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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Huawei Standard logo.svg
Huawei 1.JPG

Headquarters in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Native name

 华为技术有限公司

Romanized name

 Huáwèi jìshù yǒuxiàn gōngsī
Type Private
ISIN HK0000HWEI11
Industry
  • Consumer electronics
  • Telecom equipment
  • Networking equipment
  • Semiconductors
  • Artificial intelligence
  • Automation
  • Cloud computing
  • Internet of things
Founded 15 September 1987; 35 years ago
Headquarters

Shenzhen

,

China

Area served

 Worldwide (exempting United States since 2019)

Key people

 Ren Zhengfei (founder & CEO)
Liang Hua (chairman)
Meng Wanzhou (deputy chairwoman & CFO)

He Tingbo (Director)
Products
  • Mobile and fixed broadband networks
  • Consultancy and managed services
  • Multimedia technology
  • Smartphones
  • Tablet computers
  • Dongles
  • Smart TV
  • HarmonyOS
  • EMUI
  • EulerOS
Brands Huawei
Revenue Decrease ¥636.8 billion RMB (US$99.9 billion) (2021)[1]

Operating income

 Decrease ¥72.501 billion RMB (US$11.08 billion) (2020)

Net income

 Increase ¥113.7 billion RMB (US$17.83 billion) (2021)
Total assets Increase ¥876.854 billion RMB (US$134.01 billion) (2020)
Total equity Increase ¥330.408 billion RMB (US$50.49 billion) (2020)

Number of employees

 195,000 (2021)[2]
Parent Huawei Investment & Holding[3]
Subsidiaries Honor (2013–2020)
Caliopa
Chinasoft International
FutureWei Technologies
HexaTier
HiSilicon
iSoftStone
Website huawei.com
Footnotes / references
[4]
Huawei
Huawei (Chinese characters).svg

«Huawei» in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese 华为
Traditional Chinese 華為
Literal meaning «Splendid Achievement» or «Chinese Achievement»
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Huáwèi
IPA [xwǎ.wěɪ] (listen)
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization Wàah-wàih
Jyutping Waa4-wai4
IPA [wȁː.wɐ̏i]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ Hôa-uî
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Simplified Chinese 华为技术有限公司
Traditional Chinese 華為技術有限公司
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Huáwéi Jìshù Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping waa4 wai4 gei6 seot6 jau5 haan6 gung1 si1

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. ( HWAH-way; Chinese: 华为; pinyin: Huáwèi) is a Chinese multinational technology corporation headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, that designs, develops, manufactures and sells telecommunications equipment, consumer electronics, smart devices and various rooftop solar power products.

The corporation was founded in 1987 by Ren Zhengfei, a former officer in the People’s Liberation Army (PLA).[5] Initially focused on manufacturing phone switches, Huawei has expanded its business to include building telecommunications networks, providing operational and consulting services and equipment to enterprises inside and outside of China, and manufacturing communications devices for the consumer market.[6]

Huawei has deployed its products and services in more than 170 countries and areas.[7] It overtook Ericsson in 2012 as the largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer in the world,[8] and overtook Apple in 2018 as the second-largest manufacturer of smartphones in the world, behind Samsung Electronics.[9] In 2018, Huawei reported annual revenue of US$108.5 billion.[10] In July 2020, Huawei surpassed Samsung and Apple in the number of phones shipped worldwide for the first time.[11] This was primarily due to a drop in Samsung’s global sales in the second quarter of 2020, owing to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.[11][12][13]

Although successful internationally, Huawei has faced difficulties in some markets, arising from undue state support, links to the PLA and Ministry of State Security (MSS), and concerns that Huawei’s infrastructure equipment may enable surveillance by the Chinese government.[14][15] With the development of 5G wireless networks, there have been calls from the U.S. and its allies to not do any kind of business with Huawei or other Chinese telecommunications companies such as ZTE.[16] Huawei has argued that its products posed «no greater cybersecurity risk» than those of any other vendor, that the US has not shown evidence of espionage, and that the allegations are hypocritical as the American government itself conducts state survelliance programmes.[17] However, experts point out that the 2014 Counter-Espionage Law and 2017 National Intelligence Law of the People’s Republic of China are far-reaching legislation that compels Huawei and other companies to cooperate in gathering intelligence.[18] According to former staff «it is no secret that employees often work with intelligence officials embedded in the company»,[19][5] with 25,000 Huawei employees previously serving in the MSS or the PLA, including former chairwoman Sun Yafang.[20][21][22] Intelligence agencies have also implicated Huawei in several hacks of telecom networks,[23][24] while several rival telecom manufacturers like Nortel and Cisco Systems have traced industrial espionage back to Huawei.[25]

Despite claims that it operates as a private company, questions regarding Huawei’s ownership and control persist. Huawei is considered a national champion in China’s «techno-nationalist development strategies», and has received extensive support including financing from state-owned banks,[26] plus China has engaged in diplomatic lobbying and threatened trade reprisals against countries who considered blocking Huawei’s participation from 5G.[19][14] Huawei has assisted in the surveillance and mass detention of Uyghurs in Xinjiang internment camps, resulting in sanctions by the United States Department of State.[27][28][29][30] Huawei also tested a facial recognition AI that recognizes ethnicity-specific features to alert government authorities of members of an ethnic group.[31]

In the midst of an ongoing trade war between China and the United States, Huawei was restricted from doing commerce with U.S. companies due to alleged previous willful violations of U.S. sanctions against Iran. On 29 June 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump reached an agreement to resume trade talks with China and announced that he would ease the aforementioned sanctions on Huawei. Huawei cut 600 jobs at its Santa Clara research center in June, and in December 2019 founder Ren Zhengfei said it was moving the center to Canada because the restrictions would block them from interacting with US employees.[32][33] In 2020, Huawei agreed to sell the Honor brand to a state-owned enterprise of the Shenzhen municipal government to «ensure its survival», after the U.S. sanctions against them.[34] In November 2022, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) banned sales or import of equipment made by Huawei for national security reasons.[35]

Name[edit]

According to the company founder Ren Zhengfei, the name Huawei comes from a slogan he saw on a wall, Zhonghua youwei meaning «China has promise» (Chinese: 中华有为; pinyin: Zhōng huá yǒu wéi), when he was starting up the company and needed a name.[36] Zhonghua or Hua means China,[37] while youwei means «promising/to show promise».[38][39] Huawei has also been translated as «splendid achievement» or «China is able», which are possible readings of the name.[40] In Chinese pinyin, the name is Huáwéi,[41] and pronounced [xwǎwéɪ] in Mandarin Chinese; in Cantonese, the name is transliterated with Jyutping as Waa4-wai4 and pronounced [wȁːwɐ̏i]. However, pronunciation of Huawei by non-Chinese varies in other countries, for example «Hoe-ah-wei» in Belgium and the Netherlands.[42] The company had considered changing the name in English out of concern that non-Chinese people may find it hard to pronounce,[43] but decided to keep the name, and launched a name recognition campaign instead to encourage a pronunciation closer to «Wah-Way» using the words «Wow Way».[44][45]

History[edit]

Early years[edit]

During the 1980s, the Chinese government tried to modernize the country’s underdeveloped telecommunications infrastructure. A core component of the telecommunications network was telephone exchange switches, and in the late 1980s, several Chinese research groups endeavoured to acquire and develop the technology, usually through joint ventures with foreign companies.

Ren Zhengfei, a former deputy director of the People’s Liberation Army engineering corps, founded Huawei in 1987 in Shenzhen. The company reports that it had RMB 21,000 (about $5,000 at the time) in registered capital from Ren Zhengfei and five other investors at the time of its founding where each contributed RMB 3,500.[46] These five initial investors gradually withdrew their investments in Huawei. The Wall Street Journal has suggested, however, that Huawei received approximately «$46 billion in loans and other support, coupled with $25 billion in tax cuts» since the Chinese government had a vested interest in fostering a company to compete against Apple and Samsung.[47][48][49]

Ren sought to reverse engineer and steal foreign technologies with local researchers. It is notable that China has borrowed liberally from Qualcomm and other industry leaders (PBX as an example) in order to enter the market. At a time when all of China’s telecommunications technology was imported from abroad, Ren hoped to build a domestic Chinese telecommunication company that could compete with, and ultimately replace, foreign competitors.[50]

During its first several years the company’s business model consisted mainly of reselling private branch exchange (PBX) switches imported from Hong Kong.[6][51] Meanwhile, it was reverse-engineering imported switches and investing heavily in research and development to manufacture its own technologies.[6] By 1990 the company had approximately 600 R&D staff and began its own independent commercialization of PBX switches targeting hotels and small enterprises.[52]

The company’s first major breakthrough came in 1993 when it launched its C&C08 program controlled telephone switch. It was by far the most powerful switch available in China at the time. By initially deploying in small cities and rural areas and placing emphasis on service and customizability, the company gained market share and made its way into the mainstream market.[53]

Huawei also won a key contract to build the first national telecommunications network for the People’s Liberation Army, a deal one employee described as «small in terms of our overall business, but large in terms of our relationships».[54] In 1994, founder Ren Zhengfei had a meeting with Party general secretary Jiang Zemin, telling him that «switching equipment technology was related to national security, and that a nation that did not have its own switching equipment was like one that lacked its own military.» Jiang reportedly agreed with this assessment.[6]

In the 1990s, Canadian telecom giant Nortel outsourced production of their entire product line to Huawei.[25] They subsequently outsourced much of their product engineering to Huawei as well.[55]

Another major turning point for the company came in 1996 when the government in Beijing adopted an explicit policy of supporting domestic telecommunications manufacturers and restricting access to foreign competitors. Huawei was promoted by both the government and the military as a national champion, and established new research and development offices.[6]

Foreign expansion[edit]

Beginning in the late 1990s, Huawei built communications networks throughout sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East.[56] It is the most important Chinese telecommunications company operating in these regions.[56]

In 1997, Huawei won a contract to provide fixed-line network products to Hong Kong company Hutchison Whampoa.[53] Later that year, Huawei launched wireless GSM-based products and eventually expanded to offer CDMA and UMTS. In 1999, the company opened a research and development (R&D) centre in Bengaluru, India to develop a wide range of telecom software.[52]

In May 2003, Huawei partnered with 3Com on a joint venture known as H3C, which was focused on enterprise networking equipment. It marked 3Com’s re-entrance into the high-end core routers and switch market, after having abandoned it in 2000 to focus on other businesses. 3Com bought out Huawei’s share of the venture in 2006 for US$882 million.[57][58]

In 2004, Huawei signed a $10 billion credit line with China Development Bank to provide low-cost financing to customers buying its telecommunications equipment to support its sales outside of China. This line of credit was tripled to $30 billion in 2009.[59]

In 2005, Huawei’s foreign contract orders exceeded its domestic sales for the first time. Huawei signed a global framework agreement with Vodafone. This agreement marked the first time a telecommunications equipment supplier from China had received Approved Supplier status from Vodafone Global Supply Chain.[60][non-primary source needed] Huawei also signed a contract[when?] with British Telecom to deploy its multi-service access network (MSAN) and the transmission equipment for its 21st Century Network (21CN).[citation needed]

In 2007, Huawei began a joint venture with U.S. security software vendor Symantec Corporation, known as Huawei Symantec, which aimed to provide end-to-end solutions for network data storage and security. Huawei bought out Symantec’s share in the venture in 2012, with The New York Times noting that Symantec had fears that the partnership «would prevent it from obtaining United States government classified information about cyber threats».[61]

In May 2008, Australian carrier Optus announced that it would establish a technology research facility with Huawei in Sydney.[62] In October 2008, Huawei reached an agreement to contribute to a new GSM-based HSPA+ network being deployed jointly by Canadian carriers Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility, joined by Nokia Siemens Networks.[63] In November 2020, Telus dropped the plan to build 5G network with Huawei.[64] Huawei delivered one of the world’s first LTE/EPC commercial networks for TeliaSonera in Oslo, Norway in 2009.[52] Norway-based telecommunications Telenor instead selected Ericsson due to security concerns with Huawei.[65]

In July 2010, Huawei was included in the Global Fortune 500 2010 list published by the U.S. magazine Fortune for the first time, on the strength of annual sales of US$21.8 billion and net profit of US$2.67 billion.[66][67]

In October 2012, it was announced that Huawei would move its UK headquarters to Green Park, Reading, Berkshire.[68]

Huawei also has expanding operations in Ireland since 2016. As well as a headquarters in Dublin, it has facilities in Cork and Westmeath.[69]

In September 2017, Huawei created a Narrowband IoT city-aware network using a «one network, one platform, N applications» construction model utilizing ‘Internet of things’ (IoT), cloud computing, big data, and other next-generation information and communications technology, it also aims to be one of the world’s five largest cloud players in the near future.[70][71]

In April 2019, Huawei established the Huawei Malaysia Global Training Centre (MGTC) at Cyberjaya, Malaysia.[72]

Recent performance[edit]

By 2018, Huawei had sold 200 million smartphones.[73] They reported that strong consumer demand for premium range smart phones helped the company reach consumer sales in excess of $52 billion in 2018.[74]

Huawei announced worldwide revenues of $105.1 billion for 2018, with a net profit of $8.7 billion.[75] Huawei’s Q1 2019 revenues were up 39% year-over-year, at US$26.76 billion.[76]

In 2019, Huawei reported revenue of US$122 billion.[77]

By the second quarter of 2020, Huawei had become the world’s top smartphone seller, overtaking Samsung for the first time.[11]

In 2021, Huawei was ranked the second-largest R&D investor in the world by the EU Joint Research Centre (JRC) in its EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard[78] and ranked fifth in the world in US patents according to a report by Fairview Research’s IFI Claims Patent Services.[79]

Corporate affairs[edit]

Huawei classifies itself as a «collective» entity and prior to 2019 did not refer to itself as a private company. Richard McGregor, author of The Party: The Secret World of China’s Communist Rulers, said that this is «a definitional distinction that has been essential to the company’s receipt of state support at crucial points in its development».[80] McGregor argued that «Huawei’s status as a genuine collective is doubtful.»[80] Huawei’s position has shifted in 2019 when, Dr. Song Liuping, Huawei’s chief legal officer, commented on the US government ban, said: «Politicians in the US are using the strength of an entire nation to come after a private company.» (emphasis added).[81]

Leadership[edit]

Ren Zhengfei is the founder and CEO of Huawei and has the power to veto any decisions made by the board of directors.[82][83]

Huawei disclosed its list of board of directors for the first time in 2010.[84] Liang Hua is the current chair of the board. As of 2019, the members of the board are Liang Hua, Guo Ping, Xu Zhijun, Hu Houkun, Meng Wanzhou (CFO and deputy chairwoman), Ding Yun, Yu Chengdong, Wang Tao, Xu Wenwei, Shen-Han Chiu, Chen Lifang, Peng Zhongyang, He Tingbo, Li Yingtao, Ren Zhengfei, Yao Fuhai, Tao Jingwen, and Yan Lida.[85]

Guo Ping is the Chairman of Huawei Device, Huawei’s mobile phone division.[86] Huawei’s Chief Ethics & Compliance Officer is Zhou Daiqi[87] who is also Huawei’s Communist Party Committee Secretary.[88] Their Chief legal officer is Song Liuping.[81]

Ownership[edit]

Huawei claims it is an employee-owned company, but it remains a point of dispute.[82][89] Ren Zhengfei retains approximately 1 percent of the shares of Huawei’s holding company, Huawei Investment & Holding,[89] with the remainder of the shares held by a trade union committee (not a trade union per se, and the internal governance procedures of this committee, its members, its leaders or how they are selected all remain undisclosed to the public) that is claimed to be representative of Huawei’s employee shareholders.[82][90] The company’s trade union committee is registered with and pay dues to the Shenzhen federation of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, which is controlled by the Chinese Communist Party.[91] This is also due to a limitation in Chinese law preventing limited liability companies from having more than 50 shareholders.[92] About half of Huawei staff participate in this scheme (foreign employees are not eligible), and hold what the company calls «virtual restricted shares». These shares are non-tradable and are allocated to reward performance.[93] When employees leave Huawei, their shares revert to the company, which compensates them for their holding.[94] Although employee shareholders receive dividends,[90] their shares do not entitle them to any direct influence in management decisions, but enables them to vote for members of the 115-person Representatives’ Commission from a pre-selected list of candidates.[90] The Representatives’ Commission selects Huawei Holding’s board of directors and Board of Supervisors.[95]

Christopher Balding of Fulbright University and Donald C. Clarke of George Washington University have described Huawei’s virtual stock program as “purely a profit-sharing incentive scheme” that “has nothing to do with financing or control”.[96] They found that, after a few stages of historical morphing, employees do not own a part of Huawei through their shares. Instead, the «virtual stock is a contract right, not a property right; it gives the holder no voting power in either Huawei Tech or Huawei Holding, cannot be transferred, and is cancelled when the employee leaves the firm, subject to a redemption payment from Huawei Holding TUC at a low fixed price».[97][82] The same scholars added, «given the public nature of trade unions in China, if the ownership stake of the trade union committee is genuine, and if the trade union and its committee function as trade unions generally function in China, then Huawei may be deemed effectively state-owned.»[82]

In 2021, it was reported that Huawei did not report its ultimate beneficial ownership in Europe as required by European anti-money laundering laws.[98]

Lobbying[edit]

In July 2021, Huawei reportedly hired Tony Podesta as a consultant and lobbyist, with a goal of nurturing the company’s relationship with the Biden administration.[99][100]

Partners[edit]

As of the beginning of 2010, approximately 80% of the world’s top 50 telecoms companies had worked with Huawei.[101]

In 2016, German camera company Leica has established a partnership with Huawei, and Leica cameras will be co-engineered into Huawei smartphones, including the P and Mate Series. The first smartphone to be co-engineered with a Leica camera was the Huawei P9.[102]

In August 2019, Huawei collaborated with eyewear company Gentle Monster and released smartglasses.[103] In November 2019, Huawei partners with Devialet and unveiled a new specifically designed speaker, the Sound X.[104] In October 2020, Huawei released its own mapping service, Petal Maps, which was developed in partnership with Dutch navigation device manufacturer TomTom.[105]

Products and services[edit]

Huawei is organized around three core business segments:[106]

  • Carrier Network Business Group – provides wireless networks, fixed networks, global services, carrier software, core networks and network energy solutions that are deployed by communications carriers
  • Enterprise Business Group – Huawei’s industry sales team
  • Consumer Business Group – the core of this group is «1 + 8 + N» where «1» represents mobile phones; «8» represents tablets, PCs, VR devices, wearables, smart screens, smart audio, smart speakers, and head units; and «N» represents ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT) devices[107]
  • Cloud & AI Business Group — Huawei’s server, storage products and cloud services

Huawei announced its Enterprise business in January 2011 to provide network infrastructure, fixed and wireless communication, data center, and cloud computing for global telecommunications customers.[108]

Telecommunication networks[edit]

Huawei offers mobile and fixed softswitches, plus next-generation home location register and Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystems (IMS). Huawei sells xDSL, passive optical network (PON) and next-generation PON (NG PON) on a single platform. The company also offers mobile infrastructure, broadband access and service provider routers and switches (SPRS). Huawei’s software products include service delivery platforms (SDPs), base station subsystems, and more.[109]

Global services[edit]

Huawei Global Services provides telecommunications operators with equipment to build and operate networks as well as consulting and engineering services to improve operational efficiencies.[110] These include network integration services such as those for mobile and fixed networks; assurance services such as network safety; and learning services, such as competency consulting.[109]

Devices[edit]

A Huawei Band 7 fitness tracker in Wilderness Green colour.

Huawei’s Devices division provides white-label products to content-service providers, including USB modems, wireless modems and wireless routers for mobile Wi-Fi,[111] embedded modules, fixed wireless terminals, wireless gateways, set-top boxes, mobile handsets and video products.[112] Huawei also produces and sells a variety of devices under its own name, such as the IDEOS smartphones, tablet PCs and Huawei Smartwatch.[113][114]

Phones[edit]

Huawei is the second-biggest smartphone maker in the world, after Samsung, as of the first quarter of 2019.

Their current portfolio of phones has two high-end smartphone lines, the Huawei Mate series and Huawei P series. Under the company’s current hardware release cadence, P series phones are typically directed towards mainstream consumers as the company’s flagship smartphones, refining and expanding upon technologies introduced in Mate series devices (which are typically positioned towards early adopters).[115]

Cheaper handsets fall under its Honor brand.[116] Honor was created in order to elevate Huawei-branded phones as premium offerings. In 2020, Huawei agreed to sell the Honor brand to a state-owned enterprise of the Shenzhen municipal government. Consequently Honor was cut off from access to Huawei’s IPs, which consists of more than 100,000 active patents by the end of 2020, and additionally cannot tap into Huawei’s large R&D resources where $20 billion had been committed for 2021. However Wired magazine noted in 2021 that Honor devices still had not differentiated their software much from Huawei phones and that core apps and certain engineering features, like the Honor-engineered camera features looked «virtually identical’ across both phones.[34][116]

History of Huawei phones[edit]

In July 2003, Huawei established their handset department and by 2004, Huawei shipped their first phone, the C300. The U626 was Huawei’s first 3G phone in June 2005 and in 2006, Huawei launched the first Vodafone-branded 3G handset, the V710. The U8220 was Huawei’s first Android smartphone and was unveiled in MWC 2009. At CES 2012, Huawei introduced the Ascend range starting with the Ascend P1 S. At MWC 2012, Huawei launched the Ascend D1. In September 2012, Huawei launched their first 4G ready phone, the Ascend P1 LTE. At CES 2013, Huawei launched the Ascend D2 and the Ascend Mate. At MWC 2013, the Ascend P2 was launched as the world’s first LTE Cat4 smartphone. In June 2013, Huawei launched the Ascend P6 and in December 2013, Huawei introduced Honor as a subsidiary independent brand in China. At CES 2014, Huawei launched the Ascend Mate2 4G in 2014 and at MWC 2014, Huawei launched the MediaPad X1 tablet and Ascend G6 4G smartphone. Other launched in 2014 included the Ascend P7 in May 2014, the Ascend Mate7, the Ascend G7 and the Ascend P7 Sapphire Edition as China’s first 4G smartphone with a sapphire screen.[117]

In January 2015, Huawei discontinued the «Ascend» brand for its flagship phones, and launched the new P series with the Huawei P8.[118][119] Huawei also partnered with Google to build the Nexus 6P which was released in September 2015.[120]

In May 2018, Huawei stated that they will no longer allow unlocking the bootloader of their phones to allow installing third party system software or security updates after Huawei stops them.
[121]

The current models in the P and Mate lines, the Mate 40, Mate 40 Pro, Mate 40 5G, Mate 40 Pro 5G, P40, P40 Pro, Mate 30, Mate 30 Pro, Mate 30 5G, Mate 30 Pro 5G, P30, P30 Pro, Mate 20, Mate 20 Pro and Mate 20 X were released in 2018 and 2019.[122][123] The P30 lineup is the most recent to include Google-certified Android with Google Play.[124]

Huawei is currently the most well-known international corporation in China and a pioneer of the 5G mobile phone standard, which will be used globally in the next years.[125]

In May 2022, Huawei Mate Xs 2 goes global. Mate Xs 2 is set to arrive to European markets in June.[126]

Laptops[edit]

Huawei Matebook 2-in-1 tablet

In 2016, Huawei entered the laptop markets with the release of its Huawei MateBook series of laptops.[127] They have continued to release laptop models in this series into 2020 with their most recent models being the MateBook X Pro and Matebook 13 2020.[128]

Tablets[edit]

The HUAWEI MatePad Pro, launched in November 2019.[107] Huawei is number one in the Chinese tablet market and number two globally as of 4Q 2019.[129]

Wearables[edit]

The Huawei Watch is an Android Wear-based smartwatch developed by Huawei. It was announced at 2015 Mobile World Congress on 1 March 2015,[130] and was released at Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin on 2 September 2015.[131] It is the first smartwatch produced by Huawei.[131] Their latest watch, the Huawei Watch GT 2e, was launched in India in May, 2020.[132]

Automobile[edit]

In December 2021, the AITO M5 was unveiled as the first vehicle to be developed in cooperation with Huawei. The model was developed mainly by Seres and is essentially a restyled Seres SF5 crossover.[133] The model was sold under a new brand called AITO, which stands for “Adding Intelligence to Auto” and uses Huawei DriveONE and HarmonyOS, while the Seres SF5 used Huawei DriveONE and HiCar.[134]

  • AITO M5 front quarter view

    AITO M5 front quarter view

  • AITO M5 rear quarter view

    AITO M5 rear quarter view

  • AITO M5 interior

    AITO M5 interior

Huawei has also secured collaboration with other automakers including BAIC Motor, Changan Automobile and GAC Group.[135]

Vehicles reported to use Huawei technology include:

  • Arcfox Alpha-S[136][137]
  • Hozon Neta S
  • Roewe Marvel X
  • Changan Shenlan 03
  • Changan Avatr 011
  • Rising Auto R7

Software[edit]

EMUI (Emotion User Interface)[edit]

Main article: EMUI

Emotion UI (EMUI) is a ROM/OS developed by Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. and based on Google’s Android Open Source Project (AOSP). EMUI is pre-installed on most Huawei Smartphone devices and its subsidiaries the Honor series.[138]

Harmony OS[edit]

On 9 August 2019, Huawei officially unveiled Harmony OS at its inaugural developers’ conference HDC in Dongguan. Huawei described Harmony as a free, microkernel-based distributed operating system for various types of hardware, with faster inter-process communication than QNX or Google’s «Fuchsia» microkernel, and real-time resource allocation. The ARK compiler can be used to port Android APK packages to the OS. Huawei stated that developers would be able to «flexibly» deploy Harmony OS software across various device categories; the company focused primarily on IoT devices, including «smart displays», wearable devices, and in-car entertainment systems, and did not explicitly position Harmony OS as a mobile OS.[139][140]

Huawei Mobile Services (HMS)[edit]

Huawei Mobile Services (HMS) is Huawei’s solution to GMS (Google Mobile services), it was created to work over Android System, so Android applications can work over Huawei HMS Mobile phones, if those don’t use Google Mobile Services. HMS is part of Huawei ecosystem which Huawei developed complete solutions for several scenarios. One of their major application is called Huawei AppGallery, which is Huawei app store created as a competitor to Google’s Android Play Store. As of December, 2019 it was in version 4.0 and as of 16 January 2020 the company reports it has signed up 55,000 apps using its HMS Core software.[141]

Competitive position[edit]

Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. was the world’s largest telecom equipment maker in 2012[8] and China’s largest telephone-network equipment maker.[142] With 3,442 patents, Huawei became the world’s No. 1 applicant for international patents in 2014.[143][144] In 2019, Huawei had the second most patents granted by the European Patent Office.[145] In 2021, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)’s annual World Intellectual Property Indicators report ranked Huawei’s number of patent applications published under the PCT System as 1st in the world, with 5464 patent applications being published during 2020.[146] This position is consistent with their previous ranking at 1st for 4411 PCT applications in 2019.[147]

R&D centers[edit]

The company has twenty one R&D institutes in countries including China, the United States,[148] Canada,[149] the United Kingdom,[150] Pakistan, Finland, France, Belgium, Germany, Colombia, Sweden, Ireland, India,[151] Russia, Israel, and Turkey.[152][153]

Huawei is considering opening a new research and development (R&D) center in Russia (2019/2020), which would be the third in the country after the Moscow and St. Petersburg R&D centers. Huawei also announced plans (November 2018) to open an R&D center in the French city of Grenoble, which would be mainly focused on smartphone sensors and parallel computing software development. The new R&D team in Grenoble was expected to grow to 30 researchers by 2020, said the company. The company said that this new addition brought to five the number of its R&D teams in the country: two were located in Sophia Antipolis and Paris, researching image processing and design, while the other two existing teams were based at Huawei’s facilities in Boulogne-Billancourt, working on algorithms and mobile and 5G standards. The technology giant also intended to open two new research centers in Zürich and Lausanne, Switzerland. Huawei at the time employed around 350 people in Switzerland.[154][155]

Huawei also funds research partnerships with universities such as the University of British Columbia, the University of Waterloo, the University of Western Ontario, the University of Guelph, and Université Laval.[156][157]

Controversies[edit]

Huawei has faced criticism for various aspects of its operations, largely involving allegations of its products containing backdoors for Chinese government espionage—consistent with domestic laws requiring Chinese citizens and companies to cooperate with state intelligence when warranted. Huawei executives have consistently denied these allegations, having stated that the company has never received any requests by the Chinese government to introduce backdoors in its equipment, would refuse to do so, and that Chinese law did not compel them to do so.[158][159][160][161]

Early business practices[edit]

Huawei employed a complex system of agreements with local state-owned telephone companies that seemed to include illicit payments to the local telecommunications bureau employees. During the late 1990s, the company created several joint ventures with their state-owned telecommunications company customers. By 1998, Huawei had signed agreements with municipal and provincial telephone bureaus to create Shanghai Huawei, Chengdu Huawei, Shenyang Huawei, Anhui Huawei, Sichuan Huawei, and other companies. The joint ventures were actually shell companies, and were a way to funnel money to local telecommunications employees so that Huawei could get deals to sell them equipment. In the case of Sichuan Huawei, for example, local partners could get 60–70 percent of their investment returned in the form of annual ‘dividends’.[162]

Collusion with Chinese Communist government[edit]

Huawei has claimed that it has no special relationship with the Chinese Communist government, like other domestic private companies. However observers have noted that the Chinese government has granted Huawei much more comprehensive support than other domestic companies facing troubles abroad, such as ByteDance, since Huawei is considered a national champion in the China’s «techno-nationalist development strategies» for national security and commercial enterprises.[19][163] For instance after Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou was detained in Canada pending extradition to the United States for fraud charges, China immediately arrested Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor in what was widely viewed as «hostage diplomacy».[19][164][49] China has also imposed tariffs on Australian imports in 2020, in apparent retaliation for Huawei and ZTE being excluded from Australia’s 5G network in 2018.[19]

In June 2020, when the U.K. mulled reversing an earlier decision to permit Huawei’s participation in 5G, China threatened retaliation in other sectors like power generation and high-speed rail, so then U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo reassured the U.K. saying “the U.S. stands with our allies and partners against the Chinese Communist Party’s coercive bullying tactics,” and «the U.S. stands ready to assist our friends in the U.K. with any needs they have, from building secure and reliable nuclear power plants to developing trusted 5G solutions that protect their citizens’ privacy».[165] On 7 October 2020, the U.K. Parliament’s Defence Committee released a report concluding that there was evidence of collusion between Huawei and Chinese state and the Chinese Communist Party, based upon ownership model and government subsidies it has received. Huawei responded by saying «this report lacks credibility as it is built on opinion rather than fact».[166]

In November 2019, the Chinese ambassador to Denmark, in meetings with high-ranking Faroese politicians, directly linked Huawei’s 5G expansion with Chinese trade, according to a sound recording obtained by Kringvarp Føroya. According to Berlingske, the ambassador threatened with dropping a planned trade deal with the Faroe Islands, if the Faroese telecom company Føroya Tele did not let Huawei build the national 5G network. Huawei said they did not knоw about the meetings.[167]

The Wall Street Journal has suggested that Huawei received approximately «$46 billion in loans and other support, coupled with $25 billion in tax cuts» since the Chinese government had a vested interest in fostering a company to compete against Apple and Samsung.[47][49] In particular, China’s state-owned banks such as the China Development Bank and the Export-Import Bank of China make loans to Huawei customers which substantially undercut competitors’ financing with lower interest and cash in advance, with China Development Bank providing a credit line totaling US$30 billion between 2004 and 2009. In 2010, the European Commission launched an investigation into China’s subsidies that distorted global markets and harmed European vendors, and Huawei offered the initial complainant US$56 million to withdraw the complaint in an attempt to shut down the investigation. Then-European Trade Commissioner Karel De Gucht found that Huawei leveraged state support to underbid competitors by up to 70 percent.[26][168]

Allegations of espionage[edit]

Company founder and CEO Ren Zhengfei said “we never participate in espionage and we do not allow any of our employees to do any act like that. And we absolutely never install backdoors. Even if we were required by Chinese law, we would firmly reject that”.[169][170] Chinese Premier Li Keqiang was quoted saying «the Chinese government did not and will not ask Chinese companies to spy on other countries, such kind of action is not consistent with the Chinese law and is not how China behaves.” Huawei has cited the opinion of Zhong Lun Law Firm, whose lawyers testified to the FCC that the National Intelligence Law doesn’t apply to Huawei. The opinion of Zhong Lun lawyers, reviewed by British law firm Clifford Chance, has been distributed widely by Huawei as an “independent legal opinion”, although Clifford Chance added a disclaimer stated that “the material should not be construed as constituting a legal opinion on the application of PRC law”.[171][172] Follow up reporting from Wired cast doubt on the findings of Zhong Lun, particularly because the Chinese «government doesn’t limit itself to what the law explicitly allows» when it comes to national security.[173] «All Chinese citizens and organisations are obliged to cooperate upon request with PRC intelligence operations—and also maintain the secrecy of such operations», as explicitly stipulated in Article 7 of the 2017 PRC national intelligence-gathering activities law.[174]

Experts have pointed out that “under [President] Xi’s intensifying authoritarianism [since] Beijing promulgated a new national intelligence law» in 2017, as well as the 2014 Counter-Espionage Law, both of which are vaguely defined and far-reaching. The two laws «[compel] Chinese businesses to work with Chinese intelligence and security agencies whenever they are requested to do so”, suggesting that Huawei or other domestic major technology companies could not refuse to cooperate with Chinese intelligence.[18] One former Huawei employee said “The state wants to use Huawei, and it can use it if it wants. Everyone has to listen to the state. Every person. Every company and every individual, and you can’t talk about it. You can’t say you don’t like it. That’s just China.” The new cybersecurity law also requires domestic companies, and eventually foreign subsidiaries, to use state-certified network equipment and software so that their data and communications are fully visible to China’s Cybersecurity Bureau.[19][5][171][172] University of Nottingham’s Martin Thorley has suggested that Huawei would have no recourse to oppose the Communist Party’s request in court, since the Party controls the police, the media, the judiciary and the government.[18] Klon Kitchen has suggested that 5G dominance is essential to China in order to achieve its vision where «the prosperity of state-run capitalism is combined with the stability and security of technologically enabled authoritarianism».[175][49]

Henry Jackson Society researchers conducted an analysis of 25,000 Huawei employee CVs and found that some «worked as agents within China’s Ministry of State Security; worked on joint projects with the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA); were educated at China’s leading military academy; and had been employed with a military unit linked to a cyber attack on U.S. corporations.»[20] One of the study researchers says this shows «a strong relationship between Huawei and all levels of the Chinese state, Chinese military and Chinese intelligence. This to me appears to be a systemized, structural relationship.»[176][177] Charles Parton, a British diplomat, said this “give the lie to Huawei’s claim that there is no evidence that they help the Chinese intelligence services. This gun is smoking.”[20] In addition, senior security officials in Uganda and Zambia admitted that Huawei played key roles enabling their governments to spy on political opponents.[19]

Bloomberg revealed that Australian intelligence in 2012 had detected a hack, caused by a software update from Huawei on a telecom network. The update contained malicious code that operated like a “digital wiretap” that transmitted data to China before deleting itself. Investigators nonetheless managed to reconstruct the hack, and upon tracing it to Huawei technicians have determined that this attack was perpetrated by China’s spy agency, then sharing the findings with the United States who also confirmed similar hacks. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs accused this of being a «slander».[23][24] Inside the African Union headquarters, whose computer systems were supplied by Huawei and paid for by the Chinese government, IT staff discovered that data transfers on its servers peaked after hours from January 2012 to January 2017, with the African Union’s internal data sent to unknown servers hosted in Shanghai.[19] In May 2019, a Huawei Mediapad M5 belonging to a Canadian IT engineer living in Taiwan was found to be sending data to servers in China despite never being authorized to do so, as the apps could not be disabled and continued to send sensitive data even after appearing to be deleted.[178] At the end of 2019, United States officials disclosed to the United Kingdom and Germany that Huawei has had the ability to covertly exploit backdoors intended for law enforcement officials since 2009, as these backdoors are found on carrier equipment like antennas and routers, and Huawei’s equipment is widely used around the world due to its low cost.[179][180]

Timeline[edit]

A 2012 White House-ordered security review found no evidence that Huawei spied for China and said instead that security vulnerabilities on its products posed a greater threat to its users. The details of the leaked review came a week after a US House Intelligence Committee report which warned against letting Huawei supply critical telecommunications infrastructure in the United States.[181]

Huawei has been at the center of espionage allegations over Chinese 5G network equipment. In 2018, the United States passed a defense funding bill that contained a passage barring the federal government from doing business with Huawei, ZTE, and several Chinese vendors of surveillance products, due to security concerns.[182][183][184] The Chinese government has threatened economic retaliation against countries that block Huawei’s market access.[185]

Similarly in November 2018, New Zealand blocked Huawei from supplying mobile equipment to national telecommunications company Spark New Zealand’s 5G network, citing a «significant network security risk» and concerns about China’s National Intelligence Law.[186][187]

In 2019, a report commissioned by the Papua New Guinea (PNG) National Cyber Security Centre, funded by the Australian government, alleged that a data center built by Huawei for the PNG government contained exploitable security flaws.[188] Huawei responded that the project «complies with appropriate industry standards and the requirements of the customer.»[188] The Government of Papua New Guinea has called the data centre a ‘failed investment’ and attempted to have the loan cancelled.[189]

Between December 2018 and January 2019, German and British intelligence agencies initially pushed back against the US’ allegations, stating that after examining Huawei’s 5G hardware and accompanying source code, they have found no evidence of malevolence and that a ban would therefore be unwarranted.[190][191] Additionally, the head of Britain’s National Cyber Security Centre (the information security arm of GCHQ) stated that the US has not managed to provide the UK with any proof of its allegations against Huawei and also their agency had concluded that any risks involving Huawei in UK’s telecom networks are «manageable».[192][191] The Huawei Cyber Security Evaluation Centre (HCSEC), set up in 2010 to assuage security fears as it examined Huawei hardware and software for the UK market, was staffed largely by employees from Huawei but with regular oversight from GCHQ, which led to questions of operating independence from Huawei.[193] On 1 October 2020, an official report released by National Cyber Security Centre noted that «Huawei has failed to adequately tackle security flaws in equipment used in the UK’s telecoms networks despite previous complaints», and flagged one vulnerability of «national significance» related to broadband in 2019. The report concluded that Huawei was not confident of implementing the five-year plan of improving its software engineering processes, so there was «limited assurance that all risks to UK national security» could be mitigated in the long-term.[194] On 14 July 2020, the United Kingdom Government announced a ban on the use of company’s 5G network equipment, citing security concerns.[195] In October 2020, the British Defence Select Committee announced that it had found evidence of Huawei’s collusion with the Chinese state and that it supported accelerated purging of Huawei equipment from Britain’s telecom infrastructure by 2025, since they concluded that Huawei had «engaged in a variety of intelligence, security, and intellectual property activities» despite its repeated denials.[166][196] In November 2020, Huawei challenged the UK government’s decision, citing an Oxford Economics report that it had contributed £3.3 billion to the UK’s GDP.[197]

In January 2020, Germany’s spy chief Huawei “can’t fully be trusted”, while Dutch newspaper de Volkskrant reported on a Huawei “backdoor” in the network of a major Netherlands telecom, leading to a probe by the AIVD on the possibility that the breach had enabled spying by the Chinese government. However France’s cybersecurity chief Guillaume Poupard shrugged off German’s concerns and stated that his agency ANSSI haven’t uncovered any evidence nor seen a «smoking gun» of Huawei spying in Europe. In an interview with Bloomberg news, Poupard said  “There is no situation with Huawei being caught massively spying in Europe. Elsewhere maybe it’s different, but not in Europe.»[198][199]

In March 2019, Huawei filed three defamation claims over comments suggesting ties to the Chinese government made on television by a French researcher, a broadcast journalist and a telecommunications sector expert.[198] In June 2020 ANSSI informed French telecommunications companies that they would not be allowed to renew licenses for 5G equipment made from Huawei after 2028.[200] On 28 August 2020, French President Emmanuel Macron assured the Chinese government that it did not ban Huawei products from participating in its fifth-generation mobile roll-out, but favored European providers for security reasons. The head of the France’s cybersecurity agency also stated that it has granted time-limited waivers on 5G for wireless operators that use Huawei products, a decision that likely started a «phasing out» of the company’s products.[201] Huawei has proposed new factories and research facilities to persuade countries to reconsider their bans on Huawei’s participation in their respective 5G networks, however a spokesman for France’s economy ministry confirmed that the new factory would not affect the decision to phase out use of Chinese equipment from France’s telecoms.[202][203]

In February 2020, US government officials claimed that Huawei has had the ability to covertly exploit backdoors intended for law enforcement officials in carrier equipment like antennas and routers since 2009.[204][205]

In mid July 2020, Andrew Little, the Minister in charge of New Zealand’s signals intelligence agency the Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB), announced that New Zealand would not join the United Kingdom and United States in banning Huawei from the country’s 5G network.[206][207]

Following the 2020 China–India skirmishes, India announced that Huawei would be blocked from participating in the country’s 5G network for national security reasons.[208]

In May 2022, Canada’s industry minister Francois-Philippe Champagne announced that Canada will ban Huawei from the country’s 5G network, in an effort to protect the safety and security of Canadians, as well as to protect Canada’s infrastructure.[209] The Canadian federal government cited national security concerns for the move, saying that the suppliers could be forced to company with “extrajudicial directions from foreign governments” in ways that could “conflict with Canadian laws or would be detrimental to Canadian interests”. Telcos will be prevented from procuring new 4G or 5G equipment from Huawei and ZTE and must remove all ZTE- and Huawei-branded 5G equipment from their networks by June 28, 2024.[210]

Allegations of fraud and conspiracy to subvert sanctions against Iran[edit]

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This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2022)

In December 2012, Reuters reported that «deep links» existed as early as 2010 between Huawei through Meng Wanzhou (who was then CFO of the firm) and an Iranian telecom importer named Skycom.[211] The US had long-standing sanctions on Iran, including against the importation of US technology goods into Iran. On 22 August 2018, the Trump administration and a New York court, including staffers of Trump’s cabinet officially issued an arrest warrant for Meng to stand trial in the United States.[212][213] On 1 December 2018, Meng was arrested in Canada at the behest of the Trump administration.[214] She faces extradition to the United States on charges of violating the sanctions regime.[215]

On 28 January 2019, the Trump administration’s cabinet and federal prosecutors formally indicted Meng and Huawei with 13 counts of bank and wire fraud (in order to mask the sale that is illegal under sanctions of U.S. technology to Iran), obstruction of justice, and misappropriating trade secrets.[216][217] The department also filed a formal extradition request for Meng with Canadian authorities that same day. Huawei responded to the charges and said that it «denies that it or its subsidiary or affiliate have committed any of the asserted violations», as well as asserted Meng was similarly innocent. The China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology believed the charges brought on by the United States were «unfair».[218]

The case for extradition of Meng to the US to face charges is ongoing as of May, 2020 with the B.C. Supreme Court judge on 27 May 2020 ruling that extradition proceedings against the Huawei executive should proceed, denying the claim of double criminality brought by Meng’s defense team.[219] On September 24, 2021, the Department of Justice announced it had suspended its charges against Meng Wanzhou after she entered into a deferred prosecution agreement with them in which she conceded she helped misrepresent the relationship between Huawei and its subsidiary Skycom to HSBC in order to transact business with Iran, but did not have to plead guilty to the fraud charges.[220] The Department of Justice will move to withdraw all the charges against Meng when the deferral period ends on December 21, 2022, on the condition that she is not charged with a crime before then.[220]

Allegations of intellectual property theft[edit]

Huawei has been accused of various instances of intellectual property theft against parties such as Nortel,[221][dubious – discuss] Cisco Systems, and T-Mobile US (where a Huawei employee had photographed a robotic arm used to stress-test smartphones and taken a fingertip from the robot).[222][223][224] The management of the company claims the US government persecutes it because Huawei’s expansion can affect American business interests.[225] In August 2018, a Texas court found that Huawei had infringed on patents held by the American firm PanOptis.[226] Huawei later settled the case.[227] In November 2018, a German court ruled against Huawei and ZTE in a patent infringement case.[228] In February 2020, the United States Department of Justice charged Huawei with racketeering and conspiring to steal trade secrets from six U.S. firms.[229][230]

Nortel’s chief security officer Brian Shields discovered then-Nortel CEO Mike S. Zafirovski’s computer and company profile were compromised by hackers working for the Chinese government, likely on behalf of Huawei. This suspected industrial espionage allowed Huawei to quickly advance its product development.[231][25][55]

In 2019, Huawei’s chief legal officer stated «In the past 30 years, no court has ever concluded that Huawei engaged in malicious IP theft…no company can become a global leader by stealing from others.»[232]

Involvement in North Korea[edit]

Documents leaked in 2019 revealed that Huawei «secretly helped the North Korean government build and maintain the country’s commercial wireless network,» possibly in violation of international sanctions.[233]

Involvement in Xinjiang internment camps[edit]

Huawei has assisted in the surveillance and mass detention of Uyghurs in Xinjiang internment camps, resulting in sanctions by the United States Department of State.[27][28][29][30] Huawei also tested a facial recognition AI that recognizes ethnicity-specific features to alert government authorities of members of an ethnic group.[31] In January 2021, it was reported that Huawei previously filed a patent with the China National Intellectual Property Administration for a technology to identify Uyghur pedestrians.[234]

In 2019, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, a think tank often described as hawkish in Australian media,[235] accused Huawei of assisting in the mass detention of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang internment camps.[28][29][236] Huawei technology used by the Xinjiang internal security forces for data analysis,[237] and companies supplying Huawei operating in the Xinjiang region are accused of using forced labour.[238] However, Huawei denied these reports.[239]

U.S. business restrictions[edit]

In August 2018, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (NDAA 2019) was signed into law, containing a provision that banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from being used by the U.S. federal government, citing security concerns.[240] Huawei filed a lawsuit over the act in March 2019,[241] alleging it to be unconstitutional because it specifically targeted Huawei without granting it a chance to provide a rebuttal or due process.[242]

Additionally, on 15 May 2019, the Department of Commerce added Huawei and 70 foreign subsidiaries and «affiliates» to its Entity List under the Export Administration Regulations, citing the company having been indicted for «knowingly and willfully causing the export, re-export, sale and supply, directly and indirectly, of goods, technology and services (banking and other financial services) from the United States to Iran and the government of Iran without obtaining a license from the Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)».[243] This restricts U.S. companies from doing business with Huawei without a government license.[244][245][246] Various U.S.-based companies immediately froze their business with Huawei to comply with the regulation.[247]

The May 2019 ban on Huawei was partial: it did not affect most non-American produced chips, and the Trump administration granted a series of extensions on the ban in any case,[248] with another 90-day reprieve issued in May 2020.[249] In May 2020, the U.S. extended the ban to cover semiconductors customized for Huawei and made with U.S. technology.[250] In August 2020, the U.S. again extended the ban to a blanket ban on all semiconductor sales to Huawei.[250] The blanket ban took effect in September 2020.[251]

These actions have negatively affected Huawei production, sales and financial projections.[252][253][254] However, on 29 June 2019 at the G20 summit, the US President made statements implicating plans to ease the restrictions on U.S. companies doing business with Huawei.[255][256][257] Despite this statement, on 15 May 2020, the U.S. Department of Commerce extended its export restrictions to bar Huawei from producing semiconductors derived from technology or software of U.S. origin, even if the manufacturing is performed overseas.[258][259][260] In June 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designated Huawei a national security threat, thereby barring it from any U.S. subsidies.[16] In July 2020, the Federal Acquisition Regulation Council published a Federal Register notice prohibiting all federal government contractors from selling Huawei hardware to the federal government and preventing federal contractors from using Huawei hardware.[261]

In November 2020, Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People’s Liberation Army, which included Huawei.[262][263][264] In January 2021, the Trump administration revoked licenses from US companies such as Intel from supplying products and technologies to Huawei.[265] In June 2021, the FCC voted unanimously to prohibit approvals of Huawei gear in U.S. telecommunication networks on national security grounds.[266]

In June 2021, the administration of Joe Biden began to persuade the United Arab Emirates to remove the Huawei Technologies Co. equipment from its telecommunications network, while ensuring to further distance itself from China. It came as an added threat to the $23 billion arms deal of F-35 fighter jets and Reaper drones between the US and the UAE. The Emirates got a deadline of four years from Washington to replace the Chinese network.[267] A report in September 2021 analyzed how the UAE was struggling between maintaining its relations with both the United States and China. While Washington had a hawkish stance towards Beijing, the increasing Emirati relations with China have strained those with America. In that light, the Western nation has raised concerns for the UAE to beware of the security threat that the Chinese technologies like Huawei 5G telecommunications network possessed. However, the Gulf nations like the Emirates and Saudi Arabia defended their decision of picking Chinese technology over the American, saying that it is much cheaper and had no political conditions.[268]

On 18 November 2020, an opposition motion calling on the government for a decision on the participation of Huawei in Canada’s 5G network and a plan on combating what it called «Chinese aggression» passed 179 to 146. The non-binding motion was supported by the NDP and Bloc Québécois.[269] In May 2022, Canada’s government banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from the country’s 5G network, with companies having until 28 June 2024 to remove 5G equipment from these Chinese vendors.[270] Christopher Parsons of the University of Toronto’s Citizen Lab stated that continued use of Huawei and ZTE equipment «would have given the Chinese government leverage over Canada».[271]

On November 25, 2022, the FCC issued a ban on Huawei for national security reasons, citing the national security risk posed by the technology owned by China.[272]

Huawei’s response and stockpiling[edit]

Before the 15 September 2020 deadline, Huawei was in «survival mode» and stockpiled «5G mobile processors, Wifi, radio frequency and display driver chips and other components» from key chip suppliers and manufacturers, including Samsung, SK Hynix, TSMC, MediaTek, Realtek, Novatek, and RichWave.[251] Even in 2019, Huawei spent $23.45 billion on the stockpiling of chips and other supplies in 2019, up 73% from 2018.[251]

On its most crucial business, namely, its telecoms business (including 5G) and server business, Huawei has stockpiled 1.5 to 2 years’ worth of chips and components.[273] It began massively stockpiling from 2018, when Meng Wanzhou, the daughter of Huawei’s founder, was arrested in Canada upon U.S. request.[273] Key Huawei suppliers included Xilinx, Intel, AMD, Samsung, SK Hynix, Micron and Kioxia.[273] On the other hand, analysts predicted that Huawei could ship 195 million units of smartphones from its existing stockpile in 2021, but shipments may drop to 50 million in 2021 if rules are not relaxed.[251]

In late 2020, it was reported that Huawei plans to build a semiconductor manufacturing facility in Shanghai that does not involve U.S. technology.[274] The plan may help Huawei obtain necessary chips after its existing stockpile becomes depleted, which helps it chart a sustainable path for its telecoms business.[274] Huawei plans to collaborate with the government-run Shanghai IC R&D Center, which is partially owned by the state-owned enterprise Huahong Group.[274] Huawei may be purchasing equipment from Chinese firms such as AMEC and Naura, as well as using foreign tools which it can still find on the market.[274]

Replacement operating systems (Deepin & Harmony OS)[edit]

During the sanctions, it was noted that Huawei had been working on its own in-house operating system codenamed «HongMeng OS»: in an interview with Die Welt, executive Richard Yu stated that an in-house OS could be used as a «plan B» if it were prevented from using Android or Windows as the result of U.S. action.[275][276][277] Huawei filed trademarks for the names «Ark», «Ark OS», and «Harmony» in Europe, which were speculated to be connected to this OS.[278][279] On 9 August 2019, Huawei officially unveiled Harmony OS at its inaugural HDC developers’ conference in Dongguan with the ARK compiler which can be used to port Android APK packages to the OS.[139][140]

In September 2019, Huawei began offering the Linux distribution Deepin as a pre-loaded operating system on selected Matebook models in China.[280]

Bans[edit]

Some or all Huawei products are banned in Australia, Canada, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.[281]

See also[edit]

  • AppGallery
  • Huawei 4G eLTE
  • Lists of Chinese companies
  • HarmonyOS
  • EulerOS
  • Petal Maps
  • Petal Search

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

  • Media related to Huawei at Wikimedia Commons

Look up huawei in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

  • Official website
Источник
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Huawei Standard logo.svg
Huawei 1.JPG

Headquarters in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Native name

 华为技术有限公司

Romanized name

 Huáwèi jìshù yǒuxiàn gōngsī
Type Private
ISIN HK0000HWEI11
Industry
  • Consumer electronics
  • Telecom equipment
  • Networking equipment
  • Semiconductors
  • Artificial intelligence
  • Automation
  • Cloud computing
  • Internet of things
Founded 15 September 1987; 35 years ago
Headquarters

Shenzhen

,

China

Area served

 Worldwide (exempting United States since 2019)

Key people

 Ren Zhengfei (founder & CEO)
Liang Hua (chairman)
Meng Wanzhou (deputy chairwoman & CFO)

He Tingbo (Director)
Products
  • Mobile and fixed broadband networks
  • Consultancy and managed services
  • Multimedia technology
  • Smartphones
  • Tablet computers
  • Dongles
  • Smart TV
  • HarmonyOS
  • EMUI
  • EulerOS
Brands Huawei
Revenue Decrease ¥636.8 billion RMB (US$99.9 billion) (2021)[1]

Operating income

 Decrease ¥72.501 billion RMB (US$11.08 billion) (2020)

Net income

 Increase ¥113.7 billion RMB (US$17.83 billion) (2021)
Total assets Increase ¥876.854 billion RMB (US$134.01 billion) (2020)
Total equity Increase ¥330.408 billion RMB (US$50.49 billion) (2020)

Number of employees

 195,000 (2021)[2]
Parent Huawei Investment & Holding[3]
Subsidiaries Honor (2013–2020)
Caliopa
Chinasoft International
FutureWei Technologies
HexaTier
HiSilicon
iSoftStone
Website huawei.com
Footnotes / references
[4]
Huawei
Huawei (Chinese characters).svg

«Huawei» in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese 华为
Traditional Chinese 華為
Literal meaning «Splendid Achievement» or «Chinese Achievement»
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Huáwèi
IPA [xwǎ.wěɪ] (listen)
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization Wàah-wàih
Jyutping Waa4-wai4
IPA [wȁː.wɐ̏i]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ Hôa-uî
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Simplified Chinese 华为技术有限公司
Traditional Chinese 華為技術有限公司
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Huáwéi Jìshù Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping waa4 wai4 gei6 seot6 jau5 haan6 gung1 si1

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. ( HWAH-way; Chinese: 华为; pinyin: Huáwèi) is a Chinese multinational technology corporation headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, that designs, develops, manufactures and sells telecommunications equipment, consumer electronics, smart devices and various rooftop solar power products.

The corporation was founded in 1987 by Ren Zhengfei, a former officer in the People’s Liberation Army (PLA).[5] Initially focused on manufacturing phone switches, Huawei has expanded its business to include building telecommunications networks, providing operational and consulting services and equipment to enterprises inside and outside of China, and manufacturing communications devices for the consumer market.[6]

Huawei has deployed its products and services in more than 170 countries and areas.[7] It overtook Ericsson in 2012 as the largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer in the world,[8] and overtook Apple in 2018 as the second-largest manufacturer of smartphones in the world, behind Samsung Electronics.[9] In 2018, Huawei reported annual revenue of US$108.5 billion.[10] In July 2020, Huawei surpassed Samsung and Apple in the number of phones shipped worldwide for the first time.[11] This was primarily due to a drop in Samsung’s global sales in the second quarter of 2020, owing to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.[11][12][13]

Although successful internationally, Huawei has faced difficulties in some markets, arising from undue state support, links to the PLA and Ministry of State Security (MSS), and concerns that Huawei’s infrastructure equipment may enable surveillance by the Chinese government.[14][15] With the development of 5G wireless networks, there have been calls from the U.S. and its allies to not do any kind of business with Huawei or other Chinese telecommunications companies such as ZTE.[16] Huawei has argued that its products posed «no greater cybersecurity risk» than those of any other vendor, that the US has not shown evidence of espionage, and that the allegations are hypocritical as the American government itself conducts state survelliance programmes.[17] However, experts point out that the 2014 Counter-Espionage Law and 2017 National Intelligence Law of the People’s Republic of China are far-reaching legislation that compels Huawei and other companies to cooperate in gathering intelligence.[18] According to former staff «it is no secret that employees often work with intelligence officials embedded in the company»,[19][5] with 25,000 Huawei employees previously serving in the MSS or the PLA, including former chairwoman Sun Yafang.[20][21][22] Intelligence agencies have also implicated Huawei in several hacks of telecom networks,[23][24] while several rival telecom manufacturers like Nortel and Cisco Systems have traced industrial espionage back to Huawei.[25]

Despite claims that it operates as a private company, questions regarding Huawei’s ownership and control persist. Huawei is considered a national champion in China’s «techno-nationalist development strategies», and has received extensive support including financing from state-owned banks,[26] plus China has engaged in diplomatic lobbying and threatened trade reprisals against countries who considered blocking Huawei’s participation from 5G.[19][14] Huawei has assisted in the surveillance and mass detention of Uyghurs in Xinjiang internment camps, resulting in sanctions by the United States Department of State.[27][28][29][30] Huawei also tested a facial recognition AI that recognizes ethnicity-specific features to alert government authorities of members of an ethnic group.[31]

In the midst of an ongoing trade war between China and the United States, Huawei was restricted from doing commerce with U.S. companies due to alleged previous willful violations of U.S. sanctions against Iran. On 29 June 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump reached an agreement to resume trade talks with China and announced that he would ease the aforementioned sanctions on Huawei. Huawei cut 600 jobs at its Santa Clara research center in June, and in December 2019 founder Ren Zhengfei said it was moving the center to Canada because the restrictions would block them from interacting with US employees.[32][33] In 2020, Huawei agreed to sell the Honor brand to a state-owned enterprise of the Shenzhen municipal government to «ensure its survival», after the U.S. sanctions against them.[34] In November 2022, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) banned sales or import of equipment made by Huawei for national security reasons.[35]

Name[edit]

According to the company founder Ren Zhengfei, the name Huawei comes from a slogan he saw on a wall, Zhonghua youwei meaning «China has promise» (Chinese: 中华有为; pinyin: Zhōng huá yǒu wéi), when he was starting up the company and needed a name.[36] Zhonghua or Hua means China,[37] while youwei means «promising/to show promise».[38][39] Huawei has also been translated as «splendid achievement» or «China is able», which are possible readings of the name.[40] In Chinese pinyin, the name is Huáwéi,[41] and pronounced [xwǎwéɪ] in Mandarin Chinese; in Cantonese, the name is transliterated with Jyutping as Waa4-wai4 and pronounced [wȁːwɐ̏i]. However, pronunciation of Huawei by non-Chinese varies in other countries, for example «Hoe-ah-wei» in Belgium and the Netherlands.[42] The company had considered changing the name in English out of concern that non-Chinese people may find it hard to pronounce,[43] but decided to keep the name, and launched a name recognition campaign instead to encourage a pronunciation closer to «Wah-Way» using the words «Wow Way».[44][45]

History[edit]

Early years[edit]

During the 1980s, the Chinese government tried to modernize the country’s underdeveloped telecommunications infrastructure. A core component of the telecommunications network was telephone exchange switches, and in the late 1980s, several Chinese research groups endeavoured to acquire and develop the technology, usually through joint ventures with foreign companies.

Ren Zhengfei, a former deputy director of the People’s Liberation Army engineering corps, founded Huawei in 1987 in Shenzhen. The company reports that it had RMB 21,000 (about $5,000 at the time) in registered capital from Ren Zhengfei and five other investors at the time of its founding where each contributed RMB 3,500.[46] These five initial investors gradually withdrew their investments in Huawei. The Wall Street Journal has suggested, however, that Huawei received approximately «$46 billion in loans and other support, coupled with $25 billion in tax cuts» since the Chinese government had a vested interest in fostering a company to compete against Apple and Samsung.[47][48][49]

Ren sought to reverse engineer and steal foreign technologies with local researchers. It is notable that China has borrowed liberally from Qualcomm and other industry leaders (PBX as an example) in order to enter the market. At a time when all of China’s telecommunications technology was imported from abroad, Ren hoped to build a domestic Chinese telecommunication company that could compete with, and ultimately replace, foreign competitors.[50]

During its first several years the company’s business model consisted mainly of reselling private branch exchange (PBX) switches imported from Hong Kong.[6][51] Meanwhile, it was reverse-engineering imported switches and investing heavily in research and development to manufacture its own technologies.[6] By 1990 the company had approximately 600 R&D staff and began its own independent commercialization of PBX switches targeting hotels and small enterprises.[52]

The company’s first major breakthrough came in 1993 when it launched its C&C08 program controlled telephone switch. It was by far the most powerful switch available in China at the time. By initially deploying in small cities and rural areas and placing emphasis on service and customizability, the company gained market share and made its way into the mainstream market.[53]

Huawei also won a key contract to build the first national telecommunications network for the People’s Liberation Army, a deal one employee described as «small in terms of our overall business, but large in terms of our relationships».[54] In 1994, founder Ren Zhengfei had a meeting with Party general secretary Jiang Zemin, telling him that «switching equipment technology was related to national security, and that a nation that did not have its own switching equipment was like one that lacked its own military.» Jiang reportedly agreed with this assessment.[6]

In the 1990s, Canadian telecom giant Nortel outsourced production of their entire product line to Huawei.[25] They subsequently outsourced much of their product engineering to Huawei as well.[55]

Another major turning point for the company came in 1996 when the government in Beijing adopted an explicit policy of supporting domestic telecommunications manufacturers and restricting access to foreign competitors. Huawei was promoted by both the government and the military as a national champion, and established new research and development offices.[6]

Foreign expansion[edit]

Beginning in the late 1990s, Huawei built communications networks throughout sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East.[56] It is the most important Chinese telecommunications company operating in these regions.[56]

In 1997, Huawei won a contract to provide fixed-line network products to Hong Kong company Hutchison Whampoa.[53] Later that year, Huawei launched wireless GSM-based products and eventually expanded to offer CDMA and UMTS. In 1999, the company opened a research and development (R&D) centre in Bengaluru, India to develop a wide range of telecom software.[52]

In May 2003, Huawei partnered with 3Com on a joint venture known as H3C, which was focused on enterprise networking equipment. It marked 3Com’s re-entrance into the high-end core routers and switch market, after having abandoned it in 2000 to focus on other businesses. 3Com bought out Huawei’s share of the venture in 2006 for US$882 million.[57][58]

In 2004, Huawei signed a $10 billion credit line with China Development Bank to provide low-cost financing to customers buying its telecommunications equipment to support its sales outside of China. This line of credit was tripled to $30 billion in 2009.[59]

In 2005, Huawei’s foreign contract orders exceeded its domestic sales for the first time. Huawei signed a global framework agreement with Vodafone. This agreement marked the first time a telecommunications equipment supplier from China had received Approved Supplier status from Vodafone Global Supply Chain.[60][non-primary source needed] Huawei also signed a contract[when?] with British Telecom to deploy its multi-service access network (MSAN) and the transmission equipment for its 21st Century Network (21CN).[citation needed]

In 2007, Huawei began a joint venture with U.S. security software vendor Symantec Corporation, known as Huawei Symantec, which aimed to provide end-to-end solutions for network data storage and security. Huawei bought out Symantec’s share in the venture in 2012, with The New York Times noting that Symantec had fears that the partnership «would prevent it from obtaining United States government classified information about cyber threats».[61]

In May 2008, Australian carrier Optus announced that it would establish a technology research facility with Huawei in Sydney.[62] In October 2008, Huawei reached an agreement to contribute to a new GSM-based HSPA+ network being deployed jointly by Canadian carriers Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility, joined by Nokia Siemens Networks.[63] In November 2020, Telus dropped the plan to build 5G network with Huawei.[64] Huawei delivered one of the world’s first LTE/EPC commercial networks for TeliaSonera in Oslo, Norway in 2009.[52] Norway-based telecommunications Telenor instead selected Ericsson due to security concerns with Huawei.[65]

In July 2010, Huawei was included in the Global Fortune 500 2010 list published by the U.S. magazine Fortune for the first time, on the strength of annual sales of US$21.8 billion and net profit of US$2.67 billion.[66][67]

In October 2012, it was announced that Huawei would move its UK headquarters to Green Park, Reading, Berkshire.[68]

Huawei also has expanding operations in Ireland since 2016. As well as a headquarters in Dublin, it has facilities in Cork and Westmeath.[69]

In September 2017, Huawei created a Narrowband IoT city-aware network using a «one network, one platform, N applications» construction model utilizing ‘Internet of things’ (IoT), cloud computing, big data, and other next-generation information and communications technology, it also aims to be one of the world’s five largest cloud players in the near future.[70][71]

In April 2019, Huawei established the Huawei Malaysia Global Training Centre (MGTC) at Cyberjaya, Malaysia.[72]

Recent performance[edit]

By 2018, Huawei had sold 200 million smartphones.[73] They reported that strong consumer demand for premium range smart phones helped the company reach consumer sales in excess of $52 billion in 2018.[74]

Huawei announced worldwide revenues of $105.1 billion for 2018, with a net profit of $8.7 billion.[75] Huawei’s Q1 2019 revenues were up 39% year-over-year, at US$26.76 billion.[76]

In 2019, Huawei reported revenue of US$122 billion.[77]

By the second quarter of 2020, Huawei had become the world’s top smartphone seller, overtaking Samsung for the first time.[11]

In 2021, Huawei was ranked the second-largest R&D investor in the world by the EU Joint Research Centre (JRC) in its EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard[78] and ranked fifth in the world in US patents according to a report by Fairview Research’s IFI Claims Patent Services.[79]

Corporate affairs[edit]

Huawei classifies itself as a «collective» entity and prior to 2019 did not refer to itself as a private company. Richard McGregor, author of The Party: The Secret World of China’s Communist Rulers, said that this is «a definitional distinction that has been essential to the company’s receipt of state support at crucial points in its development».[80] McGregor argued that «Huawei’s status as a genuine collective is doubtful.»[80] Huawei’s position has shifted in 2019 when, Dr. Song Liuping, Huawei’s chief legal officer, commented on the US government ban, said: «Politicians in the US are using the strength of an entire nation to come after a private company.» (emphasis added).[81]

Leadership[edit]

Ren Zhengfei is the founder and CEO of Huawei and has the power to veto any decisions made by the board of directors.[82][83]

Huawei disclosed its list of board of directors for the first time in 2010.[84] Liang Hua is the current chair of the board. As of 2019, the members of the board are Liang Hua, Guo Ping, Xu Zhijun, Hu Houkun, Meng Wanzhou (CFO and deputy chairwoman), Ding Yun, Yu Chengdong, Wang Tao, Xu Wenwei, Shen-Han Chiu, Chen Lifang, Peng Zhongyang, He Tingbo, Li Yingtao, Ren Zhengfei, Yao Fuhai, Tao Jingwen, and Yan Lida.[85]

Guo Ping is the Chairman of Huawei Device, Huawei’s mobile phone division.[86] Huawei’s Chief Ethics & Compliance Officer is Zhou Daiqi[87] who is also Huawei’s Communist Party Committee Secretary.[88] Their Chief legal officer is Song Liuping.[81]

Ownership[edit]

Huawei claims it is an employee-owned company, but it remains a point of dispute.[82][89] Ren Zhengfei retains approximately 1 percent of the shares of Huawei’s holding company, Huawei Investment & Holding,[89] with the remainder of the shares held by a trade union committee (not a trade union per se, and the internal governance procedures of this committee, its members, its leaders or how they are selected all remain undisclosed to the public) that is claimed to be representative of Huawei’s employee shareholders.[82][90] The company’s trade union committee is registered with and pay dues to the Shenzhen federation of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, which is controlled by the Chinese Communist Party.[91] This is also due to a limitation in Chinese law preventing limited liability companies from having more than 50 shareholders.[92] About half of Huawei staff participate in this scheme (foreign employees are not eligible), and hold what the company calls «virtual restricted shares». These shares are non-tradable and are allocated to reward performance.[93] When employees leave Huawei, their shares revert to the company, which compensates them for their holding.[94] Although employee shareholders receive dividends,[90] their shares do not entitle them to any direct influence in management decisions, but enables them to vote for members of the 115-person Representatives’ Commission from a pre-selected list of candidates.[90] The Representatives’ Commission selects Huawei Holding’s board of directors and Board of Supervisors.[95]

Christopher Balding of Fulbright University and Donald C. Clarke of George Washington University have described Huawei’s virtual stock program as “purely a profit-sharing incentive scheme” that “has nothing to do with financing or control”.[96] They found that, after a few stages of historical morphing, employees do not own a part of Huawei through their shares. Instead, the «virtual stock is a contract right, not a property right; it gives the holder no voting power in either Huawei Tech or Huawei Holding, cannot be transferred, and is cancelled when the employee leaves the firm, subject to a redemption payment from Huawei Holding TUC at a low fixed price».[97][82] The same scholars added, «given the public nature of trade unions in China, if the ownership stake of the trade union committee is genuine, and if the trade union and its committee function as trade unions generally function in China, then Huawei may be deemed effectively state-owned.»[82]

In 2021, it was reported that Huawei did not report its ultimate beneficial ownership in Europe as required by European anti-money laundering laws.[98]

Lobbying[edit]

In July 2021, Huawei reportedly hired Tony Podesta as a consultant and lobbyist, with a goal of nurturing the company’s relationship with the Biden administration.[99][100]

Partners[edit]

As of the beginning of 2010, approximately 80% of the world’s top 50 telecoms companies had worked with Huawei.[101]

In 2016, German camera company Leica has established a partnership with Huawei, and Leica cameras will be co-engineered into Huawei smartphones, including the P and Mate Series. The first smartphone to be co-engineered with a Leica camera was the Huawei P9.[102]

In August 2019, Huawei collaborated with eyewear company Gentle Monster and released smartglasses.[103] In November 2019, Huawei partners with Devialet and unveiled a new specifically designed speaker, the Sound X.[104] In October 2020, Huawei released its own mapping service, Petal Maps, which was developed in partnership with Dutch navigation device manufacturer TomTom.[105]

Products and services[edit]

Huawei is organized around three core business segments:[106]

  • Carrier Network Business Group – provides wireless networks, fixed networks, global services, carrier software, core networks and network energy solutions that are deployed by communications carriers
  • Enterprise Business Group – Huawei’s industry sales team
  • Consumer Business Group – the core of this group is «1 + 8 + N» where «1» represents mobile phones; «8» represents tablets, PCs, VR devices, wearables, smart screens, smart audio, smart speakers, and head units; and «N» represents ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT) devices[107]
  • Cloud & AI Business Group — Huawei’s server, storage products and cloud services

Huawei announced its Enterprise business in January 2011 to provide network infrastructure, fixed and wireless communication, data center, and cloud computing for global telecommunications customers.[108]

Telecommunication networks[edit]

Huawei offers mobile and fixed softswitches, plus next-generation home location register and Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystems (IMS). Huawei sells xDSL, passive optical network (PON) and next-generation PON (NG PON) on a single platform. The company also offers mobile infrastructure, broadband access and service provider routers and switches (SPRS). Huawei’s software products include service delivery platforms (SDPs), base station subsystems, and more.[109]

Global services[edit]

Huawei Global Services provides telecommunications operators with equipment to build and operate networks as well as consulting and engineering services to improve operational efficiencies.[110] These include network integration services such as those for mobile and fixed networks; assurance services such as network safety; and learning services, such as competency consulting.[109]

Devices[edit]

A Huawei Band 7 fitness tracker in Wilderness Green colour.

Huawei’s Devices division provides white-label products to content-service providers, including USB modems, wireless modems and wireless routers for mobile Wi-Fi,[111] embedded modules, fixed wireless terminals, wireless gateways, set-top boxes, mobile handsets and video products.[112] Huawei also produces and sells a variety of devices under its own name, such as the IDEOS smartphones, tablet PCs and Huawei Smartwatch.[113][114]

Phones[edit]

Huawei is the second-biggest smartphone maker in the world, after Samsung, as of the first quarter of 2019.

Their current portfolio of phones has two high-end smartphone lines, the Huawei Mate series and Huawei P series. Under the company’s current hardware release cadence, P series phones are typically directed towards mainstream consumers as the company’s flagship smartphones, refining and expanding upon technologies introduced in Mate series devices (which are typically positioned towards early adopters).[115]

Cheaper handsets fall under its Honor brand.[116] Honor was created in order to elevate Huawei-branded phones as premium offerings. In 2020, Huawei agreed to sell the Honor brand to a state-owned enterprise of the Shenzhen municipal government. Consequently Honor was cut off from access to Huawei’s IPs, which consists of more than 100,000 active patents by the end of 2020, and additionally cannot tap into Huawei’s large R&D resources where $20 billion had been committed for 2021. However Wired magazine noted in 2021 that Honor devices still had not differentiated their software much from Huawei phones and that core apps and certain engineering features, like the Honor-engineered camera features looked «virtually identical’ across both phones.[34][116]

History of Huawei phones[edit]

In July 2003, Huawei established their handset department and by 2004, Huawei shipped their first phone, the C300. The U626 was Huawei’s first 3G phone in June 2005 and in 2006, Huawei launched the first Vodafone-branded 3G handset, the V710. The U8220 was Huawei’s first Android smartphone and was unveiled in MWC 2009. At CES 2012, Huawei introduced the Ascend range starting with the Ascend P1 S. At MWC 2012, Huawei launched the Ascend D1. In September 2012, Huawei launched their first 4G ready phone, the Ascend P1 LTE. At CES 2013, Huawei launched the Ascend D2 and the Ascend Mate. At MWC 2013, the Ascend P2 was launched as the world’s first LTE Cat4 smartphone. In June 2013, Huawei launched the Ascend P6 and in December 2013, Huawei introduced Honor as a subsidiary independent brand in China. At CES 2014, Huawei launched the Ascend Mate2 4G in 2014 and at MWC 2014, Huawei launched the MediaPad X1 tablet and Ascend G6 4G smartphone. Other launched in 2014 included the Ascend P7 in May 2014, the Ascend Mate7, the Ascend G7 and the Ascend P7 Sapphire Edition as China’s first 4G smartphone with a sapphire screen.[117]

In January 2015, Huawei discontinued the «Ascend» brand for its flagship phones, and launched the new P series with the Huawei P8.[118][119] Huawei also partnered with Google to build the Nexus 6P which was released in September 2015.[120]

In May 2018, Huawei stated that they will no longer allow unlocking the bootloader of their phones to allow installing third party system software or security updates after Huawei stops them.
[121]

The current models in the P and Mate lines, the Mate 40, Mate 40 Pro, Mate 40 5G, Mate 40 Pro 5G, P40, P40 Pro, Mate 30, Mate 30 Pro, Mate 30 5G, Mate 30 Pro 5G, P30, P30 Pro, Mate 20, Mate 20 Pro and Mate 20 X were released in 2018 and 2019.[122][123] The P30 lineup is the most recent to include Google-certified Android with Google Play.[124]

Huawei is currently the most well-known international corporation in China and a pioneer of the 5G mobile phone standard, which will be used globally in the next years.[125]

In May 2022, Huawei Mate Xs 2 goes global. Mate Xs 2 is set to arrive to European markets in June.[126]

Laptops[edit]

Huawei Matebook 2-in-1 tablet

In 2016, Huawei entered the laptop markets with the release of its Huawei MateBook series of laptops.[127] They have continued to release laptop models in this series into 2020 with their most recent models being the MateBook X Pro and Matebook 13 2020.[128]

Tablets[edit]

The HUAWEI MatePad Pro, launched in November 2019.[107] Huawei is number one in the Chinese tablet market and number two globally as of 4Q 2019.[129]

Wearables[edit]

The Huawei Watch is an Android Wear-based smartwatch developed by Huawei. It was announced at 2015 Mobile World Congress on 1 March 2015,[130] and was released at Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin on 2 September 2015.[131] It is the first smartwatch produced by Huawei.[131] Their latest watch, the Huawei Watch GT 2e, was launched in India in May, 2020.[132]

Automobile[edit]

In December 2021, the AITO M5 was unveiled as the first vehicle to be developed in cooperation with Huawei. The model was developed mainly by Seres and is essentially a restyled Seres SF5 crossover.[133] The model was sold under a new brand called AITO, which stands for “Adding Intelligence to Auto” and uses Huawei DriveONE and HarmonyOS, while the Seres SF5 used Huawei DriveONE and HiCar.[134]

  • AITO M5 front quarter view

    AITO M5 front quarter view

  • AITO M5 rear quarter view

    AITO M5 rear quarter view

  • AITO M5 interior

    AITO M5 interior

Huawei has also secured collaboration with other automakers including BAIC Motor, Changan Automobile and GAC Group.[135]

Vehicles reported to use Huawei technology include:

  • Arcfox Alpha-S[136][137]
  • Hozon Neta S
  • Roewe Marvel X
  • Changan Shenlan 03
  • Changan Avatr 011
  • Rising Auto R7

Software[edit]

EMUI (Emotion User Interface)[edit]

Main article: EMUI

Emotion UI (EMUI) is a ROM/OS developed by Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. and based on Google’s Android Open Source Project (AOSP). EMUI is pre-installed on most Huawei Smartphone devices and its subsidiaries the Honor series.[138]

Harmony OS[edit]

On 9 August 2019, Huawei officially unveiled Harmony OS at its inaugural developers’ conference HDC in Dongguan. Huawei described Harmony as a free, microkernel-based distributed operating system for various types of hardware, with faster inter-process communication than QNX or Google’s «Fuchsia» microkernel, and real-time resource allocation. The ARK compiler can be used to port Android APK packages to the OS. Huawei stated that developers would be able to «flexibly» deploy Harmony OS software across various device categories; the company focused primarily on IoT devices, including «smart displays», wearable devices, and in-car entertainment systems, and did not explicitly position Harmony OS as a mobile OS.[139][140]

Huawei Mobile Services (HMS)[edit]

Huawei Mobile Services (HMS) is Huawei’s solution to GMS (Google Mobile services), it was created to work over Android System, so Android applications can work over Huawei HMS Mobile phones, if those don’t use Google Mobile Services. HMS is part of Huawei ecosystem which Huawei developed complete solutions for several scenarios. One of their major application is called Huawei AppGallery, which is Huawei app store created as a competitor to Google’s Android Play Store. As of December, 2019 it was in version 4.0 and as of 16 January 2020 the company reports it has signed up 55,000 apps using its HMS Core software.[141]

Competitive position[edit]

Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. was the world’s largest telecom equipment maker in 2012[8] and China’s largest telephone-network equipment maker.[142] With 3,442 patents, Huawei became the world’s No. 1 applicant for international patents in 2014.[143][144] In 2019, Huawei had the second most patents granted by the European Patent Office.[145] In 2021, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)’s annual World Intellectual Property Indicators report ranked Huawei’s number of patent applications published under the PCT System as 1st in the world, with 5464 patent applications being published during 2020.[146] This position is consistent with their previous ranking at 1st for 4411 PCT applications in 2019.[147]

R&D centers[edit]

The company has twenty one R&D institutes in countries including China, the United States,[148] Canada,[149] the United Kingdom,[150] Pakistan, Finland, France, Belgium, Germany, Colombia, Sweden, Ireland, India,[151] Russia, Israel, and Turkey.[152][153]

Huawei is considering opening a new research and development (R&D) center in Russia (2019/2020), which would be the third in the country after the Moscow and St. Petersburg R&D centers. Huawei also announced plans (November 2018) to open an R&D center in the French city of Grenoble, which would be mainly focused on smartphone sensors and parallel computing software development. The new R&D team in Grenoble was expected to grow to 30 researchers by 2020, said the company. The company said that this new addition brought to five the number of its R&D teams in the country: two were located in Sophia Antipolis and Paris, researching image processing and design, while the other two existing teams were based at Huawei’s facilities in Boulogne-Billancourt, working on algorithms and mobile and 5G standards. The technology giant also intended to open two new research centers in Zürich and Lausanne, Switzerland. Huawei at the time employed around 350 people in Switzerland.[154][155]

Huawei also funds research partnerships with universities such as the University of British Columbia, the University of Waterloo, the University of Western Ontario, the University of Guelph, and Université Laval.[156][157]

Controversies[edit]

Huawei has faced criticism for various aspects of its operations, largely involving allegations of its products containing backdoors for Chinese government espionage—consistent with domestic laws requiring Chinese citizens and companies to cooperate with state intelligence when warranted. Huawei executives have consistently denied these allegations, having stated that the company has never received any requests by the Chinese government to introduce backdoors in its equipment, would refuse to do so, and that Chinese law did not compel them to do so.[158][159][160][161]

Early business practices[edit]

Huawei employed a complex system of agreements with local state-owned telephone companies that seemed to include illicit payments to the local telecommunications bureau employees. During the late 1990s, the company created several joint ventures with their state-owned telecommunications company customers. By 1998, Huawei had signed agreements with municipal and provincial telephone bureaus to create Shanghai Huawei, Chengdu Huawei, Shenyang Huawei, Anhui Huawei, Sichuan Huawei, and other companies. The joint ventures were actually shell companies, and were a way to funnel money to local telecommunications employees so that Huawei could get deals to sell them equipment. In the case of Sichuan Huawei, for example, local partners could get 60–70 percent of their investment returned in the form of annual ‘dividends’.[162]

Collusion with Chinese Communist government[edit]

Huawei has claimed that it has no special relationship with the Chinese Communist government, like other domestic private companies. However observers have noted that the Chinese government has granted Huawei much more comprehensive support than other domestic companies facing troubles abroad, such as ByteDance, since Huawei is considered a national champion in the China’s «techno-nationalist development strategies» for national security and commercial enterprises.[19][163] For instance after Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou was detained in Canada pending extradition to the United States for fraud charges, China immediately arrested Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor in what was widely viewed as «hostage diplomacy».[19][164][49] China has also imposed tariffs on Australian imports in 2020, in apparent retaliation for Huawei and ZTE being excluded from Australia’s 5G network in 2018.[19]

In June 2020, when the U.K. mulled reversing an earlier decision to permit Huawei’s participation in 5G, China threatened retaliation in other sectors like power generation and high-speed rail, so then U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo reassured the U.K. saying “the U.S. stands with our allies and partners against the Chinese Communist Party’s coercive bullying tactics,” and «the U.S. stands ready to assist our friends in the U.K. with any needs they have, from building secure and reliable nuclear power plants to developing trusted 5G solutions that protect their citizens’ privacy».[165] On 7 October 2020, the U.K. Parliament’s Defence Committee released a report concluding that there was evidence of collusion between Huawei and Chinese state and the Chinese Communist Party, based upon ownership model and government subsidies it has received. Huawei responded by saying «this report lacks credibility as it is built on opinion rather than fact».[166]

In November 2019, the Chinese ambassador to Denmark, in meetings with high-ranking Faroese politicians, directly linked Huawei’s 5G expansion with Chinese trade, according to a sound recording obtained by Kringvarp Føroya. According to Berlingske, the ambassador threatened with dropping a planned trade deal with the Faroe Islands, if the Faroese telecom company Føroya Tele did not let Huawei build the national 5G network. Huawei said they did not knоw about the meetings.[167]

The Wall Street Journal has suggested that Huawei received approximately «$46 billion in loans and other support, coupled with $25 billion in tax cuts» since the Chinese government had a vested interest in fostering a company to compete against Apple and Samsung.[47][49] In particular, China’s state-owned banks such as the China Development Bank and the Export-Import Bank of China make loans to Huawei customers which substantially undercut competitors’ financing with lower interest and cash in advance, with China Development Bank providing a credit line totaling US$30 billion between 2004 and 2009. In 2010, the European Commission launched an investigation into China’s subsidies that distorted global markets and harmed European vendors, and Huawei offered the initial complainant US$56 million to withdraw the complaint in an attempt to shut down the investigation. Then-European Trade Commissioner Karel De Gucht found that Huawei leveraged state support to underbid competitors by up to 70 percent.[26][168]

Allegations of espionage[edit]

Company founder and CEO Ren Zhengfei said “we never participate in espionage and we do not allow any of our employees to do any act like that. And we absolutely never install backdoors. Even if we were required by Chinese law, we would firmly reject that”.[169][170] Chinese Premier Li Keqiang was quoted saying «the Chinese government did not and will not ask Chinese companies to spy on other countries, such kind of action is not consistent with the Chinese law and is not how China behaves.” Huawei has cited the opinion of Zhong Lun Law Firm, whose lawyers testified to the FCC that the National Intelligence Law doesn’t apply to Huawei. The opinion of Zhong Lun lawyers, reviewed by British law firm Clifford Chance, has been distributed widely by Huawei as an “independent legal opinion”, although Clifford Chance added a disclaimer stated that “the material should not be construed as constituting a legal opinion on the application of PRC law”.[171][172] Follow up reporting from Wired cast doubt on the findings of Zhong Lun, particularly because the Chinese «government doesn’t limit itself to what the law explicitly allows» when it comes to national security.[173] «All Chinese citizens and organisations are obliged to cooperate upon request with PRC intelligence operations—and also maintain the secrecy of such operations», as explicitly stipulated in Article 7 of the 2017 PRC national intelligence-gathering activities law.[174]

Experts have pointed out that “under [President] Xi’s intensifying authoritarianism [since] Beijing promulgated a new national intelligence law» in 2017, as well as the 2014 Counter-Espionage Law, both of which are vaguely defined and far-reaching. The two laws «[compel] Chinese businesses to work with Chinese intelligence and security agencies whenever they are requested to do so”, suggesting that Huawei or other domestic major technology companies could not refuse to cooperate with Chinese intelligence.[18] One former Huawei employee said “The state wants to use Huawei, and it can use it if it wants. Everyone has to listen to the state. Every person. Every company and every individual, and you can’t talk about it. You can’t say you don’t like it. That’s just China.” The new cybersecurity law also requires domestic companies, and eventually foreign subsidiaries, to use state-certified network equipment and software so that their data and communications are fully visible to China’s Cybersecurity Bureau.[19][5][171][172] University of Nottingham’s Martin Thorley has suggested that Huawei would have no recourse to oppose the Communist Party’s request in court, since the Party controls the police, the media, the judiciary and the government.[18] Klon Kitchen has suggested that 5G dominance is essential to China in order to achieve its vision where «the prosperity of state-run capitalism is combined with the stability and security of technologically enabled authoritarianism».[175][49]

Henry Jackson Society researchers conducted an analysis of 25,000 Huawei employee CVs and found that some «worked as agents within China’s Ministry of State Security; worked on joint projects with the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA); were educated at China’s leading military academy; and had been employed with a military unit linked to a cyber attack on U.S. corporations.»[20] One of the study researchers says this shows «a strong relationship between Huawei and all levels of the Chinese state, Chinese military and Chinese intelligence. This to me appears to be a systemized, structural relationship.»[176][177] Charles Parton, a British diplomat, said this “give the lie to Huawei’s claim that there is no evidence that they help the Chinese intelligence services. This gun is smoking.”[20] In addition, senior security officials in Uganda and Zambia admitted that Huawei played key roles enabling their governments to spy on political opponents.[19]

Bloomberg revealed that Australian intelligence in 2012 had detected a hack, caused by a software update from Huawei on a telecom network. The update contained malicious code that operated like a “digital wiretap” that transmitted data to China before deleting itself. Investigators nonetheless managed to reconstruct the hack, and upon tracing it to Huawei technicians have determined that this attack was perpetrated by China’s spy agency, then sharing the findings with the United States who also confirmed similar hacks. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs accused this of being a «slander».[23][24] Inside the African Union headquarters, whose computer systems were supplied by Huawei and paid for by the Chinese government, IT staff discovered that data transfers on its servers peaked after hours from January 2012 to January 2017, with the African Union’s internal data sent to unknown servers hosted in Shanghai.[19] In May 2019, a Huawei Mediapad M5 belonging to a Canadian IT engineer living in Taiwan was found to be sending data to servers in China despite never being authorized to do so, as the apps could not be disabled and continued to send sensitive data even after appearing to be deleted.[178] At the end of 2019, United States officials disclosed to the United Kingdom and Germany that Huawei has had the ability to covertly exploit backdoors intended for law enforcement officials since 2009, as these backdoors are found on carrier equipment like antennas and routers, and Huawei’s equipment is widely used around the world due to its low cost.[179][180]

Timeline[edit]

A 2012 White House-ordered security review found no evidence that Huawei spied for China and said instead that security vulnerabilities on its products posed a greater threat to its users. The details of the leaked review came a week after a US House Intelligence Committee report which warned against letting Huawei supply critical telecommunications infrastructure in the United States.[181]

Huawei has been at the center of espionage allegations over Chinese 5G network equipment. In 2018, the United States passed a defense funding bill that contained a passage barring the federal government from doing business with Huawei, ZTE, and several Chinese vendors of surveillance products, due to security concerns.[182][183][184] The Chinese government has threatened economic retaliation against countries that block Huawei’s market access.[185]

Similarly in November 2018, New Zealand blocked Huawei from supplying mobile equipment to national telecommunications company Spark New Zealand’s 5G network, citing a «significant network security risk» and concerns about China’s National Intelligence Law.[186][187]

In 2019, a report commissioned by the Papua New Guinea (PNG) National Cyber Security Centre, funded by the Australian government, alleged that a data center built by Huawei for the PNG government contained exploitable security flaws.[188] Huawei responded that the project «complies with appropriate industry standards and the requirements of the customer.»[188] The Government of Papua New Guinea has called the data centre a ‘failed investment’ and attempted to have the loan cancelled.[189]

Between December 2018 and January 2019, German and British intelligence agencies initially pushed back against the US’ allegations, stating that after examining Huawei’s 5G hardware and accompanying source code, they have found no evidence of malevolence and that a ban would therefore be unwarranted.[190][191] Additionally, the head of Britain’s National Cyber Security Centre (the information security arm of GCHQ) stated that the US has not managed to provide the UK with any proof of its allegations against Huawei and also their agency had concluded that any risks involving Huawei in UK’s telecom networks are «manageable».[192][191] The Huawei Cyber Security Evaluation Centre (HCSEC), set up in 2010 to assuage security fears as it examined Huawei hardware and software for the UK market, was staffed largely by employees from Huawei but with regular oversight from GCHQ, which led to questions of operating independence from Huawei.[193] On 1 October 2020, an official report released by National Cyber Security Centre noted that «Huawei has failed to adequately tackle security flaws in equipment used in the UK’s telecoms networks despite previous complaints», and flagged one vulnerability of «national significance» related to broadband in 2019. The report concluded that Huawei was not confident of implementing the five-year plan of improving its software engineering processes, so there was «limited assurance that all risks to UK national security» could be mitigated in the long-term.[194] On 14 July 2020, the United Kingdom Government announced a ban on the use of company’s 5G network equipment, citing security concerns.[195] In October 2020, the British Defence Select Committee announced that it had found evidence of Huawei’s collusion with the Chinese state and that it supported accelerated purging of Huawei equipment from Britain’s telecom infrastructure by 2025, since they concluded that Huawei had «engaged in a variety of intelligence, security, and intellectual property activities» despite its repeated denials.[166][196] In November 2020, Huawei challenged the UK government’s decision, citing an Oxford Economics report that it had contributed £3.3 billion to the UK’s GDP.[197]

In January 2020, Germany’s spy chief Huawei “can’t fully be trusted”, while Dutch newspaper de Volkskrant reported on a Huawei “backdoor” in the network of a major Netherlands telecom, leading to a probe by the AIVD on the possibility that the breach had enabled spying by the Chinese government. However France’s cybersecurity chief Guillaume Poupard shrugged off German’s concerns and stated that his agency ANSSI haven’t uncovered any evidence nor seen a «smoking gun» of Huawei spying in Europe. In an interview with Bloomberg news, Poupard said  “There is no situation with Huawei being caught massively spying in Europe. Elsewhere maybe it’s different, but not in Europe.»[198][199]

In March 2019, Huawei filed three defamation claims over comments suggesting ties to the Chinese government made on television by a French researcher, a broadcast journalist and a telecommunications sector expert.[198] In June 2020 ANSSI informed French telecommunications companies that they would not be allowed to renew licenses for 5G equipment made from Huawei after 2028.[200] On 28 August 2020, French President Emmanuel Macron assured the Chinese government that it did not ban Huawei products from participating in its fifth-generation mobile roll-out, but favored European providers for security reasons. The head of the France’s cybersecurity agency also stated that it has granted time-limited waivers on 5G for wireless operators that use Huawei products, a decision that likely started a «phasing out» of the company’s products.[201] Huawei has proposed new factories and research facilities to persuade countries to reconsider their bans on Huawei’s participation in their respective 5G networks, however a spokesman for France’s economy ministry confirmed that the new factory would not affect the decision to phase out use of Chinese equipment from France’s telecoms.[202][203]

In February 2020, US government officials claimed that Huawei has had the ability to covertly exploit backdoors intended for law enforcement officials in carrier equipment like antennas and routers since 2009.[204][205]

In mid July 2020, Andrew Little, the Minister in charge of New Zealand’s signals intelligence agency the Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB), announced that New Zealand would not join the United Kingdom and United States in banning Huawei from the country’s 5G network.[206][207]

Following the 2020 China–India skirmishes, India announced that Huawei would be blocked from participating in the country’s 5G network for national security reasons.[208]

In May 2022, Canada’s industry minister Francois-Philippe Champagne announced that Canada will ban Huawei from the country’s 5G network, in an effort to protect the safety and security of Canadians, as well as to protect Canada’s infrastructure.[209] The Canadian federal government cited national security concerns for the move, saying that the suppliers could be forced to company with “extrajudicial directions from foreign governments” in ways that could “conflict with Canadian laws or would be detrimental to Canadian interests”. Telcos will be prevented from procuring new 4G or 5G equipment from Huawei and ZTE and must remove all ZTE- and Huawei-branded 5G equipment from their networks by June 28, 2024.[210]

Allegations of fraud and conspiracy to subvert sanctions against Iran[edit]

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This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2022)

In December 2012, Reuters reported that «deep links» existed as early as 2010 between Huawei through Meng Wanzhou (who was then CFO of the firm) and an Iranian telecom importer named Skycom.[211] The US had long-standing sanctions on Iran, including against the importation of US technology goods into Iran. On 22 August 2018, the Trump administration and a New York court, including staffers of Trump’s cabinet officially issued an arrest warrant for Meng to stand trial in the United States.[212][213] On 1 December 2018, Meng was arrested in Canada at the behest of the Trump administration.[214] She faces extradition to the United States on charges of violating the sanctions regime.[215]

On 28 January 2019, the Trump administration’s cabinet and federal prosecutors formally indicted Meng and Huawei with 13 counts of bank and wire fraud (in order to mask the sale that is illegal under sanctions of U.S. technology to Iran), obstruction of justice, and misappropriating trade secrets.[216][217] The department also filed a formal extradition request for Meng with Canadian authorities that same day. Huawei responded to the charges and said that it «denies that it or its subsidiary or affiliate have committed any of the asserted violations», as well as asserted Meng was similarly innocent. The China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology believed the charges brought on by the United States were «unfair».[218]

The case for extradition of Meng to the US to face charges is ongoing as of May, 2020 with the B.C. Supreme Court judge on 27 May 2020 ruling that extradition proceedings against the Huawei executive should proceed, denying the claim of double criminality brought by Meng’s defense team.[219] On September 24, 2021, the Department of Justice announced it had suspended its charges against Meng Wanzhou after she entered into a deferred prosecution agreement with them in which she conceded she helped misrepresent the relationship between Huawei and its subsidiary Skycom to HSBC in order to transact business with Iran, but did not have to plead guilty to the fraud charges.[220] The Department of Justice will move to withdraw all the charges against Meng when the deferral period ends on December 21, 2022, on the condition that she is not charged with a crime before then.[220]

Allegations of intellectual property theft[edit]

Huawei has been accused of various instances of intellectual property theft against parties such as Nortel,[221][dubious – discuss] Cisco Systems, and T-Mobile US (where a Huawei employee had photographed a robotic arm used to stress-test smartphones and taken a fingertip from the robot).[222][223][224] The management of the company claims the US government persecutes it because Huawei’s expansion can affect American business interests.[225] In August 2018, a Texas court found that Huawei had infringed on patents held by the American firm PanOptis.[226] Huawei later settled the case.[227] In November 2018, a German court ruled against Huawei and ZTE in a patent infringement case.[228] In February 2020, the United States Department of Justice charged Huawei with racketeering and conspiring to steal trade secrets from six U.S. firms.[229][230]

Nortel’s chief security officer Brian Shields discovered then-Nortel CEO Mike S. Zafirovski’s computer and company profile were compromised by hackers working for the Chinese government, likely on behalf of Huawei. This suspected industrial espionage allowed Huawei to quickly advance its product development.[231][25][55]

In 2019, Huawei’s chief legal officer stated «In the past 30 years, no court has ever concluded that Huawei engaged in malicious IP theft…no company can become a global leader by stealing from others.»[232]

Involvement in North Korea[edit]

Documents leaked in 2019 revealed that Huawei «secretly helped the North Korean government build and maintain the country’s commercial wireless network,» possibly in violation of international sanctions.[233]

Involvement in Xinjiang internment camps[edit]

Huawei has assisted in the surveillance and mass detention of Uyghurs in Xinjiang internment camps, resulting in sanctions by the United States Department of State.[27][28][29][30] Huawei also tested a facial recognition AI that recognizes ethnicity-specific features to alert government authorities of members of an ethnic group.[31] In January 2021, it was reported that Huawei previously filed a patent with the China National Intellectual Property Administration for a technology to identify Uyghur pedestrians.[234]

In 2019, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, a think tank often described as hawkish in Australian media,[235] accused Huawei of assisting in the mass detention of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang internment camps.[28][29][236] Huawei technology used by the Xinjiang internal security forces for data analysis,[237] and companies supplying Huawei operating in the Xinjiang region are accused of using forced labour.[238] However, Huawei denied these reports.[239]

U.S. business restrictions[edit]

In August 2018, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (NDAA 2019) was signed into law, containing a provision that banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from being used by the U.S. federal government, citing security concerns.[240] Huawei filed a lawsuit over the act in March 2019,[241] alleging it to be unconstitutional because it specifically targeted Huawei without granting it a chance to provide a rebuttal or due process.[242]

Additionally, on 15 May 2019, the Department of Commerce added Huawei and 70 foreign subsidiaries and «affiliates» to its Entity List under the Export Administration Regulations, citing the company having been indicted for «knowingly and willfully causing the export, re-export, sale and supply, directly and indirectly, of goods, technology and services (banking and other financial services) from the United States to Iran and the government of Iran without obtaining a license from the Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)».[243] This restricts U.S. companies from doing business with Huawei without a government license.[244][245][246] Various U.S.-based companies immediately froze their business with Huawei to comply with the regulation.[247]

The May 2019 ban on Huawei was partial: it did not affect most non-American produced chips, and the Trump administration granted a series of extensions on the ban in any case,[248] with another 90-day reprieve issued in May 2020.[249] In May 2020, the U.S. extended the ban to cover semiconductors customized for Huawei and made with U.S. technology.[250] In August 2020, the U.S. again extended the ban to a blanket ban on all semiconductor sales to Huawei.[250] The blanket ban took effect in September 2020.[251]

These actions have negatively affected Huawei production, sales and financial projections.[252][253][254] However, on 29 June 2019 at the G20 summit, the US President made statements implicating plans to ease the restrictions on U.S. companies doing business with Huawei.[255][256][257] Despite this statement, on 15 May 2020, the U.S. Department of Commerce extended its export restrictions to bar Huawei from producing semiconductors derived from technology or software of U.S. origin, even if the manufacturing is performed overseas.[258][259][260] In June 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designated Huawei a national security threat, thereby barring it from any U.S. subsidies.[16] In July 2020, the Federal Acquisition Regulation Council published a Federal Register notice prohibiting all federal government contractors from selling Huawei hardware to the federal government and preventing federal contractors from using Huawei hardware.[261]

In November 2020, Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People’s Liberation Army, which included Huawei.[262][263][264] In January 2021, the Trump administration revoked licenses from US companies such as Intel from supplying products and technologies to Huawei.[265] In June 2021, the FCC voted unanimously to prohibit approvals of Huawei gear in U.S. telecommunication networks on national security grounds.[266]

In June 2021, the administration of Joe Biden began to persuade the United Arab Emirates to remove the Huawei Technologies Co. equipment from its telecommunications network, while ensuring to further distance itself from China. It came as an added threat to the $23 billion arms deal of F-35 fighter jets and Reaper drones between the US and the UAE. The Emirates got a deadline of four years from Washington to replace the Chinese network.[267] A report in September 2021 analyzed how the UAE was struggling between maintaining its relations with both the United States and China. While Washington had a hawkish stance towards Beijing, the increasing Emirati relations with China have strained those with America. In that light, the Western nation has raised concerns for the UAE to beware of the security threat that the Chinese technologies like Huawei 5G telecommunications network possessed. However, the Gulf nations like the Emirates and Saudi Arabia defended their decision of picking Chinese technology over the American, saying that it is much cheaper and had no political conditions.[268]

On 18 November 2020, an opposition motion calling on the government for a decision on the participation of Huawei in Canada’s 5G network and a plan on combating what it called «Chinese aggression» passed 179 to 146. The non-binding motion was supported by the NDP and Bloc Québécois.[269] In May 2022, Canada’s government banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from the country’s 5G network, with companies having until 28 June 2024 to remove 5G equipment from these Chinese vendors.[270] Christopher Parsons of the University of Toronto’s Citizen Lab stated that continued use of Huawei and ZTE equipment «would have given the Chinese government leverage over Canada».[271]

On November 25, 2022, the FCC issued a ban on Huawei for national security reasons, citing the national security risk posed by the technology owned by China.[272]

Huawei’s response and stockpiling[edit]

Before the 15 September 2020 deadline, Huawei was in «survival mode» and stockpiled «5G mobile processors, Wifi, radio frequency and display driver chips and other components» from key chip suppliers and manufacturers, including Samsung, SK Hynix, TSMC, MediaTek, Realtek, Novatek, and RichWave.[251] Even in 2019, Huawei spent $23.45 billion on the stockpiling of chips and other supplies in 2019, up 73% from 2018.[251]

On its most crucial business, namely, its telecoms business (including 5G) and server business, Huawei has stockpiled 1.5 to 2 years’ worth of chips and components.[273] It began massively stockpiling from 2018, when Meng Wanzhou, the daughter of Huawei’s founder, was arrested in Canada upon U.S. request.[273] Key Huawei suppliers included Xilinx, Intel, AMD, Samsung, SK Hynix, Micron and Kioxia.[273] On the other hand, analysts predicted that Huawei could ship 195 million units of smartphones from its existing stockpile in 2021, but shipments may drop to 50 million in 2021 if rules are not relaxed.[251]

In late 2020, it was reported that Huawei plans to build a semiconductor manufacturing facility in Shanghai that does not involve U.S. technology.[274] The plan may help Huawei obtain necessary chips after its existing stockpile becomes depleted, which helps it chart a sustainable path for its telecoms business.[274] Huawei plans to collaborate with the government-run Shanghai IC R&D Center, which is partially owned by the state-owned enterprise Huahong Group.[274] Huawei may be purchasing equipment from Chinese firms such as AMEC and Naura, as well as using foreign tools which it can still find on the market.[274]

Replacement operating systems (Deepin & Harmony OS)[edit]

During the sanctions, it was noted that Huawei had been working on its own in-house operating system codenamed «HongMeng OS»: in an interview with Die Welt, executive Richard Yu stated that an in-house OS could be used as a «plan B» if it were prevented from using Android or Windows as the result of U.S. action.[275][276][277] Huawei filed trademarks for the names «Ark», «Ark OS», and «Harmony» in Europe, which were speculated to be connected to this OS.[278][279] On 9 August 2019, Huawei officially unveiled Harmony OS at its inaugural HDC developers’ conference in Dongguan with the ARK compiler which can be used to port Android APK packages to the OS.[139][140]

In September 2019, Huawei began offering the Linux distribution Deepin as a pre-loaded operating system on selected Matebook models in China.[280]

Bans[edit]

Some or all Huawei products are banned in Australia, Canada, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.[281]

See also[edit]

  • AppGallery
  • Huawei 4G eLTE
  • Lists of Chinese companies
  • HarmonyOS
  • EulerOS
  • Petal Maps
  • Petal Search

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External links[edit]

  • Media related to Huawei at Wikimedia Commons

Look up huawei in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

  • Official website
Источник

Мы живем в мире, где существуют компьютерные технологии, — в мире интернета и смартфонов. Ежедневно мы пользуемся гаджетами, которые могут выполнять до миллиона различных запросов, но даже не догадываемся, как они появились и кто приложил все усилия для того, чтобы мы могли свободно общаться и всегда быть «в сети». Одной из мировых компаний по разработке и созданию смартфонов является Huawei. В самом названии этого бренда кроется несколько секретов, ведь перевод Huawei не так однозначен, как может показаться на первый взгляд.

Перевести наименование китайского бренда Хуавей на русский не так легко, как может показаться на первый взгляд. Многие считают, что успех, к которому компания шла семимильными шагами, пришел благодаря правильно подобранному словосочетанию. В этом определенно есть смысл, ведь «как корабль назовешь, так он и поплывет». Что же обозначает это странное сочетание букв, так непривычно режущее ухо российского потребителя?

Как переводится Хуавей

Название всемирно известной телекоммуникационной фирмы Huawei является официальной английской транслитерацией. В китайской же версии имя бренда складывается из пары иероглифов 华为. Их сочетание читается точно так же, как словосочетание 化為, перевод которого означает «превращение». Именно поэтому перевод слова Huawei на русский имеет несколько смыслов.

Первая часть Hua может означать «отличный», «великолепный», но в то же время может переводиться как «Китай» или же «этнический китаец». Вторая часть Wei переводится с китайского как «достижение» или же «действие, которое привело к успеху».

Как вы сами видите, значений, означающих слово Huawei, не так уж и много. Название этого замечательного бренда можно перевести как «великолепное достижение» или же «отличное действие». Однако не стоит забывать, что фирма является китайским достоянием, поэтому если переводить ее наименование на русский язык, одно из значений может быть «китайское достижение». Конечно, многие скажут, что такой перевод приблизительный, однако именно последний вариант передает всю суть самой компании.

Как правильно произносится слово Huawei

Глава всемирно известной фирмы телекоммуникаций Жэнь Чжэнфей неспроста дал своему детищу такое стоящее название. Многие эксперты считают, что в нем заложена своеобразная аффирмация на успех. Проследив пусть от возникновения компании до сегодняшних дней, можно с уверенностью сказать, что она работает.

Китайский производитель смартфонов уверен, что все, кто пользуется их продукцией, непременно должны знать, как правильно произносить название бренда. Причем не только на китайском, но также на их родном языке. В 2012 году сотрудники Huawei даже вышли на одну из самых оживленных улиц Нью-Йорка, чтобы понять, знают ли обитатели миллионного города, как нужно произносить имя компании.

В 2015 году руководство решило повторить акцию, но уже с экранов компьютеров и телефонов. На канале YouTube, официально подтвержденный фирмой, появился небольшой ролик, где пользователям подробно рассказывают, как необходимо выговаривать название фирмы.

Что же касается ближайших соседей, то русские привыкли произносить наименование этой компании по-своему. Конечно, однозначного перевода слова «Хуавей» не существует, поэтому большинство наших соотечественников произносят название бренда, пользуясь английской транслитерацией. Однако эксперты в области изучения китайского языка вовсю твердят, что на русском наименование бренда будет звучать как «уа-вей».

Источник

23.04.2020
Обновлено: 23.04.2020

Как правильно говорить Хуавей: произношение, перевод

Как правильно произносится Huawei – вопрос, ответ на который вероятно удивит многих. Большинство пользователей в России привыкли произносить это слово – Хуавей. Правильно ли это – никто особо не задумывается. Крупнейший производитель смартфонов, наушников, фитнес браслетов и другой техники, пользуется огромной популярностью у молодежи по всему миру. Главная причина – соотношение цены и качества выпускаемой продукции. Но правильно ли вы произносите бренд, которым привыкли пользоваться ежедневно?

Жэнь Чжэнфей – глава телекоммуникационной компании, придумал по-настоящему интересное и стоящее название для своего детища. Некоторые эксперты уверены, что в наименовании бренда скрывается успех. Существует одна фраза – «Как корабль назовешь, так он и поплывет». Если обратиться к истории становления и развития китайского производителя, то можно утверждать – название работает. Ведь компания достигла хороших высот и смогла добиться успеха.

Компания придерживается правилу – если вы пользуетесь ее техникой, то должны знать, как правильно произносить наименование марки. Это утверждение относится не только к народу Китая, но и к другим странам, где их продукция пользуется особой популярностью.

В 2012 году представители Хуавей решили проверить произношение бренда у жителей Нью-Йорка, выйдя на главную улицу и задавая соответствующий вопрос каждому прохожему. Такую акцию провели в некоторых странах и выяснили следующее:

  1. В США жители привыкли называть организацию как УаУэй.
  2. В Китае принято – Хуауэй.
  3. В России и странах СНГ слово звучит как Хуавэй.

Результаты их не впечатлили и в 2015 году выпускают ролик на Ютуб, где подробно рассказывают о верном произношении названия компании.

перевод с китайского шаг один

Как утверждают эксперты в сфере китайского языка и сами представители компании, то по правильному нужно говорить – Уавей. То есть, слово читается без первой буквы.

Как переводится Хуавей с китайского на русский

Наименование бренда телекоммуникационной компании скрывает в себе достаточно интересное словосочетание. Некоторые информационные ресурсы уверены, что глава организации не особо задумывался о значении имени своего детища. Да и сам Жэнь Чжэнфей не давал никаких комментариев по поводу названия.

Имя брэнда производителя считается официальной английской транслитерацией. Если обратиться к китайскому языку, то в иероглифах слово выглядит так – 华为. Причем эти два знака прочитываются точно также, как и 化為 (перевод – превращение). По этой причине Huawei можно перевести по-разному.

перевод с китайского шаг два

Как же расшифровывается имя одного из крупнейшего разработчика техниеи? Huawei переводится с китайского на русский как «Великое достижение». Разделим слово на две части и обратимся к словарю:

  • Первая часть «Hua» – отличный, великолепные, великий. Также эту часть можно перевести как «Китай».
  • «Wei» – достижение, успешное действие.

Второй перевод – «Китайское достижение».

Как можно заметить, название, которое было придумано в момент основания, во многом определило будущее компании.

Анатолий Богданов (Написано статей: 81)

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Источник

Из-за глобализации рынков большинство национальных компаний выходят за пределы одной страны. Иногда сложности экспансии связаны с названием торговой марки – не всегда иностранные потребители могут понять суть бренда, а иногда даже правильно произносить его. Один из таких производителей – Хуавей.

Содержание

  1. О компании
  2. Как переводится название
  3. Правильное произношение

О компании

Huawei Technologies (华为) – крупнейшая телекоммуникационная компания со штаб-квартирой в китайском Шеньчжень основанная в 1988 году. Основная деятельность – разработка, производство продажа оборудования для развёртывания сетей мобильной связи, компьютерных сетей в промышленных масштабах.

За последние несколько лет бренд закрепился в сфере электроники, став лидером по продаже смартфонов, мелкой электроники, полезных гаджетов. Залог успеха – конкурентоспособная ценовая политика, качество сборки, продвинутые функциональные возможности.

Продукция Huawei представлена в 140 странах мира, но наибольшую популярность бренд имеет на внутреннем рынке Китая, поэтому руководство постаралось сохранить первичное название, используя при транслитерации на латиницу методом пиньинь. Таким же путём пошли другие известные бренды – Тошиба, Самсунг, Нинтендо.

Как переводится название

Оригинальное название компании состоит из двух иероглифов. Первый 华  с китайского на русский переводится как цветок, что отражено и в логотипе бренда. Данный иероглиф часто может читаться и как Китай, китаец, что связано с особенностями письменности КНР. Второй символ为 значит действие, достижение. Соответственно перевод Huawei на русский дословно будет звучать как китайское достижение, подчёркивая высокотехнологичность компании, её приверженность вековым традициям.

Как переводится название компании Huawei?

Правильное произношение

Название, под которым бренд представлен за пределами Китайской народной республики, имеет простое произношение, по мнению потребителей, легко читается. Но китайские покупатели несогласны с теми, вариантами, которые слышат от иностранцев.

В разных странах название компании произносят по-своему:

  • в Китае – [хуАуэй];
  • в США – [уа-уэй];
  • В Российской Федерации – [хуавЭй].

Чтобы оценить лояльность клиентов, представители Хуавей в 2012 году провели маркетинговые исследования, целью которых было выяснить, насколько сложно американцам правильно произносить имя компании. В итоге, чтобы внести ясность, в 2015 году на Youtube-канале корпорации вышел проморолик, подробно объясняющий перевод Huawei, причины возникновения названия, особенности произношения.

Однозначного варианта произношения названия марки смартфонов нет, но китаеведы настоятельно рекомендуют придерживаться китайского варианта «уа-уэй», считая российскую версию, где произносится звук «Хэ» – не совсем корректной.

Источник
Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd.
华为技术有限公司
Huawei.svg
Тип

Частная компания
Год основания

1988
Основатели

Жэнь Чжэнфэй
Расположение

Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg КНР: Шэньчжэнь
Отрасль

Телекоммуникации
Продукция

Телекоммуникационное оборудование
Оборот

▲ $32,4 млрд (2011 год)[1]
Операционная прибыль

▼ $3,0 млрд (2011 год)
Чистая прибыль

▼ $1,9 млрд (2011 год)
Число сотрудников

Более 140 000 (2012)[источник?]
Сайт

www.huawei.com

Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. (кит. трад. 華為技術有限公司, упр. 华为技术有限公司, пиньинь: Huáwèi Jìshù Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī, палл.: Хуавэй цзишу юсянь гунсы) — одна из крупнейших китайских компаний в сфере телекоммуникаций[2]. Основана в 1987 году бывшим членом Народно-освободительной армии Китая Жэнь Чжэнфэем[3].

Содержание

  • 1 Деятельность
    • 1.1 Основные показатели деятельности
  • 2 Деятельность компании в СНГ
    • 2.1 Huawei в России
    • 2.2 Huawei в Белaруси
  • 3 Критика деятельности компании
    • 3.1 Несанкционированное копирование технологий и промышленный шпионаж
    • 3.2 Коммерческий шпионаж
    • 3.3 Недобросовестная реклама
    • 3.4 Ограничения в доступе на рынок
  • 4 См. также
  • 5 Примечания
  • 6 Ссылки

Деятельность

Штаб-квартира Huawei

Решения и продукция Huawei включают:

  • оборудование беспроводных сетей (LTE/HSDPA/W-CDMA/EDGE/GPRS/GSM, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO/CDMA2000 1X, TD-SCDMA)
  • оборудование базовой сети (IMS, Mobile Softswitch, NGN)
  • сетевые устройства (FTTx, xDSL, оптические устройства, маршрутизаторы, сетевые коммутаторы)
  • приложения и аппаратное обеспечение (IN, услуги мобильной передачи данных, BOSS)
  • терминалы (UMTS/CDMA)

В 2006 году компания демонстрировала рост в сегменте сетей нового поколения, включая сети 3G[4].

На начало 2012 года в компании работает более 110 тыс. человек. Всего в 2010 году в компании насчитывалось 8 региональных отделений и около 100 филиалов по всему миру. Научно-исследовательские центры Huawei расположены в Китае, США, Бангалоре (Индия), Стокгольме (Швеция) и Москве (Россия)[5]. Компания создала совместные инновационные центры с такими крупными мировыми операторами связи, как Vodafone Group, BT Group, Telecom Italia, France Telecom, Telefonica, Deutsche Telekom.

Ежегодно Huawei инвестирует в исследования и разработки не менее 10 % от объёма подписанных контрактов ($1,26 млрд), оставаясь одним из ведущих (13 место[6]) предприятий среди компаний всего мира по количеству поданных патентных заявок — 26,8 тыс.

21 сентября 2010 года в Гонконге Huawei продемонстрировала опытный образец 700 Мбит/с DSL. Эта демонстрация является первой в своём классе[источник не указан 303 дня]. По мнению компании, благодаря технологии SuperMIMO (система со многими входами и выходами), это решение позволяет операторам строить экономичные, перспективные сети с большой полосой пропускания. Данный опытный образец намного превосходит имеющиеся промышленные образцы широкополосной проводной связи DSL. Здесь достигается скорость передачи 100 Мбит/с и это больше подходит для нужд операторов, предоставляющих «сверхширокополосные» услуги[7].

Основные показатели деятельности

  • Выручка в 2007 году — $12,5 млрд (рост на 48 % в сравнении 2006 г.). Большую часть контрактов в 2007 — около 72 % — Huawei заключила на зарубежных или международных рынках. В сегменте мобильной связи 45 % всех новых контрактов Huawei пришлось на создание инфраструктуры UMTS/HSDPA и 44,8 % — на построение сетей CDMA. Заказчиками Huawei являются 35 из 50 крупнейших мировых операторов связи. В 2007 г. Huawei подписала 34 контракта в сфере управляемых сервисов, включая контракт с Vodafone, China Mobile, Etisalat и MNT Group[8].
  • Выручка в 2008 году — $23,3 млрд (рост на 46 %), чистая прибыль — $1,15 млрд. В 2008 рентабельность операционной прибыли Huawei увеличилась с 3 % до 13 %.[9]
  • Выручка в 2009 году — $21.5 млрд (снижение на 7,7 %)[10]. Чистая прибыль компании, по сравнению с прошлым годом, выросла в 2,3 раза и составила — $2,7 млрд. Доход от продаж — $21,8 млрд (увеличение на 19 %). Рентабельность чистой прибыли — 12,2 %[11].

Деятельность компании в СНГ

СНГ — один из наиболее приоритетных регионов в работе компании.

Региональное отделение Huawei Technologies по странам СНГ со штаб-квартирой в Москве было открыто в 1997 году. На сегодняшний день штат компании составляет 1700 человек, 70 % из которых — местный персонал. В 10 странах СНГ (России, Украине, Белоруссии, Казахстане, Кыргызстане, Узбекистане, Туркменистане, Азербайджане, Грузии, Таджикистане) работают 20 офисов Huawei[12]. Компания принимает активное участие[13] в работе крупнейших отраслевых ассоциаций, в конференциях и отраслевых выставках на территории стран СНГ. Активно работает российский Научно-исследовательский Центр компании Huawei.

Huawei в России

В 1996 году компания приняла решение о работе в России. В результате проведённых исследований в 1997 году принято решение об организации совместного производства в Уфе на базе Концерна «БЭТО»[14].

На сегодняшний день офисы компании открыты в 11 городах России — Москва, Санкт-Петербург, Нижний Новгород, Самара, Казань, Уфа, Ростов-на-Дону, Краснодар, Екатеринбург, Новосибирск, Владивосток.

Производство совместного предприятия в феврале 2001 года получило статус «российского», с этого же момента оборудование Huawei начало использоваться российскими связистами.

В 2001 году совместно с Московским Техническим Университетом Связи и Информатики (МТУСИ) был создан[14] Учебный центр Huawei в Москве, в котором проводится обучение по основным видам продукции.

Основные российские партнёры компании: Центртелеком, группы АФК Система, МегаФон, предприятия Связьинвест, Ростелеком, ТрансТелеКом[15]. Эксперты[16] сообщают об успехах компании в тендерах Вымпелком.

Оборудование Huawei используется в Узбекистане в СП «Чирком», расположенном в городе Чирчик, а также на Украине в СП ОАО ИТК.

Huawei производит брендированные мобильные и стационарные телефоны для российских операторов: МТС 635, МТС 733, МТС 736, МТС 835, Билайн U121, Билайн U5700, Билайн U7200, МегаФон T261L,Мегафон U8230(Huawei U8230),Мегафон u8110 Билайн E300 и МТС EVO (брендированные Huawei U8500),МТС 955 и другие.

Под собственным брендом Huawei поставляет в Россию телефоны ETS-2055, FT-2050, FC-8021 для оператора СкайЛинк и другие мобильные и стационарные телефоны для российских операторов, а также модемы, работающие с сетями 3G, использующие спецификации USB либо PCMCIA.

Huawei в Белaруси

В Белоруссии Huawei работает[17] со всеми основными операторами связи и занимает 1-е место на рынке оборудования для сетей следующего поколения (NGN), DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) и UMTS TRX, а также 3-е место среди поставщиков оборудования TRX для GSM. Дочерняя компания ООО «Бел Хуавей Технолоджис» была основана в 2007 году. На момент 2010 года в ней работает более 130 сотрудников.

До конца 2011 года во всех регионах Белоруссии, Huawei планирует[18] внедрить решение IMS на сети оператора «Белтелеком».

26 апреля 2011 года на международной выставке TIBO 2011 в Минске, глава белорусского представительства Сюй Джидун рассказал журналистам что в Беларуси было реализовано около 107 тысяч мобильных устройств компании[19]. Из них самой популярной моделью смартфонов являлся Huawei U8230 — 32 тысячи проданных устройств[20].

Критика деятельности компании

Несанкционированное копирование технологий и промышленный шпионаж

За пределами Российской Федерации компания Huawei неоднократно критиковалась за недобросовестные методы разработки продуктов.

В частности, в 2003 году суд штата Техас (США) принял к производству иск компании Cisco Systems[21] ответчиками по которому выступали Huawei Technologies и 3COM. В исковом заявлении утверждалось, что операционная система VRP и документация к маршрутизаторам Quidway прямо скопирована с исходных текстов принадлежащих Cisco Systems. В заявлении были представлены доказательства, включающие идентичные образцы кода, идентичные имена процедур и дефекты, аналогичные операционной системе Cisco IOS. Этот иск был урегулирован во внесудебном порядке[22].

В 2004 году сотрудник компании Huawei Чжу Ибинь (Zhu Yibin) был задержан охраной во внерабочее время на выставке SuperComm при разборке и фотографировании оборудования конкурирующей фирмы[23]. Чжу Ибинь был зарегистрирован на выставке как посетитель от фиктивной компании Weihua.

В обоих случаях компания Huawei официально перенесла ответственность на недобросовестных сотрудников (англ. rogue employees)[24][25].

Коммерческий шпионаж

В феврале 2009 года, пресс-служба индонезийского оператора мобильной связи Excelcomindo Pratama сообщила о задержании сотрудника компании Huawei при попытке копирования служебной документации после проникновения в кабинет начальника управления планирования сети.[26][27]

Недобросовестная реклама

Компания Huawei заявляет, что «основная продукция производится на базе микросхем ASIC собственной разработки и общей платформы для обеспечения соответствующего качества и экономической выгоды»[28]. Это заявление компании напрямую противоречит данным сторонних производителей микросхем — таких как EZChip[29], Xelerated[30] и Dune Networks, совокупно обеспечивающих полный набор микросхем для сетевого оборудования компании. В 2005 году Huawei выделил разработку микросхем в отдельное предприятие HiSilicon, однако оно не является производителем сетевых процессоров[31].

Стандартной практикой компании Huawei является демонстрация «нового поколения» оборудования «временно недоступного» для продажи. На 2010 год самым известным примером такого оборудования являются 100 Гбит/c решения[32].

Ограничения в доступе на рынок

В докладе Конгрессу США 2008 года[33] американские военные заключили, что Huawei «поддерживает тесные связи» с Народно-Освободительной Армией Китая (НОАК). Как следствие, компании был ограничен доступ к сетям, передающим информацию государственного или военного характера. В частности, компании Huawei была запрещена покупка американской корпорации 3COM[34] из соображений «национальной безопасности». В 2012 году в Сенате был рассмотрен проект постановления комитета по разведке, где указывалось на опасность, которую представляет деятельность компании на территории страны[35]. В октябре 2012 года в Конгрессе США в рамках доклада снова была озвучена информация о связях Huawei (а также другой китайской компании, ZTE) с китайскими государственными и военными органами, в связи с чем было рекомендовано отстранить эти фирмы от любых сделок по слияниям и поглощениям в США[3].

Аналогичные заключения по продукции Huawei были даны компетентными органами Великобритании[36].

Кроме США и Великобритании, существенные ограничения на деятельность компании также наложены на территории Австралии[37] и Индии[38].

См. также

  • Huawei Symantec — СП компаний Huawei и Symantec

Примечания

  1. ↑ Financial Highlights
  2. ↑ Открытые Системы: Конкуренция по-китайски
  3. ↑ 1 2 Доклад конгресса: Huawei и ZTE представляют угрозу безопасности США. // gazeta.ru. Архивировано из первоисточника 23 октября 2012. Проверено 8 октября 2012.
  4. ↑ Huawei стал лидером на рынке UMTS/HSPA (агентство CNEWS)
  5. ↑ История компании Huawei
  6. ↑ Данные ВОИС за 2006 год(русская версия)
  7. ↑ Huawei совершила прорыв в области DSL, продемонстрировав первый в мире опытный образец 700 Мбит/с
  8. ↑ Mobile-review.com — пресс релизы
  9. ↑ CNews: Объём продаж Huawei в 2008 г. вырос на 46 %
  10. ↑ Финансовые показатели (официальный сайт компании)
  11. ↑ Чистая прибыль Huawei за 2009 г. составила $2,7 млрд
  12. ↑ Huawei в СНГ
  13. ↑ Huawei в СНГ: общая информация
  14. ↑ 1 2 10 лет в России
  15. ↑ Сообщение ТТК о стратегическом партнёрстве
  16. ↑ Газета Ведомости о тендере на 3G
  17. ↑ Huawei в СНГ
  18. ↑ Huawei внедрить решение IMS на сети оператора «Белтелеком»
  19. ↑ Huawei реализовала в Беларуси 107 тысяч телефонов
  20. ↑ Компания Huawei рассматривает возможность обновить прошивку U8230 до версии 2.2
  21. ↑ Судебное заявление Cisco Systems против Huawei Technologies
  22. ↑ Cisco Systems комментирует окончание судебного преследования компании Huawei
  23. ↑ LightReading: Huawei и шпионаж
  24. ↑ Lightreading: Совместные комментарии от Cisco & Huawei
  25. ↑ Business Week: A Huawei Story Lost in Translation
  26. ↑ Reuters: Excelcomindo Says Stops Huawei Man Stealing Data
  27. ↑ Преступления: Кража данных из офиса Excelcomindo
  28. ↑ Huawei: Общая информация на сайте компании
  29. ↑ Huawei-3Com выбирает EZChip
  30. ↑ Huawei выбирает Xelerated
  31. ↑ HiSilicon: Обзор Продуктов
  32. ↑ 100G решения Huawei: Описание и фотографии ASIC (недоступная ссылка)
  33. ↑ Ежегодный отчет Конгресса: Военная мощь Китая 2008
  34. ↑ Congress to probe 3Com-Huawei deal  (англ.). The Washington Times (2 February 2008). — Конгресс расследует слияние 3COM-Huawei. Архивировано из первоисточника 23 октября 2012. Проверено 8 октября 2012.
  35. ↑ В США хотят запретить деятельность китайских поставщиков Huawei и ZTE  (рус.). РосБизнесКонсалтинг (8 октября 2012). — В проекте постановления комитета по разведке сената говорится, что компании могут представлять угрозу национальным интересам США. Архивировано из первоисточника 23 октября 2012. Проверено 8 октября 2012.
  36. ↑ BT network ‘vulnerable to Chinese attack’  (англ.). TheRegister.co.uk (30 March 2009). — Глава разведки предупреждает об опасности использования оборудования Huawei в сети BT. Архивировано из первоисточника 23 октября 2012. Проверено 8 октября 2012.
  37. ↑ Huawei in ASIO’s net  (англ.). theaustralian.com.au (5 September 2009). — Huawei под прицелом Австралийской разведки.(недоступная ссылка — история) Проверено 8 октября 2012.
  38. ↑ India’s Telecom Sector Playing With Fire Alarming Chinese Invasion  (англ.). ChauthiDuniya.com (24 September 2012). — Китайские технологии глубоко проникают в телекоммуникационный сектор Индии, угрожая национальной безопасности. Архивировано из первоисточника 23 октября 2012. Проверено 8 октября 2012.

Ссылки

  • Huawei в СНГ. Официальный сайт
  • Настройка сетевого оборудования компании HUAWEI (коммутация, статическая маршрутизация). HOW-TO
  • Настройка протокола OSPF на оборудовании Cisco и HUAWEI. HOW-TO
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Источник

Мы живем в мире, где существуют компьютерные технологии, — в мире интернета и смартфонов. Ежедневно мы пользуемся гаджетами, которые могут выполнять до миллиона различных запросов, но даже не догадываемся, как они появились и кто приложил все усилия для того, чтобы мы могли свободно общаться и всегда быть «в сети». Одной из мировых компаний по разработке и созданию смартфонов является Huawei. В самом названии этого бренда кроется несколько секретов, ведь перевод Huawei не так однозначен, как может показаться на первый взгляд.

Как правильно произносить Xiaomi

Начнем с хрестоматийного примера, и сначала исключим два варианта, которые очевидно неправильны. “Ксиоми” неправильно, потому что это исковерканная прямая транслитерация, которая в оригинале звучит как “эксаэмай”. Это – наиболее простой вариант из прямого прочтения, но так, честно говоря, никто не говорит.

Вопрос стоит в двух других вариантах: “шаоми” и “сяоми”, и в споре по этому поводу было сломано немало копий. Ведь дело в том, что ранее бывший вице-президент компании Хьюго Барра настаивал на варианте “шаоми”, а китайцы говорили как “сяоми”, так и “шаоми”.

Что же правильнее? На самом деле, разобраться в этом довольно легко. По русским правилам произношения, это слово должно читаться как “сяоми”, из чего получается следующая картина. Если вы говорите по-русски, то максимально грамотный вариант – это “сяоми”, но если вы предпочитаете говорить на английский манер, то можно произносить и “шаоми”.

Оба варианта одинаково допустимы, просто первый – адаптированный русский, а второй – адаптирован для англоговорящих. Да, возможно мои аргументы сейчас звучат неубедительно, но для формирования полной картины стоит обратить внимание на еще один бренд, в произношении имени которого возникают разночтения.

Жэнь Чжэнфей – глава телекоммуникационной компании, придумал по-настоящему интересное и стоящее название для своего детища. Некоторые эксперты уверены, что в наименовании бренда скрывается успех. Существует одна фраза – «Как корабль назовешь, так он и поплывет». Если обратиться к истории становления и развития китайского производителя, то можно утверждать – название работает. Ведь компания достигла хороших высот и смогла добиться успеха.

Компания придерживается правилу – если вы пользуетесь ее техникой, то должны знать, как правильно произносить наименование марки. Это утверждение относится не только к народу Китая, но и к другим странам, где их продукция пользуется особой популярностью.

В 2012 году представители Хуавей решили проверить произношение бренда у жителей Нью-Йорка, выйдя на главную улицу и задавая соответствующий вопрос каждому прохожему. Такую акцию провели в некоторых странах и выяснили следующее:

  1. В США жители привыкли называть организацию как УаУэй.
  2. В Китае принято – Хуауэй.
  3. В России и странах СНГ слово звучит как Хуавэй.

Результаты их не впечатлили и в 2015 году выпускают ролик на Ютуб, где подробно рассказывают о верном произношении названия компании.

Какие телефоны Хуавей и Хонор поддерживают беспроводную зарядку: список моделей

перевод с китайского шаг один

Как утверждают эксперты в сфере китайского языка и сами представители компании, то по правильному нужно говорить – Уавей. То есть, слово читается без первой буквы.

Xiaomi

Как правильно произносить Xiaomi и Huawei

Как только не коверкали это слово отечественные переводятлы: «ксиаоми», «чаоми», «зиаоми». Причем ударение – непременно на первый слог, что в корне неверно. В действительности же название состоит из двух иероглифов.

Первый произносится как «сяо» или «шао» с очень мягким «ш», свойственным многим языкам Юго-восточной Азии, и означает «маленький».

Второй, «ми», переводится как «зерно», учитывая местную специфику – как «рис».

Его можно встретить еще в названии одной из двух основных линеек компании, Redmi, возникшем как гибрид китайского Hongmi, означающего «красный рис» и его английского перевода Red Rice.

Поэтому правильным звучанием будет именно «сяоми», с ударением на последний слог.

Как переводится название компании Huawei на русский и что оно означает

В настоящее время большинство компаний, стремящихся к успеху на мировом рынке, заняты размещением производства и расширением продаж в самых разных странах. Ни для кого не секрет, что одной из самых быстро развивающихся в экономическом направлении стран является Китай. Для того чтобы иметь возможность успешно закрепиться на китайском рынке, многим западным компаниям пришлось адаптировать свои торговые марки.

Многие китайские бренды, пользующиеся большим успехом внутри своей страны, также пытаются выйти на мировой рынок, и им также приходится уделять внимание тому, как называются их торговые марки, которые будут на слуху у иностранцев. Китайцы понимают, что для завоевания зарубежного рынка очень важно иметь продуманное название бренда.

Сегодня не так много брендов из Поднебесной, которые легко узнаваемы за пределами этой страны. Наибольшую известность удалось завоевать таким торговым маркам как ZTE, Geely, Haier, Lenovo, Huawei, Xiaomi и некоторым другим.

В нейминге брендов, принадлежащих китайским производителям, наблюдаются три основные тенденции:

  1. Сохранение оригинальных национальных названий, передаваемых с помощью системы пиньинь используемой для транскрипции китайских иероглифов.
  2. Небольшая адаптация китайских названий, передаваемых посредством пиньинь, под нормы произношения потребителей в англоговорящих странах.
  3. Использование аббревиатур в качестве торговых марок.

Huawei

В случае этой компании всё не так однозначно. Первый иероглиф, произносящийся как «хуа» или «уа» (здесь мнения экспертов расходятся), имеет два смысла: «отличный, великолепный» и «Китай».

Второй, «вэй», означает «достижение», «действие, приведшее к победе». Поэтому смысл названия – «великолепное достижение» или же «китайское достижение».

Со звучанием проблем несколько меньше, чем у Xiaomi.

Иногда встречается корявая побуквенная транскрипция «хуавеи», но в целом наиболее распространенное произношение «Хуавей» вполне соответствует канону, несмотря на то, что, по мнению некоторых экспертов, бренд должен звучать как «Уа-Уэй» и никак иначе.

Но такое произношение больше свойственно англоязычной аудитории.

О компании

Huawei Technologies (华为) – крупнейшая телекоммуникационная компания со штаб-квартирой в китайском Шеньчжень основанная в 1988 году. Основная деятельность – разработка, производство продажа оборудования для развёртывания сетей мобильной связи, компьютерных сетей в промышленных масштабах.

За последние несколько лет бренд закрепился в сфере электроники, став лидером по продаже смартфонов, мелкой электроники, полезных гаджетов. Залог успеха – конкурентоспособная ценовая политика, качество сборки, продвинутые функциональные возможности.

Продукция Huawei представлена в 140 странах мира, но наибольшую популярность бренд имеет на внутреннем рынке Китая, поэтому руководство постаралось сохранить первичное название, используя при транслитерации на латиницу методом пиньинь. Таким же путём пошли другие известные бренды – Тошиба, Самсунг, Нинтендо.

Как переводится Хуавей с китайского на русский

huawei перевод с китайского на русский

Зайдя через телефон в словарь значений и введя там Huawei перевод с китайского на русский, поиск выдаст расшифровку иероглифов. Первая часть в дословном переводе означает «Китай» или «Великолепный, восхитительный». Второй слог трактуется как «действие, достижение». Соединив воедино, получаем разные смыслы «восхитительные достижения» или «деяния Китая».

Богдан Гришанов (Написано статей: 134)

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Как правильно говорить Хуавей: произношение, перевод

Как правильно произносится Huawei – вопрос, ответ на который вероятно удивит многих. Большинство пользователей в России привыкли произносить это слово – Хуавей. Правильно ли это – никто особо не задумывается. Крупнейший производитель смартфонов, наушников, фитнес браслетов и другой техники, пользуется огромной популярностью у молодежи по всему миру. Главная причина – соотношение цены и качества выпускаемой продукции. Но правильно ли вы произносите бренд, которым привыкли пользоваться ежедневно?

Как изменить язык – ноутбук Huawei

Смена языка на телефоне Huawei происходит быстро и просто. Однако с другими устройствами Huawei процесс немного отличается. Если у вас есть один из ноутбуков Huawei и он работает на Windows 10, вы также можете изменить язык операционной системы. Но если ваша версия Windows 10 – Windows 10 Home, это вариант с одним языком. Это означает, что ваш компьютер поддерживает только один язык отображения. И вы не можете скачать языковой пакет, чтобы изменить его.

Таким образом, чтобы изменить язык дисплея на ноутбуке Huawei, сначала необходимо обновить его до Windows 10 Pro, а затем загрузить нужный языковой пакет. Имейте в виду, это обновление платное. Но если вы решите пойти дальше, или ваш компьютер уже поддерживает несколько языковых опций, это то, что вам нужно сделать:

  1. Перейдите к значку Windows и выберите «Настройки».
  2. Теперь выберите «Время и язык».
  3. Выберите «Регион и язык», а затем нажмите «Добавить язык».
  4. Загрузите языковой пакет по вашему выбору или просто выберите тот, который вы уже скачали.

Затем вы можете установить этот язык по умолчанию и перезагрузить компьютер, чтобы изменения вступили в силу.

Сделайте изменения, которые работают на вас

Если у вас есть устройство Huawei или вы хотите его приобрести, будьте уверены, что смена языка не сложна. В лучшем случае это несколько нажатий на экран. В худшем случае вам может понадобиться загрузить приложение. Все, что имеет значение, это то, что системный язык по вашему выбору.

Но если вы хотите поиграть и посмотреть, сможете ли вы использовать свой телефон, в то время как языком по умолчанию является русский или иврит, вы можете сделать это тоже. Это может даже помочь вам выучить несколько иностранных слов.

Сообщите нам, что вы думаете об изменении языка на Huawei в разделе комментариев ниже.

Настройки языка могут помочь вам выучить

Совершенно очевидно, что английский является языком технологии. По крайней мере, так обстоит дело с большинством западного мира. Но если вы хотите сохранить свои когнитивные навыки, изучение иностранного языка может быть очень полезным. Вы можете использовать одно из языковых приложений и начать практиковать. Или вы можете просто начать менять язык системы на своих устройствах и посмотреть, как быстро вы будете подбирать ключевые слова.

Чтобы пойти еще дальше, вы можете изменить язык вашего навигационного приложения по умолчанию и посмотреть, сколько времени вам потребуется, чтобы потеряться. Когда вы транслируете свои любимые шоу, вы можете переключать субтитры и пытаться подбирать новые фразы. И вашим последним толчком может стать изменение языка по умолчанию для ваших учетных записей в социальных сетях. Скорее всего, новый язык системы на вашем телефоне будет выглядеть как легкий ветерок по сравнению с этим!

Как сменить язык – Huawei Smart Watch

Если вы являетесь счастливым обладателем браслета Huawei Watch GT или браслета Honor, у вас могут возникнуть проблемы с языком системы по умолчанию. Эти устройства невероятно практичны и забавны в использовании, но какая польза, если вы не понимаете язык дисплея? Часы и браслеты Huawei Smart настроены на использование того же языка, что и ваш телефон. Это имеет смысл. Чтобы использовать их, вы должны синхронизировать их с вашим телефоном.

Это требует загрузки приложения Huawei Health. Для пользователей Android, вы можете получить его Воти для пользователей iOS Вот, Все, что вам нужно сделать, это изменить язык системы на вашем телефоне, а затем синхронизировать с помощью приложения Huawei Health.

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