Как пишется промилле алкоголя

Для владельцев собственных авто и тех, кто частенько проводит время в дороге, становится очень актуальным процесс определения патрульными службами водителей на уровень опьянения. Ведь если имеется определенная приемлемая доза промилле, существует и предельно допустимый уровень алкоголя, приняв которую владелец авто не столкнется с неприятностями при проверке.

Но, прежде чем определять разрешенный объем спиртного, следует выяснить, что включает в себя это понятие, какое у него обозначение (знак промилле) и каким образом рассчитывается. Поняв особенности этого определения, можно без труда рассчитывать и допустимый уровень этанола, который не приведет к штрафным санкциям и изъятию прав.

Суть определения промилле

Какой физический смысл скрывает за собой данное измерение? Следует уточнить, что человеку намного удобнее оперировать при различных расчетах некими долями либо частями от какой-либо целой единицы. К простейшим и самым распространенным подобным величинам относятся:

1. Половина (или 1/2).
2. Треть (или 1/3).
3. Четверть (или 1/4).
4. Десятина (или 1/10).

Но порой возникает необходимость в применении намного меньших величин. Именно благодаря этой нужде возникли в свое время такие исчисления, как проценты. Их смысл скрывался в том, что под одним процентом подразумевается 1/100 доля общего числа. Оказалось, что оперируя процентами, намного удобнее производить различные оценочные характеристики и составлять разнообразные отчеты и диаграммы.

Обозначение промилле оказалось еще более удачным. Особенно при выявлении некой части взвеси или иной составляющей в жидкостях. Для специалистов оказалось гораздо приемлемей делать расчеты, вооружившись не сотыми, а более точным показателем – тысячными долями.

Было принято считать, что один промилле равняется 1/1000 долей целой части. Он также равняется 1/10 части от одного процента.

Впоследствии при выявлении максимально точного объема этанола в жидкости (в нашем случае крови) в условиях лабораторных изысканий и было взято промилле. Так как процент оказался слишком большой единицей.

Немного правил правописания

Прежде всего, следует знать, что данное слово не склоняется. То есть такие варианты написания, как «промилль», «промиллей», «промиллях» и т. д. окажутся ошибочными. Возможно лишь одно написание данного понятия – «промилле». Но, можно и не затруднять себя дополнительными знаниями по правописанию, а узнать, как обозначается промилле.

Кстати, данное слово относится к двум родам – женскому и среднему. Поэтому при написании можно опираться на пару вариантов: «два промилле» и «две промилле». И в том, и в ином случае звучание будет верным. А чтобы узнать, как пишется промилле сокращенно, следует вспомнить, что данный показатель обозначает 1/10 процента, следовательно, сокращенное написание промилле следующее: ‰.

Как высчитать показатель самостоятельно

Прежде чем приступать к изучению данного мероприятия, следует понимать, что организм мужчины и женщины обладает большой разницей. Хоть токсическое воздействие спиртного происходит в обоих случаях одинаково, но организм женщины более восприимчив к этанолу, поэтому и промилле (даже при условии одинаковой дозы с мужчиной) станут накапливаться быстрее.

Хотя расчет, базируемый на тысячных долях, по своему принципу совершенно не имеет разницы от процентных расчетов, но все же следует его разобрать более детально. Итак, значок промилле ‰. Он схож с обозначением процента (%), но это различные единицы и объединять их не нужно.

При выявлении существующей спиртовой дозы применяется следующий перевод числовых значений и соотношений:

1. Так как промилле является одной тысячной, высчитываем: 1 ‰=1/1 000=0,1%=0,001.
2. Монофракционная жидкость (то есть содержание без каких-либо примесей): 1 000‰=100%=1.
3. 400‰=40%=400/1 000=0,4.
4. 0,23‰=0,023%=0,00 023.
5. 0‰=0%-0. Нуль всегда обозначает пустоту, ничего.

В перерасчете процентного соотношения в уровень промилле и наоборот нет ничего сложного. Необходимо только помнить имеющееся базовое соотношение. В данном случае становится понятно, что разница, которая существует между процентом и промилле чисто номинальная.

Замечено, что наивысший пик концентрации этанола в плазме крови приходится на 30-40 минут спустя употребленной дозы.

Уже зная величину промилле и применив простые исчисления легко можно получить такие значения, как:

• уровень употребленного горячительного;
• содержание спирта во внутренних органах спустя энный промежуток времени;
• временной период, необходимый для очищения организма от остатков этанола.

Чтобы проводимые данные измерений были приемлемы для использования их в точных расчетах, следует знать и принимать во внимание ряд некоторых параметров. Они следующие:

1. Возраст человека, его массу тела и пол.
2. Процентный уровень жидкости в теле личности.
3. Объем спиртного, который испытуемый принял изначально.

Высчитываем промилле на простом примере

Давайте, попробуем рассчитать уровень алкоголя (в ‰) в крови стандартного представителя сильного пола. Допустим, человек, весом в 85 кг, употребил пол-литра водки градусностью в 40%. Итак, как будет вестись расчет.

1. Определяем количество жидкости в теле. Для мужчин данный уровень высчитывается из стандартно принятого объема жидкости в 70% от общей массы тела. Значит, для человека в 85 кг веса, данная масса укладывается в 59,5 кг.
2. Высчитываем объем очищенного этанола. В миллилитрах это: 500х0,4=200 мл. В граммах: 200х0,79 (0,79 – плотность очищенного спирта)=158 г. Теоретически можно сказать, что объем чистого этилового спирта составляет: 158 г-10%=142,2 г.
3. В конечном итоге получаем, что в потребленной дозе спиртного масса чистого этилового спирта равна: 142,2/59,5=2,39 ‰ (промилле).

На основе проведенного расчета можно легко высчитать, какой показатель (в ‰) окажется в человеческой крови после принятия той или иной дозы алкоголя. Сделать это несложно, но необходимо учитывать, что все полученные итоги носят условную (приблизительную) природу. Ведь горячительное выпивается постепенно, а не за один присест. И уже спустя некоторое время спиртное начинает постепенно уходить из организма.

При определении промилле следует учитывать и возраст/пол личности, состояние его здоровья, эмоциональное составляющее.

Как определенная доза этанола влияет на поведенческие реакции

Наркологи, базируясь на имеющуюся концентрацию спирта, подразделяют состояние человека на степени (или стадии) опьянения. Если на первой фазе симптоматика пьянства едва заметна, то последняя (3-я) может превратиться в фатальную для личности ступень опьянения. Тяжелая степень пьяности порой приводит личность к возникновению комы и последующему летальному финалу.

Смертельный уровень алкосодержащей продукции зависит от исходного состояния здоровья личности и ее возраста. К примеру:

• для лиц старшей возрастной категории, а также ослабленных болезнью она составляет 3 г этанола на 1 кг массы тела;
• для крепких и здоровых взрослых данный объем варьируется в пределах 4—8 г.

При превышении этого показателя существует большой риск летального исхода для опьяневшего. Что касается процентного содержания спиртного для каждой стадии, то порой даже специалисты затрудняются вывести точную цифру. Все слишком индивидуально.

С учетом, что для каждой степени пьяности имеется определенное соотношение промилле, картина выглядит так:

• до 0,3‰: опьянение не фиксируется;
• 0,3—0,5‰: слабая ступень;
• 0,5—1,5‰: начальная (легкая) стадия;
• 1,5—2,5‰: средняя (умеренная) степень;
• 2,5—3,0‰: тяжелая (сильная) ступень;
• 3,0—5,0‰: крайне тяжелая стадия (вели риск появления комы и последующей смерти);
• 5,0—6,0‰: летальная степень.

Промилле и вождение машины

Некоторых владельцев авто очень интересует вопрос, в каком количестве разрешается «принять на грудь», чтобы не поплатиться штрафом за управление машиной в нетрезвом виде. Для выявления безопасного уровня, стоит подробнее узнать, как данный уровень алкоголя воздействует на реакцию и поведение водителя. В этом поможет следующая таблица:

Как проверить себя на опьянение

Современная промышленность допускает такую возможность. Теперь каждый владелец собственного автотранспорта может приобрести себе бытовой алкотестер. Данный прибор позволяет провести необходимые замеры в домашних условиях. Тем более что цена этого измерительного прибора (алкотестера) вполне доступна.

В некоторых европейских странах каждый водитель по закону обязан иметь наряду с аптечкой в салоне авто и походный алкотестер.

Но следует напомнить, что измеряет данный прибор уровень этилового спирта в воздухе, который выдыхает испытуемый (мг/л). Учитывая, что и сотрудники ГИБДД осуществляют тестирование на степень пьяности, вооружившись алкотестером, можно сказать, что позиция промилле (несмотря на всю точность и удобство) начинает сдавать свои позиции. Предельно допустимая алкогольная норма для владельца авто составляет:

1. В крови: 0,35 промилле.
2. В выдыхаемом воздухе: 0,16 мг/л.

Эти нормы были введены в 2013 году, и до сегодняшнего времени они сохраняются. Единственным изменением, прошедшим со времени принятия таких нормативов стало лишь ужесточение наказания за поездку в нетрезвом виде. Но, если водитель по каким-либо причинам не соглашается с итоговыми показателями алкотестирования, он имеет полное право пройти проверку на пьяность в условиях медицинской лаборатории.

Вот там уже и будет произведен забор крови и выявлена присутствующая в организме доза этанола в промилле. Какое соотношение будет при этом между уровнем содержания алкоголя в крови и выдыхаемом воздухе, было приведено в таблице выше. Причем выявление уровня опьянения в крови порой будет намного надежнее и точнее.

Алкотестеры могут обладать некоей долей погрешности. И именно этот нюанс и был учтен при введении новых правил в 2013. Составляет он 0,35 промилле. Этот уровень и является тем «зеленым» коридором, который позволяет водителю остаться в допустимой зоне опьянения.

Blood alcohol content
Ethanol
Synonyms	Blood alcohol concentration, blood ethanol concentration, blood alcohol level, blood alcohol concentration, blood alcohol
LOINC	5639-0, 5640-8, 15120-9, 56478-1

Blood alcohol content (BAC), also called blood alcohol concentration or blood alcohol level, is a measurement of alcohol intoxication used for legal or medical purposes;^[1] it is expressed as mass of alcohol per volume or mass of blood. For example, a BAC of 0.10 by volume (0.10% or one tenth of one percent) means that there is 0.10 g of alcohol for every 100 mL of blood, which is the same as 21.7 mmol/L.^[2] A BAC of 0.10 by mass (0.10%) is 0.10 g of alcohol per 100 g of blood (23 mmol/L). A BAC of 0.0 is sober; in different countries the maximum permitted BAC when driving ranges from about 0.04% to 0.08%; BAC levels over 0.08% are considered very impaired; above 0.4% is potentially fatal.^[1]

Effects by alcohol level[edit]

Estimation by intake[edit]

Blood alcohol content can be estimated by a method developed by Swedish professor Erik Widmark [sv] in the 1920s:^[3]

where:

• A is the mass of alcohol consumed.
• r is the ratio of body water to total weight. It varies between individuals but averages about 0.68 for men and 0.55 for women, since women tend to have a higher percentage of fat.
• Wt is body weight.
• β is the rate at which alcohol is metabolized. It is approximately 0.017% per hour.
• T is the amount time during which alcohol was present in the blood (usually time since consumption began).

Sometimes the above is multiplied by 1.055 g/mL, the density of blood.^[3]

In terms of fluid ounces of alcohol consumed and weight in pounds, the formula can be written as

for a man or

for a woman.^[3]

Regarding metabolism (β) in the formula; females demonstrated a higher average rate of elimination (mean, 0.017; range, 0.014–0.021 g/210 L) than males (mean, 0.015; range, 0.013–0.017 g/210 L). Female subjects on average had a higher percentage of body fat (mean, 26.0; range, 16.7–36.8%) than males (mean, 18.0; range, 10.2–25.3%).^[4] Additionally, men are, on average, heavier than women but it is not strictly accurate to say that the water content of a person alone is responsible for the dissolution of alcohol within the body, because alcohol does dissolve in fatty tissue as well. When it does, a certain amount of alcohol is temporarily taken out of the blood and briefly stored in the fat. For this reason, most calculations of alcohol to body mass simply use the weight of the individual, and not specifically their water content.

Examples:

• 80 kg male drinking 2 drinks of 14 grams (0.014 kg) each, in two hours:

• 70 kg woman drinking 1.5 drinks of 14 grams each, in two hours:

By standard drinks[edit]

The examples above define a standard drink as 0.6 fluid ounces (14 g or 17.7 mL) of ethanol, whereas other definitions exist, for example 10 grams of ethanol.

Binge drinking[edit]

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) define the term «binge drinking» as a pattern of drinking that brings a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above. This typically happens when men consume five or more drinks, and when women consume four or more drinks, in about two hours.^[6]

Units of measurement[edit]

There are several different units in use around the world for defining blood alcohol concentration. Measures of mass (never volume) of alcohol per volume of blood or per mass of blood are used. 1 milliliter of blood has a mass of approximately 1.06 grams, so that units by volume are about 6% greater than if mass-based.

The amount of alcohol on the breath can also be measured, without requiring drawing blood, by blowing into a breathalyzer. The amount of alcohol measured on the breath is generally accepted as proportional to the amount of alcohol present in the blood, at a rate of 1:2100, so blood alcohol can be estimated from a breathalyzer reading. For example, a breathalyzer measurement of 0.10 mg/L of breath alcohol characterises 0.0001×2100 g/L, or 0.21 g/L of blood alcohol (equivalent to 0.21 permille).

While a variety of units or criteria are used in different jurisdictions, many countries use the g/L unit, clearer than if expressed as a percentage. Usual units are listed below. For example, the U.S. uses a concentration unit of 1% w/v (percent mass/volume, equivalent to 10 g/L or 1 g per 100 mL).

Legal limits[edit]

For purposes of law enforcement, blood alcohol content is used to define intoxication and provides a rough measure of impairment. Although the degree of impairment may vary among individuals with the same blood alcohol content, it can be measured objectively and is therefore legally useful and difficult to contest in court. Most countries forbid operation of motor vehicles and heavy machinery above prescribed levels of blood alcohol content. Operation of boats and aircraft is also regulated. Some jurisdictions also regulate bicycling under the influence.

The alcohol level at which a person is considered legally impaired to drive varies by country. The list below gives limits by country. These are typically blood alcohol content limits for the operation of a vehicle. Most limits are specified by volume; a few countries use BAC by mass, equivalent to a figure about 6% higher by volume.

0%[edit]

It is illegal to have any measurable alcohol in the blood while driving in these countries. Most jurisdictions have a tolerance slightly higher than zero to account for false positives and naturally occurring alcohol in the body. Some of the following jurisdictions have a general prohibition of alcohol.

• Australia—Drivers who are learners or holders of a Provisional/Probationary licence
• Bangladesh
• Brazil
• Brunei
• Canada—new drivers undergoing graduated licensing in Ontario, British Columbia,^[9] Newfoundland and Labrador and Alberta;^[10] drivers under the age of 22 in Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario,^[11] Saskatchewan and in Quebec receive a 30-day suspension and 7-day vehicle seizure.^[12] Drivers in Alberta who are in the graduated licensing program, regardless of age, are subject to the same 30-day/7-day suspensions/seizure policy.^[13]
• Colombia —Zero Alcohol Tolerance law is effective since December 2013 ^[14][15]
• Czech Republic
• Estonia
• Fiji
• Germany—for learner drivers, all drivers 18–21 and newly licensed drivers of any age for first two years of licence
• Iceland: The limit is 0.00%. You will not be fined until you reach 0.05%
• Israel—24 µg per 100 mL (0.024%) of breath (penalties only apply above 26 µg per 100 mL (0.026%) of breath following lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used). New drivers, drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 5 µg per 100 mL of breath.(0.005%) ^[16]
• Hungary*
• Italy—for drivers in their first three years after gaining a driving license
• Japan—drivers under the age of 20 because of not reaching legal drinking age.
• Kuwait
• New Zealand—drivers under the age of 20; drivers convicted of excess breath alcohol may be required to gain a zero-limit license.
• Nepal
• Oman
• Qatar
• Pakistan
• Paraguay
• Romania—beyond 0.04% drivers will not only receive a fine and have their license suspended, the offense will also be added to their criminal records.
• Russian Federation—0% introduced in 2010,^[17] but discontinued in September 2013^[18]
• Saudi Arabia
• Slovakia
• Uruguay^[19]
• United Arab Emirates
• Vietnam

0.02%[edit]

• China
• Faroe Islands
• Netherlands (for drivers in their first five years after gaining a driving license)^[20]
• Norway (road vehicles and sea vessels over 15 m),^[21] alternatively 0.1 mg/L of breath.
• Hungary*
• Poland (0.02% – 0.05% is a petty offence, over 0.05% is a criminal offence)
• Puerto Rico
• Russia (0.018% since September 2013^[18])
• Serbia
• Sweden
• Ukraine
• United States—drivers under the age of 21 must have 0.02% or less on the federal level; however, most states have Zero Tolerance laws emplaced. Otherwise the limit is 0.08%, except in Utah, where it is 0.05%.

0.03%[edit]

• Belarus
• Bosnia and Herzegovina (0.031%)
• Chile
• India
• Japan^[22]
• Korea

0.04%[edit]

• Lithuania (0.00% for car drivers in their first three years after gaining a driving license, motorcycle and truck drivers)

0.05%[edit]

• Argentina: 0.02% for motorbikes, 0.00% for truck, taxi, and bus drivers, 0.00% in the provinces of Cordoba and Salta
• Australia (BAC stated by mass, not volume): 0.00% for Australian Capital Territory learner, provisional and convicted DUI drivers (changed down from 0.02% on December 1, 2010), 0.02% for truck/bus/taxi, 0.00% for learner drivers, provisional/probationary drivers (regardless of age), truck and bus drivers, driving instructors and DUI drivers in all other states
• Austria: no limit for pedestrians; 0.08% for cycling; 0.05% generally for cars <7.5 t (driving licence B) and motorbikes (A); but 0,01% during learning (for driver and teacher or L17-assistant). During probation period (at least the first 3 years) or up to the age of 21, when license was handed out after July 1, 2017, when older (at least the first 2 years) or up to the age of 20 (A1, AM, L17, F), trucks (C >7.5 t), bus (D), drivers of taxi and public transport^[23][24]
• Belgium (also for cyclists)
• Bulgaria
• Canada: (BAC stated by mass, not volume) Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick—provincial offence. Drivers have not committed a criminal offense, however a 3-day licence suspension and 3-day vehicle seizure occurs.
• Costa Rica
• Croatia: professional drivers, driving instructors and drivers of the vehicle categories C1, C1+E, C, C+E, D, D+E and H; the limit for other drivers is 0.50 mg/g, but they do get an additional separate fine if they cause an accident while having a blood alcohol level between 0 and 0,50 mg/g^[25]
• Denmark (excl. Faroe Islands)
• Finland
• France: 0.025% for bus drivers. Between 0.05% and 0.08%, drivers can be fined €135 and have six points removed from their licence. Above 0.08%, the punishment is more severe with possible imprisonment of up to two years, heavy fines and licence suspension.^[26]
• Germany (0.0% for learner drivers, all drivers 18–21 and newly licensed drivers of any age for first two years of licence; also, if the BAC exceeds 0.03%, driving is illegal if the driver is showing changes in behavior («Relative Fahruntüchtigkeit«))
• Greece (0.02% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license)
• Hong Kong
• Ireland: 0.02% for professional, learner and novice drivers(drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license)^[27]
• Israel: 24 µg per 100 mL (0.024%) of breath (penalties only apply above 26 µg per 100 mL (0.026%) of breath due to lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used). This is equivalent to a BAC of 0.05. New drivers, drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 5 µg per 100 mL of breath. This is equivalent to a BAC of 0.01.^[16]
• Italy: 0.00% for drivers in their first three years after gaining a driving license
• Latvia: 0.02% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license
• Luxembourg
• Malta: 0.02% for drivers with a probationary driving licence and drivers of commercial vehicles, and 0.00% for drivers of buses, coaches and other passenger carrying vehicles.^[28]
• Mauritius^[29]
• Netherlands: 0.02% for drivers in their first five years after gaining a driving license^[20]
• New Zealand
• North Macedonia: 0.00% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license
• Peru
• Philippines: 0.00% for taxicab and public transport drivers^[30]
• Portugal: 0.02% for drivers holding a driver’s licence for less than three years, professional drivers, and drivers of taxis, heavy vehicles, emergency vehicles, public transport of children and carrying dangerous goods.
• Scotland: Scotland’s drink-drive limit was reduced, by law, on 5 December 2014 from 0.08 to any of the following: 22 mcg of alcohol in 100 mL of breath, 50 mg of alcohol in 100 mL of blood, or 67 mg of alcohol in 100 mL of urine^[31]
• Slovenia: 0.00% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a drivers licence, drivers under 21 and professional drivers, such as buses, trucks.
• South Africa: 0.02% for professional drivers; to be changed for all to 0.00% by June 2020^[32]
• Spain (0.03% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers, such as buses and trucks)
• Switzerland (0.00% for learner drivers, drivers which are in their first three years after gaining a drivers licence and for driving instructors)^[33]
• Thailand: 0.02% for drivers who (1) hold a probationary driving licence or; (2) have a licence for different vehicle category or; (3) are under 20 years old or; (4) are disqualified and attempt to drive illegally^[34]
• Taiwan: breath alcohol limit decreased from 0.25 to 0.15 from 13 June 2013
• Turkey
• United States – Utah^[35]

0.06%[edit]

• The Bahamas^[36]

0.07%[edit]

• Honduras

0.08%[edit]

• Canada^[37]
• England and Wales;^[31] 0.02% for operators of fixed-wing aircraft
• Liechtenstein
• Malaysia: 0.00 for Probationary Driving Licence holders
• Mexico
• New Zealand: Criminal offence
• Norway: legal limit for sea vessels under 15 m^[38]
• Northern Ireland: The government of Northern Ireland intends to reduce the general limit to 0.05%.^[39]
• Puerto Rico: For drivers 18 years and older
• Singapore^[40]
• Trinidad and Tobago
• United States: Every state imposes mandatory penalties for operating a vehicle with a BAC level of 0.08% or greater,^[41][42] except Utah where the limit is 0.05%.^[43] Even below those levels drivers can have civil liability and other criminal guilt (e.g., in Arizona driving impairment to any degree caused by alcohol consumption can be a civil or criminal offense in addition to other offenses at higher blood alcohol content levels). Drivers under 21 (the most common U.S. legal drinking age) are held to stricter standards under zero tolerance laws adopted in varying forms in all states: commonly 0.01% to 0.05%. See Alcohol laws of the United States by state. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration: 0.04% for drivers of a commercial vehicle requiring a commercial driver’s license^[44] and 0.01% for operators of common carriers, such as buses.^[45]

0.10%[edit]

• Cayman Islands

Breath alcohol content[edit]

In certain countries, alcohol limits are determined by the breath alcohol content (BrAC), not to be confused with blood alcohol content (BAC).

• In Greece, the BrAC limit is 250 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath. The limit in blood is 0.50 g/L. The BrAC limit for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers are more restricted to 100 micrograms per litre of breath.
  • BrAC 250–400 = €200 fine.
  • BrAC 400–600 = €700 fine, plus suspension of driving license for 90 days (introduced in 2007)^[46]
  • BrAC >600 = 2 months imprisonment, plus suspension of driving license for 180 days, plus €1,200 fine
• In Hong Kong, the BrAC limit is 220 micrograms per litre of breath (as well as other defined limits)
• In The Netherlands and Finland, the BrAC limit is 220 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath (μg/L, colloquially known as «ugl» because some types of breathalyzer show the μ as ‘u’ due to screen size limitations).
• In New Zealand, the BrAC limit is 250 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath for those aged 20 years or over, and zero (meaning illegal to have any measurable breath alcohol content) for those aged under 20 years.^[47]
• In Singapore, the BrAC limit is 350 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath.^[40]
• In Spain the BrAC limit is 250 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath and 150 micrograms per litre of breath for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers.
• In England and Wales the BrAC limit is 350 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath (as well as the above defined blood alcohol content).
• In Scotland the BrAC limit is 220 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath (as well as the above defined blood alcohol content).
• In Trinidad and Tobago the BrAC limit is 35 micrograms of alcohol per 100 millilitres of breath (as well as the above defined blood alcohol content).

Other limitation schemes[edit]

• For South Korea, the penalties for different blood alcohol content levels include
  • 0.01–0.049 = No penalty
  • 0.05–0.09 = 100 days license suspension
  • >0.10 = Cancellation of car license.

Test assumptions[edit]

Blood alcohol tests assume the individual being tested is average in various ways. For example, on average the ratio of blood alcohol content to breath alcohol content (the partition ratio) is 2100 to 1. In other words, there are 2100 parts of alcohol in the blood for every part in the breath. However, the actual ratio in any given individual can vary from 1300:1 to 3100:1, or even more widely.^[48] This ratio varies not only from person to person, but within one person from moment to moment. Thus a person with a true blood alcohol level of 0.08% but a partition ratio of 1700:1 at the time of testing would have a 0.10 reading on a Breathalyzer calibrated for the average 2100:1 ratio.

After fatal accidents, it is common to check the blood alcohol levels of involved persons. However, soon after death, the body begins to putrefy, a biological process which produces ethanol. This can make it difficult to conclusively determine the blood alcohol content in autopsies, particularly in bodies recovered from water.^{[49][50][51][52]} For instance, following the Moorgate tube crash, the driver had a blood alcohol concentration of 80 mg/100 mL, but it could not be established how much of this could be attributed to natural decomposition.

[edit]

Retrograde extrapolation is the mathematical process by which someone’s blood alcohol concentration at the time of driving is estimated by projecting backwards from a later chemical test. This involves estimating the absorption and elimination of alcohol in the interim between driving and testing. The rate of elimination in the average person is commonly estimated at 0.015 to 0.020 grams per deciliter per hour (g/dL/h),^[53] although again this can vary from person to person and in a given person from one moment to another. Metabolism can be affected by numerous factors, including such things as body temperature, the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, and the amount and type of food consumed.

In an increasing number of states, laws have been enacted to facilitate this speculative task: the blood alcohol content at the time of driving is legally presumed to be the same as when later tested. There are usually time limits put on this presumption, commonly two or three hours, and the defendant is permitted to offer evidence to rebut this presumption.

Forward extrapolation can also be attempted. If the amount of alcohol consumed is known, along with such variables as the weight and sex of the subject and period and rate of consumption, the blood alcohol level can be estimated by extrapolating forward. Although subject to the same infirmities as retrograde extrapolation—guessing based upon averages and unknown variables—this can be relevant in estimating BAC when driving and/or corroborating or contradicting the results of a later chemical test.

Metabolism[edit]

Alcohol is absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but more slowly in the stomach than in the small or large intestine. For this reason, alcohol consumed with food is absorbed more slowly, because it spends a longer time in the stomach.^[54] Furthermore, alcohol dehydrogenase is present in the stomach lining. After absorption, the alcohol passes to the liver through the hepatic portal vein, where it undergoes a first pass of metabolism before entering the general bloodstream.^[55]

Alcohol is removed from the bloodstream by a combination of metabolism, excretion, and evaporation. Alcohol is metabolized mainly by the group of six enzymes collectively called alcohol dehydrogenase. These convert the ethanol into acetaldehyde (an intermediate more toxic than ethanol). The enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase then converts the acetaldehyde into non-toxic acetic acid.

Many physiologically active materials are removed from the bloodstream (whether by metabolism or excretion) at a rate proportional to the current concentration, so that they exhibit exponential decay with a characteristic half-life (see pharmacokinetics). This is not true for alcohol, however. Typical doses of alcohol actually saturate the enzymes’ capacity, so that alcohol is removed from the bloodstream at an approximately constant rate. This rate varies considerably between individuals. Another sex-based difference is in the elimination of alcohol. People under 25^{[citation needed]}, women,^[56] or people with liver disease may process alcohol more slowly. Falsely high BAC readings may be seen in patients with kidney or liver disease or failure.^{[citation needed]}

Such persons also have impaired acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which causes acetaldehyde levels to peak higher, producing more severe hangovers and other effects such as flushing and tachycardia. Conversely, members of certain ethnicities that traditionally did not use alcoholic beverages have lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenases and thus «sober up» very slowly but reach lower aldehyde concentrations and have milder hangovers. The rate of detoxification of alcohol can also be slowed by certain drugs which interfere with the action of alcohol dehydrogenases, notably aspirin, furfural (which may be found in fusel alcohol), fumes of certain solvents, many heavy metals, and some pyrazole compounds. Also suspected of having this effect are cimetidine, ranitidine, and acetaminophen (paracetamol).

Currently, the only known substance that can increase the rate of alcohol metabolism is fructose. The effect can vary significantly from person to person, but a 100 g dose of fructose has been shown to increase alcohol metabolism by an average of 80%. Fructose also increases false positives of high BAC readings in anyone with proteinuria and hematuria, due to kidney-liver metabolism.^[57]

The peak of blood alcohol level (or concentration of alcohol) is reduced after a large meal.^[54]

Highest levels[edit]

There have been reported cases of blood alcohol content higher than 1%:

• In 1982, a 24-year-old woman was admitted to the UCLA emergency room with a serum alcohol content of 1.51%, corresponding to a blood alcohol content of 1.33%. She was alert and oriented to person and place and survived.^[58] Serum alcohol concentration is not equal to nor calculated in the same way as blood alcohol content.^[59]
• In 1984, a 30-year-old man survived a blood alcohol concentration of 1.5% after vigorous medical intervention that included dialysis and intravenous therapy with fructose.^[60]
• In 1995, a man from Wrocław, Poland, caused a car accident near his hometown. He had a blood alcohol content of 1.48%; he was tested five times, with each test returning the same reading. He died a few days later of injuries from the accident.^[61]
• In 2004, an unidentified Taiwanese woman died of alcohol intoxication after immersion for twelve hours in a bathtub filled with 40% ethanol. Her blood alcohol content was 1.35%. It was believed that she had immersed herself as a response to the SARS epidemic.^[62]
• In South Africa, a man driving a Mercedes-Benz Vito light van containing 15 sheep allegedly stolen from nearby farms was arrested on December 22, 2010, near Queenstown in Eastern Cape. His blood had an alcohol content of 1.6%. Also in the vehicle were five boys and a woman, who were also arrested.^[63]
• On 26 October 2012, a man from Gmina Olszewo-Borki, Poland, who died in a car accident, recorded a blood alcohol content of 2.23%; however, the blood sample was collected from a wound and thus possibly contaminated.^[61]
• On 26 July 2013 a 40-year-old man from Alfredówka, Poland, was found by Municipal Police Patrol from Nowa Dęba lying in the ditch along the road in Tarnowska Wola. At the hospital, it was recorded that the man had a blood alcohol content of 1.374%. The man survived.^[64][65]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

General and cited references[edit]

• Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. Science and Technology Department. The Handy Science Answer Book. Pittsburgh: The Carnegie Library, 1997. ISBN 978-0-7876-1013-5.
• Perham, Nick; Moore, Simon C.; Shepherd, Jonathan; Cusens, Bryany (2007). «Identifying drunkenness in the night-time economy». Addiction. 102 (3): 377–80. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01699.x. PMID 17298644.
• Taylor, L., and S. Oberman. Drunk Driving Defense, 6th edition. New York: Aspen Law and Business, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7355-5429-0.

External links[edit]

• Estimated alcohol

Blood alcohol content
Ethanol
Synonyms	Blood alcohol concentration, blood ethanol concentration, blood alcohol level, blood alcohol concentration, blood alcohol
LOINC	5639-0, 5640-8, 15120-9, 56478-1

Blood alcohol content (BAC), also called blood alcohol concentration or blood alcohol level, is a measurement of alcohol intoxication used for legal or medical purposes;^[1] it is expressed as mass of alcohol per volume or mass of blood. For example, a BAC of 0.10 by volume (0.10% or one tenth of one percent) means that there is 0.10 g of alcohol for every 100 mL of blood, which is the same as 21.7 mmol/L.^[2] A BAC of 0.10 by mass (0.10%) is 0.10 g of alcohol per 100 g of blood (23 mmol/L). A BAC of 0.0 is sober; in different countries the maximum permitted BAC when driving ranges from about 0.04% to 0.08%; BAC levels over 0.08% are considered very impaired; above 0.4% is potentially fatal.^[1]

Effects by alcohol level[edit]

Estimation by intake[edit]

Blood alcohol content can be estimated by a method developed by Swedish professor Erik Widmark [sv] in the 1920s:^[3]

where:

• A is the mass of alcohol consumed.
• r is the ratio of body water to total weight. It varies between individuals but averages about 0.68 for men and 0.55 for women, since women tend to have a higher percentage of fat.
• Wt is body weight.
• β is the rate at which alcohol is metabolized. It is approximately 0.017% per hour.
• T is the amount time during which alcohol was present in the blood (usually time since consumption began).

Sometimes the above is multiplied by 1.055 g/mL, the density of blood.^[3]

In terms of fluid ounces of alcohol consumed and weight in pounds, the formula can be written as

for a man or

for a woman.^[3]

Regarding metabolism (β) in the formula; females demonstrated a higher average rate of elimination (mean, 0.017; range, 0.014–0.021 g/210 L) than males (mean, 0.015; range, 0.013–0.017 g/210 L). Female subjects on average had a higher percentage of body fat (mean, 26.0; range, 16.7–36.8%) than males (mean, 18.0; range, 10.2–25.3%).^[4] Additionally, men are, on average, heavier than women but it is not strictly accurate to say that the water content of a person alone is responsible for the dissolution of alcohol within the body, because alcohol does dissolve in fatty tissue as well. When it does, a certain amount of alcohol is temporarily taken out of the blood and briefly stored in the fat. For this reason, most calculations of alcohol to body mass simply use the weight of the individual, and not specifically their water content.

Examples:

• 80 kg male drinking 2 drinks of 14 grams (0.014 kg) each, in two hours:

• 70 kg woman drinking 1.5 drinks of 14 grams each, in two hours:

By standard drinks[edit]

The examples above define a standard drink as 0.6 fluid ounces (14 g or 17.7 mL) of ethanol, whereas other definitions exist, for example 10 grams of ethanol.

Binge drinking[edit]

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) define the term «binge drinking» as a pattern of drinking that brings a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above. This typically happens when men consume five or more drinks, and when women consume four or more drinks, in about two hours.^[6]

Units of measurement[edit]

There are several different units in use around the world for defining blood alcohol concentration. Measures of mass (never volume) of alcohol per volume of blood or per mass of blood are used. 1 milliliter of blood has a mass of approximately 1.06 grams, so that units by volume are about 6% greater than if mass-based.

The amount of alcohol on the breath can also be measured, without requiring drawing blood, by blowing into a breathalyzer. The amount of alcohol measured on the breath is generally accepted as proportional to the amount of alcohol present in the blood, at a rate of 1:2100, so blood alcohol can be estimated from a breathalyzer reading. For example, a breathalyzer measurement of 0.10 mg/L of breath alcohol characterises 0.0001×2100 g/L, or 0.21 g/L of blood alcohol (equivalent to 0.21 permille).

While a variety of units or criteria are used in different jurisdictions, many countries use the g/L unit, clearer than if expressed as a percentage. Usual units are listed below. For example, the U.S. uses a concentration unit of 1% w/v (percent mass/volume, equivalent to 10 g/L or 1 g per 100 mL).

Legal limits[edit]

For purposes of law enforcement, blood alcohol content is used to define intoxication and provides a rough measure of impairment. Although the degree of impairment may vary among individuals with the same blood alcohol content, it can be measured objectively and is therefore legally useful and difficult to contest in court. Most countries forbid operation of motor vehicles and heavy machinery above prescribed levels of blood alcohol content. Operation of boats and aircraft is also regulated. Some jurisdictions also regulate bicycling under the influence.

The alcohol level at which a person is considered legally impaired to drive varies by country. The list below gives limits by country. These are typically blood alcohol content limits for the operation of a vehicle. Most limits are specified by volume; a few countries use BAC by mass, equivalent to a figure about 6% higher by volume.

0%[edit]

It is illegal to have any measurable alcohol in the blood while driving in these countries. Most jurisdictions have a tolerance slightly higher than zero to account for false positives and naturally occurring alcohol in the body. Some of the following jurisdictions have a general prohibition of alcohol.

• Australia—Drivers who are learners or holders of a Provisional/Probationary licence
• Bangladesh
• Brazil
• Brunei
• Canada—new drivers undergoing graduated licensing in Ontario, British Columbia,^[9] Newfoundland and Labrador and Alberta;^[10] drivers under the age of 22 in Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario,^[11] Saskatchewan and in Quebec receive a 30-day suspension and 7-day vehicle seizure.^[12] Drivers in Alberta who are in the graduated licensing program, regardless of age, are subject to the same 30-day/7-day suspensions/seizure policy.^[13]
• Colombia —Zero Alcohol Tolerance law is effective since December 2013 ^[14][15]
• Czech Republic
• Estonia
• Fiji
• Germany—for learner drivers, all drivers 18–21 and newly licensed drivers of any age for first two years of licence
• Iceland: The limit is 0.00%. You will not be fined until you reach 0.05%
• Israel—24 µg per 100 mL (0.024%) of breath (penalties only apply above 26 µg per 100 mL (0.026%) of breath following lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used). New drivers, drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 5 µg per 100 mL of breath.(0.005%) ^[16]
• Hungary*
• Italy—for drivers in their first three years after gaining a driving license
• Japan—drivers under the age of 20 because of not reaching legal drinking age.
• Kuwait
• New Zealand—drivers under the age of 20; drivers convicted of excess breath alcohol may be required to gain a zero-limit license.
• Nepal
• Oman
• Qatar
• Pakistan
• Paraguay
• Romania—beyond 0.04% drivers will not only receive a fine and have their license suspended, the offense will also be added to their criminal records.
• Russian Federation—0% introduced in 2010,^[17] but discontinued in September 2013^[18]
• Saudi Arabia
• Slovakia
• Uruguay^[19]
• United Arab Emirates
• Vietnam

0.02%[edit]

• China
• Faroe Islands
• Netherlands (for drivers in their first five years after gaining a driving license)^[20]
• Norway (road vehicles and sea vessels over 15 m),^[21] alternatively 0.1 mg/L of breath.
• Hungary*
• Poland (0.02% – 0.05% is a petty offence, over 0.05% is a criminal offence)
• Puerto Rico
• Russia (0.018% since September 2013^[18])
• Serbia
• Sweden
• Ukraine
• United States—drivers under the age of 21 must have 0.02% or less on the federal level; however, most states have Zero Tolerance laws emplaced. Otherwise the limit is 0.08%, except in Utah, where it is 0.05%.

0.03%[edit]

• Belarus
• Bosnia and Herzegovina (0.031%)
• Chile
• India
• Japan^[22]
• Korea

0.04%[edit]

• Lithuania (0.00% for car drivers in their first three years after gaining a driving license, motorcycle and truck drivers)

0.05%[edit]

• Argentina: 0.02% for motorbikes, 0.00% for truck, taxi, and bus drivers, 0.00% in the provinces of Cordoba and Salta
• Australia (BAC stated by mass, not volume): 0.00% for Australian Capital Territory learner, provisional and convicted DUI drivers (changed down from 0.02% on December 1, 2010), 0.02% for truck/bus/taxi, 0.00% for learner drivers, provisional/probationary drivers (regardless of age), truck and bus drivers, driving instructors and DUI drivers in all other states
• Austria: no limit for pedestrians; 0.08% for cycling; 0.05% generally for cars <7.5 t (driving licence B) and motorbikes (A); but 0,01% during learning (for driver and teacher or L17-assistant). During probation period (at least the first 3 years) or up to the age of 21, when license was handed out after July 1, 2017, when older (at least the first 2 years) or up to the age of 20 (A1, AM, L17, F), trucks (C >7.5 t), bus (D), drivers of taxi and public transport^[23][24]
• Belgium (also for cyclists)
• Bulgaria
• Canada: (BAC stated by mass, not volume) Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick—provincial offence. Drivers have not committed a criminal offense, however a 3-day licence suspension and 3-day vehicle seizure occurs.
• Costa Rica
• Croatia: professional drivers, driving instructors and drivers of the vehicle categories C1, C1+E, C, C+E, D, D+E and H; the limit for other drivers is 0.50 mg/g, but they do get an additional separate fine if they cause an accident while having a blood alcohol level between 0 and 0,50 mg/g^[25]
• Denmark (excl. Faroe Islands)
• Finland
• France: 0.025% for bus drivers. Between 0.05% and 0.08%, drivers can be fined €135 and have six points removed from their licence. Above 0.08%, the punishment is more severe with possible imprisonment of up to two years, heavy fines and licence suspension.^[26]
• Germany (0.0% for learner drivers, all drivers 18–21 and newly licensed drivers of any age for first two years of licence; also, if the BAC exceeds 0.03%, driving is illegal if the driver is showing changes in behavior («Relative Fahruntüchtigkeit«))
• Greece (0.02% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license)
• Hong Kong
• Ireland: 0.02% for professional, learner and novice drivers(drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license)^[27]
• Israel: 24 µg per 100 mL (0.024%) of breath (penalties only apply above 26 µg per 100 mL (0.026%) of breath due to lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used). This is equivalent to a BAC of 0.05. New drivers, drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 5 µg per 100 mL of breath. This is equivalent to a BAC of 0.01.^[16]
• Italy: 0.00% for drivers in their first three years after gaining a driving license
• Latvia: 0.02% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license
• Luxembourg
• Malta: 0.02% for drivers with a probationary driving licence and drivers of commercial vehicles, and 0.00% for drivers of buses, coaches and other passenger carrying vehicles.^[28]
• Mauritius^[29]
• Netherlands: 0.02% for drivers in their first five years after gaining a driving license^[20]
• New Zealand
• North Macedonia: 0.00% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license
• Peru
• Philippines: 0.00% for taxicab and public transport drivers^[30]
• Portugal: 0.02% for drivers holding a driver’s licence for less than three years, professional drivers, and drivers of taxis, heavy vehicles, emergency vehicles, public transport of children and carrying dangerous goods.
• Scotland: Scotland’s drink-drive limit was reduced, by law, on 5 December 2014 from 0.08 to any of the following: 22 mcg of alcohol in 100 mL of breath, 50 mg of alcohol in 100 mL of blood, or 67 mg of alcohol in 100 mL of urine^[31]
• Slovenia: 0.00% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a drivers licence, drivers under 21 and professional drivers, such as buses, trucks.
• South Africa: 0.02% for professional drivers; to be changed for all to 0.00% by June 2020^[32]
• Spain (0.03% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers, such as buses and trucks)
• Switzerland (0.00% for learner drivers, drivers which are in their first three years after gaining a drivers licence and for driving instructors)^[33]
• Thailand: 0.02% for drivers who (1) hold a probationary driving licence or; (2) have a licence for different vehicle category or; (3) are under 20 years old or; (4) are disqualified and attempt to drive illegally^[34]
• Taiwan: breath alcohol limit decreased from 0.25 to 0.15 from 13 June 2013
• Turkey
• United States – Utah^[35]

0.06%[edit]

• The Bahamas^[36]

0.07%[edit]

• Honduras

0.08%[edit]

• Canada^[37]
• England and Wales;^[31] 0.02% for operators of fixed-wing aircraft
• Liechtenstein
• Malaysia: 0.00 for Probationary Driving Licence holders
• Mexico
• New Zealand: Criminal offence
• Norway: legal limit for sea vessels under 15 m^[38]
• Northern Ireland: The government of Northern Ireland intends to reduce the general limit to 0.05%.^[39]
• Puerto Rico: For drivers 18 years and older
• Singapore^[40]
• Trinidad and Tobago
• United States: Every state imposes mandatory penalties for operating a vehicle with a BAC level of 0.08% or greater,^[41][42] except Utah where the limit is 0.05%.^[43] Even below those levels drivers can have civil liability and other criminal guilt (e.g., in Arizona driving impairment to any degree caused by alcohol consumption can be a civil or criminal offense in addition to other offenses at higher blood alcohol content levels). Drivers under 21 (the most common U.S. legal drinking age) are held to stricter standards under zero tolerance laws adopted in varying forms in all states: commonly 0.01% to 0.05%. See Alcohol laws of the United States by state. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration: 0.04% for drivers of a commercial vehicle requiring a commercial driver’s license^[44] and 0.01% for operators of common carriers, such as buses.^[45]

0.10%[edit]

• Cayman Islands

Breath alcohol content[edit]

In certain countries, alcohol limits are determined by the breath alcohol content (BrAC), not to be confused with blood alcohol content (BAC).

• In Greece, the BrAC limit is 250 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath. The limit in blood is 0.50 g/L. The BrAC limit for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers are more restricted to 100 micrograms per litre of breath.
  • BrAC 250–400 = €200 fine.
  • BrAC 400–600 = €700 fine, plus suspension of driving license for 90 days (introduced in 2007)^[46]
  • BrAC >600 = 2 months imprisonment, plus suspension of driving license for 180 days, plus €1,200 fine
• In Hong Kong, the BrAC limit is 220 micrograms per litre of breath (as well as other defined limits)
• In The Netherlands and Finland, the BrAC limit is 220 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath (μg/L, colloquially known as «ugl» because some types of breathalyzer show the μ as ‘u’ due to screen size limitations).
• In New Zealand, the BrAC limit is 250 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath for those aged 20 years or over, and zero (meaning illegal to have any measurable breath alcohol content) for those aged under 20 years.^[47]
• In Singapore, the BrAC limit is 350 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath.^[40]
• In Spain the BrAC limit is 250 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath and 150 micrograms per litre of breath for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers.
• In England and Wales the BrAC limit is 350 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath (as well as the above defined blood alcohol content).
• In Scotland the BrAC limit is 220 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath (as well as the above defined blood alcohol content).
• In Trinidad and Tobago the BrAC limit is 35 micrograms of alcohol per 100 millilitres of breath (as well as the above defined blood alcohol content).

Other limitation schemes[edit]

• For South Korea, the penalties for different blood alcohol content levels include
  • 0.01–0.049 = No penalty
  • 0.05–0.09 = 100 days license suspension
  • >0.10 = Cancellation of car license.

Test assumptions[edit]

Blood alcohol tests assume the individual being tested is average in various ways. For example, on average the ratio of blood alcohol content to breath alcohol content (the partition ratio) is 2100 to 1. In other words, there are 2100 parts of alcohol in the blood for every part in the breath. However, the actual ratio in any given individual can vary from 1300:1 to 3100:1, or even more widely.^[48] This ratio varies not only from person to person, but within one person from moment to moment. Thus a person with a true blood alcohol level of 0.08% but a partition ratio of 1700:1 at the time of testing would have a 0.10 reading on a Breathalyzer calibrated for the average 2100:1 ratio.

After fatal accidents, it is common to check the blood alcohol levels of involved persons. However, soon after death, the body begins to putrefy, a biological process which produces ethanol. This can make it difficult to conclusively determine the blood alcohol content in autopsies, particularly in bodies recovered from water.^{[49][50][51][52]} For instance, following the Moorgate tube crash, the driver had a blood alcohol concentration of 80 mg/100 mL, but it could not be established how much of this could be attributed to natural decomposition.

[edit]

Retrograde extrapolation is the mathematical process by which someone’s blood alcohol concentration at the time of driving is estimated by projecting backwards from a later chemical test. This involves estimating the absorption and elimination of alcohol in the interim between driving and testing. The rate of elimination in the average person is commonly estimated at 0.015 to 0.020 grams per deciliter per hour (g/dL/h),^[53] although again this can vary from person to person and in a given person from one moment to another. Metabolism can be affected by numerous factors, including such things as body temperature, the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, and the amount and type of food consumed.

In an increasing number of states, laws have been enacted to facilitate this speculative task: the blood alcohol content at the time of driving is legally presumed to be the same as when later tested. There are usually time limits put on this presumption, commonly two or three hours, and the defendant is permitted to offer evidence to rebut this presumption.

Forward extrapolation can also be attempted. If the amount of alcohol consumed is known, along with such variables as the weight and sex of the subject and period and rate of consumption, the blood alcohol level can be estimated by extrapolating forward. Although subject to the same infirmities as retrograde extrapolation—guessing based upon averages and unknown variables—this can be relevant in estimating BAC when driving and/or corroborating or contradicting the results of a later chemical test.

Metabolism[edit]

Alcohol is absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but more slowly in the stomach than in the small or large intestine. For this reason, alcohol consumed with food is absorbed more slowly, because it spends a longer time in the stomach.^[54] Furthermore, alcohol dehydrogenase is present in the stomach lining. After absorption, the alcohol passes to the liver through the hepatic portal vein, where it undergoes a first pass of metabolism before entering the general bloodstream.^[55]

Alcohol is removed from the bloodstream by a combination of metabolism, excretion, and evaporation. Alcohol is metabolized mainly by the group of six enzymes collectively called alcohol dehydrogenase. These convert the ethanol into acetaldehyde (an intermediate more toxic than ethanol). The enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase then converts the acetaldehyde into non-toxic acetic acid.

Many physiologically active materials are removed from the bloodstream (whether by metabolism or excretion) at a rate proportional to the current concentration, so that they exhibit exponential decay with a characteristic half-life (see pharmacokinetics). This is not true for alcohol, however. Typical doses of alcohol actually saturate the enzymes’ capacity, so that alcohol is removed from the bloodstream at an approximately constant rate. This rate varies considerably between individuals. Another sex-based difference is in the elimination of alcohol. People under 25^{[citation needed]}, women,^[56] or people with liver disease may process alcohol more slowly. Falsely high BAC readings may be seen in patients with kidney or liver disease or failure.^{[citation needed]}

Such persons also have impaired acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which causes acetaldehyde levels to peak higher, producing more severe hangovers and other effects such as flushing and tachycardia. Conversely, members of certain ethnicities that traditionally did not use alcoholic beverages have lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenases and thus «sober up» very slowly but reach lower aldehyde concentrations and have milder hangovers. The rate of detoxification of alcohol can also be slowed by certain drugs which interfere with the action of alcohol dehydrogenases, notably aspirin, furfural (which may be found in fusel alcohol), fumes of certain solvents, many heavy metals, and some pyrazole compounds. Also suspected of having this effect are cimetidine, ranitidine, and acetaminophen (paracetamol).

Currently, the only known substance that can increase the rate of alcohol metabolism is fructose. The effect can vary significantly from person to person, but a 100 g dose of fructose has been shown to increase alcohol metabolism by an average of 80%. Fructose also increases false positives of high BAC readings in anyone with proteinuria and hematuria, due to kidney-liver metabolism.^[57]

The peak of blood alcohol level (or concentration of alcohol) is reduced after a large meal.^[54]

Highest levels[edit]

There have been reported cases of blood alcohol content higher than 1%:

• In 1982, a 24-year-old woman was admitted to the UCLA emergency room with a serum alcohol content of 1.51%, corresponding to a blood alcohol content of 1.33%. She was alert and oriented to person and place and survived.^[58] Serum alcohol concentration is not equal to nor calculated in the same way as blood alcohol content.^[59]
• In 1984, a 30-year-old man survived a blood alcohol concentration of 1.5% after vigorous medical intervention that included dialysis and intravenous therapy with fructose.^[60]
• In 1995, a man from Wrocław, Poland, caused a car accident near his hometown. He had a blood alcohol content of 1.48%; he was tested five times, with each test returning the same reading. He died a few days later of injuries from the accident.^[61]
• In 2004, an unidentified Taiwanese woman died of alcohol intoxication after immersion for twelve hours in a bathtub filled with 40% ethanol. Her blood alcohol content was 1.35%. It was believed that she had immersed herself as a response to the SARS epidemic.^[62]
• In South Africa, a man driving a Mercedes-Benz Vito light van containing 15 sheep allegedly stolen from nearby farms was arrested on December 22, 2010, near Queenstown in Eastern Cape. His blood had an alcohol content of 1.6%. Also in the vehicle were five boys and a woman, who were also arrested.^[63]
• On 26 October 2012, a man from Gmina Olszewo-Borki, Poland, who died in a car accident, recorded a blood alcohol content of 2.23%; however, the blood sample was collected from a wound and thus possibly contaminated.^[61]
• On 26 July 2013 a 40-year-old man from Alfredówka, Poland, was found by Municipal Police Patrol from Nowa Dęba lying in the ditch along the road in Tarnowska Wola. At the hospital, it was recorded that the man had a blood alcohol content of 1.374%. The man survived.^[64][65]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

General and cited references[edit]

• Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. Science and Technology Department. The Handy Science Answer Book. Pittsburgh: The Carnegie Library, 1997. ISBN 978-0-7876-1013-5.
• Perham, Nick; Moore, Simon C.; Shepherd, Jonathan; Cusens, Bryany (2007). «Identifying drunkenness in the night-time economy». Addiction. 102 (3): 377–80. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01699.x. PMID 17298644.
• Taylor, L., and S. Oberman. Drunk Driving Defense, 6th edition. New York: Aspen Law and Business, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7355-5429-0.

External links[edit]

• Estimated alcohol

‰

Проми́лле (лат. pro mille — за тысячу)^[1] — одна тысячная доля, 1/10 процента. Обозначается (‰). Используется для обозначения количества тысячных долей чего-либо в целом. Происходит (как и процент) от написания простой дробью: 27/1000 → 27 ‰; количество нулей в обозначении (3 нуля) соответствует количеству нулей в числе 1000. Символ можно ввести на компьютере с Windows с помощью Alt-0137: при включённом NumLock удерживая Alt набрать на цифровом блоке клавиатуры 0137.

Так,

• 1 ‰ = 0,1 % = 1⁄1000 = 0,001
• 100 ‰ = 10 % = 0,1
• 300 ‰ = 30 % = 300/1000 = 0,3
• 0,7 ‰ = 0,07 % = 0,0007
• 0 ‰ = 0 % = 0

Величина в промилле от массы, выраженной в килограммах, эквивалентна массе в граммах. От массы в тоннах — килограммам.

Пропромилле

Пропромилле — одна миллионная часть, обозначается тремя латинскими буквами — ppm, читается как «пи-пи-эм». Интересно, что при этом саму аббревиатуру ppm чаще понимают как «частей на миллион» (англ. «Parts per million»), а не как «Pro pro mille». 1 ppm в 1000 раз (на 3 порядка) меньше чем 1 промилле^[2].

• 1ppm =1/1000000 = 0,000001 = 1⋅10⁻⁶ = 0,001 ‰ = 0,0001 %

Применение

Есть некоторые величины (доли), традиционно измеряемые в промилле.

Например, фраза «солёность воды составляет 11 ‰ (одиннадцать промилле)», это то же самое, что и 1,1 % и означает, что из общей массы воды 0,011 (11 тысячных) занимают соли; так, если взять 1 кг воды, то в ней будет 11 г солей.

Уровень содержания алкоголя в крови человека также часто выражается в промилле.

Уклон

В связи с тем, что уклон железно­дорож­но­го пути сравнительно невелик, его также принято исчислять в промилле, однако при этом употребляют термин «тысячная» (например: «уклон 10 тысячных»).

Представив рельс как гипотенузу прямоугольного треугольника, один из катетов которого имеет длину 1000 метров и параллелен горизонту, увидим, что второй катет будет равен высоте, на которую поднимется состав, проехав (почти) 1 километр. Отношение второго катета к первому на практике часто представляет собой очень малую величину, поэтому его удобно выражать в тысячных. Уклон в 8 ‰ означает, например, что, проехав 1 километр, состав поднимется на высоту 8 метров (тангенс угла подъёма при этом составляет 0,008, то есть собственно угол подъёма равен arctg 0,008 ≈ 0,46°).

Однако в американской практике уклон пути измеряют в процентах, используя десятичные дроби. Возможно, это связано с тем, что в Америке используется английская система мер, в которой соотношения между единицами расстояния (в частности, милями, ярдами и футами) не кратны 1000.

См. также

• Базисный пункт
• Проба благородных металлов
• Процент
• Тысячная (артиллерия)

Литература

1. ↑ Большой энциклопедический словарь. — 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М. : «Большая Российская энциклопедия»; СПб. : «Норинт», 1998. — 1456 с. — ISBN 5-85270-160-2
2. ↑ Внесистемные единицы

Доли числа (части целого)
Формы представления
Переменное значение	Процент (%)  • Промилле (‰)  • Миллионная доля (‱, ppm, млн−1)  • Миллиардная доля (ppb, млрд−1)  • Триллионная доля (ppt, трлн−1)
Фиксированное значение	1/4 (Четверть) • 1/3 (Треть) • 1/2 (Половина) • 1/1 (всё, целое)
См. также	Приставки СИ • Целая часть  • Десятичная дробь  • Дробная часть  • Десятичный разделитель • Дробь  • Часть  • Доля (музыка) • Доля (единица измерения)

Математические знаки
Плюс ( + )  • Минус ( − )  • Знак умножения ( · или × )  • Знак деления ( : или / )  • Знак корня ( √ )  • Знак равенства ( =, ≈, ≡ и др.)  • Знаки неравенства ( ≠, >, < и др.)  • Бесконечность ( ∞ )  • Знак интеграла ( ∫ )  • Факториал ( ! )  • Вертикальная черта ( | )  • Знак градуса ( ° )  • Минута градуса ( ′ )  • Секунда градуса ( ″ )  • Штрих ( ′ )  • Звёздочка ( * )  • Обратная косая черта, бэкслеш (  )  • Процент ( % )  • Промилле ( ‰ )  • Тильда ( ~ )  • Циркумфлекс ( ^ )  • Плюс-минус ( ± )  • Обелюс ( ÷ )  • Десятичный разделитель ( , или . )
Математика  • История математических обозначений

Очень важно разбираться в вопросе 1 промилле – это сколько? Этот показатель используется для расчета алкоголя в крови и играет ключевую роль в признании нетрезвого состояния.

Промилле: что это такое?

Промилле – это одна тысячная доля содержания вещества в чем-либо.

Поэтому ответ на вопрос, 1 промилле – это сколько алкоголя, получить достаточно легко: в 1 л крови находится 1 г этанола.

Употребляя разные по крепости напитки, следует высчитывать этот показатель, поскольку он будет разниться. Например, 1 промилле – сколько водки? Важно брать в расчет вес человека и его пол. Процент жидкости в организме мужчины равен 70, у женщин – 60. Средний вес мужчины около70-75 кг. Так, после 100 г водки, то есть 40 г спирта, уровень алкоголя составит 0,55 промилле.

Основные понятия

Промилле – единица измерения, равно 1/10 процента. Ее используют для обозначения количества алкоголя в организме.

Этанол – спирт, содержащийся в алкогольных напитках. Прозрачная горючая жидкость.

Алкотестер – прибор, применяемый для определения стадии опьянения.

Какое количество спиртного разрешено в России

Есть строго определенная норма спиртосодержания в крови, допустимая для водителей. Это до 0,16‰ в крови при проверке в медучреждении, и 0,3-0,6‰ при проверке алкотестером. Помните, что некоторые продукты могут дать повышение результата. Это безалкогольное пиво и квас, кисломолочные продукты, шоколад, сок, сигареты.

Промилле и водитель автомобиля

При содержании спирта свыше 0,3-0,6‰ считается, что водитель находится в нетрезвом состоянии. Погрешность в дозе нужна для людей непьющих, но принимающих лекарства, имеющих специфические заболевания ЖКТ и тех, кто употребляет некоторые из вышеописанных продуктов.

При подтверждении нетрезвого состояния водителя к нему тут же применяются санкции: если нарушение первое, то это штраф 30000 рублей и лишение прав на срок 1,5-2 лет, при повторном следуют более жесткие меры.

Законодательная база

Есть ряд нормативно-правовых актов, на которые ориентируются сотрудники ГИБДД и водители:

• ФЗ № 528 – изменения в законодательных актах по вопросам усиления ответственности водителя.
• ФЗ № 63, прописан в Уголовном кодексе РФ.
• Постановление Правительства РФ № 1090, закрепляющее правила дорожного движения.
• ФЗ № 195, прописан в кодексе административных правонарушений.

Нарушение действующих законодательных норм приводит к административной или уголовной ответственности в виде начисления штрафов, лишения водительских прав, лишения свободы. В 2018 году рассматриваются законопроекты, согласно которым наказание может быть ужесточено.

Отказ от прохождения медицинского освидетельствования приравнивается к признанию вины и, следовательно, влечет за собой наказание.

Стадии опьянения и их проявления

• Легкая степень – 0,5-1,5‰. Чувство дискомфорта, легкие нарушения речевой и двигательной функций. Возбуждение, частичная потеря самоконтроля.
• Средняя степень 1,5-2,5‰. Снижение активности, речь монотонная, притупляется чувство опасности, существенно нарушена координация движений.
• Сильная степень – 2,5-3‰. Неадекватность поведения и оценки ситуации, сильные нарушения в процессе восприятия и координации. Выраженная интоксикация.
• Стадия полного отравления – более 3‰. Возможно полное отключение речевой функции потеря памяти. Состояние, похожее на кому. Сильная интоксикация.
  До 0,5‰ опьянение считается незначительным, алкоголь оказывает минимальное воздействие на человека.

Признаки алкогольного опьянения

Проверку водителя на алкоголь сотрудник ГИБДД может начать, если у него есть подозрения. Она включает:

• Анализ внешних симптомов;
• Проба с помощью алкотестера;
• Медицинское исследование крови и мочи.

Внешние признаки и поведение, говорящее об опьянении:

• Стойкий запах спиртного в машине или исходящий от человека;
• Неестественность позы, шаткость походки, тремор;
• Неуместное поведение с элементами агрессия или повышенная общительность;
• Несвязная речь, затруднения в произношении, бессмысленность произносимых слов;
• Расширение зрачков;
• Характерное покраснение или побледнение кожи.

При наличии описанных признаков инспектор может обязать водителя пройти освидетельствование. В противном случае принуждение незаконно.

Процесс выведения алкоголя

Наибольшая концентрация алкоголя наступает через 30 минут употребления спиртного, а после начинает постепенно снижаться. Время выведения достаточно длительно и зависит от многих параметров:

• пол: кровь у мужчин очищается быстрее. Среднестатический мужчина за час теряет 0,10 – 0,15 ‰, а женщина – максимум 0,10‰.
• вид спиртного: для очищения от водки, коньяка или других крепких напитков требуется больше времени.
• вес: для людей с большим весом требуется меньше времени.

Ускорить процесс выведения спирта из организма можно, прибегнув к физическим упражнениям, водным процедурам и обильному питью.

Важно! Нет абсолютно безопасной дозы алкоголя, после которой можно сразу садиться за руль.

Смертельная доза алкоголя

Принято считать, что 5‰ – это уже смертельно опасная доза. Однако современные данные показывают, что встречаются водители, показывающие результаты и в 6 и в 7 промилле.

Даже врачи затрудняются назвать точную «дозу смерти». Ведь она зависит не только от объема выпитого, но и от разновидности алкогольного напитка, состояния здоровья человека, образа жизни, его метрических показателей (рост, вес). Поэтому не стоит полагаться на средние показатели и «играть» с количеством алкоголя.

Осторожно! Алкоголь убивает

Злоупотребление алкоголем опасно само по себе: длительное и регулярное превышение адекватных доз спиртных напитков приводит к развитию алкогольной зависимости. Она тяжело поддается лечению, приводит к массе побочных заболеваний, а в запущенных случаях – к летальному исходу.

Еще одна опасность – управление транспортным средством в состоянии опьянения. Такое безответственное поведение угрожает жизни самого водителя, пассажиров и других участников дорожного движения. В пьяном виде затеваются ссоры, переходящие в драки и другие опасные инциденты; нередки и проблемы с законом.



(Redirected from Per mill)

Per mille (from Latin per mīlle, «in each thousand»)^[1] is an expression that means parts per thousand.^[2] Other recognised spellings include per mil,^[2] per mill,^[1][3] permil,^[1] permill,^[1] or permille.^[4][5]

The associated sign is written ‰, which looks like a percent sign % with an extra zero or o in the divisor.

The term occurs so rarely in English^{[citation needed]} that major dictionaries do not agree on the spelling^[1][2][3] and some major dictionaries such as Macmillan^[6] do not even contain an entry. The term is more common in other European languages where it is used to express fractions smaller than 1%. One common usage is blood alcohol content, which is usually expressed as a percentage in English-speaking countries.

Per mille should not be confused with parts per million (ppm).

Computer systems[edit]

The code point for the glyph is included in the General Punctuation block of Unicode characters: U+2030 ‰ PER MILLE SIGN.^[4] It may be typed using Alt+0137, Compose%o, Ctrl+⇧ Shift+u 2030, or ⌥ Option+⇧ Shift+r according to operating system.

Note that for the compose key sequence the percent key (%) is followed by lower case letter o and not, as might be expected, by digit 0.^[7]

Examples[edit]

Examples of use include:

• Legal limits of blood-alcohol content for driving a road vehicle in some countries: for example: 0.5‰ or 0.8‰.
• Seawater salinity: for example: «the average salinity is 35‰».
• Tunnel and railway gradients (in some countries in Europe).
• Birth and death rates.
• Baseball batting averages (colloquially).
• Property taxation rates: the millage rate (U.S.) or mill rate (Canada).
• Expressing stable-isotope ratios—for example: «δ¹³C was measured at −3.5‰».
• Fineness of precious metals.
• Cost per mille (CPM), the price of 1000 units, may be used for views of banner and display advertising, and for emails delivered by email service providers.

[edit]

• Percentage point difference of 1 part in 100
• Percentage (%) 1 part in 100
• Basis point (bp) difference of 1 part in 10,000
• Permyriad (‱) 1 part in 10,000
• Per cent mille (pcm) 1 part in 100,000

See also[edit]

• Parts-per notation
• Per-unit system
• Percent point function
• Fineness of precious metals (given as «0.000-fine»)

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Media related to Per mille at Wikimedia Commons

(Redirected from Per mill)

Per mille (from Latin per mīlle, «in each thousand»)^[1] is an expression that means parts per thousand.^[2] Other recognised spellings include per mil,^[2] per mill,^[1][3] permil,^[1] permill,^[1] or permille.^[4][5]

The associated sign is written ‰, which looks like a percent sign % with an extra zero or o in the divisor.

The term occurs so rarely in English^{[citation needed]} that major dictionaries do not agree on the spelling^[1][2][3] and some major dictionaries such as Macmillan^[6] do not even contain an entry. The term is more common in other European languages where it is used to express fractions smaller than 1%. One common usage is blood alcohol content, which is usually expressed as a percentage in English-speaking countries.

Per mille should not be confused with parts per million (ppm).

Computer systems[edit]

The code point for the glyph is included in the General Punctuation block of Unicode characters: U+2030 ‰ PER MILLE SIGN.^[4] It may be typed using Alt+0137, Compose%o, Ctrl+⇧ Shift+u 2030, or ⌥ Option+⇧ Shift+r according to operating system.

Note that for the compose key sequence the percent key (%) is followed by lower case letter o and not, as might be expected, by digit 0.^[7]

Examples[edit]

Examples of use include:

• Legal limits of blood-alcohol content for driving a road vehicle in some countries: for example: 0.5‰ or 0.8‰.
• Seawater salinity: for example: «the average salinity is 35‰».
• Tunnel and railway gradients (in some countries in Europe).
• Birth and death rates.
• Baseball batting averages (colloquially).
• Property taxation rates: the millage rate (U.S.) or mill rate (Canada).
• Expressing stable-isotope ratios—for example: «δ¹³C was measured at −3.5‰».
• Fineness of precious metals.
• Cost per mille (CPM), the price of 1000 units, may be used for views of banner and display advertising, and for emails delivered by email service providers.

[edit]

• Percentage point difference of 1 part in 100
• Percentage (%) 1 part in 100
• Basis point (bp) difference of 1 part in 10,000
• Permyriad (‱) 1 part in 10,000
• Per cent mille (pcm) 1 part in 100,000

See also[edit]

• Parts-per notation
• Per-unit system
• Percent point function
• Fineness of precious metals (given as «0.000-fine»)

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Media related to Per mille at Wikimedia Commons