Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997) was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of King Charles III (then Prince of Wales) and mother of Princes William and Harry. Her activism and glamour made her an international icon, and earned her enduring popularity, as well as almost unprecedented public scrutiny.
| Diana | |
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| Princess of Wales (more) | |
Diana in June 1997 |
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| Born | Diana Frances Spencer 1 July 1961 Park House, Sandringham, England, United Kingdom |
| Died | 31 August 1997 (aged 36) Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France |
| Cause of death | Car accident |
| Burial | 6 September 1997
Althorp, Northamptonshire, England |
| Spouse |
Charles, Prince of Wales (later Charles III) (m. ; div. ) |
| Issue |
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| House |
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| Father | John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer |
| Mother | Frances Roche |
| Education |
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| Signature | |
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Diana was born into the British nobility, and grew up close to the royal family on their Sandringham estate. In 1981, while working as a nursery teacher’s assistant, she became engaged to the Prince of Wales, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. Their wedding took place at St Paul’s Cathedral in 1981 and made her Princess of Wales, a role in which she was enthusiastically received by the public. The couple had two sons, William and Harry, who were then second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. Diana’s marriage to Charles suffered due to their incompatibility and extramarital affairs. They separated in 1992, soon after the breakdown of their relationship became public knowledge. Their marital difficulties were widely publicised, and the couple divorced in 1996.
As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her unconventional approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and the elderly, but she later became known for her involvement in two particular campaigns: one involved the social attitudes towards and the acceptance of AIDS patients, and the other for the removal of landmines, promoted through the International Red Cross. She also raised awareness and advocated for ways to help people affected by cancer and mental illness. Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s.
Diana’s death in a car crash in Paris in 1997 led to extensive public mourning and global media attention. An inquest returned a verdict of «unlawful killing» following Operation Paget, an investigation by the Metropolitan Police. Her legacy has had a deep impact on the royal family and British society.[1]
Early life
Diana Frances Spencer was born on 1 July 1961 at Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk.[2] She was the fourth of five children of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp (1924–1992), and Frances Spencer, Viscountess Althorp (née Roche; 1936–2004).[3] The Spencer family had been closely allied with the British royal family for several generations;[4] her grandmothers, Cynthia Spencer, Countess Spencer, and Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy, had served as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[5] Her parents were hoping for a boy to carry on the family line, and no name was chosen for a week until they settled on Diana Frances after her mother and Lady Diana Spencer, a many-times-great-aunt who was also a prospective Princess of Wales.[6] Within the family, she was also known informally as «Duch», a reference to her duchess-like attitude in childhood.[7]
On 30 August 1961,[8] Diana was baptised at St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham.[6] She grew up with three siblings: Sarah, Jane, and Charles.[9] Her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one year before Diana was born.[10] The desire for an heir added strain to her parents’ marriage, and Lady Althorp was sent to Harley Street clinics in London to determine the cause of the «problem».[6] The experience was described as «humiliating» by Diana’s younger brother, Charles: «It was a dreadful time for my parents and probably the root of their divorce because I don’t think they ever got over it.»[6] Diana grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate.[11] The family leased the house from its owner, Queen Elizabeth II, whom Diana called «Aunt Lilibet» since childhood.[12] The royal family frequently holidayed at the neighbouring Sandringham House, and Diana played with the Queen’s sons Prince Andrew and Prince Edward.[13]
Diana was seven years old when her parents divorced.[14] Her mother later began a relationship with Peter Shand Kydd and married him in 1969.[15] Diana lived with her mother in London during her parents’ separation in 1967, but during that year’s Christmas holidays, Lord Althorp refused to let his daughter return to London with Lady Althorp. Shortly afterwards, he won custody of Diana with support from his former mother-in-law, Lady Fermoy.[16] In 1976, Lord Althorp married Raine, Countess of Dartmouth.[17] Diana’s relationship with her stepmother was particularly bad.[18] She resented Raine, whom she called a «bully». On one occasion Diana pushed her down the stairs.[18] She later described her childhood as «very unhappy» and «very unstable, the whole thing».[19] She became known as Lady Diana after her father later inherited the title of Earl Spencer in 1975, at which point her father moved the entire family from Park House to Althorp, the Spencer seat in Northamptonshire.[20]
Education and career
Diana was initially home-schooled under the supervision of her governess, Gertrude Allen.[21] She began her formal education at Silfield Private School in King’s Lynn, Norfolk, and moved to Riddlesworth Hall School, an all-girls boarding school near Thetford, when she was nine.[22] She joined her sisters at West Heath Girls’ School in Sevenoaks, Kent, in 1973.[23] She did not perform well academically, failing her O-levels twice. Her outstanding community spirit was recognised with an award from West Heath.[24] She left West Heath when she was sixteen.[25] Her brother Charles recalls her as being quite shy up until that time.[26] She showed a talent for music as an accomplished pianist.[24] She also excelled in swimming and diving, and studied ballet and tap dance.[27]
In 1978, Diana worked for three months as a nanny for Philippa and Jeremy Whitaker in Hampshire.[28] After attending Institut Alpin Videmanette (a finishing school in Rougemont, Switzerland) for one term, and leaving after the Easter term of 1978, Diana returned to London, where she shared her mother’s flat with two school friends.[30] In London, she took an advanced cooking course, but seldom cooked for her roommates. She took a series of low-paying jobs; she worked as a dance instructor for youth until a skiing accident caused her to miss three months of work.[31] She then found employment as a playgroup pre-school assistant, did some cleaning work for her sister Sarah and several of her friends, and acted as a hostess at parties. She spent time working as a nanny for the Robertsons, an American family living in London,[32] and worked as a nursery teacher’s assistant at the Young England School in Pimlico.[33] In July 1979, her mother bought her a flat at Coleherne Court in Earl’s Court as an 18th birthday present.[34] She lived there with three flatmates until 25 February 1981.[35]
Marriage
Diana first met the Prince of Wales (later Charles III), Elizabeth II’s eldest son and heir apparent, when she was 16 in November 1977. He was then 29 and dating her older sister, Sarah.[36][37] Charles and Diana were guests at a country weekend during the summer of 1980 and he took a serious interest in her as a potential bride.[38] The relationship progressed when he invited her aboard the royal yacht Britannia for a sailing weekend to Cowes. This was followed by an invitation to Balmoral Castle (the royal family’s Scottish residence) to meet his family.[39][40] She was well received by the Queen, the Queen Mother and the Duke of Edinburgh. Charles subsequently courted Diana in London. He proposed on 6 February 1981 at Windsor Castle, and she accepted, but their engagement was kept secret for two and a half weeks.[35]
Engagement and wedding
The wedding of Charles and Diana commemorated on a 1981 British crown coin
Their engagement became official on 24 February 1981.[21] Diana selected her own engagement ring.[21] Following the engagement, she left her occupation as a nursery teacher’s assistant and lived for a short period at Clarence House, which was the home of the Queen Mother.[41] She then lived at Buckingham Palace until the wedding,[41] where, according to biographer Ingrid Seward, her life was incredibly lonely.[42] Diana was the first Englishwoman to marry the first in line to the throne since Anne Hyde married the future James II over 300 years earlier, and she was also the first royal bride to have a paying job before her engagement.[24][21] She made her first public appearance with Prince Charles in a charity ball in March 1981 at Goldsmiths’ Hall, where she met Grace, Princess of Monaco.[41]
Twenty-year-old Diana became the Princess of Wales when she married Charles on 29 July 1981. The wedding was held at St Paul’s Cathedral, which offered more seating than Westminster Abbey, a church that was generally used for royal nuptials.[24][21] The service was widely described as a «fairytale wedding» and was watched by a global television audience of 750 million people while 600,000 spectators lined the streets to catch a glimpse of the couple en route to the ceremony.[21][43] At the altar, Diana inadvertently reversed the order of his first two names, saying «Philip Charles» Arthur George instead.[43] She did not say she would «obey» him; that traditional vow was left out at the couple’s request, which caused some comment at the time.[44] Diana wore a dress valued at £9,000 (equivalent to £36,700 in 2021) with a 25-foot (7.62-metre) train.[45]
After she became Princess of Wales, Diana automatically acquired rank as the third-highest female in the British order of precedence (after the Queen and the Queen Mother), and was fifth or sixth in the orders of precedence of her other realms, following the Queen, the relevant viceroy, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen Mother, and the Prince of Wales. Within a few years of the wedding, the Queen extended Diana visible tokens of membership in the royal family; she lent her the Queen Mary’s Lover’s Knot Tiara,[46][47] and granted her the badge of the Royal Family Order of Elizabeth II.[48]
Children
The couple had residences at Kensington Palace and Highgrove House, near Tetbury. On 5 November 1981, Diana’s pregnancy was announced.[49] In January 1982–12 weeks into the pregnancy—Diana fell down a staircase at Sandringham, suffering some bruising, and the royal gynaecologist Sir George Pinker was summoned from London; the foetus was uninjured.[50] Diana later confessed that she had intentionally thrown herself down the stairs because she was feeling «so inadequate».[51] On 21 June 1982, Diana gave birth to the couple’s first son, Prince William.[52] She subsequently suffered from postpartum depression after her first pregnancy.[53] Amidst some media criticism, she decided to take William—who was still a baby—on her first major tours of Australia and New Zealand, and the decision was popularly applauded. By her own admission, Diana had not initially intended to take William until Malcolm Fraser, the Australian prime minister, made the suggestion.[54]
A second son, Harry, was born on 15 September 1984.[55] Diana said she and Charles were closest during her pregnancy with Harry.[56] She was aware their second child was a boy, but did not share the knowledge with anyone else, including Charles as he was hoping for a girl.[57]
Diana gave her sons wider experiences than was usual for royal children.[21][58][59] She rarely deferred to Charles or to the royal family, and was often intransigent when it came to the children. She chose their first given names, dismissed a royal family nanny and engaged one of her own choosing, selected their schools and clothing, planned their outings, and took them to school herself as often as her schedule permitted. She also organised her public duties around their timetables.[60] Diana was reported to have described Harry as «naughty, just like me», and William as «my little wise old man» whom she started to rely on as her confidant by his early teens.[61]
Problems and separation
Charles and Diana during the royal tour of Australia in 1983
Five years into the marriage, the couple’s incompatibility and age difference of 12 years became visible and damaging.[62] In 1986 Diana began a relationship with Major James Hewitt, the family’s former riding instructor and in the same year, Charles resumed his relationship with his former girlfriend Camilla Parker Bowles. The media speculated that Hewitt, not Charles, was Harry’s father based on the alleged physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry, but Hewitt and others have denied this. Harry was born two years before Hewitt and Diana began their affair.[56][63]
By 1987, cracks in their marriage had become visible and the couple’s unhappiness and cold attitude towards one another were being reported by the press,[42][64] who dubbed them «The Glums» due to their evident discomfort in each other’s company.[65] In 1989, Diana was at a birthday party for Camilla’s sister, Annabel Elliot, when she confronted Camilla about her and Charles’s extramarital affair.[66][67] These affairs were later exposed in 1992 with the publication of Andrew Morton’s book, Diana: Her True Story.[68][69] The book, which also revealed Diana’s allegedly suicidal unhappiness, caused a media storm. In 1991, James Colthurst conducted secret interviews with Diana in which she had talked about her marital issues and difficulties. These recordings were later used as a source for Morton’s book.[70][71] During her lifetime, both Diana and Morton denied her direct involvement in the writing process and maintained that family and friends were the book’s main source, however, after her death Morton acknowledged Diana’s role in writing the tell-all in the book’s updated edition, Diana: Her True Story in Her Own Words.[72]
The Queen and Prince Philip hosted a meeting between Charles and Diana and unsuccessfully tried to effect a reconciliation.[73] Philip wrote to Diana and expressed his disappointment at the extramarital affairs of both her and Charles; he asked her to examine their behaviour from the other’s point of view.[74] Philip was direct and Diana was sensitive.[75] She found the letters hard to take, but nevertheless appreciated that he was acting with good intent.[76] It was alleged by some people, including Diana’s close friend Simone Simmons, that Diana and her former father-in-law, Prince Philip, had a relationship filled with tension;[77][78][79] however, other observers said their letters provided no sign of friction between them.[80] Philip later issued a statement, publicly denying the allegations of him insulting Diana.[81]
During 1992 and 1993, leaked tapes of telephone conversations reflected negatively on both Charles and Diana. Tape recordings of Diana and James Gilbey were made public in August 1992,[82] and transcripts were published the same month.[21] The article, «Squidgygate», was followed in November 1992 by the leaked «Camillagate» tapes, intimate exchanges between Charles and Camilla, published in the tabloids.[83][84] In December 1992, Prime Minister John Major announced the couple’s «amicable separation» to the House of Commons.[85][86]
The Princess of Wales carrying out an engagement in South Shields, 1992
Between 1992 and 1993, Diana hired voice coach Peter Settelen to help her develop her public speaking voice.[87] In a videotape recorded by Settelen in 1992, Diana said that in 1984 through to 1986, she had been «deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment.»[88][89] It is thought she was referring to Barry Mannakee,[90] who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate.[89][91] Diana said in the tape that Mannakee had been «chucked out» from his role as her bodyguard following suspicion that the two were having an affair.[88] Penny Junor suggested in her 1998 book that Diana was in a romantic relationship with Mannakee.[92] Diana’s friends dismissed the claim as absurd.[92] In the subsequently released tapes, Diana said she had feelings for that «someone», saying «I was quite happy to give all this up [and] just to go off and live with him». She described him as «the greatest friend [she’s] ever had», though she denied any sexual relationship with him.[93] She also spoke bitterly of her husband saying that «[He] made me feel so inadequate in every possible way, that each time I came up for air he pushed me down again.»[94][95]
Charles’s aunt Princess Margaret burned «highly personal» letters that Diana had written to the Queen Mother in 1993. Biographer William Shawcross considered Margaret’s action to be «understandable» as she was «protecting her mother and other members of the family», but «regrettable from a historical viewpoint».[96]
Although she blamed Camilla Parker Bowles for her marital troubles, Diana began to believe her husband had also been involved in other affairs. In October 1993, Diana wrote to her butler Paul Burrell, telling him that she believed her husband was now in love with his personal assistant Tiggy Legge-Bourke—who was also his sons’ former nanny—and was planning to have her killed «to make the path clear for him to marry Tiggy».[97][98] Legge-Bourke had been hired by Charles as a young companion for his sons while they were in his care, and Diana was resentful of Legge-Bourke and her relationship with the young princes.[99] Prince Charles sought public understanding via a televised interview with Jonathan Dimbleby on 29 June 1994. In the interview, he said he had rekindled his relationship with Camilla in 1986 only after his marriage to Diana had «irretrievably broken down».[100][101][102] In the same year, Diana’s affair with James Hewitt was exposed in detail in the book Princess in Love by Anna Pasternak, with Hewitt acting as the main source.[61] Diana was evidently disturbed and outraged when the book was released, although Pasternak claimed Hewitt had acted with Diana’s support to avoid having the affair covered in Andrew Morton’s second book.[61]
In the same year, the News of the World claimed that Diana had made over 300 phone calls to the married art dealer Oliver Hoare.[103][104] These calls were proven to have been made both from her Kensington Palace apartment and from the phone box just outside the palace. According to Hoare’s obituary, there was little doubt she had been in a relationship with him.[105] However, Diana denied any romantic relationship with Hoare, whom she described as a friend, and said that «a young boy» was the source of the nuisance calls made to Hoare.[106][107] She was also linked by the press to rugby union player Will Carling[108][109] and private equity investor Theodore J. Forstmann,[110][111] yet these claims were neither confirmed nor proven.[112][113]
Divorce
The Princess of Wales in Russia, 1995
Journalist Martin Bashir interviewed Diana for the BBC current affairs show Panorama. The interview was broadcast on 20 November 1995.[114] Diana discussed her own and her husband’s extramarital affairs.[115] Referring to Charles’s relationship with Camilla, she said: «Well, there were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded.» She also expressed doubt about her husband’s suitability for kingship.[114] Authors Tina Brown, Sally Bedell Smith, and Sarah Bradford support Diana’s admission in the interview that she had suffered from depression, «rampant bulimia» and had engaged numerous times in the act of self mutilation; the show’s transcript records Diana confirming many of her mental health problems, including that she had «hurt [her] arms and legs».[114] The combination of illnesses from which Diana herself said she suffered resulted in some of her biographers opining that she had borderline personality disorder.[116][117] It was later revealed that Bashir had used forged bank statements to win Diana and her brother’s trust to secure the interview, falsely indicating people close to her had been paid for spying.[118]
The interview proved to be the tipping point. On 20 December, Buckingham Palace announced that the Queen had sent letters to Charles and Diana, advising them to divorce.[119][120] The Queen’s move was backed by the Prime Minister and by senior Privy Counsellors, and, according to the BBC, was decided after two weeks of talks.[121] Charles formally agreed to the divorce in a written statement soon after.[119] In February 1996, Diana announced her agreement after negotiations with Charles and representatives of the Queen,[122] irritating Buckingham Palace by issuing her own announcement of the divorce agreement and its terms. In July 1996, the couple agreed on the terms of their divorce.[123] This followed shortly after Diana’s accusation that Charles’s personal assistant Tiggy Legge-Bourke had aborted his child, after which Legge-Bourke instructed her attorney Peter Carter-Ruck to demand an apology.[124][125] Diana’s private secretary Patrick Jephson resigned shortly before the story broke, later writing that she had «exulted in accusing Legge-Bourke of having had an abortion».[126][127] The rumours of Legge-Bourke’s alleged abortion were apparently spread by Martin Bashir as a means to gain his Panorama interview with Diana.[128]
The decree nisi was granted on 15 July 1996 and the divorce was finalised on 28 August 1996.[129][130] Diana was represented by Anthony Julius in the case.[131] The couple shared custody of their children.[132] She received a lump sum settlement of £17 million (equivalent to £33,947,736 in 2021) as well as £400,000 per year. The couple signed a confidentiality agreement that prohibited them from discussing the details of the divorce or of their married life.[133][123] Days before, letters patent were issued with general rules to regulate royal titles after divorce. Diana lost the style «Her Royal Highness» and instead was styled Diana, Princess of Wales. As the mother of the prince expected to one day ascend to the throne, she continued to be regarded as a member of the royal family and was accorded the same precedence she enjoyed during her marriage.[134] The Queen reportedly wanted to let Diana continue to use the style of Royal Highness after her divorce, but Charles had insisted on removing it.[123] Prince William was reported to have reassured his mother: «Don’t worry, Mummy, I will give it back to you one day when I am King.»[135] Almost a year before, according to Tina Brown, Prince Philip had warned Diana: «If you don’t behave, my girl, we’ll take your title away.» She is said to have replied: «My title is a lot older than yours, Philip.»[136]
Public life
Public appearances
Diana in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, in 1983
Following her engagement to Prince Charles, Diana made her first official public appearance in March 1981 in a charity event at Goldsmiths’ Hall.[137][138] She attended the Trooping the Colour for the first time in June 1981, making her appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace afterwards. In October 1981, Charles and Diana visited Wales.[24][139] Diana attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time on 4 November 1981.[140] Her first solo engagement was a visit to Regent Street on 18 November 1981 to switch on the Christmas lights.[141] Diana made her inaugural overseas tour in September 1982, to attend the state funeral of Grace, Princess of Monaco.[24] Also in 1982, Diana was created a Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown by Queen Beatrix.[142] In 1983, she accompanied Charles on a tour of Australia and New Zealand with Prince William. The tour was a success and the couple drew immense crowds, though the press focused more on Diana rather than Charles, coining the term ‘Dianamania’ as a reference to people’s obsession with her.[143] While sitting in a car with Charles near the Sydney Opera House, Diana burst into tears for a few minutes, which their office stated was due to jet lag and the heat.[144] In New Zealand, the couple met with representatives of the Māori people.[24] Their visit to Canada in June and July 1983 included a trip to Edmonton to open the 1983 Summer Universiade and a stop in Newfoundland to commemorate the 400th anniversary of that island’s acquisition by the Crown.[145] In 1983, she was targeted by the Scottish National Liberation Army who tried to deliver a letter bomb to her.[146]
In February 1984, Diana was the patron of London City Ballet when she travelled to Norway on her own to attend a performance organised by the company.[24] In April 1985, Charles and Diana visited Italy, and were later joined by Princes William and Harry.[24] They met with President Alessandro Pertini. Their visit to the Holy See included a private audience with Pope John Paul II.[147] In autumn 1985, they returned to Australia, and their tour was well-received by the public and the media, who referred to Diana as «Di-amond Princess» and the «Jewel in the Crown».[148] In November 1985, the couple visited the United States,[24] meeting President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan at the White House. Diana had a busy year in 1986 as she and Charles toured Japan, Spain, and Canada.[145] In Canada, they visited Expo 86,[145] where Diana fainted in the California Pavilion.[149][150] In November 1986, she went on a six-day tour to Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, where she met King Fahd and Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said.[151]
In 1988, Charles and Diana visited Thailand and toured Australia for the bicentenary celebrations.[24][152] In February 1989, she spent a few days in New York as a solo visit, mainly to promote the works of the Welsh National Opera, of which she was a patron.[153] During a tour of Harlem Hospital Center, she made a profound impact on the public by spontaneously hugging a seven-year-old child with AIDS.[154] In March 1989, she had her second trip to the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, in which she visited Kuwait and the UAE.[151]
In March 1990, Diana and Charles toured Nigeria and Cameroon.[155] The president of Cameroon hosted an official dinner to welcome them in Yaoundé.[155] Highlights of the tour included visits by Diana to hospitals and projects focusing on women’s development.[155] In May 1990, they visited Hungary for four days.[154][156] It was the first visit by members of the royal family to «a former Warsaw Pact country».[154] They attended a dinner hosted by President Árpád Göncz and viewed a fashion display at the Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest.[156] Peto Institute was among the places visited by Diana, and she presented its director with an honorary OBE.[154] In November 1990, the royal couple went to Japan to attend the enthronement of Emperor Akihito.[24][157]
In her desire to play an encouraging role during the Gulf War, Diana visited Germany in December 1990 to meet with the families of soldiers.[154] She subsequently travelled to Germany in January 1991 to visit RAF Bruggen, and later wrote an encouraging letter which was published in Soldier, Navy News and RAF News.[154] In 1991, Charles and Diana visited Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, where they presented the university with a replica of their royal charter.[158] In September 1991, Diana visited Pakistan on a solo trip, and went to Brazil with Charles.[159] During the Brazilian tour, Diana paid visits to organisations that battled homelessness among street children.[159] Her final trips with Charles were to India and South Korea in 1992.[24] She visited Mother Teresa’s hospice in Kolkata, India.[160] The two women met later in the same month in Rome[161] and developed a personal relationship.[160] It was also during the Indian tour that pictures of Diana alone in front of the Taj Mahal made headlines.[162][163][164] In May 1992, she went on a solo tour of Egypt, visiting the Giza pyramid complex and attending a meeting with Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak.[165][166] In November 1992, she went on an official solo trip to France and had an audience with President François Mitterrand.[167]
In March 1993, she went on her first solo trip after her separation from Charles, visiting a leprosy hospital in Nepal where she met and came into contact with some patients, marking the first time they had ever been touched by a dignitary who had come to visit.[168] In December 1993, she announced that she would withdraw from public life, but in November 1994 she said she wished to «make a partial return».[24][154] In her capacity as the vice-president of British Red Cross, she was interested in playing an important role for its 125th anniversary celebrations.[154] Later, the Queen formally invited her to attend the anniversary celebrations of D-Day.[24] In February 1995, Diana visited Japan.[157] She paid a formal visit to Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko,[157] and visited the National Children’s Hospital in Tokyo.[169] In June 1995, Diana went to the Venice Biennale art festival,[170] and also visited Moscow where she received the International Leonardo Prize.[171][172] In November 1995, Diana undertook a four-day trip to Argentina to attend a charity event.[173] She visited many other countries, including Belgium, Switzerland, and Zimbabwe, alongside numerous others.[24] During her separation from Charles, which lasted for almost four years, Diana participated in major national occasions as a senior member of the royal family, notably including «the commemorations of the 50th anniversaries of Victory in Europe Day and Victory over Japan Day» in 1995.[24] Her 36th and final birthday celebration was held at Tate Gallery, which was also a commemorative event for the gallery’s 100th anniversary.[24] In July 1997, Diana attended Gianni Versace’s funeral in Milan, Italy.[174]
Charity work and patronage
In 1983, she confided to the Premier of Newfoundland, Brian Peckford, «I am finding it very difficult to cope with the pressures of being Princess of Wales, but I am learning to cope with it.»[175] She was expected to make regular public appearances at hospitals, schools, and other facilities, in the 20th-century model of royal patronage. From the mid-1980s, she became increasingly associated with numerous charities. She carried out 191 official engagements in 1988[176] and 397 in 1991.[177] Diana developed an intense interest in serious illnesses and health-related matters outside the purview of traditional royal involvement, including AIDS and leprosy. In recognition of her effect as a philanthropist, Stephen Lee, director of the UK Institute of Charity Fundraising Managers, said «Her overall effect on charity is probably more significant than any other person’s in the 20th century.»[178]
Diana at the official opening of the community centre on Whitehall Road, Bristol, in May 1987
She was the patroness of charities and organisations who worked with the homeless, youth, drug addicts, and the elderly. From 1989, she was president of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. She was patron of the Natural History Museum[179][180] and president of the Royal Academy of Music.[124][181][179] From 1984 to 1996, she was president of Barnardo’s, a charity founded by Dr. Thomas John Barnardo in 1866 to care for vulnerable children and young people.[182][179] In 1988, she became patron of the British Red Cross and supported its organisations in other countries such as Australia and Canada.[154] She made several lengthy visits each week to Royal Brompton Hospital, where she worked to comfort seriously ill or dying patients.[160] From 1991 to 1996, she was a patron of Headway, a brain injury association.[179][183] In 1992, she became the first patron of Chester Childbirth Appeal, a charity she had supported since 1984.[184] The charity, which is named after one of Diana’s royal titles, could raise over £1 million with her help.[184] In 1994, she helped her friend Julia Samuel launch the charity Child Bereavement UK which supports children «of military families, those of suicide victims, [and] terminally-ill parents», and became its patron.[185] Prince William later replaced his mother as the charity’s royal patron.[186]
Her patronages also included Landmine Survivors Network,[181] Help the Aged,[181][179] the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery,[181][179] the British Lung Foundation,[181][179] Eureka! (joint patron with Prince Charles),[181][179] the National Children’s Orchestra,[181][179][154] British Red Cross Youth,[187][179] the Guinness Trust,[179] Meningitis Trust,[179][154] the Malcolm Sargent Cancer Fund for Children,[179][154] the Royal School for the Blind,[179][154] Welsh National Opera,[179][154] the Variety Club of New Zealand,[188][179] Birthright,[179][189] the British Deaf Association (for which she learned sign language),[187][179][190] All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club,[179] Anglo-European College of Chiropractic,[179] Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,[179] Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital,[179] British Sports Association for the Disabled,[179] British Youth Opera,[179] Faculty of Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England,[179] London City Ballet,[179] London Symphony Orchestra,[179] Pre-School Playgroups Association,[179][154] as well as president or patron of other charities.[179]
In 1987, Diana was awarded the Honorary Freedom of the City of London, the highest honour which is in the power of the City of London to bestow on someone.[191][192] In June 1995, she travelled to Moscow. She paid a visit to a children’s hospital she had previously supported when she provided them with medical equipment. In Moscow, she received the International Leonardo Prize, which is given to «the most distinguished patrons and people in the arts, medicine, and sports».[193] In December 1995, Diana received the United Cerebral Palsy Humanitarian of the Year Award in New York City for her philanthropic efforts.[194][195][196] In October 1996, for her works on the elderly, she was awarded a gold medal at a health care conference organised by the Pio Manzù Centre in Rimini, Italy.[197]
The day after her divorce, she announced her resignation from over 100 charities and retained patronages of only six: Centrepoint, English National Ballet, Great Ormond Street Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, National AIDS Trust, and the Royal Marsden Hospital.[198] She continued her work with the British Red Cross Anti-Personnel Land Mines Campaign, but was no longer listed as patron.[199][200]
In May 1997, Diana opened the Richard Attenborough Centre for Disability and the Arts in Leicester, after being asked by her friend Richard Attenborough.[201] In June 1997 and at the suggestion of her son William, some of her dresses and suits were sold at Christie’s auction houses in London and New York, and the proceeds that were earned from these events were donated to charities.[24] Her final official engagement was a visit to Northwick Park Hospital, London, on 21 July 1997.[24] She was scheduled to attend a fundraiser at the Osteopathic Centre for Children on 4 September 1997, upon her return from Paris.[202]
HIV/AIDS
Diana began her work with AIDS patients in the 1980s.[203] She was not averse to making physical contact with AIDS patients,[160][204][205] and was the first British royal figure to do so.[203] In 1987, she held hands with an AIDS patient in one of her early efforts to de-stigmatise the condition.[206][207] Diana noted: «HIV does not make people dangerous to know. You can shake their hands and give them a hug. Heaven knows they need it. What’s more, you can share their homes, their workplaces, and their playgrounds and toys.»[154][208][209] To Diana’s disappointment, the Queen did not support this type of charity work, suggesting she get involved in «something more pleasant».[203] In 1989, she opened Landmark Aids Centre in South London.[210][211] In October 1990, Diana opened Grandma’s House, a home for young AIDS patients in Washington, D.C.[212] She was also a patron of the National AIDS Trust and regularly visited London Lighthouse, which provided residential care for HIV patients.[154][213] In 1991, she hugged one patient during a visit to the AIDS ward of the Middlesex Hospital,[154] which she had opened in 1987 as the first hospital unit dedicated to this cause in the UK.[206][214] As the patron of Turning Point, a health and social care organisation, Diana visited its project in London for people with HIV/AIDS in 1992.[215] She later established and led fundraising campaigns for AIDS research.[21]
In March 1997, Diana visited South Africa, where she met with President Nelson Mandela.[216][217] On 2 November 2002, Mandela announced that the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund would be teaming up with the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund to help people with AIDS.[218] They had planned the combination of the two charities a few months before her death.[218] Mandela later praised Diana for her efforts surrounding the issue of HIV/AIDS: «When she stroked the limbs of someone with leprosy or sat on the bed of a man with HIV/AIDS and held his hand, she transformed public attitudes and improved the life chances of such people».[219] Diana had used her celebrity status to «fight stigma attached to people living with HIV/AIDS», Mandela said.[218] In 2009, a panel including Sir Ian McKellen and Alan Hollinghurst chose Diana’s portrait to be shown in the Gay Icons exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, London.[220] In October 2017, Attitude magazine honoured Diana with its Legacy Award for her HIV/AIDS work. Prince Harry accepted the award on behalf of his mother.[214][221]
Landmines
Diana was the patron of the HALO Trust, an organisation that removes debris—particularly landmines—left behind by war.[222][223] In January 1997, pictures of Diana touring an Angolan minefield in a ballistic helmet and flak jacket were seen worldwide.[222][223] During her campaign, she was accused of meddling in politics and called a «loose cannon» by Earl Howe, an official in the British Ministry of Defence.[224] Despite the criticism, HALO states that Diana’s efforts resulted in raising international awareness about landmines and the subsequent sufferings caused by them.[222][223] In June 1997, she gave a speech at a landmines conference held at the Royal Geographical Society, and travelled to Washington, D.C. to help promote the American Red Cross landmines campaign.[24] From 7 to 10 August 1997, just days before her death, she visited Bosnia and Herzegovina with Jerry White and Ken Rutherford of the Landmine Survivors Network.[24][225][226][227]
Her work on the landmines issue has been described as influential in the signing of the Ottawa Treaty, which created an international ban on the use of anti-personnel landmines.[228] Introducing the Second Reading of the Landmines Bill 1998 to the British House of Commons, the Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, paid tribute to Diana’s work on landmines:
All Honourable Members will be aware from their postbags of the immense contribution made by Diana, Princess of Wales to bringing home to many of our constituents the human costs of landmines. The best way in which to record our appreciation of her work, and the work of NGOs that have campaigned against landmines, is to pass the Bill, and to pave the way towards a global ban on landmines.[229]
A few months after Diana’s death in 1997, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines won the Nobel Peace Prize.[230]
Cancer
For her first solo official trip, Diana visited The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, a cancer treatment hospital in London.[188] She later chose this charity to be among the organisations that benefited from the auction of her clothes in New York.[188] The trust’s communications manager said she did «much to remove the stigma and taboo associated with diseases such as cancer, AIDS, HIV and leprosy».[188] Diana became president of the hospital on 27 June 1989.[231][232][233] The Wolfson Children’s Cancer Unit was opened by Diana on 25 February 1993.[231] In February 1996, Diana, who had been informed about a newly opened cancer hospital built by Imran Khan, travelled to Pakistan to visit its children’s cancer wards and attend a fundraising dinner in aid of the charity in Lahore.[234] She later visited the hospital again in May 1997.[235] In June 1996, she travelled to Chicago in her capacity as president of the Royal Marsden Hospital in order to attend a fundraising event at the Field Museum of Natural History and raised more than £1 million for cancer research.[154] She additionally visited patients at the Cook County Hospital and delivered remarks at a conference on breast cancer at the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law after meeting a group of breast cancer researchers.[236] In September 1996, after being asked by Katharine Graham, Diana went to Washington and appeared at a White House breakfast in respect of the Nina Hyde Center for Breast Cancer Research.[237] She also attended an annual fund-raiser for breast cancer research organised by The Washington Post at the same centre.[21][238]
In 1988, Diana opened Children with Leukaemia (later renamed Children with Cancer UK) in memory of two young cancer victims.[239][240][241] In November 1987, a few days after the death of Jean O’Gorman from cancer, Diana met her family.[239][240] The deaths of Jean and her brother affected her and she assisted their family to establish the charity.[239][240][241] It was opened by her on 12 January 1988 at Mill Hill Secondary School, and she supported it until her death in 1997.[239][241]
Other areas
In November 1989, Diana visited a leprosy hospital in Indonesia.[242][203] Following her visit, she became patron of the Leprosy Mission, an organisation dedicated to providing medicine, treatment, and other support services to those who are afflicted with the disease. She remained the patron of this charity[198] and visited several of its hospitals around the world, especially in India, Nepal, Zimbabwe and Nigeria until her death in 1997.[154][243] She touched those affected by the disease when many people believed it could be contracted through casual contact.[154][242] «It has always been my concern to touch people with leprosy, trying to show in a simple action that they are not reviled, nor are we repulsed», she commented.[243] The Diana Princess of Wales Health Education and Media Centre in Noida, India, was opened in her honour in November 1999, funded by the Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Fund to give social support to the people affected by leprosy and disability.[243]
Diana was a long-standing and active supporter of Centrepoint, a charity which provides accommodation and support to homeless people, and became patron in 1992.[244][245] She supported organisations that battle poverty and homelessness, including the Passage.[246] Diana was a supporter of young homeless people and spoke out on behalf of them by saying that «they deserve a decent start in life».[247] «We, as a part of society, must ensure that young people—who are our future—are given the chance they deserve», she said.[247] Diana used to take young William and Harry for private visits to Centrepoint services and homeless shelters.[21][244][248] «The young people at Centrepoint were always really touched by her visits and by her genuine feelings for them», said one of the charity’s staff members.[249] Prince William later became the patron of this charity.[244]
Diana was a staunch and longtime supporter of charities and organisations that focused on social and mental issues, including Relate and Turning Point.[154] Relate was relaunched in 1987 as a renewed version to its predecessor, the National Marriage Guidance Council. Diana became its patron in 1989.[154] Turning Point, a health and social care organisation, was founded in 1964 to help and support those affected by drug and alcohol misuse and mental health problems. She became the charity’s patron in 1987 and visited the charity on a regular basis, meeting the sufferers at its centres or institutions including Rampton and Broadmoor.[154] In 1990 during a speech for Turning Point she said, «It takes professionalism to convince a doubting public that it should accept back into its midst many of those diagnosed as psychotics, neurotics and other sufferers who Victorian communities decided should be kept out of sight in the safety of mental institutions.»[154] Despite the protocol problems of travelling to a Muslim country, she made a trip to Pakistan in 1991 in order to visit a rehabilitation centre in Lahore as a sign of «her commitment to working against drug abuse».[154]
Privacy and legal issues
In November 1980, the Sunday Mirror ran a story claiming that Charles had used the Royal Train twice for secret love rendezvous with Diana, prompting the palace to issue a statement, calling the story «a total fabrication» and demanding an apology.[250][251] The newspaper editors, however, insisted that the woman boarding the train was Diana and declined to apologise.[250] In February 1982, pictures of a pregnant Diana in bikini while holidaying were published in the media. The Queen subsequently released a statement and called it «the blackest day in the history of British journalism.»[252]
In 1993, Mirror Group Newspapers (MGN) published photographs of Diana that were taken by gym owner Bryce Taylor. The photos showed her exercising in the gym LA Fitness wearing «a leotard and cycling shorts».[253][254] Diana lawyers immediately filed a criminal complaint that sought «a permanent ban on the sale and publication of the photographs» around the world.[253][254] However, some newspapers outside the UK published the pictures.[253] The courts granted an injunction against Taylor and MGN that prohibited «further publication of the pictures».[253] MGN later issued an apology after facing much criticism from the public and gave Diana £1 million as a payment for her legal costs, while donating £200,000 to her charities.[253] LA Fitness issued its own apology in June 1994, which was followed by Taylor apologising in February 1995 and giving up the £300,000 he had made from the sale of pictures in an out-of-court settlement about a week before the case was set to start.[253] It was alleged that a member of the royal family had helped him financially to settle out of court.[253]
In 1994, pictures of Diana sunbathing topless at a Costa del Sol hotel were put up for sale by a Spanish photography agency for a price of £1 million.[255] In 1996, a set of pictures of a topless Diana while sunbathing appeared in the Mirror, which resulted in «a furor about invasion of privacy».[61] In the same year, she was the subject of a hoax call by Victor Lewis-Smith, who pretended to be Stephen Hawking, though the full recorded conversation was never released.[256] Also in 1996, Stuart Higgins of The Sun wrote a front page story about an intimate video purporting to feature Diana with James Hewitt. The video turned out to be a hoax, forcing Higgins to issue an apology.[257][258]
Personal life after divorce
Diana meeting with Sri Chinmoy at Kensington Palace in May 1997
After her 1996 divorce, Diana retained the double apartment on the north side of Kensington Palace that she had shared with Charles since the first year of their marriage; the apartment remained her home until her death the following year. She also moved her offices to Kensington Palace but was permitted «to use the state apartments at St James’s Palace».[123][259] In a book published in 2003, Paul Burrell claimed Diana’s private letters had revealed that her brother, Lord Spencer, had refused to allow her to live at Althorp, despite her request.[125] She was also given an allowance to run her private office, which was responsible for her charity work and royal duties, but from September 1996 onwards she was required to pay her bills and «any expenditure» incurred by her or on her behalf.[260] Furthermore, she continued to have access to the jewellery that she had received during her marriage, and was allowed to use the air transport of the British royal family and government.[123] Diana was also offered security by Metropolitan Police’s Royalty Protection Group, which she benefitted from while travelling with her sons, but had refused it in the final years of her life, in an attempt to distance herself from the royal family.[261][262]
Diana dated the British-Pakistani heart surgeon Hasnat Khan, who was called «the love of her life» by many of her closest friends after her death,[263][264][265] and she is said to have described him as «Mr. Wonderful».[266][267][268][269] In May 1996, Diana visited Lahore upon invitation of Imran Khan, a relative of Hasnat Khan, and visited the latter’s family in secret.[270][271] Khan was intensely private and the relationship was conducted in secrecy, with Diana lying to members of the press who questioned her about it. Their relationship lasted almost two years with differing accounts of who ended it.[271][272] She is said to have spoken of her distress when he ended their relationship.[263] However, according to Khan’s testimony at the inquest into her death, it was Diana who ended their relationship in the summer of 1997.[273] Burrell also said the relationship was ended by Diana in July 1997.[77] Burrell also claimed that Diana’s mother, Frances Shand Kydd, disapproved of her daughter’s relationship with a Muslim man.[274] By the time of Diana’s death in 1997, she had not spoken to her mother in four months.[276] By contrast, her relationship with her estranged stepmother had reportedly improved.[277][278]
Within a month, Diana began a relationship with Dodi Fayed, the son of her summer host, Mohamed Al-Fayed.[279] That summer, Diana had considered taking her sons on a holiday to the Hamptons on Long Island, New York, but security officials had prevented it. After deciding against a trip to Thailand, she accepted Fayed’s invitation to join his family in the south of France, where his compound and large security detail would not cause concern to the Royal Protection squad. Mohamed Al-Fayed bought the Jonikal, a 60-metre multimillion-pound yacht on which to entertain Diana and her sons.[279][280][281] Tina Brown later claimed that Diana’s romance with Fayed and her four-month relationship with Gulu Lalvani were a ploy «to inflame the true object of her affections, Hasnat Khan».[61] In the years after her death, Burrell, journalist Richard Kay, and voice coach Stewart Pierce have claimed that Diana was also thinking about buying a property in the United States.[282][283][284]
Death
On 31 August 1997, Diana died in a car crash in the Pont de l’Alma tunnel in Paris while the driver was fleeing the paparazzi.[286] The crash also resulted in the deaths of her companion Dodi Fayed and the driver, Henri Paul, who was the acting security manager of the Hôtel Ritz Paris. Trevor Rees-Jones, who was employed as a bodyguard by Dodi’s father,[287] survived the crash, suffering a serious head injury. The televised funeral, on 6 September, was watched by a British television audience that peaked at 32.10 million, which was one of the United Kingdom’s highest viewing figures ever. Millions more watched the event around the world.[288][289]
Tribute, funeral, and burial
The sudden and unexpected death of an extraordinarily popular royal figure brought statements from senior figures worldwide and many tributes by members of the public.[290][291][292] People left flowers, candles, cards, and personal messages outside Kensington Palace for many months. Her coffin, draped with the royal flag, was brought to London from Paris by Prince Charles and Diana’s two sisters on 31 August 1997.[293][294] The coffin was taken to a private mortuary and then placed in the Chapel Royal, St James’s Palace.[293]
On 5 September, Queen Elizabeth II paid tribute to her in a live television broadcast.[24] Diana’s funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 6 September. Her sons walked in the funeral procession behind her coffin, along with her ex-husband the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, Diana’s brother Lord Spencer, and representatives of some of her charities.[24] Lord Spencer said of his sister, «She proved in the last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of magic.»[295] Re-written in tribute to Diana, «Candle in the Wind 1997» was performed by Elton John at the funeral service (the only occasion the song has been performed live).[296] Released as a single in 1997, the global proceeds from the song have gone to Diana’s charities.[296][297][298]
The burial took place privately later the same day. Diana’s former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana’s body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads that she had received from Mother Teresa was placed in her hands. Diana’s grave is on an island (52°16′59″N 1°00′01″W / 52.283082°N 1.000278°W) within the grounds of Althorp Park, the Spencer family home for centuries.[299]
The burial party was provided by the 2nd Battalion The Princess of Wales’s Royal Regiment, who carried Diana’s coffin across to the island and laid her to rest. Diana was the Regiment’s Colonel-in-Chief from 1992 to 1996.[300] The original plan was for Diana to be buried in the Spencer family vault at the local church in nearby Great Brington, but Lord Spencer said he was concerned about public safety and security and the onslaught of visitors that might overwhelm Great Brington. He decided Diana would be buried where her grave could be easily cared for and visited in privacy by William, Harry, and other relatives.[301]
Conspiracy theories, inquest and verdict
The initial French judicial investigation concluded that the crash was caused by Paul’s intoxication, reckless driving, speeding, and effects of prescription drugs.[302] In February 1998, Mohamed Al-Fayed, father of Dodi Fayed, publicly said the crash, which killed his son, had been planned[303] and accused MI6 and the Duke of Edinburgh.[304] An inquest that started in London in 2004 and continued in 2007–08[305] attributed the crash to grossly negligent driving by Paul and to the pursuing paparazzi, who forced Paul to speed into the tunnel.[306] On 7 April 2008, the jury returned a verdict of «unlawful killing». On the day after the final verdict of the inquest, Al-Fayed announced that he would end his 10-year campaign to establish that the tragedy was murder; he said he did so for the sake of Diana’s children.[307]
Later events
Finances
Following her death, Diana left a £21 million estate, «netting £17 million after estate taxes», which were left in the hands of trustees, her mother, and her sister, Lady Sarah.[308][309] The will was signed in June 1993, but Diana had it modified in February 1996 to remove the name of her personal secretary from the list of trustees and have her sister replace him.[310] After applying personal and inheritance taxes, a net estate of £12.9 million was left to be distributed among the beneficiaries.[311] Her two sons subsequently inherited the majority of her estate. Each of them was left with £6.5 million which was invested and gathered substantial interest, and an estimated £10 million was given to each son upon turning 30 years old in 2012 and 2014 respectively.[312][313] Many of Diana’s possessions were initially left in the care of her brother who put them on show in Althorp twice a year until they were returned to the princes.[312][308] They were also put on display in American museums and as of 2011 raised two million dollars for charities.[308] Among the objects were her dresses and suits along with numerous family paintings, jewels and two diamond tiaras.[312] Diana’s engagement ring and her yellow gold watch were given to Harry and William, respectively. The brothers eventually exchanged mementos and William later passed the ring to his wife, Catherine Middleton. The ownership of Diana’s wedding dress was also given to her sons.[312][314][315]
In addition to her will,[309] Diana had also written a letter of wishes in which she had asked for three-quarters of her personal property to be given to her sons, and dividing the remaining quarter (aside from the jewellery) between her 17 godchildren.[308] Despite Diana’s wishes, the executors (her mother and sister) «petitioned the probate court for a «variance» of the will», and the letter of wishes was ignored «because it did not contain certain language required by British law».[308] Eventually, one item from Diana’s estate was given to each of her godchildren, while they would have received £100,000 each, had a quarter of her estate been divided between them.[308] The variance also prevented the estate from being distributed between her sons at the age of 25 but postponed it until they were 30.[308][309] Diana also left her butler Paul Burrell around £50,000 in cash.[311][309]
Subject of U.S. government surveillance
In 1999, after the submission of a Freedom of Information Act request filed by the Internet news service apbonline.com, it was revealed that Diana had been placed under surveillance by the National Security Agency until her death, and the organisation kept a top secret file on her containing more than 1,000 pages.[316][317] The contents of Diana’s NSA file cannot be disclosed because of national security concerns.[316] The NSA officials insisted Diana was not a «target of [their] massive, worldwide electronic eavesdropping infrastructure.»[316] Despite multiple inquiries for the files to be declassified—with one of the notable ones being filed by Mohamed Al-Fayed—the NSA has refused to release the documents.[317]
In 2008, Ken Wharfe, a former bodyguard of Diana, claimed that her scandalous conversations with James Gilbey (commonly referred to as the Squidgygate) were in fact recorded by the GCHQ, which intentionally released them on a «loop».[318] People close to Diana believed the action was intended to defame her.[318] Wharfe said Diana herself believed that members of the royal family were all being monitored, though he also stated that the main reason for it could be the potential threats of the IRA.[318]
Anniversaries, commemorations, and auctions
On the first anniversary of Diana’s death, people left flowers and bouquets outside the gates of Kensington Palace and a memorial service was held at Westminster Abbey.[319][320] The royal family and the Prime Minister and his family went to Crathie Kirk for private prayers, while Diana’s family held a private memorial service at Althorp.[321][322] All flags at Buckingham Palace and other royal residences were flown at half-mast on the Queen’s orders.[323] The Union Jack was first lowered to half-mast on the day of Diana’s funeral and has set a precedent, as based on the previous protocol no flag could ever fly at half-mast over the palace «even on the death of a monarch».[323] Since 1997, however, the Union Flag (but not the Royal Standard) has flown at half-mast upon the deaths of members of the royal family, and other times of national mourning.[324]
The Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium was held on 1 July 2007. The event, organised by the princes William and Harry, celebrated the 46th anniversary of their mother’s birth and occurred a few weeks before the 10th anniversary of her death on 31 August.[325][326] The proceeds from this event were donated to Diana’s charities.[327] On 31 August 2007, a service of thanksgiving for Diana took place in the Guards’ Chapel.[328] Among the 500 guests were members of the royal family and their relatives, members of the Spencer family, her godparents and godchildren, members of her wedding party, her close friends and aides, representatives from many of her charities, British politicians Gordon Brown, Tony Blair, and John Major, and friends from the entertainment world such as David Frost, Elton John, and Cliff Richard.[181][329]
On 19 March 2013, ten of Diana’s dresses, including a midnight blue velvet gown she wore to a 1985 state dinner at the White House when she danced with John Travolta (which became known as the Travolta dress), raised over £800,000 at auction in London.[330]
In January 2017, a series of letters that Diana and other members of the royal family had written to a Buckingham Palace steward were sold as a part of a collection titled «the private letters between a trusted butler and the royal family».[331][332] The six letters that were written by Diana included information about her young sons’ daily life and raised £15,100.[331][332] Another collection of 40 letters written by Diana between 1990 and 1997 were sold for £67,900 at an auction in 2021.[333]
«Diana: Her Fashion Story», an exhibition of gowns and suits worn by Diana, was announced to be opened at Kensington Palace in February 2017 as a tribute to mark her 20th death anniversary, with her favourite dresses created by numerous fashion designers, including Catherine Walker and Victor Edelstein, being displayed.[334][335] The exhibition opened on 24 February displaying a collection of 25 dresses, and was set to remain open until 2018.[336][337]
Other tributes planned for the anniversary included exhibitions at Althorp hosted by Diana’s brother, Earl Spencer,[338] a series of commemorating events organised by the Diana Award,[339] as well as restyling Kensington Gardens and creating a new section called «The White Garden» in order to symbolise Diana’s life and style.[334][335][340]
On 31 August 2019, the Princess Diana 3D Virtual Museum was launched to mark the 22nd anniversary of Diana’s death. Operated by the Princess & the Platypus Foundation, the online museum consisted of over 1,000 of Diana’s items which were photographed using the techniques of virtual reality.[341]
Legacy
Public image
Diana remains one of the most popular members of the royal family throughout history, and she continues to influence the younger generations of royals.[342][343][344] She was a major presence on the world stage from her engagement to Prince Charles in 1981 until her death in 1997, and was often described as the «world’s most photographed woman».[21][345] She was noted for her compassion,[346] style, charisma, and high-profile charity work, as well as her ill-fated marriage.[178][347] Diana’s former private secretary Patrick Jephson described her as an organised and hardworking person, and pointed out Charles was not able to «reconcile with his wife’s extraordinary popularity»,[348] a viewpoint supported by biographer Tina Brown.[349] He also said she was a tough boss who was «equally quick to appreciate hard work» but could also be defiant «if she felt she had been the victim of injustice».[348] Diana’s mother also defined her as a «loving» figure who could occasionally be «tempestuous». Paul Burrell, who worked as a butler for Diana, remembered her as a «deep thinker» who was capable of «introspective analysis».[350] She was often described as a devoted mother to her children,[21][351] who are believed to be influenced by her personality and way of life.[352]
In the early years, Diana was often noted for her shy nature.[343][353] Journalist Michael White perceived her as being «smart», «shrewd and funny».[344] Those who communicated with her closely describe her as a person who was led by «her heart».[21] In an article for The Guardian, Monica Ali described Diana as a woman with a strong character, who entered the royal family as an inexperienced girl and, despite being uneducated, she could handle their expectations and overcome the difficulties and sufferings of her marital life. Ali also believed that she «had a lasting influence on the public discourse, particularly in matters of mental health» by discussing her eating disorder publicly.[178] According to Tina Brown, in her early years Diana possessed a «passive power», a quality that in her opinion she shared with the Queen Mother and a trait that would enable her to instinctively use her appeal to achieve her goals.[354] Brown also believed that Diana was capable of charming people with a single glance.[349]
Diana was widely known for her encounters with sick and dying patients, and the poor and unwanted whom she used to comfort, an action that earned her more popularity.[355] She was mindful of people’s thoughts and feelings, and later revealed her wish to become a beloved figure among the people, saying in her 1995 interview, that «[She would] like to be a queen of people’s hearts, in people’s hearts.»[353] Known for her easygoing attitude, she reportedly hated formality in her inner circle, asking «people not to jump up every time she enters the room».[356] Diana is often credited with widening the range of charity works carried out by the royal family in a more modern style.[178] Eugene Robinson of The Washington Post wrote in an article that «Diana imbued her role as royal princess with vitality, activism and, above all, glamour.»[21] Alicia Carroll of The New York Times described Diana as «a breath of fresh air» who was the main reason the royal family was known in the United States.[357] In Anthony Holden’s opinion, Diana was «visibly reborn» after her separation from Charles, a point in her life that was described by Holden as her «moment of triumph», which put her on an independent path to success.[167]
Biographer Sarah Bradford commented, «The only cure for her suffering would have been the love of the Prince of Wales, which she so passionately desired, something which would always be denied her. His was the final rejection; the way in which he consistently denigrated her reduced her to despair.»[94] Despite all the marital issues and scandals, Diana continued to enjoy a high level of popularity in the polls while her husband was suffering from low levels of public approval.[21] Her peak popularity rate in the United Kingdom between 1981 and 2012 was 47%.[358] Highly regarded by the LGBT community due to her work with gay men suffering from AIDS,[220] Diana is considered to be a gay icon.[359]
Diana had become what Prime Minister Tony Blair called the «People’s Princess», an iconic national figure. He had reportedly said that she had shown the nation «a new way to be British».[350] Her sudden death brought an unprecedented spasm of grief and mourning,[360] and subsequently a crisis arose in the Royal Household.[361][362][363] Andrew Marr said that by her death she «revived the culture of public sentiment»,[178] while The Guardian‘s Matthew d’Ancona dubbed Diana «the queen of the realm of feeling» and said that «the impassioned aftermath of her death was a bold punctuation mark in a new national narrative that favoured disinhibition, empathy and personal candour.»[364] Her brother, the Earl Spencer, captured her role:
Diana was the very essence of compassion, of duty, of style, of beauty. All over the world she was a symbol of selfless humanity. All over the world, a standard bearer for the rights of the truly downtrodden, a very British girl who transcended nationality. Someone with a natural nobility who was classless and who proved in the last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of magic.[365]
In 1997, Diana was one of the runners-up for Time magazine’s Person of the Year.[366] In 1999, Time magazine named Diana one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.[367] In 2002, Diana ranked third on the BBC’s poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, above the Queen and other British monarchs.[368] In 2003, VH1 ranked her at number nine on its 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons list, which recognises «the folks that have significantly inspired and impacted American society».[369] In 2006, the Japanese public ranked Diana twelfth in The Top 100 Historical Persons in Japan.[370] In 2018, Diana ranked fifteenth on the BBC History‘s poll of 100 Women Who Changed the World.[371][372] In 2020, Time magazine included Diana’s name on its list of 100 Women of the Year. She was chosen as the Woman of the Year 1987 for her efforts in de-stigmatising the conditions surrounding HIV/AIDS patients.[373]
Despite being regarded as an iconic figure and a popular member of the royal family, Diana was subject to criticism during her life. Patrick Jephson, her private secretary of eight years, wrote in an article in The Daily Telegraph that «[Diana] had an extra quality that frustrated her critics during her lifetime and has done little to soften their disdain since her death».[343] Diana was criticised by philosophy professor Anthony O’Hear who in his notes argued that she was unable to fulfill her duties, her reckless behaviour was damaging the monarchy, and she was «self-indulgent» in her philanthropic efforts.[249] Following his remarks, charity organisations that were supported by Diana defended her, and Peter Luff called O’Hear’s comments «distasteful and inappropriate».[249] Further criticism surfaced as she was accused of using her public profile to benefit herself,[117] which in return «demeaned her royal office».[343] Diana’s unique type of charity work, which sometimes included physical contact with people affected by serious diseases occasionally had a negative reaction in the media.[343]
Diana’s relationship with the press and the paparazzi has been described as «ambivalent». On different occasions she would complain about the way she was being treated by the media, mentioning that their constant presence in her proximity had made life impossible for her, whereas at other times she would seek their attention and hand information to reporters herself.[374][375] Writing for The Guardian, Peter Conrad suggested that it was Diana who let the journalists and paparazzi into her life as she knew they were the source of her power;[350] thus, she «overburdened herself with public duties» and destroyed the border between private and public life.[178][117][376] This view was supported by Christopher Hitchens, who believed that «in pursuit of a personal solution to an unhappy private life, she became an assiduous leaker to the press».[377] Tina Brown argued that Diana was in no way «a vulnerable victim of media manipulation», and she found it «offensive to present the canny, resourceful Diana as a woman of no agency, as either a foolish, duped child or the hapless casualty of malevolent muckrakers».[61] Nevertheless, Diana also used the media’s interest in her to shine light on her charitable efforts and patronages.[374]
Sally Bedell Smith characterised Diana as unpredictable, egocentric, and possessive.[117] Smith also argued that in her desire to do charity works, Diana was «motivated by personal considerations, rather than by an ambitious urge to take on a societal problem».[117] Eugene Robinson, however, said that «[Diana] was serious about the causes she espoused».[21] According to Sarah Bradford, Diana looked down on the House of Windsor, whom she reportedly viewed «as jumped-up foreign princelings» and called them «the Germans».[350] Some observers, including Prime Minister Tony Blair, characterised her as a manipulative person.[361][344] Blair also described Diana as «extraordinarily captivating» but an «unpredictable meteor» whose death was a «turning point» for the monarchy.[378] After her death, it was revealed that Diana had been in discussion with Blair about a special role that would provide a government platform for her campaigns and charities to make her capable of endorsing Britain’s interests overseas.[379]
In an article written for The Independent in 1998, journalist Yvonne Roberts observed the sudden change in people’s opinion of Diana after her death from critical to complimentary, a viewpoint supported by Theodore Dalrymple, who also noticed the «sudden shift from cruel personal abuse to absurdly exaggerated respect».[380] Roberts also questioned whether she had achieved anything different from other members of the royal family and added that Diana was neither «a saint» nor «a revolutionary» figure, but «may have encouraged some people» to tackle issues such as landmines, AIDS and leprosy.[381] While analysing the impact of Diana’s death and her extraordinary popularity from a gendered point of view, British historian Ludmilla Jordanova said: «To be an ideal, to be living for and on behalf of others is a terrible burden; it makes impossible, irreconcilable emotional demands – no human being can survive the complex forces that impact upon charismatic women.» Jordanova also observed that «Diana herself was not anti-establishment» and that is «Better to remember her by trying to decipher how emotions overshadow analysis and why women are the safeguards of humanitarian feelings.»[347] Author Anne Applebaum believed that Diana has not had any impact on public opinions posthumously;[178] an idea supported by Jonathan Freedland of The Guardian who also wrote in his article that Diana’s memory and influence started to fade away in the years after her death,[382] while Peter Conrad, another Guardian contributor, argued that even in «a decade after her death, she is still not silent»,[350] and Allan Massie of The Telegraph described Diana as «the celebrity of celebrities» whose sentiments «continue to shape our society».[376] Writing for The Guardian, Monica Ali described Diana as «a one-off, fascinating and flawed. Her legacy might be mixed, but it’s not insubstantial. Her life was brief, but she left her mark».[178]
Style icon
The Princess of Wales wearing the Travolta dress, one of her most famous ensembles, in 1985
Diana was a fashion icon whose style was emulated by women around the world. Iain Hollingshead of The Telegraph wrote: «[Diana] had an ability to sell clothes just by looking at them.»[383][384] An early example of the effect occurred during her courtship with Charles in 1980 when sales of Hunter Wellington boots skyrocketed after she was pictured wearing a pair on the Balmoral estate.[383][385] According to designers and people who worked with Diana, she used fashion and style to endorse her charitable causes, express herself and communicate.[386][387][388] Diana remains a prominent figure for her fashion style, impacting recent cultural and style trends.[389][390][391][392][334][393][394]
The princess’s fashion combined classically royal expectations with contemporary fashion trends in Britain.[395][396] While on diplomatic trips, her clothes and attire were chosen to match the destination countries’ costumes, and while off-duty she used to wear loose jackets and jumpers.[392][397] «She was always very thoughtful about how her clothes would be interpreted, it was something that really mattered to her», according to Anna Harvey, a former British Vogue editor and Diana’s fashion mentor.[392][398] Her fashion sense originally incorporated decorous and romantic elements, with pastel shades and lush gowns.[396][389][399] Elements of her fashion rapidly became trends.[392] She forwent certain traditions, such as wearing gloves during engagements, and sought to create a wardrobe that helped her to connect with the public.[388][397] According to Donatella Versace who worked closely with Diana alongside her brother, Diana’s interest and sense of curiosity about fashion grew significantly after her marital separation.[386] Her style subsequently grew bolder and more businesslike, featuring structured skirt suits, sculptural gowns, and neutral tones designed to reflect attention toward her charity work.[390][400]
Catherine Walker was among Diana’s favourite designers[396] with whom she worked to create her «royal uniform».[401] Among her favoured designers were Versace, Armani, Chanel, Dior, Gucci and Clarks.[392][393][402] Her iconic outfits include a cocktail dress by Christina Stambolian, known as the «Revenge dress», which she wore after Charles’s admission of adultery,[403] and an evening gown by Victor Edelstein, known as the «Travolta dress», which she wore to a White House reception.[392][401][396] Copies of Diana’s British Vogue-featured pink chiffon blouse by David and Elizabeth Emanuel, which appeared in the magazine on her engagement announcement day, sold in the millions.[396] She appeared on three British Vogue covers during her lifetime and was featured on its October 1997 issue posthumously.[404] She was also featured in the cover story for the July 1997 issue of Vanity Fair.[405] Diana did her own makeup for events, and was accompanied by a hairstylist for public appearances.[386] In the 1990s, Diana was frequently photographed clutching distinctive handbags manufactured by Gucci and Dior, which became known as the Gucci Diana and Lady Dior.[406][407]
Following the opening of an exhibition of Diana’s clothes and dresses at Kensington Palace in 2017, Catherine Bennett of The Guardian said such exhibitions are among the suitable ways to commemorate public figures whose fashion styles were noted due to their achievements. The exhibition suggests to detractors who, like many other princesses, «looking lovely in different clothes was pretty much her life’s work» which also brings interest in her clothing.[408] Versace also pointed out that «[she doesn’t] think that anyone, before or after her, has done for fashion what Diana did».[386] One of Diana’s favourite milliners, John Boyd, said «Diana was our best ambassador for hats, and the entire millinery industry owes her a debt.» Boyd’s pink tricorn hat Diana wore for her honeymoon was later copied by milliners across the world and credited with rebooting an industry in decline for decades.[409][410]
Fashion collections for ASOS.com,[394][389] Off-White[411][412][413] and Tory Burch, have been inspired by the princess’s style.[414] The Princess was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1989.[415] In 2004, People cited her as one of the all-time most beautiful women.[416] In 2012, Time included Diana on its All-Time 100 Fashion Icons list.[417]
Memorials
Round Oval lake at Althorp with the Diana memorial beyond
Memorial in Harrods Department Store to Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed
Tribute to Diana on 1998 Azerbaijan postage stamps. The English text on souvenir sheets issued reads «Diana, Princess of Wales The Princess that [sic] captured people’s hearts (1961–1997)».
Tributes left outside Kensington Palace for what would have been Diana’s 60th birthday
Immediately after her death, many sites around the world became briefly ad hoc memorials to Diana where the public left flowers and other tributes. Her son, Prince William, has stated that the outpouring of public grief after her death «changed the British psyche, for the better», while journalist Alastair Campbell noted that it assisted in diminishing «the stiff upper lip approach».[418] The largest memorial was outside the gates of Kensington Palace, where people continue to leave flowers and tributes. Permanent memorials include:
- The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Gardens in Regent Centre Gardens Kirkintilloch
- The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain in Hyde Park, London, opened by Queen Elizabeth II
- The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Playground in Kensington Gardens, London
- The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk, a circular path between Kensington Gardens, Green Park, Hyde Park, and St. James’s Park, London
- The Diana Memorial Award, established in 1999 and later relaunched in 2007 by Gordon Brown[419]
- Statue of Diana, Princess of Wales, in the Sunken Garden of Kensington Palace, commissioned by Prince William and Prince Harry
- The Princess Diana Memorial Austria is the first memorial dedicated to Diana, Princess of Wales, in a German-speaking country. It is placed in the garden of Schloss Cobenzl in Vienna. It was raised by reporter Ewald Wurzinger.[420]
The Flame of Liberty was erected in 1989 on the Place de l’Alma in Paris above the entrance to the tunnel in which the fatal crash later occurred. It became an unofficial memorial to Diana.[421][422] The Place de l’Alma was renamed Place Diana princesse de Galles in 2019.[423]
There were two memorials inside Harrods department store, commissioned by Dodi Fayed’s father, who owned the store from 1985 to 2010. The first memorial was a pyramid-shaped display containing photos of the princess and al-Fayed’s son, a wine glass said to be from their last dinner, and a ring purchased by Dodi the day prior to the crash. The second, Innocent Victims, unveiled in 2005, was a bronze statue of Fayed dancing with Diana on a beach beneath the wings of an albatross.[424] In January 2018, it was announced that the statue would be returned to the Al-Fayed family.[425]
In 1998, several countries issued postage stamps commemorating Diana, including the UK, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Somalia, and Congo.[426][427][428]
In November 2002, a £4,000 bronze plaque was unveiled by Earl Spencer at Northampton Guildhall as a memorial to his sister.[429] In February 2013, OCAD University in Toronto announced that its new 25,000-square-foot arts centre would be named the Princess of Wales Visual Arts Centre.[430] Princess Diana Drive was named in her memory in Trenton, New Jersey.[431] Diana’s granddaughters, Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana (born 2015)[432][433] and Lilibet Diana Mountbatten-Windsor (born 2021),[434] as well as her niece, Lady Charlotte Diana Spencer (born 2012),[435] are named after her.
On 29 September 2021 a blue plaque, placed in her honour by English Heritage, was unveiled at her former flat at Coleherne Court, Old Brompton Road, London.[436]
Diana in contemporary art
Before and after her death, Diana has been depicted in contemporary art. The first biopics about Diana and Charles were Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story and The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana that were broadcast on American TV channels on 17 and 20 September 1981, respectively.[437] In December 1992, ABC aired Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After, a TV movie about marital discord between Diana and Charles.[438] In the 1990s, British magazine Private Eye called her «Cheryl» and Prince Charles «Brian».[439]
In July 1999, Tracey Emin created a number of monoprint drawings featuring textual references about Diana’s public and private life for Temple of Diana, a themed exhibition at The Blue Gallery, London. Works such as They Wanted You To Be Destroyed (1999)[440] related to Diana’s bulimia, while others included affectionate texts such as Love Was on Your Side and Diana’s Dress with puffy sleeves. Another text praised her selflessness—The things you did to help other people, showing Diana in protective clothing walking through a minefield in Angola—while another referenced the conspiracy theories. Of her drawings, Emin maintained «They’re quite sentimental … and there’s nothing cynical about it whatsoever.»[441]
In 2005, Martín Sastre premiered during the Venice Biennale the film Diana: The Rose Conspiracy. This fictional work starts with the world discovering Diana alive and enjoying a happy undercover new life in a dangerous cantegril on the outskirts of Montevideo. Shot at an Uruguayan slum using a Diana impersonator from São Paulo, the film was selected by the Italian Art Critics Association as one of the Venice Biennial’s best works.[442][443][444][445]
In 2007, following an earlier series referencing the conspiracy theories, Stella Vine created a series of Diana paintings for her first major solo exhibition at Modern Art Oxford gallery.[446][447] Vine intended to portray Diana’s combined strength and vulnerability as well as her closeness to her two sons.[448] The works, all completed in 2007, included Diana branches, Diana family picnic, Diana veil, Diana crash and Diana pram, which incorporates the quotation «I vow to thee my country».[449][450] Vine asserted her own abiding attraction to «the beauty and the tragedy of Diana’s life».[448]
The 2007 docudrama Diana: Last Days of a Princess details the final two months of her life. She is portrayed by Irish actress Genevieve O’Reilly.[451] On an October 2007 episode of The Chaser’s War on Everything, Andrew Hansen mocked Diana in his «Eulogy Song», which immediately created considerable controversy in the Australian media.[452]
In 2017, Prince William and Prince Harry commissioned two documentaries to mark the 20th anniversary of her death. The first of the two, Diana, Our Mother: Her Life and Legacy, was broadcast on ITV and HBO on 24 July 2017.[453][454] This film focuses on Diana’s legacy and humanitarian efforts for causes such as AIDS, landmines, homelessness and cancer. The second documentary, Diana, 7 Days, aired on 27 August on BBC and focused on Diana’s death and the subsequent outpouring of grief.[455] She was also been depicted by contemporary painter Sam McKinniss in a 2017 exhibition that included portraits of musicians Prince and Lorde, actress Drew Barrymore, and author Joan Didion.[456][457]
Portrayals
Actresses who have portrayed Diana include Serena Scott Thomas (in Diana: Her True Story, 1993),[458] Julie Cox (in Princess in Love, 1996),[459] Amy Seccombe (in Diana: A Tribute to the People’s Princess, 1998),[460] Michelle Duncan (in Whatever Love Means, 2005),[461] Genevieve O’Reilly (in Diana: Last Days of a Princess, 2007),[462][451] Nathalie Brocker (in The Murder of Princess Diana, 2007),[463] Naomi Watts (in Diana, 2013),[464] Jeanna de Waal (in Diana: The Musical, 2019 & 2021),[465] Emma Corrin and Elizabeth Debicki (in The Crown, 2020 & 2022),[466][467] and Kristen Stewart (in Spencer, 2021).[468] In 2021, Corrin won a Golden Globe Award for her portrayal of the younger Diana Spencer.[469] In 2022, Stewart was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Diana.[470] That same year, Debicki received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress, Television for her portrayal of Diana on The Crown.[471]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 1 July 1961 – 9 June 1975: The Honourable Diana Spencer[24]
- 9 June 1975 – 29 July 1981: Lady Diana Spencer
- 29 July 1981 – 28 August 1996: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales
- in Scotland: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Rothesay
- 28 August 1996 – 31 August 1997: Diana, Princess of Wales
During her marriage to the Prince of Wales, Diana was styled as «Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales». She additionally bore the titles Duchess of Rothesay,[472] Duchess of Cornwall,[472] Countess of Chester,[473][474] and Baroness of Renfrew.[472] Though popularly referred to as «Princess Diana», that style is incorrect and one she never held officially.[475][a] She is still sometimes referred to in the media as «Lady Diana Spencer» or simply as «Lady Di». In a speech after her death, then-Prime Minister Tony Blair referred to Diana as «the People’s Princess».[476] Discussions were also held with the Spencer family and the British royal family as to whether Diana’s HRH style needed to be restored posthumously, but Diana’s family decided that it would be against her wishes and, thus, no formal offer was made.[477]
Honours
- Orders
- 1981: Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II
- Foreign honours
- 1982: Supreme Class of the Order of the Virtues (or Order of al-Kamal)[142]
- 18 November 1982: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, bestowed by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands[142]
- Appointments
- 1988: Royal Bencher of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple[478]
- Fellowships
- 1988: The Royal College of Surgeons of England, Honorary Fellow in Dental Surgery[479]
- Freedom of the City
- 29 October 1981: Cardiff[480][481]
- 29 January 1986: Carlisle[482]
- 1987: London[191]
- 8 June 1989: Northampton Borough[429][483][484]
- 16 October 1992: Portsmouth[485]
Honorary military appointments
As the Princess of Wales, Diana held the following military appointments:
- Australia
- : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Australian Survey Corps[486]
- Canada
- : Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess of Wales’ Own Regiment[154] (17 August 1985 to 16 July 1996)[487]
- : Colonel-in-Chief of the West Nova Scotia Regiment
- United Kingdom
- : Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess of Wales’s Royal Regiment[300]
- : Colonel-in-Chief of the Light Dragoons[300]
- : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Hampshire Regiment[154]
- : Colonel-in-Chief of the 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary’s Own)[154]
- : Honorary Air Commodore, RAF Wittering[488]
- : Lady Sponsor of HMS Cornwall (F99)[489]
- : Lady Sponsor of HMS Vanguard (S28)[490][491]
She relinquished these appointments following her divorce.[24][123]
Other appointments
- 15 November 1984: Lady Sponsor of Royal Princess[492]
Arms
|
Descendants
| Name | Birth | Marriage | Issue | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Spouse | |||
| William, Prince of Wales | 21 June 1982 | 29 April 2011 | Catherine Middleton |
|
| Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex | 15 September 1984 | 19 May 2018 | Meghan Markle |
|
Ancestry
Diana was born into the British Spencer family, different branches of which hold the titles of Duke of Marlborough, Earl Spencer, Earl of Sunderland, and Baron Churchill.[497][498] The Spencers claimed descent from a cadet branch of the powerful medieval Despenser family, but its validity is questioned.[499] Her great-grandmother was Margaret Baring, a member of the German-British Baring family of bankers and the daughter of Edward Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke.[500][501] Diana’s distant noble ancestors included the first Duke and Duchess of Marlborough.[502] Diana and Charles were distantly related, as they were both descended from the House of Tudor through Henry VII of England.[503] She was also descended from the House of Stuart through Charles II of England by Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, and Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, and his brother James II of England by Henrietta FitzJames.[21][504] Other noble ancestors include Margaret Kerdeston, granddaughter of Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk; Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, an English nobleman and a favourite of Elizabeth I of England; and Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, a descendant of Edward III of England through his son Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence.[505][506][507] Diana’s Scottish roots came from her maternal grandmother, Lady Fermoy.[505] Among her Scottish ancestors were Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon, and his wife Jane, and Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll.[505]
Diana’s American lineage came from her great-grandmother Frances Ellen Work, daughter of wealthy American stockbroker Franklin H. Work from Ohio, who was married to her great-grandfather James Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy, an Irish peer.[505][508] Diana’s fourth great-grandmother in her direct maternal line, Eliza Kewark, was matrilineally of Indian descent.[509][510][511][512][513] She is variously described in contemporary documents as «a dark-skinned native woman» and «an Armenian woman from Bombay».[514][515]
Notes
- ^ With rare exceptions (such as Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, who was given permission by the Sovereign), only princesses by birth (such as Princess Anne) use the title «Princess» before their given names.
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- ^ «HMS VANGUARD COMMISSIONING CEREMONY WITH HRH DIANA, PRINCESS OF WALES, BARROW-IN-FURNESS, 14 AUGUST 1993 [Allocated Title]». Imperial War Museums. 14 August 1993. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
- ^ Hamilton, Alan (16 November 1984). «Two royal princesses share a day in the limelight». The Times. London. p. 36.
- ^ «Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales» (PDF). Westminster Abbey. 6 September 1997. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ Montague-Smith, Patrick (1968). Debrett’s Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage. Kelly’s Directories. p. 24.
- ^ a b «The Coat of Arms of HRH Prince William and HRH Prince Harry of Wales». College of Arms. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
- ^ Round, J.H. (1901) Studies in Peerage and Family History, A. Constable and Company, London, pp. 292–309
- ^ «A Modern Monarchy – The Royal Family appears to have overcome its troubles and the new generation has adapted skilfully to a changing Britain». The Times. 25 July 2013. Leading articles.
Prince George of Cambridge, born on Monday, now has in his relatively recent line miners and labourers; something hard to contemplate a generation ago.
- ^ David White, Somerset Herald, College of Arms (23 July 2013). «The Windsors & the Middletons – A family tree». The Times. Pull-out supplement.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Lowe, Mark Anthony (1860). Patronymica Britannica, A Dictionary of Family Names of the United Kingdom. London. p. 325. ISBN 9780788404566. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017.
- ^ Ziegler, Philip (1988). The Sixth Great Power: Barings 1762–1929. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-217508-8.
- ^ «A Brief History of Barings». Baring Archive. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ^ Bradford 2006, p. 31.
- ^ «Charles ‘amazed’ by Lady Di’s yes». 25 February 1981. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ^ Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Sir Iain (1982). Royal Highness. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 38.
- ^ a b c d Evans, Richard K. (2007). The Ancestry of Diana, Princess of Wales. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society. ISBN 9780880822084. Archived from the original on 10 December 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd. «The Royal Ancestry of Meghan Markle». New England Historic Genealogical Society. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
The Rev. William Skipper’s ancestors Sir Philip Wentworth (died 1464) and Mary Clifford are ancestors also, in various lines, of both H.M. the late Queen Mother (and thus H.M. the Queen, the Prince of Wales, and Prince Harry) and of the late Diana, Princess of Wales.
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd (30 November 2017). «The Shared Ancestry of (Rachel) Meghan Markle and Prince Harry» (PDF). American Ancestors. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ Amos, Owen (27 November 2017). «The other American in Prince Harry’s family». BBC. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ «New genetic evidence that Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, is the direct descendant of an Indian woman and that he carries her mitochondrial DNA» (PDF). BritainsDNA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ «DNA tests reveal Prince William’s Indian ancestry». CNN. 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
- ^ Brown, David (14 June 2013). «Revealed: the Indian ancestry of William». The Times. p. 1.
- ^ Sinha, Kounteya (16 June 2013). «Hunt on for Prince William’s distant cousins in Surat». The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ^ Hern, Alex (14 June 2013). «Are there ethical lapses in the Times’ story on William’s ‘Indian ancestry’?». New Statesman. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
Although Eliza Kewark was indeed thought of as Armenian, it’s not particularly surprising that she would have had Indian ancestors; the Armenian diaspora had been in India for centuries at the time of her birth, and even the most insular communities tend to experience genetic mixing over in that timescale.
- ^ a b Williamson 1981a.
- ^ a b Williamson 1981b.
Bibliography
- Bradford, Sarah (2006). Diana. New York; Toronto; London: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03807-7.
- Brandreth, Gyles (2004). Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. London: Century. ISBN 0-7126-6103-4.
- Brown, Tina (2007). The Diana Chronicles. London; New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51708-9.
- Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-X.
- Morton, Andrew (1997) [1992]. Diana: Her True Story – In Her Own Words. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85080-X.
- Smith, Sally Bedell (2000) [1999]. Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20108-9.
- Williamson, D. (1981a). «The Ancestry of Lady Diana Spencer». Genealogist’s Magazine. 20 (6): 192–199.
- Williamson, D. (1981b). «The Ancestry of Lady Diana Spencer». Genealogist’s Magazine. 20 (8): 281–282.
Further reading
- Anderson, Christopher (2001). Diana’s Boys: William and Harry and the Mother they Loved (1st ed.). United States: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-17204-6.
- Bedell Smith, Sally (1999). Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-3030-4.
- Brennan, Kristine (1998). Diana, Princess of Wales. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. ISBN 0-7910-4714-8.
- Burrell, Paul (2003). A Royal Duty. United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-00-725263-3.
- Burrell, Paul (2007). The Way We Were: Remembering Diana. United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-06-113895-9.
- Campbell, Lady Colin (1992). Diana in Private: The Princess Nobody Knows. London: St Martins Pr. ISBN 978-0-3120-8180-5.
- Caradec’h, Jean-Michel (2006). Diana. L’enquête criminelle (in French). Neuilly-sur-Seine: Michel Lafon. ISBN 978-2-7499-0479-5.
- Corby, Tom (1997). Diana, Princess of Wales: A Tribute. United States: Benford Books. ISBN 978-1-56649-599-8.
- Coward, Rosalind (2004). Diana: The Portrait. United Kingdom (other publishers worldwide): HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-718203-1.
- Davies, Jude (2001). Diana, A Cultural History: Gender, Race, Nation, and the People’s Princess. Houndmills, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-73688-5. OCLC 46565010.
- Denney, Colleen (2005). Representing Diana, Princess of Wales: Cultural Memory and Fairy Tales Revisited. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-4023-0. OCLC 56490960.
- Edwards, Anne (2001). Ever After: Diana and the Life She Led. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 978-0-312-25314-1. OCLC 43867312.
- Frum, David (2000). How We Got bare: The ’70s. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- Mattern, Joanne (2006). Princess Diana. DK Biography. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-756-61614-4.
- Morton, Andrew (2004). Diana: In Pursuit of Love. United States: Michael O’Mara Books. ISBN 978-1-84317-084-6.
- Rees-Jones, Trevor (2000). The Bodyguard’s Story: Diana, the Crash, and the Sole Survivor. United States: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-85508-2.
- Steinberg, Deborah Lynn (1999). Mourning Diana: Nation, Culture and the Performance of Grief. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19393-1.
- Taylor, John A. (2000). Diana, Self-Interest, and British National Identity. Westport, CN: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96826-X. OCLC 42935749.
- Thomas, James (2002). Diana’s Mourning: A People’s History. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1753-7. OCLC 50099981.
- Turnock, Robert (2000). Interpreting Diana: Television Audiences and the Death of a Princess. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 0-85170-788-2. OCLC 43819614.
External links
- Diana, Princess of Wales at the official website of the Royal Family
- Portraits of Diana, Princess of Wales at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Coroner’s Inquests into the deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales and Mr Dodi Al Fayed at National Archives
- BBC mini-site Diana One Year On pictures of Diana, Panorama interview video extracts, coverage of the funeral, how the UK newspapers reported her death
- Diana, Princess of Wales at IMDb
- FBI Records: The Vault – Diana, Princess of Wales at fbi.gov
- Appearances on C-SPAN
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Перевод «Леди Диана» на английский
Леди Диана погибла в автокатастрофе в 1997 году, и она также родилась в день инь дерево козы.
Lady Diana died in car accident in 1997 and she is also born on day of yin wood goat.
1981 год, 24 февраля — было официально объявлено, что Леди Диана выходит замуж за принца Уэльского.
On 24 February 1981 it was officially announced that Lady Diana was to marry The Prince of Wales.
Леди Диана была тепло встречена королевой, герцогом Эдинбургским и королевой-матерью.
Lady Diana was well received by the Queen, the Queen Mother and the Duke of Edinburgh.
Обручённая всего в девятнадцать лет, Леди Диана Спенсер вышла замуж за наследника престола в 1981 году, но их «вынужденный» брак распался, поскольку обе стороны были увлечены романами на стороне и другими, более важными делами, нежели семья.
Engaged at just 19, Lady Diana Spencer married the heir to the throne in 1981, but their «pressured» marriage fell apart as both parties engaged in affairs.
И это та причина, по которой Леди Диана и Мадонна, две, вероятно наиболее влиятельные женщины современности, носят Версаче.
That’s why Lady Diana and Madonna — two of the most important women of the moment — wear Versace and I think I’m satisfied by this.
Отель сделал заголовки в ночь на 31 августа 1997 года, когда его сын Доди и принцесса Леди Диана уехали отсюда, прежде чем умереть в тоннеле Альма.
The hotel made the headlines on the night of the 31st August 1997 when his son Dodi and Princess Lady Diana left from here before dying in the Alma Tunnel.
Леди Диана отправилась в ранее запланированный отпуск в Австралии
Lady Diana left for a previously-planned vacation in Australia
Свадебное платье Леди Диана надела на свадьбу с Чарльзом, принцем Уэльским в 1981 году.
The wedding dress was worn by Lady Diana at her wedding to Charles, Prince of Wales in 1981.
Леди Диана была отправлена в школу-интернат, и в конечном итоге оказалась в Вест-Хитской школе в графстве Кент.
Lady Diana was sent to boarding school, eventually attending West Heath Public School in Kent.
Также принц Чарльз Уэльский и его первая жена, Леди Диана Спенсер, провели ночь своего медового месяца в 1981 году.
In turn, Prince Charles and his first wife, Lady Diana Spencer, spent their honeymoon night there in 1981.
Урожденная Леди Диана Спенсер (ее семья из британского дворянства с королевской родословной), она стала принцессой, когда вышла замуж за принца Чарльза в 1981 году.
She was born Lady Diana Spencer (her family had British nobility with royal ancestry), and became a princess when she married Prince Charles in 1981.
Мама принцев Уильяма и Гарри, Леди Диана Спенсер, навсегда останется в памяти британского народа в ранге «королева сердец».
Prince William and Prince Harry’s mother, Lady Diana Spencer, has will be preserved eternally in the minds and hearts of the British people.
Леди Диана провела ранние годы в тесном контакте с детьми Георга II и Каролины Бранденбург-Ансбахской, несмотря на первоначально отчуждённые отношения между бабушкой Дианы и семьёй короля.
Lady Diana spent her early years in close contact with the children of King George II despite the initially aloof relationship between her grandmother and his family.
Леди Диана прибыла в Glass Coach — самой известной королевской карете — и была одета в знаменитое платье из шелка и тафты цвета слоновой кости.
Lady Diana arrived in the Glass Coach, one of the royal family’s most famous state carriages, and emerged wearing the now iconic ivory silk taffeta dress.
Леди Диана — первая жена принца Чарльза, принцесса Уэльская, сыграла огромную роль в жизни Великобритании конца ХХ века…
Lady Diana, the first wife of Prince Charles, Princess of Wales, played a huge role in the life of Great Britain at the end of the 20th century.
Леди Диана Спенсер летом 1980 года находилась в Шотландии, где помогала своей сестре Джейн с уходом за новорожденной дочерью Лаурой.
Lady Diana Spencer came up to Scotland in the summer of 1980 to help with her sister’s newborn daughter, Laura Jane and, during that time, was allegedly courted by the Prince of Wales.
Событие будет крупнейшей королевской свадьбой в Британии с тех пор, как поженились родители принца Уильяма, Принц Чарльз и Леди Диана Спенсер в 1981 году.
The event will be Britain’s biggest royal wedding since William’s parents, Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, married in 1981.
Леди Диана Спенсер, будущая Принцесса Уэльса, была дочерью графа Спенсера и выросла в семейном поместье в Сандрингеме.
Lady Diana Spencer, the future Princess of Wales, was the daughter of Earl Spencer, and grew up on the family estate in Sandringham.
Точно так же, когда Леди Диана Спенсер вышла замуж за принца Уэльского — принца Чарльза, она стала принцессой Уэльской.
Similarly, when Lady Diana Spencer married the Prince of Wales-Prince Charles-she became the Princess of Wales.
За это время прошли годы, и, когда леди Диана выходила замуж, ей было 20 лет.
We’ve seen in the past, Lady Diana, for example, she was only 20 years old when she got married.
Результатов: 78. Точных совпадений: 78. Затраченное время: 72 мс
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Princess Diana Biography
Diana Frances Spencer was born in Norfolk, England on July 1, 1961. She was born into a high ranking and important British family. Her father was a Viscount. Her mother came from a family with strong ties to the royal family and Queen Elizabeth II.
She had two older sisters Sarah and Jane and a younger brother Charles.
At school Diana excelled in athletics, music, and art. She did not enjoy math and science. One of her favorite things to do was to work with the elderly and the disabled. She loved to help others.
When she met her future husband, Charles, Diana was working as a part time assistant in a nursery school in London. In 1981, Diana married Prince Charles. Diana was now the Princess of Wales. However, her life was not the fairytale she imagined. The press continued to follow her around whenever she was in public.
Diana gave birth to a son on June 21, 1982. His name was William Arthur Philip Louis. Two years later, Diana had another son, Henry, who was called Prince Harry.
She would often visit sick children or battered women. She spoke for groups such as the Red Cross and AIDS foundations. One of her major efforts was to outlaw the use of landmines in battle.
In the mid 1980s, strains started to appear in the marriage, leading to a divorce in 1992. In the settlement, Diana was given $28 million, plus $600,000 per year but she was to give up the title, «Her Royal Highness.»
On 31 August 1997, Diana was involved in a car accident in the Pont de l’Alma road tunnel in Paris. She died on the operating table at the hospital aged 36. Her tragic death shocked the world.
The death of Diana had a profound impact on the British public and those in other countries. Over 1 million bouquets of flowers were laid at Buckingham Palace. Her funeral was watched by countless millions around the world.
She is buried on an island at her family estate, Althorp.
In order to maintain privacy, Diana was buried on an island on her family estate, which does not permit visitors. There are 36 oak trees leading to the lake, one for each of her 36 years.
Her nickname was Lady Di, but she did not like people to call her «Di» , «Lady Di», «Shy Di», or «Princess Di.»
Diana, Princess of Wales was an iconic figure of the late 20th Century. She epitomised feminine beauty and kindness.
Перевод
Диана Фрэнсис Спенсер родилась 1-го июля 1961 года в Норфолке, Англия. Она родилась в очень высокопоставленной и влиятельной британской семье. Ее отец был виконтом. Ее мать происходила из семьи, имеющей прочные связи с королевской семьей и королевой Елизаветой II.
У нее были две старшие сестры Сара и Джейн, и младший брат Чарльз.
В школе Диана преуспела в легкой атлетике, музыке и искусстве. Ей не нравились математика и науки. Одним из ее любимых занятий было работать с пожилыми людьми и инвалидами. Она любила помогать другим.
Когда она встретила своего будущего мужа Чарльза, Диана работала ассистентом в детском саду в Лондоне. В 1981 году Диана вышла замуж за принца Чарльза. Диана была теперь принцессой Уэльской. Однако ее жизнь не была той сказкой, которую она себе представляла. Пресса продолжала следить за ней, когда она была на публике.
Диана родила сына 21 июня 1982 года. Его назвали Уильям Артур Филипп Луи. Два года спустя у Дианы появился еще один сын, Генри, которого звали принц Гарри.
Она часто посещала больных детей или больных женщин. Она выступала за такие группы, как Красный Крест и фонды по СПИДу. Одним из ее основных усилий было запретить использование наземных мин в бою.
В середине 1980-х годов в браке начали появляться напряженные отношения, что привело к разводу в 1992 году. В бракоразводной записи указывалось о том, что Диане давали 28 миллионов долларов плюс 600 000 долларов в год, но она должна была отказаться титул «Ее Королевское Высочество».
31 августа 1997 года Диана попала в автомобильную аварию в автомобильном туннеле Пон-де-Альма в Париже. Она умерла в возрасте 36 лет в больнице на операционном столе. Ее трагическая смерть потрясла мир.
Смерть Дианы оказала глубокое влияние на британскую публику и других стран. Более 1 миллиона букетов цветов было возложено в Букингемском дворце. За ее похоронами наблюдали бесчисленные миллионы людей по всему миру.
Она похоронена на острове в ее семейном имении Альторп.
Чтобы сохранить конфиденциальность, Диана была похоронена на острове в своем семейном поместье, куда не допускаются посетители. К озеру ведут 36 дубов, каждому дубу 36 лет.
Ее звали Леди Ди, но ей не нравилось, когда люди называли ее «Ди», «Леди Ди», «Застенчивая Ди» или «Принцесса Ди».
Диана, принцесса Уэльская, была культовой фигурой конца 20-го века. Она олицетворяла женскую красоту и доброту.
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Lady Diana Frances Spencer, (July 1, 1961–August 31, 1997) was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales. From her marriage in 1981 to her divorce in 1996, she was called “Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales”. After her divorce from the Prince of Wales in 1996, Diana ceased to be the Princess of Wales and also lost the resulting Royal Highness style.
After her divorce, officially, she was called Diana, Princess of Wales.
Diana was often called Princess Diana by the media and the public, but she did not possess such a title and was not personally a princess, a point Diana herself made to people who referred to her as such. Contrary to belief, being Princess of Wales does not make one a princess in one’s own right. It merely indicates that one was married to a Prince of Wales.
An iconic presence on the world stage, Diana, Princess of Wales was noted for her pioneering charity work. Yet her philanthropic endeavours were sometimes overshadowed by her difficult marriage to Prince Charles. In the 1990s she made many public revelations about the difficult marriage – her affairs and Prince Charles’ affair with Camilla Parker-Bowles. 
From the time of her engagement to the Prince of Wales in 1981 until her death in a car accident in 1997, the Princess was arguably the most famous woman in the world, the pre-eminent female celebrity of her generation: a fashion icon, an image of feminine beauty, admired and emulated for her high-profile involvement in AIDS issues, and the international campaign against landmines. During her lifetime, she was often referred to as the most photographed person in the world.
Early years of Princess Diana
See: Childhood photos
Diana Frances Spencer was born as the youngest daughter of Edward Spencer, Viscount Althorp, and his first wife, Frances Spencer, at Park House on the Sandringham estate. On the death of her paternal grandfather, Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer, in 1975, Diana’s father became the 8th Earl Spencer, and she acquired the courtesy title of The Lady Diana Spencer and moved from her childhood home at Park House to her family’s sixteenth-century ancestral home of Althorp. A year later, Lord Spencer married Raine, Countess of Dartmouth, the only daughter of the romance novelist Barbara Cartland, after being named as the “other party” in the Earl and Countess of Dartmouth’s divorce.
Diana was educated at Riddlesworth Hall in Norfolk and at West Heath Girls’ School (later reorganized as the New School at West Heath, a special school for boys and girls) in Sevenoaks, Kent, where she was regarded as an academically below-average student, having failed all of her O-level examinations. In 1977, aged 16, she left West Heath and briefly attended Institut Alpin Videmanette, a finishing school in Rougemont, Switzerland (Diana’s future husband was also dating her sister, Lady Sarah at that time). Diana was a talented amateur singer, excelled in sports and reportedly longed to be a ballerina.
Diana’s family, the Spencers, had been close to the British Royal Family for decades. Her maternal grandmother, Ruth, Lady Fermoy, was a longtime friend of, and a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother.
The Prince’s love life had always been the subject of press speculation, and he was linked to numerous women. Nearing his mid-thirties, he was under increasing pressure to marry. In order to gain the approval of his family and their advisors, including his great-uncle Lord Mountbatten of Burma, any potential bride had to have an aristocratic background, could not have been previously married, should be Protestant and, preferably, a virgin. Diana fulfilled all of these qualifications.
Reportedly, the Prince’s former girlfriend (and, eventually, his second wife) Camilla Parker Bowles helped him select the 19-year-old Lady Diana Spencer as a potential bride, who was working as an assistant at the Young England kindergarten in Pimlico. It was at this kindergarten school that the famous iconic snap of a 19-year-old Lady Diana Spencer was taken by John Minihan with the morning sun to her back, her legs in silhouette through her skirt.
Buckingham Palace announced the engagement on 24 February 1981. Mrs Parker Bowles had been dismissed by Lord Mountbatten of Burma as a potential spouse for the heir to throne some years before, reportedly due to her age (16 months the Prince’s senior), her sexual experience, and her lack of suitably aristocratic lineage.
Wedding of Prince Charles and Princess Diana
The wedding took place at St Paul’s Cathedral in London on Wednesday 29 July 1981 before 3,500 invited guests (including Mrs Parker Bowles and her husband, a godson of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother) and an estimated 1 billion television viewers around the world.
Diana was the first Englishwoman to marry the heir to the throne since 1659 when Lady Anne Hyde married the Duke of York and Albany, the future King James II (although, unlike Charles, James was heir presumptive and not the heir apparent). Upon her marriage, Diana became Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales and was ranked as the third most senior royal woman in the United Kingdom after the Queen and the Queen Mother.
The Prince and Princess of Wales had two children, Prince William of Wales on 21 June 1982 and Prince Henry of Wales (commonly called Prince Harry) on 15 September 1984.
Princess Diana – Break up of Marriage with Prince Charles
In the mid-1980s her marriage fell apart, an event at first suppressed, but then sensationalised, by the world media. Both the Prince and Princess of Wales allegedly spoke to the press through friends, accusing each other of the blame for the marriage’s demise. Charles resumed his relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles, whilst Diana became involved with James Hewitt and possibly later with James Gilbey, with whom she was involved in the so-called Squidgygate affair. She later confirmed (in a television interview with Martin Bashir) the affair with her riding instructor, James Hewitt. Another alleged lover was a bodyguard assigned to the Princess’s security detail, although the Princess adamantly denied a sexual relationship with him. After her separation from Prince Charles, Diana was allegedly involved with married art dealer Oliver Hoare and rugby player Will Carling. She did publicly date heart surgeon Hasnat Khan before becoming involved with Dodi Fayed.
The Prince and Princess of Wales were separated on 9 December 1992; their divorce was finalised on 28 August 1996. The Princess lost the style Her Royal Highness and instead was styled as Diana, Princess of Wales. However, since the divorce, Buckingham Palace has maintained that Diana was officially a member of the Royal Family since she was the mother of the second and third in line to the throne.
Princess Diana Charity work
Starting in the mid-to-late 1980s, the Princess of Wales became well known for her support of charity projects, and is credited with considerable influence for her campaigns against the use of landmines and helping the victims of AIDS.
In April 1987, the Princess of Wales was the first high-profile celebrity to be photographed knowingly touching a person infected with the HIV virus. Her contribution to changing the public opinion of AIDS sufferers was summarised in December 2001 by Bill Clinton at the ‘Diana, Princess of Wales Lecture on AIDS’, when he said:
“In 1987, when so many still believed that AIDS could be contracted through casual contact, Princess Diana sat on the sickbed of a man with AIDS and held his hand. She showed the world that people with AIDS deserve no isolation, but compassion and kindness. It helped change world opinion, and gave hope to people with AIDS with an outcome of saved lives of people at risk.“
Princess Diana also made clandestine visits to show kindness to terminally ill AIDS patients. According to nurses, she would turn up unannounced, for example, at the Mildmay Hospice in London, with specific instructions that these visits were to be concealed from the media.
Princess Diana and Landmines Campaign
Perhaps her most widely publicised charity appearance was her visit to Angola in January 1997, when, serving as an International Red Cross VIP volunteer [1], she visited landmine survivors in hospitals, toured de-mining projects run by the HALO Trust, and attended mine awareness education classes about the dangers of mines immediately surrounding homes and villages.
The pictures of Diana touring a minefield, in a ballistic helmet and flak jacket, were seen worldwide. (In fact, mine-clearance experts had already cleared the pre-planned walk that Diana took wearing the protective equipment.) In August that year, she visited Bosnia with the Landmine Survivors Network. Her interest in landmines was focused on the injuries they create, often to children, long after the conflict has finished.
She is widely acclaimed for her influence on the signing by the governments of the UK and other nations of the Ottawa Treaty in December 1997, after her death, which created an international ban on the use of anti-personnel landmines. Introducing the Second Reading of the Landmines Bill 1998 to the British House of Commons, the Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, paid tribute to Diana’s work on landmines:
“All Honourable Members will be aware from their postbags of the immense contribution made by Diana, Princess of Wales to bringing home to many of our constituents the human costs of landmines. The best way in which to record our appreciation of her work, and the work of NGOs that have campaigned against landmines, is to pass the Bill, and to pave the way towards a global ban on landmines.“
As of January 2005, Diana’s legacy on landmines remained unfulfilled. The United Nations appealed to the nations which produced and stockpiled the largest numbers of landmines (China, India, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia and the United States) to sign the Ottawa Treaty forbidding their production and use, for which Diana had campaigned. Carol Bellamy, Executive Director of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), said that landmines remained “a deadly attraction for children, whose innate curiosity and need for play often lure them directly into harm’s way”.
Death of Princess Diana
On 31 August 1997, Diana was involved in a car accident in the Pont de l’Alma road tunnel in Paris, along with her friend and lover Dodi Al-Fayed, and their driver Henri Paul. Fayed’s bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones is the only person who survived the wreckage. The death of the Princess has been widely blamed on reporters who were reportedly hounding the Princess and were following the vehicle at a high speed. Ever since the word paparazzi has been associated with the death of the Princess.
Citation: Tejvan Pettinger, Oxford, UK. www.Biography Online Published 01/06/2006. Updated 22 Feb 2018.
Diana: Princess of Wales by Mario Testino
Diana: Princess of Wales by Mario Testino at Amazon.
Princess Diana: Her Life Story, 1961-1997
Princess Diana: Her Life Story, 1961-1997 at Amazon
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Quick Facts
British Celebrities Born In July
Also Known As: Diana Frances Spencer
Died At Age: 36
Family:
Spouse/Ex-: Charles Prince of Wales (m. 1981), div. 1996)
father: John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer
mother: The Honourable Frances Shand Kydd
siblings: 9th Earl Spencer, Baroness Fellowes, Charles Spencer, Jane Fellowes, Lady Sarah McCorquodale, The Hon. John Spencer
children: Harry, Princes William
Born Country: England
Philanthropists
Philanthropists
Height: 1.78 m
Died on: August 31, 1997
place of death: Paris, France
Notable Alumni: Riddlesworth Hall School, Institut Alpin Videmanette
Cause of Death: Car Accident
City: Norfolk, England
More Facts
education: Institut Alpin Videmanette, Riddlesworth Hall School
Childhood & Early Life
Born on July 1, 1961, to an aristocratic British family with royal ancestry, Princess Diana, as we know her today, was the fourth of five children of Edward John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, and Frances Ruth Burke Roche Viscountess Althorp. Christened Diana Frances, she was the third daughter for the Spencer couple, who were anticipating a son when Diana was born.
Diana had an infant brother John, who died only a year before she was born. The lack of an ‘heir’ strained the relationship between Diana’s parents so much so that the couple filed for a divorce.
Much of young Spencers’ former years were spent in Park House, at the Sandringham estate. Following the divorce, Diana started living with her mother until Lord Althorp gained custody of Diana and her siblings.
As far as her education is concerned, Diana was enrolled at the Riddlesworth Hall near Diss, Norfolk, post which she took admission at the boarding school, The New School at West Heath, in Sevenoaks, Kent. Diana was academically poor, and it is said that she failed to clear all of her O-levels twice.
Since a young age, Diana was no stranger to the British royal family. She was friends with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, whom she played with as a child.
As a growing young teenager, Diana was shy and introvert, but shared a fondness for music and dancing. She excelled at swimming and diving and was a trained ballerina dancer as well. Though she eyed to be a professional ballerina, she became too tall for the profession. Diana had a profound interest in community service.
Meanwhile, the death of her grandfather led to her father inheriting the title Earl Spencer on June 9, 1975, and she being known to the world as ‘Lady Diana’.
Interestingly, it was during this time that she developed keenness and liking for children. She had a soft spot for them, an attachment which became an important part of her personality and living for the rest of her life.
Diana attended the Institut Alpin Videmanette, a finishing school, in Switzerland after which she relocated to London. It was during her years in Switzerland that Diana first met Charles, who was romantically involved with her elder sister, Sarah.
In London, Diana stayed at her mother’s flat for some time until she was gifted an apartment, at Coleherne Court in Earls Court, on her 18th birthday, which she shared with three flatmates.
Diana took up various odd jobs during her years at London. At first, she took up a post as a dance instructor for budding youngsters at an academy. However, an unfortunate skiing accident and three months of rest period brought an end to it. Her affection and keenness towards children landed her with a job as a nursery assistant at the Young England School.
Diana also did some cleaning work for her sister, Sarah and several of her friends and even worked as a hostess at parties. For some extra bucks, she even served as a nanny for an American family living in London.
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Royal Duties & Responsibilities
Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales resumed the responsibilities that came with the title soon after her marriage to Prince Charles. She accompanied him on a three day visit to Wales in October 1981, which was her first tour, following which she accompanied the Prince of Wales to Netherlands.
In 1983, post the birth of Prince William, she accompanied Prince of Wales on a tour to Australia and New Zealand where the two met with the local Australian natives. This was officially the first tour of infant Prince William and the Royal couple recently turned parents.
Thereafter, Diana accompanied Prince Charles on a number of visits to numerous countries including Canada, Italy and United States, the latter being her first overseas trip. During her visit to the United States, the royal couple met President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan at the White House.
Diana accompanied Prince Charles on his tour to Japan, Spain, Indonesia and Canada. What’s more, she even convoyed him to Portugal, Germany, France, United Arab States, Nigeria, Cameroon, Brazil, Hungary, India and South Korea.
While their tour to Portugal coincided with the anniversary of the Treaty of Windsor which bounded Britain and Portugal in perpetual friendship, in Germany and France, the royal couple attended the Cannes Film festival. They were invited for the enthronement of Emperor Akihito of Japan in 1990. Following year, they were invited to Canada to present replica of Queen Victoria’s Royal Charter to Queen’s University on its 150th anniversary.
Apart from travelling along with Prince Charles, Princess of Wales undertook solo tours as well, her first being in the year 1984 to Norway.
Her other solo tours include a trip to Pakistan, Egypt, Japan, Venice, Argentina, Switzerland, Belgium, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Nepal. Post separation from Prince Charles, Diana did not lead a life of isolation and continued to appear with the other members of the Royal Family on major national occasions, such as the commemorations of the 50th anniversary of VE (Victory in Europe Day) and VJ (Victory over Japan Day) in 1995.
Her last official visit was on July 21, 1997 when she visited the children’s accident and emergency unit at Park Hospital, London.
Act of Benevolence
Ever since her appointment as Her Royal Highness Princess of Wales, Diana’s already compassionate nature and temperament surfaced a little more, as she took active part in charitable events and was closely associated with numerous charities.
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She made regular public appearance, touring hospitals, schools, and other facilities. Unlike other people of the royal lineage, Diana took interest in working towards helping people suffering from serious illnesses and health-related matters, including AIDS and leprosy. In addition to this, she worked for the homeless, youth, drug addicts, and the elderly.
At the time of her marriage with Prince of Wales, she had been involved with more than 100 charities. She was elected as the President of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and President of the British marital advice organisations.
After her divorce with Prince Charles, she paid close attention to only six charities and withdrew her name from the rest. The charities in which she retained her patronage include Centrepoint (homeless charity), English National Ballet, Leprosy Mission and National AIDS Trust, and as President of the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street and of the Royal Marsden Hospital.
She was an active supporter of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines and was influential in signing of the Ottawa Treaty. The campaign won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997, a few months after her death.
Awards & Achievements
She was listed among the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century by the TIME’s magazine in 1999.
In 2002, in a poll conducted by BBC, she was voted 3rd in the 100 Greatest Britons, outranking The Queen and other British monarchs
Marriage
Though Prince Charles, Prince of Wales was courting Sarah, Diana’s elder sister, the relationship did not materialize any further than that. It was during the summer of 1980, that he showed some serious interest in Lady Diana.
Just an acquaintance before, Lady Diana soon filled up the shoes of her sister by being the potential bride for Prince Charles. The two spent quality time together. Interestingly, Diana was well received by the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother as well.
After several months of courtship period, Prince Charles popped out the ultimate question on February 6, 1981 which met with a positive response from Lady Diana. A formal announcement of the engagement was made on February 24, 1981, which was followed by a grand and majestic wedding ceremony on July 29, 1981.
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Billed as the ‘wedding of the century’, the two walked up to the altar at St Paul’s Cathedral to take their vows as man and wife. The ceremony was broadcasted on television around the world with millions of audience who watched as the two seemingly odd couple tied their royal nuptial knot.
Post wedding, Lady Diana acquired the title Princess of Wales, which automatically made her the third highest female in the United Kingdom Order of Precedence, after Queen Elizabeth and Queen the Mother.
Prince and Princess of Wales were blessed with their first offspring, a son on June 21, 1982 in the private Lindo Wing of St Mary’s Hospital in Paddington, London. Christened as William Arthur Philip Louis, he was the couple’s first child and heir of the royal lineage.
Two years later, the royal couple experienced the happiness of being a parent again as their second son, Henry Charles Albert David, was born on September 15, 1984.
Divorce
After much media hype and sensationalism, the fairy-tale marriage of the two broke apart, with each blaming the other on grounds of adultery as the primary reason for the break-up. While Prince of Wales was linked to his former flame Camilla Parker-Bowles, Princess of Wales shared more than a cordial relationship with James Hewitt and James Gilbey.
Sensational journalism rose to a peak as both exchanged derogatory remarks for each other during interviews and conferences. Also, there were numerous books released during this time which gave the author’s own version of the story so far of the Prince and the Princess. Private letters, tapes and phone conversations were broadcasted and published by news channels and publishers alike.
To curb down the melodrama, the Queen had send letters to the Prince and Princess of Wales advising them to divorce on December 20, 1995, which was finalized on August 28, 1996.
Lady Diana received a lump sum settlement of around 17 million along with a clause standard in royal divorces preventing her from discussing the details. Though her title of Her Royal Highness was extracted from her, she nevertheless retained the title style, Diana, Princess of Wales. Since she was the mother of the next-to-be in line to the throne, she enjoyed the same royal privileges that she received during her marriage. Also, she was a member of the Royal family.
After Divorce
Post separation, Diana, Princess of Wales, started living in her apartment which she had shared with Prince of Wales since the first year of marriage. During this time, Diana shared a romantic relationship with Hasnat Khan, a heart surgeon by profession. It was billed as the ‘love of her life’ by many close friends and relatives.
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The two were steady in to the relationship and kept it going for about two years. Though she was mum about her affair and worked hard to keep it a secret, press and media already had some brief information about it. Though they questioned her on numerous occasions, each time she lied to them. The relationship was going very well until the two ended it in June 1997.
Following month, Diana started dating Dodi Fayed, son of Mohamed Al-Fayed. The two spent a great deal of time together on holidays.
Death & Thereafter
On August 31, 1997, Diana who was accompanying Dodi Fayed in his car, suffered from a fatal incident that led to the car crash and her eventual death. Diana, Dodi Fayed and Henri Paul, the driver had died, the lone survivor being Trevor Rees-Jones, bodyguard of the two.
Though Fayed’s father accused MI6 and the Duke of Edinburgh to be involved in the ‘accidental’ car crash which he believed was ‘well-planned’, the court overruled his claim and gave a verdict which stated that negligent driving by driver Henri Paul and chasing the paparazzi were two reasons which led to the unfortunate accident and untimely death of Diana, Princess of Wales and Dodi Fayed.
The sudden death was mourned by the Royal family and the public alike. Queen Elizabeth II paid tribute to once Her Royal Highness the Princess of Diana on September 5, 1997. Following day, her funeral took place at Westminster Abbey. Her sons, William and Harry, walked in the funeral procession and were accompanied by their father, Prince of Wales, Duke of Edinburgh and Charles Spencer, Diana’s brother. She was buried at her family’s estate in Althorp.
The world mourned the death of the ‘People’s Princess’, as Diana was fondly known as. Numerous places in the world turned into memorials of Diana where people paid their tribute.
Posthumously, Diana has been kept alive in the contemporary art by many artists and artisans. While Tracey Emin created a number of monoprint drawings about Diana and her public and private life, Martin Sastre came up with a film at the Venice Biennial titles, ‘Diana: The Rose Conspiracy’. She was then featured as the subject in Stella Vine’s first major solo exhibition at Modern Art Oxford gallery.
On the tenth death anniversary of Diana, her two sons, Prince William and Prince Harry honoured their mother with a special concert held on what would have been her 46th birthday. The proceeds of the event went to the charities supported by Diana and her sons.
Her benevolent nature and keenness for humanitarian work was recognized after her death as well, which was prominent from the establishment of Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund. The fund grants helps and support to numerous organizations.
Trivia
During her marriage to Prince Charles, she accidentally reversed the order of Charles’s first two names, saying ‘Philip Charles’ Arthur George instead of Charles Philip Arthur George. Also, at the altar, she did not say the vow that demanded her to ‘obey’ him, a traditional vow which was left out at the couple’s request.
After marriage, her full title stood as Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales and Countess of Chester, Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay
She is often referred to as ‘People’s Princess’. She is also known by nicknames, ‘Princess Di’, and ‘Lady of Hearts’.
She had appeared on the cover of People Weekly magazine a record-breaking 81 times. The ‘Goodbye Diana’ issue racked up sales of almost $3m making the issue the magazine’s best-seller in its existence.
Диа́на, принцесса Уэльская (англ. Diana Princess of Wales[1]), урождённая Леди Диана Спенсер (англ. Lady Diana Spencer, 1 июля 1961, Сандрингем, Норфолк — 31 августа 1997, Париж) — с 1981 по 1996 первая жена принца Уэльского Чарльза, наследника британского престола. Широко известна как принцесса Диана[2], леди Диана или леди Ди.
Содержание
- 1 Семейная жизнь
- 2 Общественная роль
- 3 Гибель
- 4 В культуре
- 5 Примечания
- 6 Ссылки
Семейная жизнь
Принцесса Диана на почтовой марке Азербайджана, 1998 год
Дочь графа Спенсера, представителя ветви того же семейства Спенсер-Черчиллей, что и герцог Мальборо и Уинстон Черчилль. Познакомилась с принцем во время благотворительного мероприятия, вышла замуж за него в 1981; к свадьбе было приковано большое внимание публики и СМИ. В 1982 и 1984 родились сыновья Дианы и Чарльза, принцы Уильям и Гарри (Генри) Уэльские, которые являются следующими в очереди наследования британской короны после своего отца. К середине 1980-х годов отношения между супругами расстроились, в частности, из-за продолжавшихся после брака отношений Чарльза с Камиллой Паркер Боулз (впоследствии, после гибели Дианы, ставшей его второй женой). Брак распался в 1992, после чего супруги жили раздельно, и завершился разводом в 1996, за год до смерти Дианы.
Общественная роль
Диана активно занималась благотворительной и миротворческой деятельностью (в частности, была активистом движения за прекращение производства противопехотных мин и борьбы со СПИДом). Была одной из самых популярных в мире женщин своего времени. В Великобритании всегда считалась самым популярным членом королевской семьи, её называли Queen of Hearts («королевой сердец» или «дамой червей»). В период её бракоразводного процесса с принцем Чарльзом симпатии общественного мнения были преимущественно на её стороне.
Гибель
Диана погибла в Париже в автомобильной катастрофе вместе с Доди аль-Файедом; аль-Файед и водитель Анри Поль умерли на месте, Диана, доставленная с места происшествия (в туннеле под площадью Альма на набережной Сены) в больницу Сальпетриер, скончалась через два часа. Причина аварии не вполне ясна, существует ряд версий (алкогольное опьянение водителя, необходимость уходить на скорости от преследований папарацци, а также различные теории заговора). Единственный выживший пассажир «Мерседеса», телохранитель Тревор Рис-Джонс, получил тяжёлые увечья (его лицо пришлось восстанавливать хирургам) и не помнит событий.
14 декабря 2006 был представлен доклад экс-комиссара Скотланд-Ярда лорда Джона Стивенса, который заявил, что «не существовало никакого заговора с целью убийства тех, кто находился в ту ночь в машине. Это был трагический несчастный случай». Британское расследование подтвердило выводы, согласно которым в крови водителя автомобиля Анри Поля количество алкоголя было превышено более чем в два раза, чем это допустимо по закону во Франции. Кроме того, скорость машины превышала допустимую в данном месте в два раза. Лорд Стивенс отметил, что пассажиры (включая Диану) не были пристегнуты ремнями безопасности.
В культуре
О Диане написано много книг на разных языках. С воспоминаниями выступили практически все её друзья и близкие сотрудники; имеется несколько документальных и даже игровых фильмов. Существуют как фанатичные поклонники памяти принцессы, настаивающие даже на её святости (Г. Кузнецов в журнале «Компьютерра» возмущался тем, что празднование 850-летия Москвы проходило в день похорон Дианы), так и острые критики её личности и возникшего вокруг неё поп-культа.
Примечания
- ↑ После развода в 1996 Диана перестала быть Её Королевским Высочеством и принцессой Уэльской, однако королева Елизавета II своим указом тут же вновь присвоила своей бывшей невестке титул принцессы Уэльской и Высочества (но уже не «Королевского Высочества»), как это принято у разведённых жён пэров.
- ↑ Официально она никогда не имела такого титула, так как титул вида «принц/принцесса + имя» за редчайшими исключениями имеют лишь члены королевского дома по рождению.
Ссылки
- Диана в видео
- Г. Кузнецов. Православие, самодержавие, популярность. «Компьютерра» №37, 15 сентября 1997 г.
- diana.peoples.ru — сайт — мемориал Принцессы Уэльской. Фото, биография, статьи, материалы, родословная, альбом стихотворений.
Wikimedia Foundation.
2010.
Diana Frances Spencer, all known as Lady Di, or Princess Diana, was born in London, the city of Sandringham, July 1, 1961 in a large family with royal roots. She was the third daughter of her parents, a little later she had a younger brother. Diana’s parents divorced when she was 8 years old, and she stayed with her father. The girl was fond of ballet, drawing, various kinds of sports. In her youth she had a dream of becoming a dancer. Diana loved spending time with her children, so at the age of 16 she began to work in the kindergarten as an assistant tutor.
When Diana turned 19 she met Prince Charles, and at the age of 20 she became Princess Diana. Their marriage lasted 15 years, they had two sons. Charles and Diana traveled a lot, worked together, but their marriage was not happy, since Charles did not like his wife. Diana suffered very much and often cried about this, and to somehow distract herself, she started doing charity. The princess was a kind, attentive and sympathetic woman. She tried to help all the sick, poor and needy. Visited hospitals, boarding schools, orphanages. Provided not only financial assistance, but also listened attentively and talked with people. People fell in love with Diana.
Such famous personalities as Tom Cruise, Elton John, Michael Jackson, Sting, Barbara Streisond and many others, were her close friends. But she found the most real friends in ordinary people.
Lady Dee died in a terrible car accident on August 31 in 1997. Her death shook and shocked a large number of people. People from different parts of the world came to the funeral to honor their memory. Princess Diana forever remained in history and in the hearts of people, and was remembered by him as a bright and kind person.
Перевод
Диана Фрэнсис Спенсер, всем известная как леди Ди или принцесса Диана, родилась в Лондоне, город Сандрингем, 1 июля 1961 года в многодетной семье с королевскими корнями. Она была третьей дочерью у своих родителей, чуть позже у неё появился младший брат. Родители Дианы развелись когда ей исполнилось 8 лет, и она осталась жить с отцом. Девушка увлекалась балетом, рисованием, различными видами спорта. В юности у неё была мечта стать танцовщицей. Диана любила проводить время с детьми, поэтому в возрасте 16 лет стала работать в детском саду помощницей воспитателя.
Когда Диане исполнилось 19 лет она познакомилась с принцем Чарльзом, и уже в 20 лет стала принцессой Дианой. Их брак продлился 15 лет, у них родились двое сыновей. Чарльз и Диана много путешествовали, вместе работали, но их брак не был счастливым, так как Чарльз не любил свою супругу. Диана очень страдала и часто плакала по этому поводу, и чтобы как-то отвлечься она занялась благотворительностью. Принцесса была доброй, внимательной и отзывчивой женщиной. Она старалась помочь всем больным, бедным и нуждающимся. Посещала больницы, интернаты, детские дома. Оказывала не только финансовую помощь, но и внимательно слушала и разговаривала с людьми. Народ полюбил Диану.
Такие известные личности как Том Круз, Элтон Джон, Майкл Джексон, Стинг, Барбара Стрейзонд и многие другие, были ею близкими друзьями. Но самых настоящих друзей она нашла в простых людях.
Леди Ди погибла в ужасной автомобильной аварии 31 августа в 1997 году. Ее смерть потрялса и шокировала большое количество людей. Люди с разных концов мира приехали на ещё похороны почтить ещё память. Принцесса Диана навсегда осталась в истории и в сердцах людей, и запомнилась им как светлый и добрый человек.
Принцесса Диана — 5.0 out of
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