evolution engines used since the mid-1980s, there have been two engine sizes. Motorcycles with the smaller engine are designated XL883, while those with the larger engine were initially designated XL1100. When the size of the larger engine was increased from 1,100 cc to 1,200 cc, the designation was changed accordingly from XL1100 to XL1200. Subsequent letters in the designation refer to model variations within the Sportster range, e.g. the XL883C refers to an 883 cc Sportster Custom, while the XL1200S designates the now-discontinued 1200 Sportster Sport.

VRSC[edit]

Introduced in 2001 and produced until 2017,^[153] the VRSC muscle bike family bears little resemblance to Harley’s more traditional lineup. Competing against Japanese and American muscle bikes in the upcoming muscle bike/power cruiser segment, the «V-Rod» makes use of the revolution engine that, for the first time in Harley history, incorporates overhead cams and liquid cooling. The V-Rod is visually distinctive, easily identified by the 60-degree V-Twin engine, the radiator and the hydroformed frame members that support the round-topped air cleaner cover. The VRSC platform was also used for factory drag-racing motorcycles.

In 2008, Harley added the anti-lock braking system as a factory-installed option on all VRSC models.^[141] Harley also increased the displacement of the stock engine from 1,130 to 1,250 cc (69 to 76 cu in), which had only previously been available from Screamin’ Eagle, and added a slipper clutch as standard equipment.

VRSC models include:

• VRSCA: V-Rod (2002–2006), VRSCAW: V-Rod (2007–2010), VRSCB: V-Rod (2004–2005), VRSCD: Night Rod (2006–2008), VRSCDX: Night Rod Special (2007–2014), VRSCSE: Screamin’ Eagle CVO V-Rod (2005), VRSCSE2: Screamin’ Eagle CVO V-Rod (2006), VRSCR: Street Rod (2006–2007), VRSCX: Screamin’ Eagle Tribute V-Rod (2007), VRSCF: V-Rod Muscle (2009–2014).

VRSC models utilize the Revolution engine (VR), and the street versions are designated Street Custom (SC). After the VRSC prefix common to all street Revolution bikes, the next letter denotes the model, either A (base V-Rod: discontinued), AW (base V-Rod + W for Wide with a 240 mm rear tire), B (discontinued), D (Night Rod: discontinued), R (Street Rod: discontinued), SE and SEII (CVO Special Edition), or X (Special edition). Further differentiation within models are made with an additional letter, e.g., VRSCDX denotes the Night Rod Special.

VRXSE[edit]

The VRXSE V-Rod Destroyer is Harley-Davidson’s production drag racing motorcycle, constructed to run the quarter mile in less than ten seconds. It is based on the same revolution engine that powers the VRSC line, but the VRXSE uses the Screamin’ Eagle 1,300 cc «stroked» incarnation, featuring a 75 mm crankshaft, 105 mm Pistons, and 58 mm throttle bodies.

The V-Rod Destroyer is not a street-legal motorcycle. As such, it uses «X» instead of «SC» to denote a non-street bike. «SE» denotes a CVO Special Edition.

Street[edit]

The Street, Harley-Davidson’s newest platform and their first all new platform in thirteen years, was designed to appeal to younger riders looking for a lighter bike at a cheaper price.^[39] The Street 750 model was launched in India at the 2014 Indian Auto Expo, Delhi-NCR on February 5, 2014. The Street 750 weighs 218 kg and has a ground clearance of 144 mm giving it the lowest weight and the highest ground clearance of Harley-Davidson motorcycles currently available.^[154]

The Street 750 uses an all-new, liquid-cooled, 60° V-twin engine called the Revolution X. In the Street 750, the engine displaces 749 cc (45.7 cu in) and produces 65 Nm at 4,000 rpm. A six speed transmission is used.^[154]

The Street 750 and the smaller-displacement Street 500 have been available since late 2014.^[39] Street series motorcycles for the North American market will be built in Harley-Davidson’s Kansas City, Missouri plant,^[39] while those for other markets around the world will be built completely in their plant in Bawal, India.^[39][154]

LiveWire[edit]

Harley-Davidson’s LiveWire, released in 2019, is their first electric vehicle. The high-voltage battery provides a minimum city range of 98 miles (158 km).^[155] The LiveWire targets a different type of customer than their classic V-twin powered motorcycles.^[156]

In March 2020, a Harley-Davidson LiveWire was used to break the 24-hour distance record for an electric motorcycle. The bike traveled a reported 1,723 km (1,079 miles) in 23 hours and 48 minutes. The LiveWire offers a Level 1 slow recharge, which uses a regular wall outlet to refill an empty battery overnight, or a quick Level 3 DC Fast Charge. The Fast Charge fills the battery most of the way in about 40 minutes. Swiss rider Michel von Tell used the Level 3 charging to make the 24-hour ride.^[157]

In December 2021, the news was published that LiveWire would be spun-off from parent Harley Davidson, set to go public in the first half of 2022 as a special-purpose acquisition company (SPAC) valued at $1.77 billion.^[158]

Custom Vehicle Operations[edit]

Custom Vehicle Operations (CVO) is a team within Harley-Davidson that produces limited-edition customizations of Harley’s stock models. Every year since 1999, the team has selected two to five of the company’s base models and added higher-displacement engines, performance upgrades, special-edition paint jobs, more chromed or accented components, audio system upgrades, and electronic accessories to create high-dollar, premium-quality customizations for the factory custom market.^[159] The models most commonly upgraded in such a fashion are the Ultra Classic Electra Glide, which has been selected for CVO treatment every year from 2006 to the present, and the Road King, which was selected in 2002, 2003, 2007, and 2008. The Dyna, Softail, and VRSC families have also been selected for CVO customization.

Environmental record[edit]

The Environmental Protection Agency conducted emissions-certification and representative emissions test in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 2005. Subsequently, Harley-Davidson produced an «environmental warranty». The warranty ensures each owner that the vehicle is designed and built free of any defects in materials and workmanship that would cause the vehicle to not meet EPA standards.^[160] In 2005, the EPA and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) confirmed Harley-Davidson to be the first corporation to voluntarily enroll in the One Clean-Up Program. This program is designed for the clean-up of the affected soil and groundwater at the former York Naval Ordnance Plant. The program is backed by the state and local government along with participating organizations and corporations.^[161]

Paul Gotthold, Director of Operations for the EPA, congratulated the motor company:

Harley-Davidson has taken their environmental responsibilities very seriously and has already made substantial progress in the investigation and cleanup of past contamination. Proof of Harley’s efforts can be found in the recent EPA determination that designates the Harley property as ‘under control’ for cleanup purposes. This determination means that there are no serious contamination problems at the facility. Under the new One Cleanup Program, Harley, EPA, and PADEP will expedite the completion of the property investigation and reach a final solution that will permanently protect human health and the environment.^[161]

Harley-Davidson also purchased most of Castalloy, a South Australian producer of cast motorcycle wheels and hubs. The South Australian government has set forth «protection to the purchaser (Harley-Davidson) against environmental risks».^[162]

In August 2016, Harley-Davidson settled with the EPA for $12 million, without admitting wrongdoing, over the sale of after-market «super tuners».^[163][164] Super tuners were devices, marketed for competition, which enabled increased performance of Harley-Davidson products. However, the devices also modified the emission control systems, producing increased hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide. Harley-Davidson is required to buy back and destroy any super tuners which do not meet Clean Air Act requirements and spend $3 million on air pollution mitigation.

Brand culture[edit]

According to a recent Harley-Davidson study, in 1987 half of all Harley riders were under age 35.^[165] However, by 2006, only 15 percent of Harley buyers were under 35,^[165] and as of 2005, the median age had risen to 46.7.^{[166][167][168][169]} In 2008, Harley-Davidson stopped disclosing the average age of riders; at this point it was 48 years old.^[170]

In 1987, the median household income of a Harley-Davidson rider was $38,000. By 1997, the median household income for those riders had more than doubled, to $83,000.^{[171][clarification needed]}

Many Harley-Davidson Clubs exist nowadays around the world;^[172] the oldest one, founded in 1928, is in Prague.^[173]

Harley-Davidson attracts a loyal brand community,^[174] with licensing of the Harley-Davidson logo accounting for almost 5 percent of the company’s net revenue ($41 million in 2004).^[175] Harley-Davidson supplies many American police forces with their motorcycle fleets.^[176]

From its founding, Harley-Davidson had worked to brand its motorcycles as respectable and refined products, with ads that showed what motorcycling writer Fred Rau called «refined-looking ladies with parasols, and men in conservative suits as the target market».^[177][178] The 1906 Harley-Davidson’s effective, and polite, muffler was emphasized in advertisements with the nickname «The Silent Gray Fellow».^[178][179] That began to shift in the 1960s, partially in response to the clean-cut motorcyclist portrayed in Honda’s «You meet the nicest people on a Honda» campaign, when Harley-Davidson sought to draw a contrast with Honda by underscoring the more working-class, macho, and even a little anti-social attitude associated with motorcycling’s dark side. With the 1971 FX Super Glide, the company embraced, rather than distanced, itself from chopper style, and the counterculture custom Harley scene.^[180] Their marketing cultivated the «bad boy» image of biker and motorcycle clubs, and to a point, even outlaw or one-percenter motorcycle clubs.^[177][178]

Origin of «Hog» nickname[edit]

Beginning in 1920, a team of farm boys, including Ray Weishaar, who became known as the «hog boys», consistently won races. The group had a live hog as their mascot. Following a win, they would put the hog on their Harley and take a victory lap.^[181] In 1983, the Motor Company formed a club for owners of its product, taking advantage of the long-standing nickname by turning «hog» into the acronym HOG, for Harley Owners Group. Harley-Davidson attempted to trademark «hog», but lost a case against an independent Harley-Davidson specialist, The Hog Farm of West Seneca, New York,^[182] in 1999, when the appellate panel ruled that «hog» had become a generic term for large motorcycles and was therefore unprotectable as a trademark.^[183]

On August 15, 2006, Harley-Davidson Inc. had its NYSE ticker symbol changed from HDI to HOG.^[184]

Bobbers[edit]

Harley-Davidson FL «big twins» normally had heavy steel fenders, chrome trim, and other ornate and heavy accessories. After World War II, riders wanting more speed would often shorten the fenders or take them off completely to reduce the weight of the motorcycle. These bikes were called «bobbers» or sometimes «choppers», because parts considered unnecessary were chopped off. Those who made or rode choppers and bobbers, especially members of motorcycle clubs like the Hells Angels, referred to stock FLs as «garbage wagons».^[185]

Harley Owners Group[edit]

Harley-Davidson established the Harley Owners Group (HOG) in 1983 to build on the loyalty of Harley-Davidson enthusiasts as a means to promote a lifestyle alongside its products. The HOG also opened new revenue streams for the company, with the production of tie-in merchandise offered to club members, numbering more than one million. Other motorcycle brands,^[186]
and other and consumer brands outside motorcycling, have also tried to create factory-sponsored community marketing clubs of their own.^[187]
HOG members typically spend 30 percent more than other Harley owners on such items as clothing and Harley-Davidson-sponsored events.^[188]

In 1991, HOG went international, with the first official European HOG Rally in Cheltenham, England.^[189]
Today, more than one million members and more than 1400 chapters worldwide make HOG the largest factory-sponsored motorcycle organization in the world.^[190]

HOG benefits include organized group rides, exclusive products and product discounts, insurance discounts, and the Hog Tales newsletter. A one-year full membership is included with the purchase of a new, unregistered Harley-Davidson.^[191]

In 2008, HOG celebrated its 25th anniversary in conjunction with the Harley 105th in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

3rd Southern HOG Rally set to bring together largest gathering of Harley-Davidson owners in South India. More than 600 Harley-Davidson Owners expected to ride to Hyderabad from across 13 HOG Chapters.^[192]

Factory tours and museum[edit]

Harley-Davidson offers factory tours at four of its manufacturing sites, and the Harley-Davidson Museum, which opened in 2008, exhibits Harley-Davidson’s history, culture, and vehicles, including the motor company’s corporate archives.^[193][194]

• York, Pennsylvania – Vehicle Operations: Manufacturing site for Touring class, Softail, and custom vehicles.
• Tomahawk, Wisconsin – Tomahawk Operations: Facility that makes sidecars, saddlebags, windshields, and more.
• Kansas City, Missouri – Vehicle and Powertrain Operations: Manufacturing site of Sportster, VRSC, and other vehicles.
• Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin – Pilgrim Road Powertrain Operations plant, two types of tours.
• Milwaukee, Wisconsin – Harley-Davidson Museum: Archive; exhibits of people, products, culture and history; restaurant & café; and museum store.

Due to the consolidation of operations, the Capitol Drive Tour Center in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, was closed in 2009.

Historic register designations[edit]

Some of the company’s buildings have been listed on state and national historic registers, including:

• Harley-Davidson Motorcycle Factory Building – added to National Register of Historic Places on November 9, 1994.^[195][196]
• Factory No. 7 – added to Wisconsin State Register of Historic Places on August 14, 2020.^[197]

Anniversary celebrations[edit]

Beginning with Harley-Davidson’s 90th anniversary in 1993, Harley-Davidson has had celebratory rides to Milwaukee called the «Ride Home».^[198] This new tradition has continued every five years, and is referred to unofficially as «Harleyfest», in line with Milwaukee’s other festivals (Summerfest, German fest, Festa Italiana, etc.). This event brings Harley riders from all around the world.^[199][200] The 105th anniversary celebration was held on August 28–31, 2008,^[201] and included events in Milwaukee, Waukesha, Racine, and Kenosha counties, in Southeast Wisconsin. The 110th-anniversary celebration was held on August 29–31, 2013. The 115th anniversary was held in Prague, Czech Republic, the home country of the oldest existing Harley Davidson Club, on July 5–8, 2018 and attracted more than 100,000 visitors and 60,000 bikes.^[202]

Labor Hall of Fame[edit]

William S. Harley, Arthur Davidson, William A. Davidson and Walter Davidson Sr were, in 2004, inducted into the Labor Hall of Fame for their accomplishments for the H-D company and its workforce.^[203]

Television drama[edit]

The company’s origins were dramatized in a 2016 miniseries entitled Harley and the Davidsons, starring Robert Aramayo as William Harley, Bug Hall as Arthur Davidson^[204] and Michiel Huisman as Walter Davidson, and premiered on the Discovery Channel as a «three-night event series» on September 5, 2016.^[205][206]

See also[edit]

• List of Harley-Davidson motorcycles
• Category:Harley-Davidson engines
• Harley-Davidson (Bally pinball)
• Harley-Davidson (Sega/Stern pinball)
• Harley-Davidson & L.A. Riders
• Harley-Davidson: Race Across America
• List of motor scooter manufacturers and brands

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Videos

• «Why Harley-Davidson Is Struggling In India». CNBC. May 28, 2019. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021.

External links[edit]

• Official website
• Business data for Harley-Davidson:
  • Google
  • SEC filings
  • Yahoo!

Harley-Davidson Motor Company
Тип	публичная компания
Год основания	1903
Основатели	Уильям С. Харли Артур Дэвидсон Уолтер Дэвидсон Уильям Дэвидсон
Расположение	Милуоки, Висконсин
Ключевые фигуры	Кейт Уонделл (генеральный директор) Вилли Дж. Дэвидсон
Отрасль	мотоциклостроение
Продукция	мотоциклы
Оборот	▲ $4,86 млрд (2010)
Операционная прибыль	▲ $259,7 млн (2010)
Чистая прибыль	▲ $146,5 млн (2010)
Число сотрудников	6 300 (2010)
Сайт	Harley-Davidson.com

Harley-Davidson Motor Company (NYSE: HOG, раньше известная как HDI^[1]) — американский производитель мотоциклов, базирующийся в городе Милуоки, штат Висконсин. Компания производит и продаёт тяжёлые мотоциклы, предназначенные для езды по шоссе.

Особенность маркетинговой политики Harley — создание сообщества людей, лояльных именно к этой марке. Помимо мотоциклов, компания выпускает множество товаров широкого потребления с эмблемой Harley-Davidson. Одежда, обувь, мебель, посуда, выпускаемые под этой маркой, позволяет создать своеобразный стиль жизни от Харли, который делает мотоцикл по-настоящему культовым. Также каждый владелец любого из мотоциклов Харли имеет возможность вступить в созданное фирмой сообщество владельцев мотоциклов этой марки (H.O.G. — Harley Owners Group). На сегодня H.O.G. — самый многочисленный клуб любителей мотоциклов в мире.

В 2008 году компания покупает у семьи Кастильони 100 % акций компании MV Agusta Group, которая производит мотоциклы под брендами MV Agusta и Cagiva.

История

Истоки (1903-1914 гг.)

В начале 1901 года Уильям Сильвестр Харли (William Sylvester Harley), которому было всего 22 года, разработал проект для маленького двигателя объёмом 115 см³. Следующие два года Харли и его друг детства Артур Дэвидсон (Arthur Davidson) трудились над велосипедом с мотором, используя гараж в доме их друга Генри Мелка. Работа была завершена к 1903 году с помощью брата Артура. По завершении работы юноши поняли, что их творение не в состоянии покорить даже скромные холмы Милуоки без помощи педалей. По этой причине Харли и Дэвидсон решили оставить свой велосипед с двигателем как первый, не очень удачный опыт.

Вслед за этим немедленно началась работа над новым, более современным мотоциклом. Этот первый «настоящий» мотоцикл Harley-Davidson имел двигатель объемом 405 см³ весом чуть менее 13 кг. Новая продвинутая рама была аналогична раме мотоцикла 1903 Milwaukee Merkel (сконструированного Джозефом Меркелем, создателем Flying Merke). Новая трубчатая рама и двигатель большего объёма сделали новую модель Харли-Дэвидсон уже не велосипедом с мотором, а мотоциклом в современном понимании. В разработке нового мотора помог инженер Оле Эвинруд, один из пионеров американского моторостроения.

Прототип нового мотоцикла был создан в сарае размером 3 на 5 метров, который стоял во дворе дома семьи Дэвидсонов. Впрочем, большинство основных узлов были изготовлены в других местах, в основном в мастерской железнодорожного депо Западного Милуоки, где старший из братьев, Уильям А. Дэвидсон, работал инструментальщиком. Прототип был закончен 8 сентября 1904 года и в тот же день принял участие в мотогонках на State Fair Park. Гонщиком был Эдуард Хилдебранд, он закончил гонку четвёртым. Эта гонка стала первым документированным появлением мотоцикла Харли-Дэвидсон.

В январе 1905 года в журнале Automobile & Cycle Trade Journal появилась первая маленькая реклама, сообщающая о том, что двигатели фирмы Harley-Davidson появились в свободной продаже. В апреле продавались мотоциклы уже целиком, но в очень ограниченных количествах. В том году первый дилер Harley-Davidson, Карл Лэнд из Чикаго, продал три мотоцикла из дюжины собранных в сарае.

Позже этот легендарный сарай был поставлен в центре уже настоящей фабрики на Авеню Джуно, где он стоял много десятилетий как память о скромном происхождении культовой мотоциклетной компании. Позже, к сожалению, сарай был случайно уничтожен подрядчиками, в начале 1970-х нанятыми для уборки фабричного двора.

В 1906 году Харли и Дэвидсон построили свою первую фабрику на Chestnut Street (позднее улица была переименована в Авеню Джуно). Сегодня по этому адресу находится штаб-квартира компании. Первый завод на Авеню Джуно был деревянным зданием размером 12 на 18 метров. На этой «фабрике» в первый год было собрано уже 50 мотоциклов.

В 1907 году Уильям Харли получил высшее образование в университете Мэдисон в штате Висконсин по специальности инженер-механик. В этом же году фабрика обзавелась вторым этажом, что позволило значительно расширить производство. В 1907 году было выпущено 150 мотоциклов. Также компании удалось занять важную часть рынка, потому что в этом году удалось заключить договор, по которому Харлеи начали покупать для местной полиции.

Все мотоциклы, произведённые в 1905 и 1906 годах, были с одноцилиндровыми двигателями объёмом 440 см³. В феврале 1907 года на чикагской выставке автомобилей был впервые показан мотоцикл с двигателем V-Twin (880 см³) мощностью около 7 лошадиных сил. Эти мотоциклы были почти в два раза мощнее первых одноцилиндровых. Максимальная скорость составила около 97 км/ч. Между 1908 и 1909 продажи мотоциклов выросли с 450 штук до 1’149.

В 1911 году была выпущена усовершенствованная модель двигателя V-twin. У нового двигателя было механическое управление впускным клапаном, в отличие от более ранних моделей, у которых впускной клапан открывался за счёт вакуума, создающегося в цилиндре. Объём нового двигателя был уменьшен до 810 см³, но за счёт более совершенной системы газораспределения мощность возросла почти в два раза. Большинство мотоциклов, выпущенных после 1913 года, оснащались этим новым двигателем.

В 1913 году кирпичное здание фабрики, построенное в 1910 году, было снесено и на его месте построено новое пятиэтажное здание из железобетона и красного кирпича. К 1914 году Харли-Дэвидсон стал ведущим производителем мотоциклов в США, обогнав своего главного конкурента — компанию «Индиан». В 1914 году продажи достигли отметки в 16 284 машин.

В 1916 году было первое документированное использование мотоциклов «Харли-Дэвидсон» вооружёнными силами. Боевики мексиканского повстанца Панчо Вилья использовали мотоциклы «Харли-Дэвидсон» для налётов на пограничные с Мексикой американские города. Им противостояли войска под командой генерала Першинга на мотоциклах «Индиан».

Первая мировая война

После начала Первой мировой войны фирма «Харли-Дэвидсон» получила первый официальный военный заказ — 500 мотоциклов были заказаны для армии Великобритании. В 1917 году Соединённые Штаты вступили в Первую мировую войну и мотоциклы начала заказывать и Армия США. Всего за время войны было заказано более 20 000 мотоциклов фирмы «Харли-Дэвидсон» для вооружения войск.

1920-е годы

В 1920 году «Харли-Дэвидсон» стал крупнейшим производителем мотоциклов в мире. Их мотоциклы продавали дилеры в 67 странах. Производство составляло уже 28 189 машин. В 1921 году «Харли-Дэвидсон», за рулём которого был гонщик Отто Уолкер, впервые выиграл гонку, пройдя дистанцию со средней скоростью свыше 100 миль в час (160 км/ч).

В течение 1920-х мотоциклы снова были усовершенствованы. Появился новый 74-дюймовый (1 200 см³) двигатель V-Twin в 1922 году, а в 1925 году впервые появился бензобак в виде капли, который стоит на большинстве современных моделей мотоциклов. В 1928 году на мотоциклах «Харли-Дэвидсон» появился передний тормоз. В конце лета 1929 года «Харли-Дэвидсон» выпустил новый мотоцикл с нижнеклапанным двигателем объёмом 45 кубических дюймов (750 см³). Новый мотоцикл должен был составить конкуренцию мотоциклам 101 «Скаут» фирмы Индиан и «Супер Х» фирмы Эксельсиор.

Современность

Как правило, покупатель мотоцикла Harley-Davidson осуществляет свою давнюю мечту о красивой машине, питающую фантазии о жизни байкера, о машине в высшей степени надёжной даже при нечастой езде и недостаточно хорошем техническом обслуживании. Когда компания процветала, это происходило из-за того, что она делала машины более надёжными (в частности, устранила причины протечек масла) и всё большее внимание уделяла внешнему виду.

Эти мощные и красивые машины для многих символизируют свободу открытой дороги и приобщение к братству мотоциклистов.

Новое поколение — мотоциклы семейства V-Rod, оснащённые двигателями жидкостного охлаждения Revolution. Двигатель был разработан совместно с инженерами фирмы Porsche.

В 2010 году модель Harley-Davidson Road King заняла первое место в рейтинге «Самый удобный и экономичный байк» немецкого журнала MOTORRAD.

Модельный ряд

Модельный ряд фирмы весьма разнообразен и включает в себя пять линеек мотоциклов: Touring, Softail, Dyna, Sportster и V-rod. Кроме того существует ещё линейка специально доработаных мотоциклов тюнинговым ателье CVO (Custom Vehicle Operations). В каждой линейке есть мотоциклы с преобладанием темных тонов и минимумом хрома в отделке, так называемая Dark Custom Series.

Модель XL Sportster

Модель XL Sportster выпускается с двумя двигателями объема 883 и 1 200 cм³. Эту модель в модельном ряду Harley-Davidson можно назвать Entry Level («входящим уровнем»). Sportster является самой дешёвой и самой маленькой моделью компании. Мотоциклы данной серии можно скорее отнести к классическим мотоциклам, а не чопперам.

Линейка Sportster представлена следующими моделями:

• XL 883L Sportster — low (отличительные черты — уменьшенная высота седла и ход подвески)
• XL 883C Sportster — custom (отличительные черты — много хрома в отделке)
• XL 883R Sportster — roadster (отличительные черты — литые колеса, приборка дополнена тахометром)
• XL 1200L Sportster — low
• XL 1200C Sportster — custom
• XL 1200R Sportster — roadster
• XR 1200 был разработан с оглядкой на европейских покупателей (и продается только в Европе), вдохновленный легендарной моделью XR 750 flat track и представляет собой так называемый дорожный naked bike с отличной управляемостью. Двигатель объемом 1 200 cм³ серьёзно доработан, степень сжатия увеличена до 10,0:1, мощностью до 90 л. с. Harley Davidson XR 1200

Серия Dark Customs:

• XL 883N Sportster — Iron
• XL 1200N Sportster — Nightster
• XL 1200 Sportster — 48 (Forty-Eight)

Примечания

Ссылки

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харлей-дэвидсон

Harley-Davidson

Harley-Davidson- американский производитель мотоциклов, базирующийся в городе Милуоки, штат Висконсин. Компания производит и продаёт тяжёлые мотоциклы, предназначенные для езды по шоссе.
Особенность маркетинговой политики Harley — создание сообщества людей, лояльных именно к этой марке. Помимо мотоциклов, компания выпускает множество товаров широкого потребления с эмблемой Harley-Davidson. Одежда, обувь, мебель, посуда, выпускаемые под этой маркой, позволяет создать своеобразный стиль жизни от Харли, который делает мотоцикл по-настоящему культовым. Также каждый владелец любого из мотоциклов Харли имеет возможность вступить в созданное брендом сообщество владельцев мотоциклов этой марки (H.O.G. — Harley Owners Group). На сегодня H.O.G. — самый многочисленный клуб любителей мотоциклов в мире, насчитывающий более миллиона участников.

В 2008 году компания выкупила у семьи Кастильони 100 % акций компании MV Agusta Group, которая производит мотоциклы под брендами MV Agusta и Cagiva/

ИСТОРИЯ:

В начале 1901 года Уильям Сильвестр Харли (William Sylvester Harley), которому было всего 22 года, разработал проект для маленького двигателя объёмом 115 см³. Следующие два года Харли и его друг детства Артур Дэвидсон (Arthur Davidson) трудились над велосипедом с мотором, используя гараж в доме их друга Генри Мелка. Работа была завершена к 1903 году с помощью брата Артура. По завершении работы юноши поняли, что их творение не в состоянии покорить даже скромные холмы Милуоки без помощи педалей. По этой причине Харли и Дэвидсон решили оставить свой велосипед с двигателем как первый, не очень удачный опыт.

Вслед за этим немедленно началась работа над новым, более современным мотоциклом. Этот первый «настоящий» мотоцикл Harley-Davidson имел двигатель объемом 405 см³ весом чуть менее 13 кг. Новая продвинутая рама была аналогична раме мотоцикла 1903 Milwaukee Merkel (сконструированного Джозефом Меркелем, создателем Flying Merke). Трубчатая рама и двигатель большего объёма сделали новую модель Харли-Дэвидсон уже не велосипедом с мотором, а мотоциклом в современном понимании. В разработке нового мотора помог инженер Оле Эвинруд, один из пионеров американского моторостроения.

Прототип нового мотоцикла был создан в сарае размером 3 на 5 метров, который стоял во дворе дома семьи Дэвидсонов. Впрочем, большинство основных узлов были изготовлены в других местах, в основном в мастерской железнодорожного депо Западного Милуоки, где старший из братьев, Уильям А. Дэвидсон, работал инструментальщиком. Прототип был закончен 8 сентября 1904 года и в тот же день принял участие в мотогонках на State Fair Park. Гонщиком был Эдуард Хилдебранд, он закончил гонку четвёртым. Эта гонка стала первым документированным появлением мотоцикла Харли-Дэвидсон.

В январе 1905 года в журнале Automobile & Cycle Trade Journal появилась первая маленькая реклама, сообщающая о том, что двигатели Harley-Davidson появились в свободной продаже. В апреле продавались мотоциклы уже целиком, но в очень ограниченных количествах. В том году первый дилер Harley-Davidson, Карл Лэнд из Чикаго, продал три мотоцикла из дюжины собранных в сарае.

Позже этот легендарный сарай был поставлен в центре уже настоящей фабрики на Авеню Джуно, где он стоял много десятилетий как память о скромном происхождении культовой мотоциклетной компании. Позже, к сожалению, сарай был случайно уничтожен подрядчиками, в начале 1970-х нанятыми для уборки фабричного двора.

В 1906 году Харли и Дэвидсон построили свою первую фабрику на Chestnut Street (позднее улица была переименована в Авеню Джуно). Сегодня по этому адресу находится штаб-квартира компании. Первый завод на Авеню Джуно был деревянным зданием размером 12 на 18 метров. На этой «фабрике» в первый год было собрано уже 50 мотоциклов.

В 1907 году Уильям Харли получил высшее образование в университете Мэдисон в штате Висконсин по специальности инженер-механик. В этом же году фабрика обзавелась вторым этажом, что позволило значительно расширить производство. В 1907 году было выпущено 150 мотоциклов. Также компании удалось занять важную часть рынка, потому что в этом году удалось заключить договор, по которому Харлеи начали покупать для местной полиции.

Все мотоциклы, произведённые в 1905 и 1906 годах, были с одноцилиндровыми двигателями объёмом 440 см³. В феврале 1907 года на чикагской выставке автомобилей был впервые показан мотоцикл с двигателем V-Twin (англ.)русск. (880 см³) мощностью около 7 лошадиных сил. Эти мотоциклы были почти в два раза мощнее первых одноцилиндровых. Максимальная скорость составила около 97 км/ч. Между 1908 и 1909 продажи мотоциклов выросли с 450 штук до 1149.

Уолтер Дэвидсон после победы в гонке, организованной Федерацией американских мотоциклистов. 1908 год.

В 1911 году была выпущена усовершенствованная модель двигателя V-twin. У нового двигателя было механическое управление впускным клапаном, в отличие от более ранних моделей, у которых впускной клапан открывался за счёт вакуума, создающегося в цилиндре. Объём нового двигателя был уменьшен до 810 см³, но за счёт более совершенной системы газораспределения мощность возросла почти в два раза. Большинство мотоциклов, выпущенных после 1913 года, оснащались этим новым двигателем.

В 1913 году кирпичное здание фабрики, построенное в 1910 году, было снесено и на его месте построено новое пятиэтажное здание из железобетона и красного кирпича. К 1914 году Харли-Дэвидсон стал ведущим производителем мотоциклов в США, обогнав своего главного конкурента — компанию Indian. В 1914 году продажи достигли отметки в 16 284 машин.

В 1916 году было первое документированное использование мотоциклов «Харли-Дэвидсон» вооружёнными силами. Боевики мексиканского повстанца Панчо Вилья использовали мотоциклы «Харли-Дэвидсон» для налётов на пограничные с Мексикой американские города. Им противостояли войска под командой генерала Першинга на мотоциклах «Индиан».[1]

Первая мировая война

После начала Первой мировой войны компания «Харли-Дэвидсон» получила первый официальный военный заказ — 500 мотоциклов были заказаны для армии Великобритании. В 1917 году Соединённые Штаты вступили в Первую мировую войну и мотоциклы начала заказывать и Армия США. Всего за время войны было заказано более 20 000 мотоциклов «Харли-Дэвидсон» для вооружения войск.

1920-е годы

В 1920 году «Харли-Дэвидсон» стал крупнейшим производителем мотоциклов в мире. Их мотоциклы продавали дилеры в 67 странах. Производство составляло уже 28 189 машин. В 1921 году «Харли-Дэвидсон», за рулём которого был гонщик Отто Уолкер, впервые выиграл гонку, пройдя дистанцию со средней скоростью свыше 100 миль в час (160 км/ч).

В течение 1920-х мотоциклы снова были усовершенствованы. Появился новый 74-дюймовый (1 200 см³) двигатель V-Twin (англ.)русск. в 1922 году, а в 1925 году впервые появился бензобак в виде капли, который стоит на большинстве современных моделей мотоциклов. В 1928 году на мотоциклах «Харли-Дэвидсон» появился передний тормоз. В конце лета 1929 года «Харли-Дэвидсон» выпустил новый мотоцикл с нижнеклапанным двигателем объёмом 45 кубических дюймов (750 см³). Новый мотоцикл должен был составить конкуренцию мотоциклам 101 «Скаут» компании Indian и «Супер Х» компании Эксельсиор.[1]

В 1920-х годах талисманом гоночной команды Harley-Davidson был поросенок. Пилот-победитель проезжал круг почета, держа в руках визжащую хрюшку. За это команду прозвали Harley Hogs (hog – «кабан»). Прозвище H.O.G. осталось, но его расшифровывают как Harley Owners Group.

Harley Davidson WLC

1930-е годы

В этот период марка Harley-Davidson продолжает расти и развиваться, но сталкивается с набирающей обороты Великой депрессией в США. В 1933 году у покупателей впервые появляется возможность заказать графический рисунок на баке в виде орла в стиле арт-деко. Этот год считается неофициальной датой зарождения «кастомайзинга» (культуры настройки и улучшения мотоциклов по индивидуальному желанию мотоциклиста).

В 1935 году, в результате продажи лицензии на технологии Harley-Davidson японской Sankyo Company, зарождается японская мотопромышленность. Результатом совместной работы стало появление первой японской мотоциклетной марки Rikuo. В этом же году Джо Петрали (гонщик заводской команды Harley-Davidson на дерт-треке) выигрывает все 13 гонок национального чемпионата Американской ассоциации мотоциклов, установив в процессе гонок четыре рекорда.[1]

Вторая мировая война

Во время Второй мировой войны компания поставляла для вооружённых сил союзников мотоциклы модели WLA (мотоциклы канадского производства обозначались WLC), получившие прозвище Liberator (Освободитель). Мотоцикл имел двухцилиндровый V-образный нижнеклапанный двигатель объёмом 739 см³ и мощностью 23 л.с. Всего было изготовлено около 90000 мотоциклов этой модели. В СССР по Ленд-лизу было поставлено 26670 шт., что почти вдвое превышало количество всех советских мотоциклов, изготовленных за годы войны. Большая часть Harley-Davidson WLA в СССР оборудовались коляской от мотоцикла М-72 и задним сидением. Мотоцикл пользовался у советских солдат хорошей репутацией как надёжный и неприхотливый[2].

В 1942 году была разработана уникальная модель XA 750 с горизонтальным оппозитным расположением цилиндров двигателя. Мотоцикл был специально предназначен для эксплуатации в условиях пустыни. Однако, в связи с завершением военных действий в Северной Африке, модель не пошла в широкое производство.

Послевоенное время

После завершения войны производство гражданских мотоциклов было немедленно восстановлено, и уже в ноябре 1945 года началась сборка первых мотоциклов, предназначенных для продажи населению. В 1946 году Harley-Davidson представляет спортивную модель WR с двигателем объемом 45 кубических дюймов (750 см³), ставшую одним из лучших спортивных мотоциклов своего времени.

В 1947 году участников ежегодной дилерской конференции Harley-Davidson пригласили в поездку к «секретному месту». Этим местом оказался новый завод на Кэпитал Драйв в городе Вауватоса, штат Висконсин. Сейчас на этом месте находится Центр разработки новых продуктов Harley-Davidson имени Вилли Джи Дэвидсона.

В 1949 году впервые представлена модель Hydra-Glide с гидравлической передней вилкой.

1950-60-е годы

Элвис Прэсли на мотоцикле марки Harley-Davydson. Рекламный плакат 1956 года
В 1953 году Harley-Davidson отмечает 50-летний юбилей, отдавая дань уважения своему прошлому созданием специального юбилейного логотипа, который был установлен на переднее крыло всех моделей, выпущенных в 1954 году.

В 1956 молодая восходящая звезда Элвис Пресли позирует для обложки мотоциклетного журнала Enthusiast на мотоцикле Harley-Davidson KH.

В 1957 году общественности представлена новая модель Sportster, которая позднее стала родоначальником целого семейства мотоциклов Harley-Davidson. Это семейство существует в модельной линейке марки и по сей день. Конструкция, вдохновленная спортивными достижениями Harley-Davidson, и двигатель объемом 55 кубических дюймов (900 см3) сделали его известным, как один из первых «супербайков» своего времени.

В 1960 году был представлен первый и единственный за всю историю Harley-Davidson скутер, модель Topper. В этом же году Компания покупает половину европейского предприятия Aeronatica-Macchi, которое занялось производством небольших одноцилиндровых мотоциклов для локального рынка.

В 1964 году на трехколесной модели Servi-Car впервые появляется электрический стартер. А в 1965 на смену модели Duo-Glide приходит Electra Glide, ставшая еще одной легендой марки, положив начало семейству комфортабельных туристических моделей Harley-Davidson. Претерпев многочисленные изменения и обновления, эта модель до сих пор является флагманом линейки Harley-Davidson.

1970-80-е годы

1970 год — на знаменитом соляном озере Бонневиль гонщик Кэл Рейборн устанавливает новый мировой рекорд скорости для мотоциклов. Специально подготовленный мотоцикл с двигателем от модели Sportster позволяет ему разогнаться до 426,5 км/ч.

В 1972 году появляется XR-750, спортивный мотоцикл для гонок на дерт-треке. Он оставался лучшим мотоциклом своего класса на протяжении последующих 30 лет.

В 1973 году Harley-Davidson значительно наращивает объемы производства благодаря открытию нового сборочного предприятия в Йорке, штат Пенсильвания. На площади более 37 000 км² разместилось огромное предприятие, которое стало отвечать только за сборку мотоциклов из комплектующих, произведенных на заводах в Милуоки и Томагавке. Завод на Кэпитал Драйв был реорганизован под производство двигателей.

Конец 70-х и начало 80-х ознаменовалось появлением большого количества моделей, которые позднее стали американской классикой.

1977 год — Harley-Davidson представляет сразу две модели. FXS Low Rider — мотоцикл с заниженным положением седла, которое вскоре стало типичным для мотоциклов такого класса. Ключевым отличием стала посадка ездока, при которой он сидел не «на мотоцикле», а «в мотоцикле». Low Rider стал настоящим хитом и позже неоднократно появлялся в модельной линейке Harley-Davidson. Самая свежая реинкарнация этой легендарной модели увидела свет в 2014 году. Второй новинкой стал Sportster в стиле Café Racer, созданный под руководством Вилли Джи Дэвидсона.

1979 год вошел в историю появлением еще одной легендарной модели — Fat Bob. «Толстяк Боб» получил свое название по двум причинам. «Толстяк» за большой сдвоенный бензобак, а «Боб» — за обрезанные укороченные крылья (bobbed fenders — англ.)

В 1980 году мотоциклы Harley-Davidson впервые получают кевларовый приводной ремень, пришедший на смену традиционному цепному приводу. Ремень не требует постоянного ухода и настройки и выдерживает высокие нагрузки. В скором времени привод ремнем станет стандартным для всех мотоциклов Harley-Davidson.

В 1983 году появляется клуб владельцев Harley-Davidson — HOG (Harley Owners Group), который почти сразу становится крупнейшим мотоклубом в мире. В течение первых 9 лет существования HOG число участников выросло до 90 000 человек, к 2000 году — 500 000 человек, а к 2014 году превысило 1 миллион действительных участников клуба.

1984 год вновь преподнес поклонникам марки сюрприз. На свет появилась первая модель самого популярного семейства Softail. На разработку этой модели инженеры компании Harley-Davidson потратили семь лет. Одновременно с этим мотоциклом дебютировал и двигатель V2 Evolution объемом 1340 куб.см.

В конце восьмидесятых акции Harley-Davidson выходят на Американскую фондовую биржу (1986 год) и торгуются на Нью-Йоркской фондовой бирже (1987 год).[1]

1990—2000-е годы

1990 год — дебютирует модель Softail Fat Boy, ставшая легендарной благодаря фильму «Терминатор 2: Судный день» с Арнольдом Шварценеггером в главной роли.

В 1996 году Harley-Davidson наращивает производственные мощности, открывая Центр дистрибуции запчастей и аксессуаров в Франклине, штат Висконсин. А сразу за этим, в 1997 году, открывается новое здание Центра разработки новых продуктов на месте легендарного завода на Кэпитал Драйв. Производство двигателей переезжает на завод в Меномони Фоллс, а также начинает свою работу завод в Канзас-сити. Сразу за этим, в 1998 году открывается сборочное предприятие в Бразилии — первый завод Harley-Davidson за пределами США.

В 2001 году появилась модель V-Rod, которая заняла нишу технологичных и современных мотоциклов Harley-Davidson. Успех модели обеспечил ей будущее в качестве еще одного семейства модельной линейки Harley-Davidson.

2004 год ознаменовался выходом модели Road King, которая была призвана вернуть туристическим мотоциклам классический вид. Эта модель стала еще одним дополнением линейки туристических мотоциклов марки.

В 2006 году Harley-Davidson анонсирует глобальную реконструкцию своего музея в Милуоки, который вновь открывается для публики уже в 2008 году.[1]

Современность

Harley-Davidson V-Rod

Harley-Davidson Motor Company занимается выпуском мотоциклов классов «кастом», «круизер» и «турер» и предлагает полный ассортимент запасных частей и аксессуаров для мотоциклов Harley-Davidson, а также экипировку, снаряжение и разнообразные сопутствующие товары.

Как правило, покупатель мотоцикла Harley-Davidson осуществляет свою давнюю мечту о красивой машине, питающую фантазии о жизни байкера. Эти мощные и красивые машины для многих символизируют свободу открытой дороги и приобщение к братству мотоциклистов.

Марка продолжает расти и развиваться, открывая новые рынки и направления деятельности. Помимо традиционных семейств классических мотоциклов, в конце 2013 года марка презентовала модель Street с объемом двигателя 500 и 750 см3. Данная модель призвана дополнить модельную гамму компактным мотоциклом для повседневной городской эксплуатации.

В 2013 году также была радикально обновлена платформа туристических мотоциклов, которая получила название проект Rushmore. Мотоциклы на новой платформе стали более комфортабельными и технологичными. Так впервые классическая модель получила комбинированное воздушно-водяное охлаждение, комбинированную систему торможения с автоматическим распределением усилий и многофункциональную развлекательную аудиосистему с навигатором, встроенным интеркомом и голосовым управлением.

В июне 2014 года состоялась презентация первого электрического мотоцикла LiveWire. Данная модель пока не предназначена для продажи и проходит ходовые испытания, в ходе которых Harley-Davidson планирует собрать информацию об отзывах клиентов, их пожеланиях и требованиях, которые они предъявляют к мотоциклу подобного класса и конструкции.

Семейство моделей мотоциклов

Сегодня Harley-Davidson предлагает широкий спектр моделей мотоциклов практически на любой вкус. Но, несмотря на кажущуюся сложность, разобраться в огромном спектре моделей мотоциклов Harley-Davidson весьма просто — буквенные обозначения “Харлеев” очень просто расшифровываются и могут подробно рассказать о соответствующей модели.

Так в производственной линии “Harley-Davidson” присутствует три основные группы моделей (различающихся по типу двигателя), это: XL- Sportster, VRSC и Big Twin.

На базе этих групп формируется шесть семейств моделей мотоциклов:

SPORTSTER (объем двигателя 883-1200 cм³):

7 разновидностей Harley-Davidson Sportster:

883 Roadster;

Superlow;

Forty-Eight;

Iron 883;

Superlow 1200T;

Seventy-Two;

1200 Custom.

XL-Experimental Lightweight;

C-Custom;

R-Roadster;

L-Low.

DYNA (объем двигателя 1200-1800 cм³):

Существует 7 моделей в серии Dyna

Fat Bob;

Street Bob;

Super Glide;

Switchback – для дальних поездок.

Low Rider;

Wide Glide;

F-Big Twin;

X-переднее колесо 19” или 21”, подножки;

D-DYNA;

C-Custom;

X-Sport;

L-Low;

WG-Wide Glide.

SOFTAIL (объем двигателя — от 1340 до 1850 cм³):

Серии Softail:

Heritage

Heritage Classic

Springer

Softail Slim

Softail Standard

Softail Custom

Night Train

Fat Boy

Deuce

Delux

Rocker

Blackline

Breakout

Fat Boy Special

Cross Bones

F-Big Twin;

X-переднее колесо 19” или 21”, тонкие перья вилки, подножки;

L-переднее колесо 16 ”, вилка в стиле Touring (толстые перья), площадки для ног;

ST-Softail;

B-Night Train;

F-Fat Boy;

N-Deluxe;

D-Deuce;

SC-Springer Classic;

C-Classic.

TOURING (объем двигателя — от 1200 до 1923 cм³):

Разновидности Touring: Street Glide, Electra Glide, Ultra Limited, Road Glide

F-Big Twin;

L-переднее колесо 16”, вилка в стиле Touring (толстые перья), площадки для ног;

H-Tourer(Highway);

R-Road King;

T-Tour Pack;

S-Custom;

C-Classic;

U-Ultra.

VRSC (V-Rod) дрэг-круизеры (объем двигателя — от 1000 до 1250 cм³):

В этой серии всего 2 модели: Night Rod и Muscle.

V-V-Twin;

R-Racing;

S-Street;

C-Custom;

A-A Series;

R-Roadster;

D-Dragster;

W-Wide;

X-Special или Limited Edition

Так же общие дополнительные литеры в обозначении модели:

I — наличие электронной системы впрыска топлива.
SE — ограниченная серия в исполнении Screamin’ Eagle

Таким образом можно читать информацию о мотоцикле из индекса модели, например: FLHTCUI — ULTRA CLASSIC ELECTRA GLIDE это: мотоцикл с двигателем Big Twin объемом 1450 или 1584 cм³, с толстой вилкой в стиле Туринг, площадкой для ног, мотоцикл из семейства Touring c Tour Pack(верхний жесткий кофр) в исполнении Classic Ultra, Инжектор.

Street

Серия Street создавалась для того, чтобы мотоциклы Харлей Дэвидсон лучше продавались в азиатских и других развивающихся странах, поэтому модель создавалась максимально дешевой и конструкция у нее простая. Мотоциклы серии Street выпускаются в Индии, а все остальные Харлеи исключительно в США. В Америке серия Стрит не пользуется популярностью.

Street 750, мотор самый маломощный среди Харлеев. Сам мотор такой же, как и на V-Rod, с жидкостной системой охлаждения, с таким же углом развала блока цилиндров, но объем мотора в Street 750 примерно в 2 раза меньше, чем в V-Rod. В общем, Street нельзя считать настоящими Харлей Дэвидсонами.

Модельный ряд

SS 125 1976-1977

SS 175 1976-1977

SS 250 1976

SST 250 1977

SX 125 1976

SX 175 1976-1977

SX 250 1976-1977

SXT 125 1977

XLCR 1000 Cafe Racer 1977

XLCR 1000 Cafe Racer 1978

SPORTSTER

XLX 1000-61 1983-1985

XLCH 900 Sportster 1970-1971

XLCH 1000 Sportster 1972-1975

XLCH 1000 Sportster 1976-1978

XLH 900 Sportster 1970

XLH 1000 Sportster 1972

XLH 1000 Sportster 1973-1975

XLH 1000 Sportster 1976-1980

XLH 1000 Sportster 1981-1985

XLH 1200 Sportster 1992

XLH 1200 Sportster 1993-1995

XLH 1200 Sportster 1996

XLH 1200 Sportster 1997-1999

XLH 1200 Sportster 2001-2003

XLH 1200 Sportster Sport 1996

XLH 1200 Sportster Sport 1997

XLH 1200 Sportster Sport 1998

XLH 1200 Sportster Sport 1999

XLH 1200 Sportster Sport 2001

XLH 1200 Sportster Custom 1996

XLH 1200 Sportster Custom 1997

XLH 1200 Sportster Custom 1998

XLH 1200 Sportster Custom 1999-2001

1200 Sportster Custom 2004-2014

1200 Sportster Custom 110th Anniversary Edition 2013

XLH Sportster 1100 Evolution 1986-1987

XLH Sportster 1100 Evolution De Luxe 1986-1987

XLH Sportster 883 Evolution 1986-1987

XLH Sportster 883 Evolution (reduced effect) 1986-1987

XLH Sportster 883 Hugger 1988-1992

XLH Sportster 883 Hugger 1995

XLH Sportster 883 Hugger 1996

XLH Sportster 883 Hugger 1997

XLH Sportster 883 Hugger 1998

XLH Sportster 883 Hugger 1999

XLH Sportster 883 Hugger 2000

XLH Sportster 883 Hugger 2001

XLH Sportster 883 Hugger 2002-2003

XLH Sportster 883 De Luxe 1988-1989

XLH Sportster 883 De Luxe (reduced effect) 1988-1991

XLH Sportster 883 2001-2003

XLH Sportster 883 Standard 1988-1992

XLH Sportster 883 Standard 1993-1995

XLH Sportster 883 Standard 2000

XLH Sportster 883 Standard (reduced effect) 1989-1992

XLH Sportster 883 Standard 1993-1998

XL 883C Sportster Custom 1998

XL 883C Sportster Custom 2003

XL 883C Sportster Custom 2004-2005

XL 883C Sportster Custom 2006

XL 883C Sportster Custom 2007

XL 883C Sportster Custom 2010

XL 883L Sportster 2007-2008

XL 883L Sportster 2009-2010

XL 883L Sportster 2011-2012

XL 883R Sportster 2002-2003

XL 883R Sportster 2006-2010

XL 883R Sportster 2011

XL 883R Sportster 2012

XL 883N Sportster Iron 2009-2011

XL 883N Sportster Iron 2012

XL 883N Sportster Iron 2013-2014

XL 883N Sportster Iron 2018

XL 1200C 1200 Custom 2019

XL 1200NS Iron 1200 2019

XL 883N Iron 883 2019

XL 883 Sportster Police 2008

883 Sportster SuperLow 2011

883 Sportster SuperLow 2012-2013

883 Sportster SuperLow 2014

XL 883L Sportster Superlow 2015-2016

XL 883L SuperLow 2019

XL 1200T SuperLow 1200T 2019

XL 53C Sportster Custom 1999

XL 53C Sportster Custom 2002-2003

XL 50 50th Sportster Anniversary 2007

XL 1200C Sportster 2000

XL 1200C Sportster 2002-2003

XL 1200C Sportster 2004

XL 1200C Sportster 2005

XL 1200C Sportster 2006

XL 1200C Sportster 2007-2008

XL 1200C Sportster 2009-2010

XL 1200C Sportster 2012

XL 1200S Sportster 2000

XL 1200S Sportster 2002-2003

XL 1200L Sportster 2006

XL 1200L Sportster 2007-2008

XL 1200L Sportster 2009-2010

XL 1200L Sportster 2011

XL 1200N Sportster 2008

XL 1200N Sportster 2009

XL 1200N Sportster 2010

XL 1200N Sportster 2011

XL 1200N Sportster 2012

XL 1200R Sportster 2004-2005

XL 1200R Sportster 2006

XL 1200R Sportster 2007-2008

XL 1200V Sportster Seventy-Two 2012-2014

XL 1200V Sportster Seventy-Two 2015-2016

XL 1200X Forty-Eight 2019

XL 1200XS Forty-Eight Special 2019

XL 1200X Forty-Eight 2011

XL 1200X Forty-Eight 2012

XL 1200X Forty-Eight 2013

XL 1200X Forty-Eight 2014

XL 1200X Forty-Eight 2015-2016

XLS 1000 Roadster 1979-1981

XLS 1000 Roadster 1982-1985

XL 1200CX Roadster 2019

XR 1000 1983

XR 1200 2009

XR 1200 2010

XR 1200X 2010

XR 1200X 2011

XR 1200X 2012

DYNA

FXB 1340 Sturgis 1980-1982

FXB 1340 Sturgis 1991

FX 1200 Super Glide 1973-1977

FXD 1450 Super Glide 1999-2003

FXD Super Glide 2007-2010

FXDC Super Glide Custom 2008-2012

FXDC Super Glide Custom 2013

FXDC Super Glide Custom 110th Anniversary Edition 2013

FXDC 1690 Super Glide Custom 2014

FXDCI 1450 Super Glide Custom 2005

FXDCI 1450 Super Glide Custom 2006

FXDCI Super Glide Custom 2007

FXDI 1450 Super Glide 2004

FXDI35 35th Anniversary Super Glide 2006

FXDX 1450 Super Glide Sport 2000-2003

FXDXI 1450 Super Glide Sport 2004-2005

FXDXT 1450 Super Glide T-Sport 2001-2003

FXE 1200 Super Glide 1974-1979

FXE 1340 Super Glide 1980-1982

FXE 1340 Super Glide 1983

FXR 1340 Super Glide 1982

FXR 1340 Super Glide 1986-1989

FXR 1340 Super Glide 1990-1992

FXR 1340 Super Glide 1993-1995

FXR 1340 Super Glide 1996-1998

FXR 1340 Super Glide 2001

FXR 1340 Super Glide (reduced effect) 1988-1989

FXRT 1340 Sport Glide 1983-1988

FXRT 1340 Sport Glide (reduced effect) 1988-1989

FXRT 1340 Sport Glide 1990-1991

FXRT Sport Glide 2018

FXWG 1340 Wide Glide 1980-1982

FXWG 1340 Wide Glide 1983

FXWG 1340 Wide Glide 1984-1985

FXDWG 1340 Wide Glide 1993-1995

FXDWG 1340 Wide Glide 1996

FXDWG 1340 Wide Glide 1998

FXDWG 1340 Wide Glide 1999

FXDWG 1450 Wide Glide 2000-2003

FXDWG Wide Glide 2007-2010

FXDWG Wide Glide 2011

FXDWG Wide Glide 2012

FXDWG 1690 Wide Glide 2013-2016

FXDWG 1690 Wide Glide 2017

FXDWGI 1450 Wide Glide 2004-2005

FXDWGI 1450 Wide Glide 2006

1340 Low Rider Convertible 1991-1994

1340 Low Rider Glide 1997-1998

FXDL 1450 Low Rider 2000-2003

FXDL 1450 Low Rider 2004-2006

FXDL 1450 Low Rider 2007-2009

FXDL 1690 Low Rider 2014

FXDL 1690 Low Rider 2015

FXDL 1690 Low Rider 2016

FXDL 1800 Low Rider S 2016

FXS 1200 Low Rider 1978-1979

FXS 1340 Low Rider 1980-1981

FXSB 1340 Low Rider 1982

FXSB 1340 Low Rider 1984-1985

FXLR 1340 Low Rider 1995

FXLR 1340 Low Rider 1996

FXLR 1340 Low Rider Custom 1988-1989

FXLR 1340 Low Rider Custom 1992

FXLR 1340 Low Rider Custom 1993-1994

FXRS 1340 Low Rider 1984-1986

FXRS 1340 Low Rider 1987-1988

FXRS 1340 Low Rider 1989

FXRS 1340 Low Rider 1990-1992

FXRS 1340 Low Rider Sport 1993

FXRS 1340 Low Rider Sport Edition 1986-1987

FXRS 1340 Low Rider (reduced effect) 1988-1989

FXRS 1340 SP Low Rider Special Edition 1988-1989

FXRS 1340 SP Low Rider Special Edition 1990-1992

FXE/F 1200 Fat Bob 1979

FXE/F 1340 Fat Bob 1980-1985

FXDF Glide Fat Bob 2009-2011

FXDF 1690 Fat Bob 2013

FXDF 1690 Fat Bob 2014

FXDF 1690 Fat Bob 2015

FXDF 1690 Fat Bob 2016

FXDF Fat Bob 107 2018

FXDF Fat Bob 114 2018

FXDF 1690 Glide Fat Bob 2012

Glide CVO Fat Bob 2009-2010

Glide Street Bob 2006

Glide Street Bob 2007-2012

FXDB Street Bob 2013

FXDB 1690 Street Bob 2014

FXDB Street Bob 2015

FXDB Street Bob 2016

FLD Switchback 2012-2013

FLD Switchback 2014-2015

FLD Switchback 2016-2017

SOFTAIL

FLHE 1340 Heritage 1981

FLSTN 1340 Heritage Nostalgia 1993

FLST 1340 Heritage Softail 1987-1991

FLSTC 1340 Heritage Softail Classic 1988-1992

FLSTC 1340 Heritage Softail Classic 1995-1999

FLSTC 1340 Heritage Softail Classic (reduced effect) 1989

FLSTC 1450 Heritage Softail Classic 2000

FLSTC 1450 Heritage Softail Classic Injection 2001

FLSTC 1450 Heritage Softail Classic 2003

FLSTC 1450 Heritage Softail Classic 2006

FLSTCI 1450 Heritage Softail Classic 2002-2005

FLSTCI 1450 Heritage Softail Classic 2006

FLSTCI Heritage Softail Classic 2007-2011

FLSTCI 1690 Heritage Softail Classic 2012

FLSTCI 1690 Heritage Softail Classic 2013-2014

FLSTCI 1690 Heritage Softail Classic 2015-2016

FLSTCI 1690 Heritage Softail Classic 2017

FLHC 1746 Heritage Classic 107 2019

FLHCS 1868 Heritage Classic 114 2019

FLSTC 1690 Heritage Softail Classic 110th Anniversary Edition 2013

FLSTS 1340 Heritage Springer 1997-1999

FLSTS 1450 Heritage Springer 2000-2003

FLSTSE 1800 CVO Softail Convertible 2010

FLSTSE 1800 CVO Softail Convertible 2011

FLSTSE3 1800 CVO Softail Convertible 2012

FLSTSCI 1450 Softail Springer Classic 2005

FLSTN 1340 Heritage Softail Special 1994-1996

1340 Heritage Softail Custom 1994

FXDRS 1868 FXDR 114 2019

FXST 1340 Softail 1983-1989

FXST 1340 Softail (reduced effect) 1988-1989

FXST 1340 Softail 1990-1991

FXST 1450 Softail Standard 2000-2002

FXST 1450 Softail Standard 2003

FXST 1450 Softail Standard 2006

FXST 1580 Softail Standard 2007

FXSTI 1450 Softail Standard 2004-2005

FXSTI 1450 Softail Standard 2006

FXSTC 1340 Softail Custom 1987-1989

FXSTC 1340 Softail Custom 1990-1992

FXSTC 1340 Softail Custom 1996-1999

FXSTC 1340 Softail Custom (reduced effect)1988-1989

FXSTC 1580 Softail Custom 2007-2009

FXSTC 1580 Softail Custom 2010

FXSTS 1340 Springer Softail (reduced effect) 1989

FXSTS 1340 Springer Softail 1989-1992

FXSTS 1340 Springer Softail 1993-1995

FXSTS 1340 Springer Softail 1997-1999

FXSTS 1450 Springer Softail 2000-2006

FXSTSI 1450 Springer Softail 2004

FXSTSI 1450 Springer Softail 2006

FXSTSSE3 1800 CVO Springer Softail 2009

FXSTSB 1340 Bad Boy 1995-1997

FLSTF 1580 Fat Boy Firefighter 2008

FLSTF 1580 Fat Boy Peace Officer/Firefighter 2008

FLSTF 1340 Fat Boy 1990-1995

FLSTF 1340 Fat Boy 1996-1999

FLSTF 1450 Fat Boy 2000-2006

FLSTFI 1450 Fat Boy 2001-2005

FLSTFI 1450 Fat Boy 2006

FLSTFI 1580 Fat Boy 2007-2009

FLSTFI 1580 Fat Boy 2010-2011

FLSTFI 1690 Fat Boy 2012

FLSTFI 1690 Fat Boy 2013-2014

1800 Fat Boy 107 2018

1870 Fat Boy 114 2018

FLFB 1746 Fat Boy 107 2019

FLFBS 1868 Fat Boy 114 2019

FLSTFB 1580 Fat Boy Special 2010-2011

FLSTFB 1690 Fat Boy Special 2011-2012

FLSTFB 1580 Fat Boy Lo 2010-2011

FLSTFB 1690 Fat Boy Lo 2011-2012

FLSTFB 1690 Fat Boy Lo Special 2013

FLSTFB 1690 Fat Boy Lo 110th Anniversary Edition 2013

FLSTFB 1690 Fat Boy Lo 2013-2014

FLSTFB 1690 Fat Boy Lo 2015

FLSTFB 1800 Fat Boy Lo Rider S 2016

FLSTFSE 1690 Fat Boy Screamin Eagle 2006

FLSTFBS 1800 Fat Boy S 2016

FXSTB 1340 Night Train 1998-1999

FXSTB 1450 Night Train 2000-2005

FXSTBI 1450 Night Train 2005-2006

FXSTBI 1580 Night Train 2007-2009

FXSTD 1450 Deuce 1999-2006

FXSTDI 1450 Deuce 2001-2005

FXSTDI 1450 Deuce 2006

FXSTDI 1580 Deuce 2007

FLSTN 1450 Deluxe 2005-2006

FLSTN 1450 Deluxe 2006

FLSTN 1580 Deluxe 2007-2011

FLSTN 1690 Deluxe 2012

FLSTN 1690 Deluxe 2013-2014

FLSTN 1690 Deluxe 2015

FLSTN 1690 Deluxe 2016

FLSTN 1750 Deluxe 2018

FLDE 1750 Deluxe 2019

FLSTNSE 1800 CVO Deluxe 2013

FLSTNSE 1800 CVO Deluxe 2014-2015

FXCW 1580 Rocker 2008

FXCW 1580 Rocker 2009

FXCWC 1580 Rocker C 2008-2011

FXS 1580 Blackline 2011

FXS 1690 Blackline 2012

FXS 1690 Blackline 2013

FXSB 1690 Breakout 2013-2014

FXSB 1690 Breakout 2015

FXSB 1750 Breakout 107 2018

FXSB 1800 Breakout 114 2018

FXBR 1750 Breakout 107 2019

FXBRS 1868 Breakout 114 2019

FXSB 1690 CVO Breakout 2013-2014

FXSB 1800 CVO Pro Street Breakout 2016

FXSB 1800 CVO Pro Street Breakout 2017

FXCSTS 1500 Screamer 2000

FLSTSB 1580 Cross Bones 2008-2011

FLS 1690 Slim 2012-2015

FLS 1690 Slim 2016

FLS 1690 Slim S 2016

FLS 1750 Slim 2018

FLSB 1750 Sport Glide 2019

FLSL 1750 Slim 2019

FXDL 1745 Low Rider 2018

FXLR 1745 Low Rider 2019

FXFB 1750 Fat Bob 107 2019

FXFBS 1868 Fat Bob 114 2019

FXBB 1750 Street Bob 2019

TOURING

FL 1200 Electra Glide 1971-1972

FLH 1200 Electra Glide 1974-1979

FLH 1340 Electra Glide 1979-1981

FLH 1340 EIectra Glide Belt Drive 1982-1983

FLHC 1340 EIectra Glide Classic 1979-1985

FLHT 1340 Electra Glide 1986-1987

FLHTC 1340 Electra Glide Classic 1988-1992

FLHTC 1340 Electra Glide Classic 1993-1995

FLHTC 1340 Electra Glide Classic 1996-1998

FLHTC 1450 Electra Glide Classic 2002-2003

FLHTC 1450 Electra Glide Classic 2003-2007

FLHTC 1580 Electra Glide Classic 2008-2011

FLHTC 1690 Electra Glide Classic 2012

FLHTC 1690 Electra Glide Classic 2013

FLHC 1340 EIectra Glide Classic (with sidecar) 1981-1984

FLHC 1340 EIectra Glide Classic (with sidecar) 1985

FLHC 1340 EIectra Glide Classic (with sidecar)(reduced effect) 1988

FLHTC 1340 Electra Glide Classic (reduced effect) 1988-1989

FLHTC 1340 Electra Glide Classic (reduced effect) 1990-1992

FLHTCU 1340 Electra Glide Ultra Classic 1989-1992

FLHTCU 1340 Electra Glide Ultra Classic 1993-1995

FLHTCU 1340 Electra Glide Ultra Classic 1996-1998

FLHTCUI 1340 Electra Glide Ultra Classic 1999

FLHTCU 1450 Electra Glide Ultra Classic 2002

FLHTCUI 1450 Electra Glide Ultra Classic 2000-2004

FLHTCUI 1450 Electra Glide Ultra Classic 2005-2006

FLHTCU 1580 Electra Glide Ultra Classic 2007-2011

FLHTCU 1690 Electra Glide Ultra Classic 2012

FLHTCU 1690 Electra Glide Ultra Classic 2013-2015

FLHTCUSE 1800 CVO Electra Glide Ultra Classic Black 2010

FLHTCUSE2 1800 CVO Electra Glide Ultra Classic ScreaminEagle 2007

FLHTCUSE3 1800 CVO Electra Glide Ultra Classic 2008

FLHTCUSE4 1800 CVO Electra Glide Ultra Classic 2009

FLHTCUSE5 1800 CVO Electra Glide Ultra Classic 2010

FLHTCUSE6 1800 CVO Electra Glide Ultra Classic 2011

FLHTCUSE7 1800 CVO Electra Glide Ultra Classic 2012

FLHTCUSE8 1800 Electra Glide CVO Ultra Classic 2013

1800 Electra Glide CVO Ultra Classic 110th Anniversary Edition 2013

FLHTK 1690 Electra Glide Ultra Limited 2010

FLHTK 1690 Electra Glide Ultra Limited 2011-2013

FLHTK 1690 Electra Glide Ultra Limited 2014-2016

FLHTK 1745 Electra Glide Ultra Limited 2017

FLHTK 1868 Electra Glide Ultra Limited 2019

FLHTKL 1868 Ultra Limited Low 2019

FLHTKSE 1800 Electra Glide CVO Ultra Limited 2014

FLHTKSE 1923 CVO Limited 2019

FLHTK 1690 Electra Glide Ultra Limited 110th Anniversary Edition 2013

1340 Electra Glide Ultra Classic (reduced effect) 1989-1992

FLHTCUSE 1690 Electra Glide Ultra Classic Screamin Eagle 2006

FLHTCU 1580 Electra Glide Ultra Classic Peace Officer 2008

FLHTCU 1580 Electra Glide Ultra Classic Firefighter 2008

FLHTCUTG 1580 Tri Glide Ultra Classic 2009

FLHTCUTG 1690 Tri Glide Ultra Classic 2010-2012

FLHTCUTG 1690 Tri Glide Ultra Classic 2013

FLHTCUTG 1690 Tri Glide Ultra Classic 110th Anniversary Edition 2013

FLHTCUTG 1690 Tri Glide Ultra Classic 2014-2015

FLHTCUTG 1690 Tri Glide Ultra Classic 2016

FLHTCUTG 1745 Tri Glide Ultra Classic 2018

FLHTCUTG 1868 Tri Glide Ultra 2019

FLRT 1868 Freewheeler 2019

FLHS 1340 Electra Glide Sport 1988-1993

FLHS 1340 Electra Glide Sport (reduced effect) 1988-1992

FLT 1340 Tour Glide 1979-1982

FLTC 1340 Tour Glide Classic 1980-1983

FLTC 1340 Tour Glide Classic 1984-1986

FLTC 1340 Tour Glide Classic 1987-1991

FLTC 1340 Tour Glide Classic (reduced effect) 1988-1989

FLTC 1340 Tour Glide Classic (reduced effect) 1990-1991

FLTC 1340 Tour Glide Classic (with sidecar) 1985-1988

FLTC 1340 Tour Glide Classic (with sidecar) (reduced effect) 1988

FLHTC 1340 Tour Glide Classic (with sidecar) 1984

FLHTC 1340 Tour Glide Classic (with sidecar) 1985-1988

FLHTC 1340 Tour Glide Classic (with sidecar) (reduced effect) 1988

FLHTC C 1340 EIectra Glide Chrom 1985

FLHTCU 1340 Tour Glide Ultra Classic 1989-1996

FLHTCU 1340 Tour Glide Ultra Classic (reduced effect) 1989-1990

FLHTCU 1340 Tour Glide Ultra Classic (reduced effect) 1991-1992

FLHX 1450 Street Glide 2005-2006

FLHX 1580 Street Glide 2007-2008

FLHX 1580 Street Glide 2009-2011

FLHX 1690 Street Glide 2012

FLHX 1690 Street Glide 2013

FLHX 1690 Street Glide 2014-2015

FLHX 1745 Street Glide 2017

FLHX 1746 Street Glide 2019

FLHXS 1690 Street Glide Special 2014-2015

FLHXS 1745 Street Glide Special 2018

FLHXS 1868 Street Glide Special 2019

FLHXSE 1800 CVO Street Glide 2010

FLHXSE2 1800 CVO Street Glide 2011

FLHXSE3 1800 CVO Street Glide 2012

FLHXSE 1800 CVO Street Glide 2014-2015

FLHXSE 1800 CVO Street Glide 2016

FLHXSE 1800 CVO Street Glide 2017

FLHXSE 1923 CVO Street Glide 2018

FLHXX 1690 Street Glide Trike 2010

FLHXXX 1690 Street Glide Trike 2011

FLHR 1340 Electra Glide Road King 1994-1995

FLHR 1340 Electra Glide Road King 1997-1998

FLHR 1340 Electra Glide Road King Classic 1998

FLHR 1340 Road King 1998

FLHR 1450 Road King 1999-2003

FLHR 1450 Road King 2006

FLHRI 1450 Road King 2004-2006

FLHR 1580 Road King 2007-2011

FLHR 1690 Road King 2012

FLHR 1690 Road King 2013-2016

FLHR 1750 Road King 2017

FLHR 1750 Road King 2018

FLHRCI 1450 Road King Classic 1999-2006

FLHRC 1580 Road King Classic 2007-2011

FLHRC 1690 Road King Classic 2012

FLHRC 1690 Road King Classic 2013-2015

FLHRC 1690 Road King Classic 2016

FLHRC 1745 Road King Classic 2017

FLHRC 1745 Road King Classic 2018

FLHRXS 1868 Road King Special 2019

FLHRSI 1450 Road King Custom 2004-2007

FLHR 1580 Road King Peace Officer 2008

FLHR 1580 Road King Firefighter 2008

FLHR 1690 Road King 110th Anniversary Edition 2013

FLHRSE 1800 Road King CVO 110th Anniversary Edition 2013

FLHRSE 1800 Road King Screamin` Eagle 2008

FLHP 1690 Road King Fire Rescue 2008

PLHP 1690 Road King Police 2008

FLTRI 1340 Road Glide 1998

FLTRI 1450 Road Glide 1999

FLTRI 1450 Road Glide 2000-2006

FLTR 1580 Road Glide 2007-2009

FLTR 1690 Road Glide 2015

FLTR 1745 Road Glide 2017

1923 CVO Road Glide 2018

FLTRXS 1690 Road Glide Special 2014-2015

FLTRXS 1690 Road Glide Special 2016

FLTRXS 1745 Road Glide Special 2017

FLTRXS 1745 Road Glide Special 2018

FLTRXS 1868 Road Glide Special 2019

FLTRU 1690 Road Glide Ultra 2011-2012

FLTRU 1690 Road Glide Ultra 2013

FLTRU 1690 Road Glide Ultra 2016

FLTRU 1745 Road Glide Ultra 2017

FLTRU 1745 Road Glide Ultra 2018

FLTRU 1868 Road Glide Ultra 2019

FLTRUSE 1800 CVO Road Glide Ultra 2011

FLTRUSE 1800 CVO Road Glide Ultra 2014

FLTRUSE 1800 CVO Road Glide Ultra 2015

FLTRUSE 1800 CVO Road Glide Ultra 2016

FLTRX 1580 Road Glide Custom 2010

FLTRX 1580 Road Glide Custom 2011

FLTRX 1690 Road Glide Custom 2012

FLTRX 1690 Road Glide Custom 2013

FLTRX 1746 Road Glide 2019

FLTRXSE 1800 CVO Road Glide Custom 2011

FLTRXSE 1800 CVO Road Glide Custom 2012

FLTRXSE 1800 CVO Road Glide Custom 2013

FLTRXSE 1800 CVO Road Glide Custom 110th Anniversary Edition 2013

FLTRXSE 1923 CVO Road Glide 2018

VRSC (V-Rod)

VRSCA 1130 V-Rod 2002

VRSCA 1130 V-Rod 2003-2005

VRSCA 1130 V-Rod 2006

VRSCAW 1130 V-Rod 2007

VRSCAW 1250 V-Rod 2008

VRSCAW 1250 V-Rod 2009-2010

VRSCB 1130 V-Rod 2004-2005

VRSCF 1250 V-Rod Muscle 2009-2011

VRSCF 1250 V-Rod Muscle 2012

VRSCF 1250 V-Rod Muscle 2013-2014

VRSCF 1250 V-Rod Muscle 2015

VRSCF 1250 V-Rod Muscle 2016

VRSCF 1250 V-Rod Muscle 2017

VRSCDX 1250 V-Rod 10th Anniversary 2012

VRSCD 1130 Night Rod 2006-2007

VRSCD 1250 Night-Rod 2008

VRSCDX 1130 Night Rod Special 2007

VRSCDX 1250 Night Rod Special 2008

VRSCDX 1250 Night Rod Special 2009-2010

VRSCDX 1250 Night Rod Special 2011-2012

VRSCDX 1250 Night Rod Special 2013-2014

VRSCDX 1250 Night Rod Special 2015

VRSCDX 1250 Night Rod Special 2016

VRSCDX 1250 Night Rod Special 2017

VRSCR 1130 Street Rod 2006-2007

750 Street Rod 2018

VRSCSE 1180 Screamin Eagle V-Rod 2006

STREET

XG 750 A Street Rod

XG 750 Street

Дилеры, ссылки

Официальный сайт HD Россия https://www.harley-davidson.com

Официальные дилеры:

Москва

http://h-dmoscow.ru

1-й Угрешский проезд, 11

Ленинский проспект, дом 111

Олимпийский проспект, 16, стр. 5,

Барвиха Luxury Village, 8-й км Рублево-Успенского шоссе, Моск.обл

СЕРВИСНЫЙ ЦЕНТР Рублево-Успенского шоссе, вл.2, Моск. обл

Многоканальный тел: 8-(495)-933-30-30

Санкт-Петербург

www.hd-spb.ru

ул. Арсенальная, д. 4, тел.: +7 812 333-33-36

ул. Ждановская д.29, тел: +7 812 602-22-20 http://hd-aurora.ru

Екатеринбург

ул. Восточная, д. 51, тел: +7 343 286‑01‑86 http://hd-ekb.ru

Иркутск

9-й км Байкальского тракта, тел: +7 395 248-68-78 http://hd-irkutsk.ru

Краснодар

ул. Дзержинского, д. 80/1, тел.: +7 861 258-52-44 http://h-dkrasnodar.ru

Новосибирск

ул. Станционная, 62/1, тел.: +7 383 36-36-580 http://hd-novosibirsk.ru

Красноярск

ул. Караульная 31, тел.:+7 (391) 290-60-70 http://hd-krsk.ru

Ростов-на-Дону

ул. Вавилова 68/4, тел.: +7 863 305-11-65 http://hd-rod.ru

Уфа

Индустриальное шоссе, 48/1, тел.: +7 3472 85-88-85 http://hd-ufa.ru

Казань

Чистопольская улица, Стадион «Казань Арена» http://hd-kazan.ru/

Harley-Davidson Motor Company (по-русски Харли-Дэвидсон, NYSE: HOG, раньше известная как HDI[1]) — американский производитель мотоциклов, базирующийся в городе Милуоки, штат Висконсин. Компания производит и продаёт тяжёлые мотоциклы, предназначенные для езды по шоссе.

Особенность маркетинговой политики Harley — создание сообщества людей, лояльных именно к этой марке. Помимо мотоциклов, компания выпускает множество товаров широкого потребления с эмблемой Harley-Davidson. Одежда, обувь, мебель, посуда, выпускаемые под этой маркой, позволяет создать своеобразный стиль жизни от Харли, который делает мотоцикл по-настоящему культовым. Также каждый владелец любого из мотоциклов Харли имеет возможность вступить в созданное фирмой сообщество владельцев мотоциклов этой марки (H.O.G. — Harley Owners Group). На сегодня H.O.G. — самый многочисленный клуб любителей мотоциклов в мире.
В 2008 году компания выкупила у семьи Кастильони 100 % акций компании MV Agusta Group, которая производит мотоциклы под брендами MV Agusta и Cagiva.

История[]

Компания Harley Davidson была основана в 1903 году двумя друзьями — Уильямом Харли и Артуром Дэвидсоном. 20-летние юноши собрали свой первый мотоцикл в деревянном сарае размером 3 на 4 метра. На двери гвоздем было нацарапано Harley Davidson Motor Company.
Первый мотоцикл у молодых предпринимателей купил их друг и одноклассник Генри Майерс, а уже к концу года в Чикаго был открыт первый дилерский салон, в котором продали еще три мотоцикла.
Первые Harley-Davidson мало, чем отличались от продукции своих конкурентов. В сущности это был велосипед, оснащённый одноцилиндровым двигателем вращающем заднее колесо посредством кожаного ремня. Велосипедные педали и цепи присутствующие в этой модели, были вспомогательным инструментом для первоначального разгона мотоцикла до скорости, при которой становился возможным запуск двигателя, а так же при подъёме в гору, когда не хватало мощности мотора. Одноцилиндровый, объемом в 165 кубических сантиметров мотор, был похож на остальные существующие мотоциклетные двигатели. Все детали были изготовлены вручную. Этот мотоцикл развивал скорость сопоставимую со скоростью человека при быстрой ходьбе (7-8 км/ч). Второй вариант этого мотоцикла, был собран с более сильным двигателем, который и стал первым мотоциклом для продажи.

Три мотоцикла было сделано в этот год и компания Harley-Davidson открыла первую страницу своей истории.

Производство мотоциклов в 1904 году составило 8 машин, в следующем году 16 и в 1906-возрасло до 50 единиц. К первоначальной окраске исключительно чёрного цвета, добавили серый. Байкеры тех времён, дали кличку своим мотоциклам “серый-тихий-друг”, исключительно из-за низкого шума производимого двигателем и общей цветовой гаммы мотоциклов. Стремление к большим скоростям, подвинуло компанию Harley-Davidson на создания мощного и сильного двигателя, — знаменитого — V-Twin.

Продемонстрировав на выставке 1907 года свою новую модель, Harley-Davidson начала продавать её клиентам в 1908 году. Эта модель была оснащена вакуумными клапанами, с использованием ременной передачи, что было отличительной особенностью Harley-Davidson тех лет.

Сразу же были выявлены дефекты, в результате которых, по прошествии одного года, модель была снята с производства. Но компоновка V-Twin была вновь использована в 1911 году, с добавлением механического (IOE) управления клапанами и использования успокоителя цепи.

Этот момент в истории Harley-Davidson является первой ступенью в рождении легенды.

Развитие технологии стало набирать обороты. В 1912 году Harley-Davidson представила свой первый вариант коробки передач. Механизм цепной передачи был разработан в 1913 году, а 1914 году появилась двухскоростная коробка передач располагающаяся сзади. В этот период компанией Harley-Davidson наравне с двухцилиндровыми, выпускались и одноцилиндровые двигатели.

В середине 1919 года были сделаны малые “V-Twins” с объемом в 578cm/3 с горизонтальным расположением, которые выпускались до 1923 года.

В 1912 году объём двигателей вырос с 812cm/3 до 1000cm/3. А в 1921 году появилась знаменитая “семьдесят четверка” — 1200cm/3. Постоянно осуществляя улучшение в V-Twin двигателях, конструкторы компании не смогли избавиться от основных проблем присущих этому мотору, так как по-прежнему, при открытых клапанах последние постоянно засорялись, быстро изнашивались, были трудны в эксплуатации и обслуживании.

В это время конкуренты Harley-Davidson — “Indian Motorcycle Company” выпускали “V”-образные двигателя с плоской головкой цилиндров. Теоретически эта конструкция была менее эффективна, но инженеры довели её до совершенства, получив максимально возможную мощность, и легкость в обслуживании. Руководство компании Harley-Davidson пришло к выводу, что наступило время, когда им необходимо создать свой индивидуальный класс V-образных моторов с продольным расположением. Первый образец, которого появился на улицах городов в последние дни второго десятилетия.

1929-1935[]

У первых мотоциклов Harley-Davidson с двигателем Flathead V-twin суммарный объёмом составлял 730cm/3. Этим мотором была укомплектована модель D, которая успешно конкурировала с Indian Scout и зарекомендовал себя высококачественным двигателем имевшим долгую жизнь вплоть до 1973 года. Он был использован на разных моделях: трёхколёсном Servi Car, военном WLA в сороковые, гоночном WR в пятидесятые годы и тд.

Так же были сделаны Flathead V-twin с объемом в 1200cm/3 и 1300cm/3. Но они просуществовали не продолжительное время и не обладали надёжностью присущей 730cm/3 моторам.
Flathead моторы комплектовались клапанами с боковым расположением (side-valves), имели меньший КПД, чем двигатели с верхним расположением клапанов или гибрида Flathead (F-head intake over exhaust) у которого только впускные клапана располагали сверху. Но классический Flathead оказался намного легче в обслуживание и смог конкурировать с изделиями Indian Motorcycle Company. Инженерные таблицы расчета мощности убедительно показывают, что наибольшая отдача у Flathead, по сравнению с F-head, происходила при высоких оборотах двигателя из за его легкого веса и шла потеря при низких.

К сожалению Flathead появился за пару месяцев до “черного понедельника” 29 октября 1929 года, когда началась Великая Депрессия. В это время продажа Harley-Davidson упала более чем вдвое, но компания сумела выстоять, тогда как многие другие разорились. В середине 30-х годов, когда экономика стабилизировалась, Harley-Davidson имела выигрышную позицию — большой спрос при практически полном отсутствии предложения. До 1929 года компания концентрировалась на выпуске V-twin моторов. Во времена Депрессии Harley-Davidson начал разработки одноцилиндровых моторов нового поколения. Вместе с тем и Big-twin не были забыты. В конце 1935 года, к 1200cm/3 моторам добавили 1300cm/3 вариант.

Ведущие разработчики компании Harley-Davidson склонялись к мнению, что мотоциклетный мир стоит на пороге появления двигателей нового поколения и разработка принципиально другого мотора началась в 1931 году. Этот процесс занял немногим более пяти лет, но рожденный в результате этих долгих разработок Panhead показал себя с наилучшей стороны. Вместе с тем, и Flathead, не был заброшен. Harley-Davidson продолжал его выпуск для комплектации Servi Car вплоть до 1973 года.

1936-1947[]

Через непродолжительное время после начала выпуска V-Twin мотора с открытыми клапанами Harley-Davidson приступил к разработке двигателя с верхним расположением клапанов. В новом моторе не было революционных преобразований, кроме самой компоновки клапанов (хотя в одноцилиндровых моторах такое конструктивное решение уже использовалась). Единственным новшеством можно назвать разработку нового корпуса двигателя и новой системой смазки, хотя, как нужно отметить, корпус получился негерметичным и масло постоянно вытекало.

Размер нового мотора был 1200cm/3 против стандартного для тех времён — 1300 кубового, а 1000cm/3 двигатель был изготовлен в 1935 году. В силу своего нового конструкторского решения, новый двигатель развивал большую мощность. Данные инженеров компании показывали, что стандартная “семидесяти четверка”(1200cm/3) развивала 30 л/с, а в результате увеличения компрессии, до 36 л/с. В то же время это было меньше, чем 40 л/с присущих нового мотору. Оригинальное название нового мотора — 640HV, байкеры же тех времён, назвали их “Knucklehead”, так как визуально они были похожи на первые две косточки сжатого кулака. Мотоциклы, оснащённые двигателями V-twin были объеденины в серию-E. Моторы серии-E имели 6,5:1 компрессию и давали 37 л/с. Серия EL при мощности в 40л/с имела компрессию 7:1.

Кроме нового OHV мотора серия E — имела два новшества — четырёхскоростную коробку передач и знаменитую, привычную для нас сейчас, доску приборов, размещаемую на бензобаке.

В 1941 году большие 1200 кубовые моторы появились в серии-F. В скоре после этого компания отказалась продолжать выпуск Flathead моторов с объемом в 1300cm/3, в то же время 1200 кубовые моторы продержались до 1948 года.

Вторая мировая война вызвала появление нового 730cm/3 мотора с оригинальной компоновкой двигателя, у которого цилиндры при горизонтальном расположении были ориентированны в противоположные стороны. Эта модель предназначалась для езды по бездорожью и пескам, была укомплектована карданным валом и защитными дисками колес. В заводской терминологии модель имела индекс “WLA”, и была расстиражированна по заказу американской армии в количестве 88 тысяч машин. Эта же модель при другом, большем объеме двигателя получилась не такая же удачная. При выпуске всего 1000 шт. ни одна из них не попала в армию.

Так вышло, что модель Knucklehead продержалась на рынке 12 лет, из них больший кусок времени пришёлся на войну, но влияние этого мотора на последующие, инженерные разработки, несоизмеримо с количеством сделанных мотоциклов в этот период. Они сформировали базу для последующих BigV-Twin моторов.

1948-1965[]

Инженеры компании Harley-Davidson продолжали усиленно работать над Knucklehead даже во время второй мировой войны. Конструкторы изменили конфигурацию мотора, с добавлением гидравлического толкателя клапанов, что дало возможность избавится от постоянных регулировок зазоров. Благодаря алюминиевому корпусу двигателя, увеличилась теплоотдача мотора, и он стал меньше нагреваться. Новые крышки цилиндров имели вид перевернутой сковородки, за что байкеры прозвали его Panhead. Эта модель появилась в 1948 году и открыла новую эру в истории Harley-Davidson. В следующем году выходит модель Hydra-Glide, оснащенная передний вилкой с телескопическим амортизатором.

В течение последующих лет изменения были не столь значительны. В 1952 году происходит “мини-революция” в компоновке Big-twin — ручное сцепление и ножное переключение передач. Как любое новшество, эта модификация в компоновке, потребовала время для привыкания, но к середине десятилетия байкеры освоились с нововведением.

Главное событие 1953 года не имело ни чего общего с механическими преобразованиями или дизайнерскими разработками. Пятидесятилетний конкурент Harley-Davidson — компания Indian Motorcycle Company прекратила своё существование. IMC не обладала значительной финансовой мощью, и когда в Америке появились иностранные мотоциклы, это столкнуло компанию в финансовую пропасть. Тем ни менее, Harley-Davidson испытывал множество проблем в области сбыта продукции из за обострившейся конкуренции с японскими и европейскими мотоциклетными компаниями. Решением становится выпуск серии условно маленьких моделей, например таких как одноцилиндровый, двухтактный S-125, выпускавшейся до конца 50-х годов с незначительными изменениями.

К этому периоду, так же следует отнести замену 730cm/3 из серии W на серию К. В 1952 году изменения в Flathead V-Twin связаны с объединением в едином корпусе коробки передач и двигателя, и новой системы подвески. В 1955 году 730cm/3 Flathead увеличивает объем до 883cm/3, и через три года эволюционирует в спортивную модель XLCH.

Harley-Davidson празднует свою 50-ю годовщину, выпуская модели 1954 года в юбилейном дизайне. Почему 1954 год, а не 1953 до сих пор остается загадкой. Все последующие годовщины, за точку отсчета, берут 1903 год. В 1958 году Harley-Davidson переименовывает Hydra-Glide в Duo-Glide. И далее до 1965 года сколь ни будь значительных преобразований не было, кроме появления модели оснащенной электростартером и названной Electro-Glide. Кстати, эта модель выпускается и сегодня как большой мотоцикл для туризма.

1966-1983[]

При комплектации электростартером, с увеличенным по ёмкости аккумулятором, и полным комплектом декоративных элементов Electro Glide весил около 363 килограммов. Что не могло не сказаться на скоростных характеристиках мотоцикла. Конструкторы Harley-Davidson принимают решение добавить мощность двигателей Big-twin, путем увеличения хода поршня на 10%. Крышки цилиндров, у новых моторов, получились похожими на перевернутую совковую лопату, из-за чего и были прозваны (все мотоциклы этого модельного ряда) — Shovelhead. Чем то этот двигатель напоминал Sportster десятилетней давности.

Ни кто не мог предвидеть, что последующие 18 лет компания Harley-Davidson будет испытывать огромные трудности и проблемы.

После начала продажи акций в 1965 году Harley-Davidson оказалась втянутой в тяжёлую борьбу с иностранными производителями. Прибыль стремительно падала, и финансовая картина компании выглядела очень и очень плохо. Руководство Harley-Davidson начало искать корпоративных покупателей и стремится к соединению с другой фирмой.

В январе 1969 года компания American Machine and Foundry (AMF) покупает контрольный пакет акций Harley-Davidson, и становится фактическим хозяином ведущей мотоциклетной фирмы мира. Новые владельцы компании видят будущее мотоциклетной индустрии в развитии гаммы малых мотоциклов, и совместно с итальянской компанией Aermacchi выпускают одноцилиндровый, с четырехтактным двигателем объемом в 250cm/3, мотоцикл Sprint. Чуть позднее появляется двухтактный. Эти мотоциклы не имели ни чего общего с Harley-Davidson кроме имени. Но тем ни менее они порядочно подпортили репутацию классических харлеев. Дополнительно к этому Harley-Davidson стал терять рынок Big-twin и Sportster. К середине 70х годов обе модели были в неравном положении по сравнению с японскими конкурентами, которые оказались несколько лучше, и значительно дешевле. Немного позднее уровень продаж Sportster увеличился, но качество и цена по-прежнему были не на высоте. Тоже можно сказать и по поводу Big-twin.

И все же, не смотря на все эти трудности, в истории Harley-Davidson были и хорошие моменты. В 1971 году выпущен FX Super Glide. Главным конструктором и дизайнером которого, был Вилли Девидсон — внук одного из основателей компании. Это был первый мотоцикл, который фабрика изготовила на заказ. Хотя эта модель не стала очень популярной, тем ни менее именно на базе Super Glide, Harley-Davidson разрабатывает свои последующие, неповторимые мотоциклы.

В результате развития конструкторской мысли и дизайнерских разработок, на протяжении всех семидесятых годов, стало ясно, что под руководством AMF компания движется в ложном направлении. Совет директоров Harley-Davidson выступает с предложением к фирме AMF, об обратном выкупе контрольного пакета. Что и происходит в июне 1981 года.

Harley-Davidson опять становится самостоятельной.

Возвратный путь к статусу доминирующей компании на рынке качественных и неповторимых мотоциклов был не легок, но это стремление Harley-Davidson поддержали все работники, дилера, байкеры…

1984-2002[]

После того как директора Harley-Davidson выкупили контрольный пакет акций у компании AMF, появилось много новшест: ременная передача первая (от мотора к коробке) и вторая (от коробки к заднему колесу), новая компоновка мотора, пяти скоростная коробка передач.
Всё это предлагалось за дополнительную плату.
В 1983 году на модели FXRS появилась новая вилка “anti-deve”.

Мотоцикл Sportster XR-1000 оснастили двухкамерным карбюратором.

В 1984 году появляется “Evolution V2″ с алюминиевой головкой. Мотор по-прежнему имел 1300cm/3 объём, но с большей компрессией, и он работал на обычном бензине без свинцовых добавок. В процессе последующего усовершенствования мотора, инженеры и конструктора добились искомого результата; тихий, мощный и более надёжный двигатель. Байкеры прозвали мотор “Blockhead”.

Но не все мотоциклы этого года оснащались моторами Evolution, на мотоциклы Elictra-Glide устанавливались старые Shovelhead. С новым мотором появилось новое, так называемое “мокрое сцепление”, которое позволяло более мягко переключать скорости. Так же появилась новая система задней подвески, давшая мотоциклу необычно мягкое движение. К этому же периоду относится появление варианта рамы, который предлагается и в настоящие время.
Новшества мотора Evolution были так же использованы на V-twin моторах, которыми комплектовали Sportster. Эти изменения стали самыми большими, в серии Sportster V-twin начиная с 1957 года. Двигатели делали с объемом в 883см/3 и 1100 см/3, а в 1988 году появился мотор с объёмом в 1200 см/3. С появлением мотора Evolution Harley-Davidson сделал много мотоциклов по индивидуальному заказу. Хороший пример тому модель FLSTF Fat-Boy, а также юбилейные модели выпущенные к 85, 90, и 95 годовщине. Harley-Davidson занимает завидную позицию в мире бизнеса: спрос намного превышает предложение, что постоянно повышает цену продукции и ценных корпоративных бумаг.

Модельный ряд Harley-Davidson составляют несколько семейств: Sportster, V-Rod, Softail, Touring и Dyna.
Все мотоциклы построены по единой конструктивной схеме: V-образный мотор установлен в стальную дуплексную раму, привод заднего колеса — зубчатым ремнем.

Сегодня Harley-Davidson предлагает широкий спектр моделей мотоциклов практически на любой вкус. Но, несмотря на кажущуюся сложность, разобраться в огромном спектре моделей мотоциклов Harley-Davidson весьма просто — буквенные обозначения “Харлеев” очень просто расшифровываются и могут подробно рассказать о соответствующей модели.

Так в производственной линии “Harley-Davidson” присутствует три основные группы моделей (различающихся по типу двигателя), это: XL- Sportster, VRSC и Big Twin.

На базе этих групп формируется пять семейств моделей мотоциклов:

SPORTSTER[]

Основная статья: Семейство SPORTSTER
объем двигателя — 883 или 1200 cм³:

• XL-Experimental Lightweight;

• C-Custom;

• R-Roadster;

• L-Low.

DYNA[]

Основная статья: Семейство DYNA
объем двигателя — 1450 или 1584 cм³:

• F-Big Twin;

• X-переднее колесо 19” или 21”, подножки;

• D-DYNA;

• C-Custom;

• X-Sport;

• L-Low;

• WG-Wide Glide

SOFTAIL[]

Основная статья: Семейство SOFTAIL
объем двигателя — 1450 или 1584 cм³:

• F-Big Twin;

• X-переднее колесо 19” или 21”, тонкие перья вилки, подножки;

• L-переднее колесо 16 ”, вилка в стиле Touring (толстые перья), площадки для ног;

• ST-Softail;

• B-Night Train;

• F-Fat Boy;

• N-Deluxe;

• D-Deuce;

• SC-Springer Classic;

• C-Classic.

TOURING[]

Основная статья: Семейство TOURING
объем двигателя — 1450 или 1584 cм³:

• F-Big Twin;

• L-переднее колесо 16”, вилка в стиле Touring (толстые перья), площадки для ног;

• H-Tourer(Highway);

• R-Road King;

• T-Tour Pack;

• S-Custom;

• C-Classic;

• U-Ultra.

VRSC[]

Основная статья: Семейство VRSC
дрэг-круизеры (объем двигателя -1130 или 1250 cм³):

• V-V-Twin;

• R-Racing;

• S-Street;

• C-Custom;

A-A Series;

• R-Roadster;

• D-Dragster;

• W-Wide;

• X-Special или Limited Edition

Так же общие дополнительные литеры в обозначении модели:

• I — наличие электронной системы впрыска топлива 

• SE — ограниченная серия в исполнении Screamin’ Eagle

Таким образом можно читать информацию о мотоцикле из индекса модели, например: FLHTCUI — ULTRA CLASSIC ELECTRA GLIDE это: мотоцикл с двигателем Big Twin объемом 1450 или 1584 cм³, с толстой вилкой в стиле Туринг, площадкой для ног, мотоцикл из семейства Touring c Tour Pack(верхний жесткий кофр) в исполнении Classic Ultra, Инжектор.

Расшифровка кодов моделей[]

Первая буква[]

Первая буква указывает на модель двигателя

• G — Трайк c большим багажником, выпускавшийся с 1932 по 1972 г.
• E — Верхнеклапанный «биг твин» объемом 61″ куб. (раздельные двигатель и трансмиссия)
• F — Верхнеклапанный “биг твин” объемом 74,80″ куб. или 88″ куб.
• FL — Двигатель объемом от 80″ куб. до 88″ куб. с широкой передней покрышкой
• K — Двигатель с боковым расположением клапанов объемом 45«2 и 55»2. Спортивная версия, пришедшая на смену модели WL в 1953 году. В 1957 г. она была вытеснена моделью Sportster, которая унаследовала многие черты K-серии.
• U — “Биг твин” с боковым расположением клапанов объемом 74″ куб. или 80″ куб.
• V — Двигатель с боковым расположением клапанов объемом 74″ куб. Модель выпускалась до 1936 г.
• W — Двигатель с боковым расположением клапанов объемом 45″ куб. Модель выпускалась с 1934 по 1952 г.
• X — «Спортивная» или «специальная» конструкция двигателя. Применялась с 1918 по 1922 годы на модели Sport с оппозитной “двойкой”, в 1944 г. на военной версии и с 1957 г. по настоящее время — на моделях Sportster.

Вторая буква[]

Вторая буква обозначает конструкцию передней части:

• X — Узкая передняя покрышка и спортивная вилка
• L — Широкая передняя покрышка и передняя вилка “Hydra-Glide”.

Примечание: код FX изначально обозначал модель «Factory Experimental», то есть “заводская экспериментальная”. Первой такой моделью была Super Glide FX.

Третья буква[]

Третья буква различает модели по типу рамы

• D — Рама «Dyna», двигатель крепится на резиновых подушках.
• HT — Рама «Highway Touring», буквально “для дальних путешествий по шоссе”
• ST — Рама «Softail®»

Последующие буквы[]

Последующие буквы различают модели в пределах семейства:

• A — Военная или «армейская» (Army) версия, кроме модели GA, которая являлась модификацией трайк-модели без фаркопа.
• B — Наличие электростартера (Battery start) у ранних моделей, ременной привод (Belt drive) в 80-е, или черный окрас (Black) в 1995-1996 г. у модели Bad Boy
• C — Также имеет несколько значений: “классика” (Classic), “соревнование” (Competition), “кастом” (Custom) и др.
• D — Рама последнего поколения с оригинальным решением крепления двигателя
• DG — Модель “Disc Glide” с характерным диском заднего колеса
• E — Электростартер (Electric start)
• F — Переключение передач с помощью ноги (Foot shift) — этот код применялся в то время, когда на мотоциклах было распространено переключение передач рукой, с помощью рычага рядом с топливным баком. Сегодня эта буква используется для модели «Fat Boy®»
• H — Модель с высокой мощностью (High performance) или для суровых условий эксплуатации (Heavy duty).
• I — Инжекторная система подачи топлива (Fuel Injection).
• L — Широкая и толстая передняя покрышка.
• LR — Модель с низкой посадкой (Low Rider). Не смотря на наличие спецкода, редко используется у моделей Low Rider.
• N — Версия для любителей старины (Nostalgia)
• P — Полицейская версия (Police)
• R — В некоторых моделях обозначает крепление двигателя на резиновых подушках (rubber), в других обозначает принадлежность к гоночному классу (racing).
• ST — Фирменная рама Softail®
• S — Пружинная вилка-”спрингер” (Springer)
• S — без последующей буквы T: спортивная версия (Sports)
• T — Модель для путешествий (Touring)
• WG — Модель “Wide Glide”
• X — Sportster или модель с похожей вилкой и узкой задней покрышкой.

Ранние обозначения[]

• X — Модель «Sportster». Наследник серии K, выпускавшейся в 1952-1956 гг.
• XL — Серия, запущенная в 1957 г., отличительная особенность которой — единый корпус двигателя и трансмиссии.
• L — Серия с высоким показателем компрессии (7.5:1), запущена в 1957
• H — High Power или High Compression. Началась с 1958 г. с модели XLH с показателем компрессии 9:1. Также известна как Hot (“горячая”).
• C — Competition. Запущена в 1958 г. с модели XLCH. Серия для соревнований.
• CR — Cafe racer.
• LT — Touring. Туринговая версия, с большим баком, сиденьем повышенной комфортности и жесткими кофрами.

Двигатели Harley-Davidson[]

Основная статья: Двигатели Harley-Davidson

У двигателей Харлей Давидсон длинная и сложная история. Они могут быть легко опознаны по некоторым характерным признакам. Проще всего определить по форме головок цилиндров.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

Харлей Дэвидсон

Харлей-Дэвидсон

Харли Дэвидсон

Харли-Дэвидсон

Harley Davidson

Предложения

Say you have always dreamt of buying a Harley Davidson.

Harley Davidson specializes in the sales of heavyweight motorcycles that are designed for cruising on highways.

Харлей Дэвидсон специализируется на производстве и продаже тяжелых мотоциклов, которые предназначены для использования на шоссейных дорогах.

In 1988 Harley Davidson celebrated their 85th anniversary in Milwaukee.

Harley Davidson, Apple, Hewlett-Packard, Disney, and Google, all started in their garages.

Харли Дэвидсон, Apple, Hewlett-Packard, Disney и Google — все начинали в своих гаражах.

This guy has always dreamed of owning a Harley Davidson.

The American firm «Harley Davidson» felt for the only weak point of Japanese firms: lack of flue to the beginning of the century traditions.

Американская фирма «Харлей Дэвидсон» нащупала единственное слабое место японских фирм: отсутствие уходящих к началу века традиций.

I recently bought a Harley Davidson.

He just sold his Harley Davidson.

I love riding my Harley Davidson too.

This Harley Davidson is no exception.

It will rival the Harley Davidson 750.

And the Porsche engine is installed on some Harley Davidson motorcycles.

А двигатель «Порше» стоит на некоторых мотоциклах марки «Харли Дэвидсон».

In 1920 Harley Davidson was the largest manufacturer of motorcycles.

В 1920 году HARLEY-DAVIDSON стала крупнейшим поставщиком мотоциклов.

Their most famous client is Harley Davidson.

For instance, Harley Davidson makes customers feel as if they belong to a large family.

Например, Harley Davidson заставляет клиентов чувствовать себя так, как будто они принадлежат к большой семье.

One of his clients is Harley Davidson.

Harley Davidson has an amazing co-op program they offer to their retailers.

У Харли Дэвидсона есть потрясающая кооперативная программа, которую они предлагают своим розничным торговцам.

Leading motorcycle manufacturers, including the legendary Harley Davidson, presented their expositions at the festival.

Ведущие производители мотоциклов, в том числе и легендарный Harley Davidson, представили на фестивале свои экспозиции.

For example, Harley Davidson intends to present such a serial device in 2019.

К примеру, Harley Davidson намерен представить подобный серийный аппарат в 2019 году.

Harley Davidson waited longer to do this, launching two competitively priced, entry-level models that were still larger than seemed prudent.

Harley Davidson дольше ждал, чтобы сделать это, запустив две модели начального уровня по конкурентоспособным ценам, которые были все еще больше, чем казалось разумным.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Предложения, которые содержат Harley Davidson

Результатов: 360. Точных совпадений: 360. Затраченное время: 73 мс

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Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Предложения с «harley davidson»

You buy a cripple a Harley Davidson you reduce the dependant population.	Купите калеке Харлей Дэвитсон! И этим снизите процент неимущего населения.
And I asked this guy for a Harley Davidson tattoo.	Я попросил того парня набить мне Харлей — Дэвидсон.
There is a black and white ad for Harley Davidson years ago	Была одна замечательная реклама для Харли Дэвидсон много лет назад.
His first car ever was an Opel Kadett in 1969 after serving in the Austrian army, then he rode a Harley-Davidson Fat Boy in 1991.	Его первым автомобилем был Opel Kadett в 1969 году после службы в австрийской армии, затем он ездил на Harley — Davidson Fat Boy в 1991 году.
Harley-Davidson partnered with Marvel to provide their first electric motorcycle, Project LiveWire, for use by Black Widow in the film.	Harley — Davidson сотрудничал с Marvel, чтобы предоставить свой первый электрический мотоцикл Project LiveWire для использования черной вдовой в фильме.
Notable engines to use fork-and-blade rods include the Rolls-Royce Merlin V12 aircraft engine and various Harley Davidson V-twin motorcycle engines.	Известные двигатели для использования вилочно — лопастных стержней включают авиационный двигатель Rolls — Royce Merlin V12 и различные двигатели мотоциклов Harley Davidson V — twin.
Cruisers are styled after American machines from the 1930s to the early 1960s, such as those made by Harley-Davidson, Indian, and Excelsior-Henderson.	Крейсеры стилизованы под американские машины с 1930 — х до начала 1960 — х годов, такие как Harley — Davidson , Indian и Excelsior — Henderson.
The current President of Myanmar rides in his Rolls-Royce Phantom VII, escorted by a motorcade consisting of black Range Rover Sports and Harley-Davidson motorcycles.	Нынешний президент Мьянмы едет в своем Rolls — Royce Phantom VII в сопровождении кортежа, состоящего из черных спортивных Range Rover и мотоциклов Harley — Davidson .
Suicide clutches were common on mid-20th century Harley-Davidson motorcycles and many custom bikes today still employ this system.	Самоубийственные сцепления были распространены на мотоциклах Harley — Davidson середины 20 — го века, и многие пользовательские велосипеды сегодня все еще используют эту систему.
Early Harley Davidson racers removed the clutch return spring to ensure the clutch stayed in the engaged position throughout the race.	Ранние гонщики Harley Davidson сняли возвратную пружину сцепления, чтобы обеспечить удержание сцепления в включенном положении на протяжении всей гонки.
The earliest known use of a foot clutch and hand shifter, on motorcycles, was with the first multi-geared transmission on the 1915 Harley Davidson .	Самое раннее известное использование ножного сцепления и ручного переключения передач на мотоциклах было связано с первой многоцепной трансмиссией на Harley Davidson 1915 года.
For example, Harley Davidson sent its employees on the road with customers, who were motorcycle enthusiasts, to help solidify relationships.	Например, Harley Davidson отправляла своих сотрудников в дорогу с клиентами, которые были энтузиастами мотоциклов, чтобы помочь укрепить отношения.
In 2005, Harley-Davidson began offering an ABS option on police bikes.	В 2005 году Harley — Davidson начал предлагать вариант ABS на полицейских велосипедах.
The motorcycle overall victory that year went to Bill Meier riding a Harley-Davidson motorcycle.	Общая победа на мотоцикле в том году досталась Биллу Мейеру, который ездил на мотоцикле Harley — Davidson .
A narrow angle V-twin such as the 45° Harley-Davidson naturally has slightly unevenly spaced power strokes.	Узкоугольный V — образный близнец, такой как 45° Harley — Davidson , естественно, имеет несколько неравномерно разнесенные силовые удары.
The Harley-Davidson XR-750 with twin carburettors was a popular bike to twingle.	Харлей — Дэвидсон ХС — 750 со сдвоенным карбюратором был популярен велосипед в twingle.
It was to be two weeks through the States on a Harley-Davidson.	Ему предстояло две недели разъезжать по Штатам на Харлей — Дэвидсоне.
After six years of litigation, with no end in sight, in early 2000, Harley-Davidson withdrew their application.	После шести лет судебных разбирательств, которым не было видно конца, в начале 2000 года компания Harley — Davidson отозвала свое заявление.
From 2000 to 2011, the Harley-Davidson Edition was an option package available on the F-150.	С 2000 по 2011 год Harley — Davidson Edition был дополнительным пакетом, доступным на F — 150.
For 2004, the Harley-Davidson option package became available for F-250/F-350 Super Duty trucks.	В 2004 году пакет опций Harley — Davidson стал доступен для грузовиков F — 250/F — 350 Super Duty.
The five stocks were EOG Resources, Genuine Parts, Harley Davidson , Ryder System and Zimmer Holdings.	Пятью акциями были EOG Resources, Genuine Parts, Harley Davidson , Ryder System и Zimmer Holdings.
As one writer in the Harley-Davidson discussion page noted, that article is little more than a Harley-Davidson company portal.	Как заметил один автор на странице обсуждения Harley — Davidson , эта статья — не более чем портал компании Harley — Davidson .
Chaps have also been adopted for use on motorcycles, particularly by Harley-Davidson riders and other cruiser-style motorcycle riders.	Парни также были приняты для использования на мотоциклах, особенно гонщиками Harley — Davidson и другими мотоциклистами крейсерского типа.
The most well-known example of a consumption subculture is that of Harley-Davidson motorcycle owners.	Наиболее известным примером субкультуры потребления является субкультура владельцев мотоциклов Harley — Davidson .
Not content, Christina quickly seduces Jack, recording them as they have intercourse on his Harley Davidson motorcycle.	Не довольствуясь этим, Кристина быстро соблазняет Джека, записывая их, как они занимаются сексом на его мотоцикле Harley Davidson .
By the next month, he had saved enough money from his newspaper route to purchase a Harley-Davidson motorcycle, which he used on his route.	К следующему месяцу он накопил достаточно денег, чтобы купить мотоцикл Харлей — Дэвидсон, которым пользовался во время своего путешествия.
Some potential new features that were omitted due to hardware limitations include weather conditions and a Harley-Davidson-style bike.	Некоторые потенциальные новые функции, которые были опущены из — за аппаратных ограничений, включают погодные условия и велосипед в стиле Harley — Davidson .