Как пишется moscow city

Предложения с «moscow city»

In 1892 he donated the whole collection to Moscow-city.	В 1892 году он передал всю коллекцию городу Москва.
On the square in front of Moscow city hall, there are dozens of tents decorated by greenery and trees.	На площади перед мэрией Москвы стоит десяток шатров, декорированных зеленью и деревом.
The Moscow city government’s resolution from December allows the owners of razed shops to seek compensation directly from the city on condition that all ownership rights are waived.	Декабрьское решение московского правительства разрешает владельцам снесенных магазинов требовать компенсацию непосредственно у города при условии отказа от всех имущественных прав.
On December 10, 2003 the Moscow City Court sentenced Vladimir Belov to life imprisonment and Shabanov to 20 years imprisonment.	10 декабря 2003 года Московский городской суд приговорил Владимира Белова к пожизненному заключению, а Шабанова — к 20 годам лишения свободы.
Situated in Presnensky District, located at the Third Ring, the Moscow City area is under intense development.	Расположенный в Пресненском районе, расположенном на Третьем транспортном кольце, Московский городской округ находится в интенсивном развитии.
The construction of Moscow-City takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment.	Строительство Москва — Сити происходит на Краснопресненской набережной.
Major thoroughfares through Moscow-City are the Third Ring and Kutuzovsky Prospekt.	Основные магистрали через Москву — Сити — это Третье транспортное кольцо и Кутузовский проспект.
On 21 April 2010, the Russian Supreme Court ordered the Moscow City Court to hear an appeal in an ongoing Katyn legal case.	21 апреля 2010 года Верховный Суд Российской Федерации постановил, что Московский городской суд рассмотрит апелляционную жалобу по текущему Катынскому судебному делу.
Maryina Roshcha, located outside the Moscow city limits, was inadequately policed by the country administration.	Марьина роща, расположенная за чертой Москвы, была недостаточно охраняема администрацией страны.
Lenin was also nominated from Moscow City.	Ленин тоже был выдвинут из Москвы — Сити.
On 15 December 2016, Moscow city court reduced the fine to 300 thousand rubles.	15 декабря 2016 года Мосгорсуд снизил размер штрафа до 300 тысяч рублей.
He accused protesters in igniting riots, attempting to take over Moscow City Hall and ‘forcing police to use force’.	Он обвинил протестующих в разжигании беспорядков, попытке захвата мэрии Москвы и принуждении полиции к применению силы.
The organizers tried to challenge the refusals in the Moscow City Court, but it took the side of the authorities.	Организаторы пытались оспорить отказы в Мосгорсуде, но он встал на сторону властей.
On September 8, the 2019 Moscow City Duma elections took place.	8 сентября состоялись выборы в Московскую городскую Думу 2019 года.
He has been a deputy in the Moscow City Duma since 2001.	Он был депутатом Московской городской Думы с 2001 года.
On August 15, the FBK published an investigation of Alexei Shaposhnikov’s, the chairman of the Moscow City Duma, property.	15 августа ФБК опубликовал расследование в отношении имущества председателя Мосгордумы Алексея Шапошникова.
On September 2, the FBK published an investigation of the deputy of the Moscow City Duma Lyudmila Stebenkova’s property.	2 сентября ФБК опубликовал расследование в отношении имущества депутата Мосгордумы Людмилы Стебенковой.
On September 3, the FBK published an investigation of the deputy of the Moscow City Duma Stepan Orlov’s property.	3 сентября ФБК опубликовал расследование в отношении имущества депутата Мосгордумы Степана Орлова.
On September 4, the FBK published an investigation of the deputy of the Moscow City Duma Kirill Shchitov’s property.	4 сентября ФБК опубликовал расследование в отношении имущества депутата Мосгордумы Кирилла Щитова.
Sergunina, Birukov and other Moscow City officials didn’t respond to FBK Investigations.	Сергунина, Бирюков и другие московские чиновники никак не отреагировали на расследование ФБК.
He was also a member of the Moscow City Duma, the State Council of Imperial Russia and the Octobrist Party.	Он также был членом Московской городской Думы, Государственного Совета императорской России и партии октябристов.
From 1876 Guerrier was active in the Moscow City Duma, making social welfare his special field of expertise.	С 1876 года Герье активно работал в Московской городской Думе, сделав социальное обеспечение своей особой областью деятельности.
Kutuzovsky 26, Leonid Brezhnev’s and Mikhail Suslov’s home, Moscow-City behind.	Кутузовский 26, дом Леонида Брежнева и Михаила Суслова, Москва — Сити позади.
The capital of Russia is Moscow, and it’s the biggest city in the country.	Столицей России – Москва, и она же является самым большим городом страны.
Moscow is the biggest city of Russia and its capital.	Москва является крупнейшим городом России, и её столицей.
Undoubtedly, Moscow is a very special city.	Несомненно, Москва является особенным городом.
I live in Moscow, It is the capital of Russia and the biggest city of the country.	Я живу в самом большом городе России и её столице – городе Москве.
Many people think that Moscow is noisy city but there are a lot of quiet parks and public gardens in it.	Многие считают Москву очень шумным городом, но у нас много тихих парков и скверов.
Which he buys and sells through your broker at Mercury City Tower in Moscow.	Он продаёт их и покупает через твоего московского брокера в Меркурий Сити Тауэр.
Moscow is reportedly preparing to send a new ambassador to Washington, and if history is any guide, he might end up being a great fit for the city’s new policy realities.	По сообщениям, Москва готовится отправить в Вашингтон нового посла, и, как показывает история, он может отлично вписаться в новые политические реалии этого города.
Rosneft, which cash coverage of debt at 58%, much worse than Gazprom, owes one billion euros in July and the City of Moscow has a 400 million euro payment to make in November 2016.	«Роснефть», у которой есть средства на покрытие только 58% долга, должна будет выплатить миллиард евро в июле.
Of Moscow’s 35,000 odd stray dogs, about 20 are thought to travel regularly on the city’s underground rail system.	Из более чем 35 тысяч бродячих собак Москвы предположительно около 20 регулярно ездят на городской подземке.
A three-bedroom rental in the city center is around 25% cheaper in Moscow.	Аренда трехкомнатной квартиры в Москве, в центре города, дешевлена 25%.
Moscow is home to more billionaires per capita than any other city.	В Москве на душу населения приходится больше миллиардеров, чем в любом другом городе.
The city government declared them illegal structures akin to squats, even though their owners were in possession of all the documents required by Moscow’s bloated bureaucracy.	Городская власть объявила эти постройки незаконными, сродни самовольному захвату, хотя у их владельцев были все необходимые документы, требуемые разросшейся московской бюрократией.
Moscow, also built on seven hills, was the Third Rome, after the city itself and Constantinople, ruled by their king-emperor, whose very title came from Caesar.	Построенная на семи холмах Москва была третьим Римом, взяв себе этот титул после самого Рима и Константинополя. Правил там царь — император, чей титул происходил от Цезаря.
Compared to Prague, Moscow is rather inaccessible; it still remains unusual there for a person in an electric wheelchair to be travelling around the city centre on his or her own.	По сравнению с Прагой в Москве очень много барьеров, и здесь все еще является в диковинку самостоятельное передвижение человека на электрической инвалидной коляске в центре города.
Citizens could send in suggestions for the further improvement of Moscow’s city portal or even community projects.	Они имеют возможность направлять свои предложения по улучшению функционирования московского городского портала и даже по работе коммунальных служб.
Moscow is generally not considered one of the world’s top tech hubs like San Francisco, Seattle or London, but the city has emerged to be a haven for cutting-edge technology.	Москву в целом не принято считать одним из таких крупных мировых центров в области высоких технологий, как Сан — Франциско, Сиэтл или Лондон, однако этот город постепенно превращается в привлекательное место для самых передовых технологий.
So Medvedev, with Putin’s support, is trying to create an innograd, or innovation city, a Russian version of Silicon Valley outside Moscow.	И вот теперь Медведев, при поддержке Путина, пытается создать под Москвой инноград – город инноваций – российский вариант Кремниевой долины.
Some, like Dawn, based north of Moscow in the city of Khimki, focus on preparing teenagers for service in Russia’s special forces and military intelligence.	Некоторые из них, такие как «Восход», находящийся в подмосковном городе Химки, основное внимание уделяют подготовке подростков к службе в российском спецназе и разведке.
To make Vostochny attractive to young engineers, Moscow promised a super-modern city would rise along with the launch and technical infrastructure of the space center.	Чтобы сделать Восточный привлекательным для молодых инженеров, Москва пообещала вместе с пусковой и технической инфраструктурой космического центра создать суперсовременный город.
Moscow architect Eugene Asse said the project to make the city walkable has been well-intentioned but poorly executed.	Московский архитектор Евгений Асс считает, что в основе проекта по обновлению центра Москвы лежали самые лучшие намерения, однако его реализация подкачала.
Moscow will simply cease to function as a city.	Москва просто перестанет функционировать как город.
Born in 1888 near the central Russian city of Tver, Tupolev went to college at the Moscow Imperial Technical School.	Родившийся в 1888 году неподалеку от города Твери, в центральной части России, Туполев поступил в Императорское московское техническое училище.
Moscow’s city council last year banned gay pride marches for the next 100 years.	В 2012 году мэрия Москвы запретила проведение гей — парадов на следующие 100 лет.
In Moscow, the protest culminated in over 1,000 arrests, a record for the city under President Vladimir Putin’s rule.	В Москве в ходе протестов полиция арестовала более тысячи человек, что стало рекордом для этого города за все время правления Путина.
City Hall exiled it to a fenced-in “protest area” in an outlying forest park with capacity for only 1,500 people, far from Moscow’s beautiful new streets.	Мэрия разрешила провести его на территории лесопарка, на огороженном участке вместимостью всего в 1,5 тысячи человек, расположенном очень далеко от красивых обновленных улиц центра Москвы.
Similarly, it was announced in 2015 that Russia’s 20th Army will move its headquarters from Mulino, a city east of Moscow, back to Voronezh, much closer to Ukraine.	Кроме того, в 2015 году было объявлено о том, что штаб российской 20 — й армии будет переведен из Мулино, из города к востоку от Москвы, назад в Воронеж, расположенный значительно ближе к Украине.
The price per square foot is 59.3% cheaper in the city center of Moscow than it is in Shanghai.	Цена квадратного метра в центре Москвы на 59,3% дешевле, чем в Шанхае.
The men in baggy trousers were twice driven out of the City by some irregular regiments of troops who emerged from the forests and the plains from the direction of Moscow.	Людей в шароварах в два счета выгнали из Города серые разрозненные полки, которые пришли откуда — то из — за лесов, с равнины, ведущей к Москве.
Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of Moscow Oblast, although the city itself is not a part of the oblast.	В Москве также находятся некоторые государственные органы Московской области, хотя сам город не является частью области.
Based on Forbes’ 2011 list of the world’s billionaires, Moscow is the city with the most billionaires in the world, with 79 from 115 in all of Russia.	По данным журнала Forbes за 2011 год, Москва является городом с наибольшим количеством миллиардеров в мире — 79 из 115 во всей России.
In 2018, Moscow was a host city to 12 games of the FIFA World Cup.	В 2018 году Москва принимала 12 матчей Чемпионата мира по футболу.
There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including Ruselectronics companies.	Есть и другие отрасли, расположенные непосредственно за пределами Москвы, а также микроэлектронная промышленность в Зеленограде, в том числе компании Русэлектроника.
However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place.	Однако Токио обогнал Москву как самый дорогой город в мире, поставив Москву на третье место после Осаки на втором месте.
In 2014, according to Forbes, Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world.	В 2014 году, по версии Forbes, Москва заняла 9 — е место в рейтинге самых дорогих городов мира.
Forbes ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior.	Forbes поставил Москву на 2 — е место в рейтинге самых дорогих городов прошлого года.
The architect was accused of bribery and exiled to Vyatka, an isolated city halfway between Moscow and the Ural Mountains.	Архитектора обвинили во взяточничестве и сослали в Вятку, изолированный город на полпути между Москвой и Уральскими горами.
Moscow revolted but riots there were brutally suppressed and the city was set on fire.	Москва восстала, но беспорядки там были жестоко подавлены, и город был подожжен.

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Бизнес-центр
Москва Сити

БЦ Москва Сити ПОЛЕЗНЫЕ РЕСУРСЫ

НЕДВИЖИМОСТЬ

Поиск недвижимости в ММДЦ Москва-Сити по ключевым параметрам. Предложения от собственников помещений. Жилая и коммерческая недвижимость.

СТАТИСТИКА

Подробные сведения о ММДЦ Москва-Сити на портале WIKIPEDIA для тех кто интересутеся деталями и предпочитает точные технические данные.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ

Управляющая компания “Сити” открыта для работы с Вашими потребностями: Технадзор, коммуникации, клининг, флористика, наружная реклама и др.

СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО

Данные о строящихся объектах и другие новости ММДЦ Москва-Сити на официальном портале “Комплекс градостроительной политики и строительства города Москвы”

ДОСУГ В БЦ Москва Сити ПРЕКРАСНЫЙ ВЫБОР

Смотровые площадки

Завораживающие виды, открывающиеся со смотровых площадок, оборудованных на самых высоких этажей небоскребов Москва-Сити позволят увидеть наш мегаполис с совершенно нового, незабываемого ракурса. Москва с высоты птичьего полета. Обзорные экскурсии для Москвичей и гостей Столицы.

ТЦ “Афимолл”

Торговый центр площадь более 200 тысяч м 2 в самом центре Москва-Сити, вместивший в себя огромный подземный паркинг, галерею из более чем 400 магазинов и 50 предприятий питания на любой вкус. Почувствуйте себя частью Сити, проведите свой шоппинг в ТЦ “Афимолл”.

Рестораны

Рестораны в Москва-Сити удовлетворят не только кулинарные, но и эстетические пристрастия. Почувствуйте себя на высоте, посетив рестораны Москва-Сити, с обзорными видами на город.

Details about Moscow City

Moscow International Business Center (MIBC) Moscow City is the largest business and architectural center in Moscow. The business district “Moscow City” today combines the interests of Russian and foreign companies within a single international financial center. The business center Moscow-City includes 31 sections, on which, in turn, 22 buildings of various purpose are located. The structure of Moscow-City includes business centers, office-residential buildings and multifunctional complexes, connecting everything you need for business, leisure and entertainment. Here you can rent an office for your company or buy property in the property.

Buildings

OFFERS

History

The unique location of the Moscow-based Moscow Regional Medical Center Moscow on Presnenskaya Embankment near the famous sights of Moscow, such as the House of the Government of the Russian Federation, the World Trade Center, the Expocenter and the Hotel Ukraine, was not chosen by chance. The convenience of the location here is ensured by the presence of the main highways: TTK, Novy Arbat, Kutuzov Avenue. The connection of the metro and the MCR.

Moscow-City is a unique complex of office and residential buildings, which is in the process of continuous development, but has certainly become a landmark of the capital. Today, the Moscow-City project can be considered as the embodiment of the most promising and unique idea among all without exception architectural projects in Russia. The main idea of ​​the Moscow City developer is to create such a business quarter, which will become not only a business center, but also entertainment for a huge megapolis, such as Moscow is the capital of Russia and the largest city in Europe.

What do you know about bulding of Moscow-City ?

4 mln square meters

The total area of ​​all buildings in the business center MIBC Moscow-City exceeds 4,014,318 square meters. If you translate this value into such a unit as hectares, you get more than 401 hectares, which is 10 times more than the territory of the Vatican.

41,4 % офисы

The share of office space in Moscow City is 41.399% of the total number of premises. For clarity, we can say that the office premises in the buildings of Moscow-City occupy a total of

593 floors inside all buildings.

17,4 % flats

The share of apartments among other premises in the business district of Moscow-City is 17.4% of real estate. It is important to note that in Moscow City there are buildings in which there is no share of apartments at all. In most of the buildings, the apartments are located on the upper floors and have the highest cost per square meter.

Site of Moscow City

The site “www.moscow-city-towers.ru” , consolidates the most detailed information about “Moscow-City”, contains reference information about the enterprises of Moscow-City, as well as information about the lease and sale of premises in Moscow-City. Other popular sites: “www.citymoscow.ru” , “www.mymoscowcity.com”

Management company

MC Moscow-City (abbreviated official name Moscow Management Company) – PJSC “CITY” – the official website of Moscow City – “www.citymoscow.ru” . For more than 20 years PJSC “CITY” has been the representative of the Moscow Government in relations with third parties on issues of management, creation and development of the Moscow-City MIBC.

Subway and MCR

The territory of Moscow-City is bordered at once with three metro stations: “Exhibition (Filevskaya line),” Business Center “(Kalininskaya and Solntsevskaya lines) and” International “(Filevskaya line), station of the Moscow Business Center (Moscow Central Ring). Thus, from the subway to each building of Moscow-City can be no more than 5-6 minutes on foot.

Developers of Moscow City

Such companies as AFI Development, Capital Group, LLC Liedel Investments Limited, Solvers Estate, AEON-Development, GALS-Development, and Grand Title took part in the construction of the Moscow-City complex. , MosSitiGroup, Renaissance Development, Snegiri, Concord, Tashir, Enka Inshaat ve Sanayi A.Sh.

Architectors of Moscow City

Inan Vehbi, Kettle Toni, Ostryuk Olgay, Posokhin Mikhail, Orphan Gennady, Williams Frank, Choban Sergey, Schweger Peter, as well as other famous architects took part in the creation of Moscow-City architecture and the design of concrete buildings.

Management in the buildings

“Bilfinger HSG Facility Management”, “CAPEX”, “Aikom Russia SESDi Limited”, “Bellgate Construction Limited” (AFI), “WB Service”, “Grand Title”, “Mkapital”, “Montex Service”, “R-7 Group, MC “City”, “City Center Investment B.V.”, “UK FEDERATION GROUP”.

Moscow City Towers

• Direct contracts with owners
• Actually and reliably about the premises
• Only Moscow-City buildings
• Tenant support service – 5/2
• ALL SERVICES ARE FREE OF CHARGE
• With the support of the portal “OFFICE NEWS RUSSIA”

The project “Moscow City Towers” is designed to support users of services – potential tenants and purchasers of commercial real estate in MIBC Moscow-City and serves to simplify communication between sellers and buyers, as well as landlords and tenants of commercial real estate in Moscow City.

Moscow, Presnenskaya nab, 6

Your request will begin to be processed immediately after receipt.

MOSCOW CITY TOWERS
Rental of premises / Sale of premises
MIBC Moscow City.

Moscow City Website – Moscow-City online directory: MOSCOW CITY TOWERS | All premises Moscow City | Sale and rental of real estate in Moscow-City | Information on MIBC | Does not contain a public offer | 2017-n. & copy; For up-to-date information about renting and selling premises in Moscow-City and organizing your visit,
please call: +7 (495) 748-40-88

Источник статьи: http://moscow-city-towers.ru/english.php

Как пишется москов сити на английском

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Moscow City Racing — Bavaria Moscow City Racing (or simply Moscow City Racing) is a motorsport show held in Moscow from 2008. The main part of this show is demonstration racing of Formula 1 cars and cars from other racing series near Kremlin. Contents 1 2008 2 2009 3 … Wikipedia

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Источник статьи: http://translate.academic.ru/moscow%20city/ru/en/

Статья на английском: Moscow city/ город Москва

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Moscow, city (2010 est. pop. 10 562 000), capital of Russia and of Moscow region and the administrative center of the Central district, W central European Russia, on the Moskva River near its junction with the Moscow Canal. Moscow is Russia’s largest city and a leading economic and cultural center. Moscow is governed by a city council and a mayor and is divided into boroughs. The five major sections of Moscow form concentric circles, of which the innermost is the Kremlin (see under kremlin ), a walled city in itself. Its walls represent the city limits as of the late 15th cent. The hub of the Russian railroad network, Moscow is also an inland port and has several civilian and military airports. Moscow’s major industries include machine building, metalworking, oil refining, publishing, brewing, filmmaking, and the manufacture of machine tools, precision instruments, building materials, automobiles, trucks, aircraft, chemicals, wood and paper products, textiles, clothing, footwear, and soft drinks.

Adjoining the Kremlin in the east is the huge Red Square, originally a marketplace and a meeting spot for popular assemblies; it is still used as a parade ground and for demonstrations. On the west side of Red Square and along the Kremlin wall are the Lenin Mausoleum and the tombs of other Soviet political figures; on the north side is the completely rebuilt Kazan Cathedral (constructed in the 17th cent., razed by Stalin, and rebuilt in 1993); and at the southern end stands the imposing cathedral of Basil the Beatified (constructed 16th cent.). One of the most exuberant examples of Russian architecture, the cathedral has numerous cupolas, each a different color, grouped around a central dome. In front of the cathedral stands a monument to the liberators Menin and Pozharski.

To the E of Red Square extends the old district of Kitaigorod [Tatar city], once the merchants’ quarter, later the banking section, and now an administrative hub with various government offices and ministries. Tverskaya Street (formerly Gorky Street), a main thoroughfare, extends N from the Kremlin and is lined with modern buildings, including the headquarters of the council of ministers; it is connected with the St. Petersburg highway, which passes the huge Dynamo stadium and the central airport. Near the beginning of Tverskaya Street is Theater Square, containing the Bolshoi and Maly theaters. Encircling the Kremlin and Kitaigorod are the Bely Gorod [white city], traditionally the most elegant part of Moscow and now a commercial and cultural area; the Zemlyanoy Gorod [earth city], named for the earthen and wooden ramparts that once surrounded it; and the inner suburbs. In the Bely Gorod is Christ the Savior Cathedral; demolished in 1931 to be replaced by a never-built Palace of Soviets, it was rebuilt in the 1990s. A notable feature of Moscow are the concentric rings of wide boulevards and railroad lines on the sites where old walls and ramparts once stood.

Except for its historical core, Moscow was transformed into a sprawling, often drab, but well-planned modern city under the Soviets. Post-Soviet Moscow has seen renewed construction, including the Triumph-Palace (866 ft/264 m, 2003), which echoes Stalin’s Gothic-influenced Seven Sisters skyscrapers and is the tallest building in Europe. The tallest freestanding structure in Moscow is the Ostankino Tower (1967), a broadcast tower and tourist attraction that rises 1,771 ft (540 m). Among Moscow’s many cultural and scientific institutions are the Moscow State Univ. (founded 1755), the Russian Academy of Sciences (founded 1725 in St. Petersburg and moved to Moscow in 1934), a conservatory (1866), the Tretyakov art gallery (opened in the 1880s), the Museum of Oriental Cultures, the State Historical Museum, the Agricultural Exhibition, the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), the Plekhanov Economic Academy, the Moscow State Law Academy, the Moscow Energy Institute, and the Peoples’ Friendship Univ. of Russia (for foreign students). Theaters include the Moscow Art Theater , the Bolshoi (opera and ballet), and the Maly Theater (drama). Moscow is the see of a patriarch, head of the Russian Orthodox Church. The many large parks and recreation areas include Gorky Central Park, the forested Izmailovo and Sokolniki parks, and Ostankino Park, with its botanical gardens. The ornate subway system opened in 1935.

Although archaeological evidence indicates that the site has been occupied since Neolithic times, the village of Moscow was first mentioned in the Russian chronicles in 1147. Moscow became (c.1271) the seat of the grand dukes of Vladimir-Suzdal, who later assumed the title of grand dukes of Moscow (see Moscow, grand duchy of ). During the rule of Dmitri Donskoi the first stone walls of the Kremlin were built (1367). Moscow, or Muscovy, achieved dominance through its location at the crossroads of trade routes, its leadership in the struggle against and defeat of the Tatars, and its gathering of neighboring principalities under Muscovite suzerainty.

By the 15th cent. Moscow had become the capital of the Russian national state, and in 1547 Grand Duke Ivan IV became the first to assume the title of czar. Moscow was also the seat of the Metropolitan (later Patriarch) of the Russian Orthodox Church from the early 14th cent. It has been an important commercial center since the Middle Ages and the center of many crafts. Burned by the Tatars in 1381 and again in 1572, the city was taken by the Poles during the Time of Troubles (see Russia ). In 1611 the Muscovites, under the leadership of Kuzma Minin (a butcher) and Prince Dmitri Pozharski , attacked the Polish garrison and forced the remaining Polish troops to surrender in 1612. The large-scale growth of manufacturing in 17th-century Moscow, which necessitated an outlet to the sea, was instrumental in Peter I ‘s decision to build St. Petersburg on the Baltic. The capital was transferred to St. Petersburg in 1712, but Moscow’s cultural and social life continued uninterrupted, and the city remained Russia’s religious center.

Built largely of wood until the 19th cent., Moscow suffered from numerous fires, the most notable of which occurred in the wake of Napoleon I’s occupation in 1812. Count Rostopchin denied accusations that he had ordered the blaze ignited to drive out the French. The fire was most likely accidentally begun by French looters and was fanned by fanatic patriots among the few Russians who had remained behind when Napoleon entered the city. Whatever the cause, the fire sparked an anti-French uprising among the peasants, whose raids, along with the cruel winter, helped force Napoleon’s retreat.

Rebuilt, Moscow developed from the 1830s as a major textile and metallurgical center. During the 19th and early 20th cent. it was the focus of the zemstvo cooperative and Slavophile movements and became a principal center of the labor movement and of social democracy. In 1918 the Soviet government transferred the capital back to Moscow and fostered spectacular economic growth in the city, whose population doubled between 1926 and 1939 and again between 1939 and 1992. During World War II Moscow was the goal of a two-pronged German offensive. Although the spearheads of the German columns were stopped only 20 to 25 mi (32-40 km) from the city’s center, Moscow suffered virtually no war damage. The city hosted the Olympic Games in 1980.

Due to inadequate public funds, Moscow’s infrastructure suffered after the 1991 demise of the Soviet Union. Also, an increase in automobile ownership brought traffic congestion and worsened air pollution. The city, however, began to attract foreign investment and became increasingly westernized. In the 1990s its energetic mayor, Yuri Luzhkov, launched many ambitious reconstruction projects and by the end of the decade Moscow was experiencing a real-estate boom.

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