Как пишется слово кюар код правильно написать - Граматика и образование на Pisanino.ru

С приходом пандемии COVID-19 в Россию лексикон многих россиян пополнился новыми, доселе не знакомыми для них, словами. Такие лексемы как «штамм», «QR-код», «двухфакторная вакцинация», «COVID-19» и другие аналоги вошли в наш будничный обиход, и ныне их часто можно услышать по телевизору и радио, найти в тексте новостной статьи или встретить в бытовом разговоре. Но как это часто бывает, порой новомодные слова произносятся неправильно, или не с тем смыслом, который изначально в них закладывался. Такая ситуация случилась и с «QR-кодом», который часто произносится неверно. Как же правильно говорить куар, кьюар или пиар код, важна ли разница в произношении, и что при этом стоит учитывать? Расскажем в нашем материале.

Что нужно знать об QR-коде?
Как правильно произносить QR-код: куар, кюар, кьюар или пиар код
Где можно услышать как QR-код произносится правильно
Как правильно писать куар, кьюар или кюар
Где получить и как использовать QR-код
Заключение

Что нужно знать об QR-коде?

QR-код – это матричный штрихкод в виде квадрата, в котором с помощью маленьких точек-квадратов размещена какая-либо информация. Особенности строения куар кода позволяют считывать его по горизонтали и вертикали. А также хранить в нём достаточный объём данных для многих задач, выполнять быстрое распознавание кода, избегать ошибок при сканировании.

Первоначально данный код использовался в автомобильной промышленности специалистами японской компании «Denso Wave», позволяя эффективно отслеживать выпускаемые компанией автомобили и комплектующие. Позже компания «Denso Wave» отказалась от патентных прав на своё изобретение, и удобство QR-кодов было по достоинству оценено в других отраслях. Ныне мы можем встретить QR-коды во многих областях и сферах человеческой жизнедеятельности, включая розничные продажи, медицину, общепит и другие.

Приход пандемии коронавируса значительно повысил частоту использования QR-кодов. Последние стали обязательным атрибутом множества медицинских документов, связанных с вакцинацией от коронавируса и выполнением различных ковид-тестов. Сертификаты вакцинации и паспорта здоровья, ПЦР-тесты, клинические рекомендации и другие медицинские документы по всему миру часто сопровождаются QR-кодом. Последний позволяет проверить статус такого документа, и получить дополнительную информацию о его владельце.

Массовое задействование QR-кодов в России пришлось на лето 2021 года, когда власти Москвы борясь с очередной вспышкой заболеваемости коронавирусом, ввели обязательные QR-коды для посещения развлекательных заведений. И несмотря на то, что через несколько недель ограничения были сняты, с очередным всплеском заболеваемости КОВИД-19 в России они вернулись вновь. Использование QR-кодов в большинстве регионов России стало повсеместным.

Как правильно произносить QR-код: куар, кюар, кьюар или пиар код

Массовость использования QR-кодов очень быстро привела к довольно большой разнице прочтения и кириллического написания этой англоязычной аббревиатуры. Мы можем встретить такие варианты прочтения и написания как «куар код», «кюар код», «кьюар код», «пиар код», «киар код», «пуар код» и «куэр код». Каждый пишет данное слово по-своему, склоняет на свой собственный лад, чем вносит элемент путаницы в общение.

Так как же правильно читается данное слово? Давайте сначала определимся с сокращениями. Буквы «QR» — это сокращение от английского «Quick Responce» (быстрый ответ).

Соответственно, предлагаем читать данную англоязычную аббревиатуру по буквам:

Q – «кью»

R – «ар»

Соответственно, «QR-код» правильно произносится как «кьюар код».

Где можно услышать как QR-код произносится правильно

В сети имеются различные ресурсы, позволяющие услышать, как кьюар код правильно говорить на английском языке. В частности, предлагаем послушать его произношение на сайтах ru.forvo.com и dictionary.cambridge.org. Здесь приводится произношение данного слова в двух вариациях – на оригинальном английском и американском варианте английского языка. Достаточно перейти на один из таких сайтов, и кликнуть (тапнуть) на значок динамика. Вы услышите как звучит данная аббревиатура на нативном английском.

Для воспроизведения правильного произношения нажмите на значок динамика

Как правильно писать куар, кьюар или кюар

В письме лучше всего использовать традиционное написание «QR-код». Если решили использовать кириллический вариант написания, тогда правильное написание будет выглядеть как «кьюар код». Допустимо также близкое по слышимости написание «куар код».

Будет неправильным использование существенно отличающихся написаний – «пуар код», «пиар код» «пуэр код», «куэр код» и других далёких от правильного произношения аналогов.

Используйте традиционное написание аббревиатуры

Где получить и как использовать QR-код

В России кьюар код является обязательным атрибутом электронной версии сертификата привитого, переболевшего, а также негативного результата ПЦР-теста. Такой код обычно поступает в приватный кабинет человека на сервисе Госуслуг, где его можно просмотреть и скачать к себе на телефон.

Обычно данный сертификат с куар кодом можно найти, перейдя на страницу https://www.gosuslugi.ru/10600/1.
Открыв данный сертификат, вы увидите внизу кликабельную надпись «Скачать сертификат в ПДФ».
Кликнув на неё, вы сможете загрузить данный сертификат с кьюар кодом на ваш PC или смартфон.

Кликнув на данную надпись, загрузите сертификат с кодом к себе на телефон.

Для использования кьюар кода будет необходимо открыть его на экране вашего смартфона (или заранее распечатать на листе бумаги и показать данный лист проверяющему). Обычно кьюар код демонстрируется вместе с паспортом – это позволяет сравнить данные, полученные при сканировании кода, с паспортными данными для выявления подделок. Если данные совпадут – посетитель будет пропущен в заведении. В случае подлога и использования фиктивного куар кода человек может быть оштрафован.

Если же сертификат не поступил в ваш приватный кабинет на Госуслугах, проверьте статус вашей учётной записи на данном государственном ресурсе (она должна быть подтверждённой). Также убедитесь, верно ли внесла медицинская организация, в которой вы проходили вакцинацию, ваши данные в регистр вакцинированных.

Это полезно знать: как получить кьюар код при медотводе.

Заключение

В нашем материале мы разобрали правильное произношение «QR-код» — куар, кьюар, кюар или пиар код, как правильно произносится англоязычный вариант, и каково корректное написание данного слова. Избегайте неверного написания данного слова, а лучше всего используйте традиционное написание — «QR-код». Это поможет избежать двусмысленностей и недопонимания в общении, и обсудить интересующий вас вопрос по тематике кьюар кодов без каких-либо сложностей и затруднений.

Источник

Русский

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства

падеж	ед. ч.	мн. ч.
Им.	QR-ко́д	QR-ко́ды
Р.	QR-ко́да	QR-ко́дов
Д.	QR-ко́ду	QR-ко́дам
В.	QR-ко́д	QR-ко́ды
Тв.	QR-ко́дом	QR-ко́дами
Пр.	QR-ко́де	QR-ко́дах

QR-код

Существительное, неодушевлённое, мужской род, 2-е склонение (тип склонения 1a по классификации А. А. Зализняка).

Встречается также вариант написания: кьюар-код, куаркод, куркод.

Корень: -Q-; корень: -R-; корень: -код-.

Произношение

МФА: ед. ч. [kʲju ar ˈkot], мн. ч. [kʲju ar ˈkodɨ]

МФА (допустимо): [ku ɛr ˈkot]

МФА (разговорное): [kur ˈkot]

Семантические свойства

Значение

тип матричного штрихкода — машиночитаемое изображение из последовательности чёрных и белых квадратов, кодирующее информацию об объекте, с которым оно связано ◆ Убедитесь, что покупаете оригинальный картридж HP ― на нём должны быть: защитная голографическая наклейка HP и проверочный QR-код ― для проверки подлинности достаточно отсканировать код смартфоном. «Реклама» // «Русский репортер», 2013 г. [НКРЯ]
QR-коды [1], получившие распространение во время пандемии COVID-19 в качестве средства идентификации вакцинированных и переболевших ◆ Кабмин определил необходимое для получения QR-кода количество антител. 2021, «Московский комсомолец»
мн. ч. режим доступа в общественные места только по предъявлению QR-кода [2] о вакцинации или перенесении коронавирусной инфекции ◆ При этом введение QR-кодов в метро пока не обсуждается, хотя ранее ряд регионов заявили о введении таких ограничительных мер на региональном общественном транспорте. 2021, «Вести.ru»

Синонимы

?
неодобр.: кукарекод, кукареку-код, ку-ку-код
?

Антонимы

Гиперонимы

штрихкод
справка, пропуск, аусвайс
пропускной режим

Гипонимы

Родственные слова

Ближайшее родство

Этимология

От англ. QR code, сокращение от quick «быстрый; быстро» + response «отвечать; отклик; ответ» + code «код», далее от ??

Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания

Перевод

Список переводов
Английский_en: QR code ^(en) Белорусский_be: QR-код ^(be) м. Греческий_el: κώδικας QR ^(el) м. Грузинский_ka: QR-კოდი ^(ka) Испанский_es: código QR ^(es) м. Итальянский_it: codice QR ^(it) м. Китайский (традиц.): 二維碼 ^(zh) Китайский (упрощ.): 二维码 ^(zh) Корейский_ko: QR 코드 ^(ko) Латышский_lv: kvadrātkods ^(lv) Немецкий_de: Schnellantwortkode ^(de) м., QR-Kode ^(de) м., QR-Code ^(de) м. Украинский_uk: QR-код ^(uk) м. Финский_fi: ruutukoodi ^(fi) Французский_fr: code QR ^(fr) Японский_ja: QRコード ^(ja)

Список переводов

Английский_en: QR code ^(en)
Белорусский_be: QR-код ^(be) м.
Греческий_el: κώδικας QR ^(el) м.
Грузинский_ka: QR-კოდი ^(ka)
Испанский_es: código QR ^(es) м.
Итальянский_it: codice QR ^(it) м.
Китайский (традиц.): 二維碼 ^(zh)
Китайский (упрощ.): 二维码 ^(zh)
Корейский_ko: QR 코드 ^(ko)
Латышский_lv: kvadrātkods ^(lv)
Немецкий_de: Schnellantwortkode ^(de) м., QR-Kode ^(de) м., QR-Code ^(de) м.
Украинский_uk: QR-код ^(uk) м.
Финский_fi: ruutukoodi ^(fi)
Французский_fr: code QR ^(fr)
Японский_ja: QRコード ^(ja)

Библиография

Источник

A QR code (an initialism for quick response code) is a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode)^[1]^[2] invented in 1994 by Japanese company Denso Wave. A barcode is a machine-readable optical label that can contain information about the item to which it is attached. In practice, QR codes often contain data for a locator, identifier, or tracker that points to a website or application. QR codes use four standardized encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and kanji) to store data efficiently; extensions may also be used.^[3]

The quick response system became popular outside the automotive industry due to its fast readability and greater storage capacity compared to standard UPC barcodes. Applications include product tracking, item identification, time tracking, document management, and general marketing.^[4]

A QR code consists of black squares arranged in a square grid on a white background, including some fiducial markers, which can be read by an imaging device such as a camera, and processed using Reed–Solomon error correction until the image can be appropriately interpreted. The required data is then extracted from patterns that are present in both horizontal and vertical components of the image.^[4]

History[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2021)

The QR code system was invented in 1994 by Masahiro Hara from the Japanese company Denso Wave.^[5]^[6]^[7] The initial design was influenced by the black and white pieces on a Go board.^[8] Its purpose was to keep track of automotive parts manufactured by Denso, to replace several bar codes on each box, each of which had to be scanned separately.^[9]

Adoption[edit]

QR codes can be displayed on buildings, as this one being painted in Cape Town

QR codes are now used in a much broader context, including both commercial tracking applications and convenience-oriented applications aimed at mobile-phone users (termed mobile tagging). QR codes may be used to display text to the user, to open a webpage on the user’s device, to add a vCard contact to the user’s device, to open a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), to connect to a wireless network, or to compose an email or text message. There are a great many QR code generators available as software or as online tools that are either free, or require a paid subscription.^[10] The QR code has become one of the most-used types of two-dimensional code.^[11]

During the month of June 2011, 14 million American mobile users scanned a QR code or a barcode. Some 58% of those users scanned a QR or barcode from their homes, while 39% scanned from retail stores; 53% of the 14 million users were men between the ages of 18 and 34.^[12]

In September 2020, a survey found that 18.8 percent of consumers in the United States and United Kingdom strongly agreed that they had noticed an increase of QR code use since the then-active COVID-19 related restrictions had begun several months prior.^[13]

Standards[edit]

Structure of a QR code (version 7), highlighting functional elements

There are several standards that cover the encoding of data as QR codes:^[14]

October 1997 – AIM (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility) International^[15]
January 1999 – JIS X 0510
June 2000 – ISO/IEC 18004:2000 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – Bar code symbology – QR code (now withdrawn)
Defines QR code models 1 and 2 symbols.
1 September 2006 – ISO/IEC 18004:2006 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR code 2005 bar code symbology specification (now withdrawn)^[16]
Defines QR code 2005 symbols, an extension of QR code model 2. Does not specify how to read QR code model 1 symbols, or require this for compliance.
1 February 2015 – ISO/IEC 18004:2015 Information – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR Code barcode symbology specification
Renames the QR Code 2005 symbol to QR Code and adds clarification to some procedures and minor corrections.
May 2022 – ISO/IEC 23941:2022 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – Rectangular Micro QR Code (rMQR) bar code symbology specification^[17]
Defines the requirements for Micro QR Code.

At the application layer, there is some variation between most of the implementations. Japan’s NTT DoCoMo has established de facto standards for the encoding of URLs, contact information, and several other data types.^[18] The open-source «ZXing» project maintains a list of QR code data types.^[19]

Uses[edit]

A QR code used on a large billboard in Japan, linking to the sagasou.mobi website

QR codes have become common in consumer advertising. Typically, a smartphone is used as a QR code scanner, displaying the code and converting it to some useful form (such as a standard URL for a website, thereby obviating the need for a user to type it into a web browser).
QR code has become a focus of advertising strategy, since it provides a way to access a brand’s website more quickly than by manually entering a URL.^[20]^[21] Beyond mere convenience to the consumer, the importance of this capability is that it increases the conversion rate: the chance that contact with the advertisement will convert to a sale. It coaxes interested prospects further down the conversion funnel with little delay or effort, bringing the viewer to the advertiser’s website immediately, whereas a longer and more targeted sales pitch may lose the viewer’s interest.

Although initially used to track parts in vehicle manufacturing, QR codes are used over a much wider range of applications. These include commercial tracking, entertainment and transport ticketing, product and loyalty marketing and in-store product labeling. Examples of marketing include where a company’s discounted and percent discount can be captured using a QR code decoder which is a mobile app, or storing a company’s information such as address and related information alongside its alpha-numeric text data as can be seen in Yellow Pages directories.

They can also be used in storing personal information for use by organizations. An example of this is Philippines National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) where NBI clearances now come with a QR code. Many of these applications target mobile-phone users (via mobile tagging). Users may receive text, add a vCard contact to their device, open a URL, or compose an e-mail or text message after scanning QR codes. They can generate and print their own QR codes for others to scan and use by visiting one of several pay or free QR code-generating sites or apps. Google had an API, now deprecated, to generate QR codes,^[22] and apps for scanning QR codes can be found on nearly all smartphone devices.^[23]

QR codes have been used and printed on train tickets in China since 2010.^[24]

QR codes storing addresses and URLs may appear in magazines, on signs, on buses, on business cards, or on almost any object about which users might want information. Users with a camera phone equipped with the correct reader application can scan the image of the QR code to display text, contact information, connect to a wireless network, or open a web page in the phone’s browser. This act of linking from physical world objects is termed hardlinking or object hyperlinking. QR codes also may be linked to a location to track where a code has been scanned. Either the application that scans the QR code retrieves the geo information by using GPS and cell tower triangulation (aGPS) or the URL encoded in the QR code itself is associated with a location. In 2008, a Japanese stonemason announced plans to engrave QR codes on gravestones, allowing visitors to view information about the deceased, and family members to keep track of visits.^[25] Psychologist Richard Wiseman was one of the first authors to include QR codes in a book, in Paranormality: Why We See What Isn’t There (2011).^[26]^{[failed verification]}

QR codes have been incorporated into currency. In June 2011, The Royal Dutch Mint (Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt) issued the world’s first official coin with a QR code to celebrate the centenary of its current building and premises. The coin can be scanned by a smartphone and originally linked to a special website with contents about the historical event and design of the coin.^[27] In 2014, the Central Bank of Nigeria issued a 100-naira banknote to commemorate its centennial, the first banknote to incorporate a QR code in its design. When scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the code goes to a website which tells the centenary story of Nigeria.^[28] In 2015, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a 100-rubles note to commemorate the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. It contains a QR code into its design, and when scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the code goes to a website that details the historical and technical background of the commemorative note. In 2017, the Bank of Ghana issued a 5-cedis banknote to commemorate 60 years of Central Banking in Ghana, and contains a QR code in its design, which when scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, that code goes to the official Bank of Ghana website.

Credit card functionality is under development. In September 2016, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) launched the eponymously named Bharat QR, a common QR code jointly developed by all the four major card payment companies – National Payments Corporation of India that runs RuPay cards along with MasterCard, Visa and American Express. It will also have the capability of accepting payments on the unified payments interface (UPI) platform.^[29]^[30]

Augmented reality[edit]

QR codes are used in some augmented reality systems to determine the positions of objects in 3-dimensional space.^[9]

Displaying multimedia contents[edit]

QR codes also used to direct users to specific multimedia content (such as videos, audios, images, documents and any type of content accessible from the web). This type of QR code is called «Multimedia QR code».

Mobile operating systems[edit]

QR codes can be used on various mobile device operating systems. iPhones running on iOS 11 and higher^[31] and some Android devices can natively scan QR codes without downloading an external app.^[32] The camera app is able to scan and display the kind of QR code (only on iPhone) along with the link (both on Android and iPhone). These devices support URL redirection, which allows QR codes to send metadata to existing applications on the device. Many paid or free apps are available with the ability to scan the codes and hard-link to an external URL.

Virtual stores[edit]

QR codes have been used to establish «virtual stores», where a gallery of product information and QR codes is presented to the customer, e.g. on a train station wall. The customers scan the QR codes, and the products are delivered to their homes. This use started in South Korea,^[33] and Argentina,^[34] but is currently expanding globally.^[35] Walmart, Procter & Gamble and Woolworths have already adopted the Virtual Store concept.^[36]

QR code payment[edit]

QR codes can be used to store bank account information or credit card information, or they can be specifically designed to work with particular payment provider applications. There are several trial applications of QR code payments across the world.^[37]^[38] In developing countries like China,^[39]^[40] India^[41] and Bangladesh QR code payment is a very popular and convenient method of making payments. Since Alipay designed a QR code payment method in 2011,^[42] mobile payment has been quickly adopted in China. As of 2018, around 83% of all payments were made via mobile payment.^[43]

In November 2012, QR code payments were deployed on a larger scale in the Czech Republic when an open format for payment information exchange – a Short Payment Descriptor – was introduced and endorsed by the Czech Banking Association as the official local solution for QR payments.^[44]^[45] In 2013, the European Payment Council provided guidelines for the EPC QR code enabling SCT initiation within the Eurozone.

In 2017, Singapore created a taskforce including their Government Agencies such as the Monetary Authority of Singapore and Infocomm Media Development Authority to spearhead a system for e-payments using standardized QR code specifications. These specific dimensions are specialized for Singapore’s market.^[46]

The e-payment system, Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR), essentially merges various QR codes into one label which can be used by both parties in the payment system. This allows for various banking apps to facilitate payments between multiple customers and a merchant that displays the single QR code.^[47]

A single SDQR label contains e-payments and combines multiple payment options. Once consumers spot the SGQR label, they will be able to scan it and see which payment options the merchant accepts. The SGQR scheme is co-owned by MAS and IMDA. ^[48]

Website login[edit]

QR codes can be used to log into websites: a QR code is shown on the login page on a computer screen, and when a registered user scans it with a verified smartphone, they will automatically be logged in. Authentication is performed by the smartphone which contacts the server. Google tested such a login method in January 2012.^[49]

Mobile ticket[edit]

There is a system whereby a QR code can be displayed on a device such as a smartphone and used as an admission ticket.^[50]^[51]^[52] Its use is common for J1 League and Nippon Professional Baseball tickets in Japan.^[53]^[54] In some cases, rights can be transferred via the Internet.

Restaurant ordering[edit]

Restaurants can present a QR code near the front door or at the table allowing guests to view an online menu, or even redirect them to an online ordering website or app, allowing them to order and/or possibly pay for their meal without having to use a cashier or waiter. QR codes can also link to daily or weekly specials that are not printed on the standardized menus,^[55] and enable the establishment to update the entire menu without needing to print copies. At table-serve restaurants, QR codes enable guests to order and pay for their meals without a waiter involved – the QR code contains the table number so servers know where to bring the food.^[56]^[57] This application has grown especially since the need for social distancing during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic prompted reduced contact between service staff and customers.^[56]

Joining a Wi‑Fi network[edit]

A QR code to automatically join a Wi‑Fi network

By specifying the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, mobile device users can quickly scan and join networks without having to manually enter the data.^[58] A MeCard-like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.^[59]

Common format: WIFI:S:<SSID>;T:<WEP|WPA|blank>;P:<PASSWORD>;H:<true|false|blank>;;
Sample: WIFI:S:MySSID;T:WPA;P:MyPassW0rd;;

Funerary use[edit]

A QR code which links to an obituary and can be placed on a headstone

A QR code can link to an obituary and can be placed on a headstone. In 2008, Ishinokoe in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan began to sell tombstones with QR codes produced by IT DeSign, where the code leads to a virtual grave site of the deceased.^[60]^[61]^[62] Other companies, such as Wisconsin-based Interactive Headstones, have also begun implementing QR codes into tombstones.^[63] In 2014, the Jewish Cemetery of La Paz in Uruguay began implementing QR codes for tombstones.^[64]

Electronic authentication[edit]

QR codes are also used to generate time-based one-time passwords (TOTP) for electronic authentication.

Loyalty programs[edit]

QR codes have been used by various retail outlets that have loyalty programs. Sometimes these programs are accessed with an app that is loaded onto a phone and includes a process triggered by a QR code scan. The QR codes for loyalty programs tend to be found printed on the receipt for a purchase or on the products themselves. Users in these schemes collect award points by scanning a code.

Counterfeit detection[edit]

Serialised QR codes have been used by brands^[65] and governments^[66] to let consumers, retailers and distributors verify the authenticity of the products and help with detecting counterfeit products, as part of a brand protection program.^[67] However, the security level of a regular QR Code is limited since QR Codes printed on original products are easily reproduced on fake products, even though the analysis of data generated as a result of QR Code scanning can be used to detect counterfeiting and illicit activity.^[68] A higher security level can be attained by embedding a digital watermark or copy detection pattern into the image of the QR Code. This makes the QR Code more secure against counterfeiting attempts, and fake products which contain a counterfeit QR Code can be detected by scanning the secure QR Code with a specific app (even though the QR Code message itself is valid).^[69]

The treaty regulating apostilles (documents bearing a seal of authenticity), has been updated to allow for the issuance of digital apostilles by countries; a digital apostille is a PDF document with a cryptographic signature containing a QR code for a canonical URL of the original document, allowing users to verify the apostille from a printed version of the document.

Product tracing[edit]

Different studies have been made to assess the effectiveness of QR codes as a means of conveying labelling information and their use as part of a food traceability system. In a field experiment, it was found that when provided free access to a smartphone with QR Code scanning app, 52.6% of participants would use it to access labelling information.^[70] A study made in South Korea showed that consumers appreciate QR code used in food traceability system, as they provide detailed information about food, as well as information that helps them in their purchasing decision.^[71] If QR Codes are serialised, consumers can access a web page showing the supply chain for each ingredient, as well as information specific to each related batch, including meat processors and manufacturers, which helps address the concerns they have about the origin of their food.^[72]

COVID-19 pandemic[edit]

After the COVID-19 pandemic began spreading, QR codes began to be used as a «touchless» system to display information, show menus, or provide updated consumer information, especially in the hospitality industry. Restaurants replaced paper or laminated plastic menus with QR code decals on the table, which opened an online version of the menu. This prevented the need to dispose of single-use paper menus, or institute cleaning and sanitizing procedures for permanent menus after each use.^[73] Local television stations have also begun to utilize codes on local newscasts to allow viewers quicker access to stories or information involving the pandemic, including testing and immunization scheduling websites, or for links within stories mentioned in the newscasts overall.

In several Australian states, patrons are required to scan QR codes at shops, clubs, supermarkets and other service and retail establishments on entry to assist contact tracing. Singapore, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and New Zealand use similar systems.^[74]

QR codes are also present on COVID-19 vaccination certificates in places such as Canada, and the EU (EU Digital COVID certificate) where they can be scanned to verify the information on the certificate.^[75]

Design[edit]

Unlike the older, one-dimensional barcodes that were designed to be mechanically scanned by a narrow beam of light, a QR code is detected by a 2-dimensional digital image sensor and then digitally analyzed by a programmed processor. The processor locates the three distinctive squares at the corners of the QR code image, using a smaller square (or multiple squares) near the fourth corner to normalize the image for size, orientation, and angle of viewing. The small dots throughout the QR code are then converted to binary numbers and validated with an error-correcting algorithm.

Storage[edit]

The amount of data that can be stored in the QR code symbol depends on the data type (mode, or input character set), version (1, …, 40, indicating the overall dimensions of the symbol, i.e. 4 × version number + 17 dots on each side), and error correction level. The maximum storage capacities occur for version 40 and error correction level L (low), denoted by 40-L:^[11]^[76]

Maximum character storage capacity (40-L)
Character refers to individual values of the input mode (data type).

Input mode	Max. characters	Bits/char.	Possible characters, default encoding
Numeric only	7,089	31⁄3	0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Alphanumeric	4,296	51⁄2	0–9, A–Z (upper-case only), space, $, %, *, +, -, ., /, :
Binary/byte	2,953	8	ISO/IEC 8859-1
Kanji/kana	1,817	13	Shift JIS X 0208

Here are some sample QR code symbols:

Version 1 (21×21). Content: «Ver1»
Version 2 (25×25). Content: «Version 2»
Version 3 (29×29). Content: «Version 3 QR Code»
Version 4 (33×33). Content: «Version 4 QR Code, up to 50 char»
Version 10 (57×57). Content: «VERSION 10 QR CODE, UP TO 174 CHAR AT H LEVEL, WITH 57X57 MODULES AND PLENTY OF ERROR CORRECTION TO GO AROUND. NOTE THAT THERE ARE ADDITIONAL TRACKING BOXES» (actually encoded in all capital letters). (Tracking boxes are more commonly called alignment patterns.)
Version 25 (117×117) Content: 1,269 characters of ASCII text describing QR Codes
Version 40 (177×177) Content: «Version 40 QR Code can contain up to 1852 chars…» (and followed by four paragraphs of ASCII text describing QR Codes).

Error correction[edit]

Example of a QR code with artistic embellishment that will still scan correctly thanks to error correction

QR codes use Reed–Solomon error correction over the finite field ${displaystyle mathbb {F} _{256}}$ , the elements of which are encoded as bytes of 8 bits; the byte ${displaystyle b_{7}b_{6}b_{5}b_{4}b_{3}b_{2}b_{1}b_{0}}$ with a standard numerical value ${displaystyle textstyle sum _{i=0}^{7}b_{i}2^{i}}$ encodes the field element ${displaystyle textstyle sum _{i=0}^{7}b_{i}alpha ^{i}}$ where ${displaystyle alpha in mathbb {F} _{256}}$ is taken to be a primitive element satisfying ${displaystyle alpha ^{8}+alpha ^{4}+alpha ^{3}+alpha ^{2}+1=0}$ . The Reed–Solomon code uses one of 37 different polynomials over ${displaystyle mathbb {F} _{256}}$ , with degrees ranging from 7 to 68, depending on how many error correction bytes the code adds. It is implied by the form of Reed–Solomon used (systematic BCH view) that these polynomials are all on the form ${textstyle prod _{i=0}^{n-1}(x-alpha ^{i})}$ , however the rules for selecting the degree are specific to the QR standard.

When discussing the Reed–Solomon code phase there is some risk for confusion, in that the QR ISO/IEC standard uses the term codeword for the elements of ${displaystyle mathbb {F} _{256}}$ , which with respect to the Reed–Solomon code are symbols, whereas it uses the term block for what with respect to the Reed–Solomon code are the codewords. The number of data versus error correction bytes within each block depends on (i) the version (side length) of the QR symbol and (ii) the error correction level, of which there are four. The higher the error correction level, the less storage capacity. The following table lists the approximate error correction capability at each of the four levels:

Level L (Low)	7% of data bytes can be restored.
Level M (Medium)	15% of data bytes can be restored.
Level Q (Quartile)^[77]	25% of data bytes can be restored.
Level H (High)	30% of data bytes can be restored.

In larger QR symbols, the message is broken up into several Reed–Solomon code blocks. The block size is chosen so that no attempt is made at correcting more than 15 errors per block; this limits the complexity of the decoding algorithm. The code blocks are then interleaved together, making it less likely that localized damage to a QR symbol will overwhelm the capacity of any single block.

Due to error correction, it is possible to create artistic QR codes with embellishments to make them more readable or attractive to the human eye, and to incorporate colors, logos, and other features into the QR code block; the embellishments are treated as errors, but the codes still scan correctly.^[78]^[79]

It is also possible to design artistic QR codes without reducing the error correction capacity by manipulating the underlying mathematical constructs.^[80]^[81] Image processing algorithms are also used to reduce errors in QR-code.^[82]

Encoding[edit]

The format information records two things: the error correction level and the mask pattern used for the symbol. Masking is used to break up patterns in the data area that might confuse a scanner, such as large blank areas or misleading features that look like the locator marks. The mask patterns are defined on a grid that is repeated as necessary to cover the whole symbol. Modules corresponding to the dark areas of the mask are inverted. The format information is protected from errors with a BCH code, and two complete copies are included in each QR symbol.^[4]

The message dataset is placed from right to left in a zigzag pattern, as shown below. In larger symbols, this is complicated by the presence of the alignment patterns and the use of multiple interleaved error-correction blocks.

Meaning of format information. In the above figure, the format information is protected by a (15,5) BCH code, which can correct up to 3 bit errors. The total length of the code is 15 bits, of which 5 are data bits (2 EC level + 3 mask pattern) and 10 are extra bits for error correction. The format mask for these 15 bits is: [101010000010010]. Note that we map the masked values directly to its meaning here, in contrast to image 4 «Levels & Masks» where the mask pattern numbers are the result of putting the 3rd to 5th mask bit, [101], over the 3rd to 5th format info bit of the QR code.
Message placement within a QR symbol. The message is encoded using a (255,249) Reed Solomon code (shortened to (24,18) code by using «padding») which can correct up to 3 byte errors.
Larger symbol illustrating interleaved blocks. The message has 26 data bytes and is encoded using two Reed-Solomon code blocks. Each block is a (255,233) Reed Solomon code (shortened to (35,13) code), which can correct up to 11 byte errors in a single burst, containing 13 data bytes and 22 «parity» bytes appended to the data bytes. The two 35-byte Reed-Solomon code blocks are interleaved so it can correct up to 22 byte errors in a single burst (resulting in a total of 70 code bytes). The symbol achieves level H error correction.

The general structure of a QR encoding is as a sequence of 4 bit indicators with payload length dependent on the indicator mode (e.g. byte encoding payload length is dependent on the first byte).^[83]

Mode indicator	Description	Typical structure ‘[ type : sizes in bits ]’
0001	Numeric	[0001 : 4] [ Character Count Indicator : variable ] [ Data Bit Stream : 31⁄3 × charcount ]
0010	Alphanumeric	[0010 : 4] [ Character Count Indicator : variable ] [ Data Bit Stream : 51⁄2 × charcount ]
0100	Byte encoding	[0100 : 4] [ Character Count Indicator : variable ] [ Data Bit Stream : 8 × charcount ]
1000	Kanji encoding	[1000 : 4] [ Character Count Indicator : variable ] [ Data Bit Stream : 13 × charcount ]
0011	Structured append	[0011 : 4] [ Symbol Position : 4 ] [ Total Symbols: 4 ] [ Parity : 8 ]
0111	ECI	[0111 : 4] [ ECI Assignment number : variable ]
0101	FNC1 in first position	[0101 : 4] [ Numeric/Alphanumeric/Byte/Kanji payload : variable ]
1001	FNC1 in second position	[1001 : 4] [ Application Indicator : 8 ] [ Numeric/Alphanumeric/Byte/Kanji payload : variable ]
0000	End of message	[0000 : 4]

Note:

Character Count Indicator depends on how many modules are in a QR code (Symbol Version).
ECI Assignment number Size:
- 8 × 1 bits if ECI Assignment Bitstream starts with ‘0’
- 8 × 2 bits if ECI Assignment Bitstream starts with ’10’
- 8 × 3 bits if ECI Assignment Bitstream starts with ‘110’

Four-bit indicators are used to select the encoding mode and convey other information.

Encoding modes

Indicator	Meaning
0001	Numeric encoding (10 bits per 3 digits)
0010	Alphanumeric encoding (11 bits per 2 characters)
0100	Byte encoding (8 bits per character)
1000	Kanji encoding (13 bits per character)
0011	Structured append (used to split a message across multiple QR symbols)
0111	Extended Channel Interpretation (select alternate character set or encoding)
0101	FNC1 in first position (see Code 128 for more information)
1001	FNC1 in second position
0000	End of message (Terminator)

Encoding modes can be mixed as needed within a QR symbol. (e.g., a url with a long string of alphanumeric characters )

[ Mode Indicator][ Mode bitstream ] --> [ Mode Indicator][ Mode bitstream ] --> etc... --> [ 0000 End of message (Terminator) ]

After every indicator that selects an encoding mode is a length field that tells how many characters are encoded in that mode. The number of bits in the length field depends on the encoding and the symbol version.

Number of bits in a length field (Character Count Indicator)

Encoding	Ver. 1–9	10–26	27–40
Numeric	10	12	14
Alphanumeric	9	11	13
Byte	8	16	16
Kanji	8	10	12

Alphanumeric encoding mode stores a message more compactly than the byte mode can, but cannot store lower-case letters and has only a limited selection of punctuation marks, which are sufficient for rudimentary web addresses. Two characters are coded in an 11-bit value by this formula:

V = 45 × C₁ + C₂

This has the exception that the last character in an alphanumeric string with an odd length is read as a 6-bit value instead.

Alphanumeric character codes

Code	Character	Code	Character	Code	Character	Code	Character	Code	Character
00	0	09	9	18	I	27	R	36	Space
01	1	10	A	19	J	28	S	37	$
02	2	11	B	20	K	29	T	38	%
03	3	12	C	21	L	30	U	39	*
04	4	13	D	22	M	31	V	40	+
05	5	14	E	23	N	32	W	41	–
06	6	15	F	24	O	33	X	42	.
07	7	16	G	25	P	34	Y	43	/
08	8	17	H	26	Q	35	Z	44	:

Decoding example[edit]

The following images offer more information about the QR code.

1 – Introduction
2 – Structure
3 – Layout & Encoding
4 – Levels & Masks
5 – Protocols

Variants[edit]

Model 1[edit]

Model 1 QR code is an older version of the specification. It is visually similar to the widely seen model 2 codes, but lacks alignment patterns. Differences are in the bottom right corner, and in the midsections of the bottom and right edges are additional functional regions.

Model 1 QR code example
Model 1 QR code functional regions

Micro QR code [edit]

Micro QR code is a smaller version of the QR code standard for applications where symbol size is limited. There are four different versions (sizes) of Micro QR codes: the smallest is 11×11 modules; the largest can hold 35 numeric characters.^[84]

Micro QR code example
Micro QR code functional regions

IQR code[edit]

IQR Code is an alternative to existing QR codes developed by Denso Wave. IQR codes can be created in square or rectangular formations; this is intended for situations where a rectangular barcode would otherwise be more appropriate, such as cylindrical objects. IQR codes can fit the same amount of information in 30% less space. There are 61 versions of square IQR codes, and 15 versions of rectangular codes. For squares, the minimum size is 9 × 9 modules; rectangles have a minimum of 19 × 5 modules. IQR codes add error correction level S, which allows for 50% error correction.^[85] IQR Codes have not yet been given an ISO/IEC specification, and only proprietary Denso Wave products can create or read IQR codes.^[86]

Secure QR code[edit]

Secure Quick Response (SQR) code is a QR code that contains a «private data» segment after the terminator instead of the specified filler bytes «ec 11».^[87] This private data segment must be deciphered with an encryption key. This can be used to store private information and to manage company’s internal information.^[88]

SQR codes have been developed by the FORUS Foundation to enable secure transactions, and published under a Creative Commons Licence.
The SQR solution guarantees the integrity of the source data as well as the validity of the originating party.
The payment instruction string is made up of the electronic instruction data from the scanned QR code appended with a SHA-2 cryptographic hash.
The message digest can then be encrypted using the private key of the sender, which then creates a digital signature of the message.
This signature validates the integrity of the data and the trustworthiness of the sender. This provides non-repudiation, confirming the identity of the sender, and that it has not been tampered with during transmission.
By embedding the URL and all the variables required to perform shopping cart type e-commerce, bill payment and peer to peer payments, coupled with a digital certificate eliminates the possibility of spoofing, tampering, and man in the middle attacks.
^[89]

Frame QR[edit]

Frame QR is a QR code with a «canvas area» that can be flexibly used. In the center of this code is the canvas area, where graphics, letters, and more can be flexibly arranged, making it possible to lay out the code without losing the design of illustrations, photos, etc.^[90]

HCC2D[edit]

Samples of the High Capacity Colored 2-Dimensional (HCC2D) code: (a) 4-color HCC2D code and (b) 8-color HCC2D code.

Researchers have proposed a new High Capacity Colored 2-Dimensional (HCC2D) Code, which builds upon a QR code basis for preserving the QR robustness to distortions and uses colors for increasing data density (as of 2014 it is still in prototyping phase). The HCC2D code specification is described in details in Querini et al. (2014),^[91] while techniques for color classification of HCC2D code cells are described in detail in Querini and Italiano (2014),^[92] which is an extended version of Querini and Italiano (2013).^[93]

Introducing colors into QR codes requires addressing additional issues. In particular, during QR code reading only the brightness information is taken into account, while HCC2D codes have to cope with chromatic distortions during the decoding phase. In order to ensure adaptation to chromatic distortions which arise in each scanned code, HCC2D codes make use of an additional field: the Color Palette Pattern. This is because color cells of a Color Palette Pattern are supposed to be distorted in the same way as color cells of the Encoding Region. Replicated color palettes are used for training machine learning classifiers.

JAB code[edit]

Wikipedia greetings with link encoded using eight-colour JAB code

JAB code (Just Another Barcode) is a color 2D matrix symbology made of color squares arranged in either square or rectangle grids. It was developed by Fraunhofer Institute SIT (Secure Information Technology).^[94]

The code contains one primary symbol and optionally multiple secondary symbols. The primary symbol contains four finder patterns located at the corners of the symbol.^[95]

The code uses either 4 or 8 colours.^[96] The 4 basic colours (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) are the 4 primary colours of the subtractive CMYK color model which is the most widely used system in industry for colour printing on a white base such as paper. The other 4 colours (blue, red, green, white) are secondary colours of the CMYK model and originate as an equal mixture of a pair of basic colours.

The barcode is not subject to licensing and was submitted to ISO/IEC standardization as ISO/IEC 23634 expected to be approved at the beginning of 2021^[97] and finalized in 2022.^[96] The software is open-source and published under the LGPL v2.1 license.^[98] The specification is freely available.^[95]

Because the colour adds a third dimension to the two-dimensional matrix, a JAB code can contain more information in the same area compared to two-colour (black and white) codes – theoretically twice as much data for a 4 colour code and three times more for 8 colours assuming the same encoding algorithm. This can allow storage of an entire message in the barcode, rather than just storing partial data with a reference to a full message somewhere else (such as a link to a website), thus eliminating the need for additional always-available infrastructure beyond the printed barcode itself. It may be used to digitally sign encrypted digital version of printed legal documents, contracts and certificates (diplomas, training), medical prescriptions or provide product authenticity assurance to increase protection against counterfeits.^[96]

License[edit]

The use of QR code technology is freely licensed as long as users follow the standards for QR Code documented with JIS or ISO/IEC. Non-standardized codes may require special licensing.^[99]

Denso Wave owns a number of patents on QR code technology, but has chosen to exercise them in a limited fashion.^[99] In order to promote widespread usage of the technology Denso Wave chose to waive its rights to a key patent in its possession for standardized codes only.^[14] In the US, the granted QR code patent is US 5726435, and in Japan JP 2938338, both of which have expired. The European Patent Office granted patent EP 0672994 to Denso Wave, which was then validated into French, UK, and German patents, all of which expired in March 2015.^[100]

The text QR Code itself is a registered trademark and wordmark of Denso Wave Incorporated.^[101] In UK, the trademark is registered as E921775, the term QR Code, with a filing date of 3 September 1998.^[102] The UK version of the trademark is based on the Kabushiki Kaisha Denso (DENSO CORPORATION) trademark, filed as Trademark 000921775, the term QR Code, on 3 September 1998 and registered on 16 December 1999 with the European Union OHIM (Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market).^[103]
The U.S. Trademark for the term QR Code is Trademark 2435991 and was filed on 29 September 1998 with an amended registration date of 13 March 2001, assigned to Denso Corporation.^[104]

Risks[edit]

The only context in which common QR codes can carry executable data is the URL data type. These URLs may host JavaScript code, which can be used to exploit vulnerabilities in applications on the host system, such as the reader, the web browser or the image viewer, since a reader will typically send the data to the application associated with the data type used by the QR code.

In the case of no software exploits, malicious QR codes combined with a permissive reader can still put a computer’s contents and user’s privacy at risk. This practice is known as «attagging», a portmanteau of «attack tagging».^[105] They are easily created and can be affixed over legitimate QR codes.^[106] On a smartphone, the reader’s permissions may allow use of the camera, full Internet access, read/write contact data, GPS, read browser history, read/write local storage, and global system changes.^[107]^[108]^[109]

Risks include linking to dangerous web sites with browser exploits, enabling the microphone/camera/GPS, and then streaming those feeds to a remote server, analysis of sensitive data (passwords, files, contacts, transactions),^[110] and sending email/SMS/IM messages or packets for DDoS as part of a botnet, corrupting privacy settings, stealing identity,^[111] and even containing malicious logic themselves such as JavaScript^[112] or a virus.^[113]^[114] These actions could occur in the background while the user is only seeing the reader opening a seemingly harmless web page.^[115] In Russia, a malicious QR code caused phones that scanned it to send premium texts at a fee of $6 each.^[105] QR codes have also been linked to scams in which stickers are placed on parking meters, posing as quick payment options, as seen in Austin, San Antonio and Boston, among other cities across the United States and Australia.^[116]^[117]^[118]

References[edit]

^ Hung, Shih-Hsuan; Yao, Chih-Yuan; Fang, Yu-Jen; Tan, Ping; Lee, RuenRone; Sheffer, Alla; Chu, Hung-Kuo (1 September 2020). «Micrography QR Codes». IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. 26 (9): 2834–2847. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2019.2896895. ISSN 1077-2626. PMID 30716038. S2CID 73433883.
^ Chen, Rongjun; Yu, Yongxing; Xu, Xiansheng; Wang, Leijun; Zhao, Huimin; Tan, Hong-Zhou (11 December 2019). «Adaptive Binarization of QR Code Images for Fast Automatic Sorting in Warehouse Systems». Sensors. 19 (24): 5466. Bibcode:2019Senso..19.5466C. doi:10.3390/s19245466. PMC 6960674. PMID 31835866.
^ «QR Code features». Denso-Wave. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c «QR Code Essentials». Denso ADC. 2011. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
^ «QRコード開発｜テクノロジー｜デンソーウェーブ» [QR code development]. Denso Wave (in Japanese). Retrieved 26 October 2021.
^ «2D Barcodes». NHK World-Japan. 26 March 2020.
^ «From Japanese auto parts to ubiquity: A look at the history of QR codes». Mainichi Daily News. 9 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ «The Little-Known Story of the Birth of the QR Code». 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020.
^ ^a ^b Borko Furht (2011). Handbook of Augmented Reality. Springer. p. 341. ISBN 9781461400646. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016.
^ Joe Waters. «How to Use the Top QR Code Generators». Dummies.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
^ ^a ^b «QR Code—About 2D Code». Denso-Wave. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ «14m Americans scanned QR and bar codes with their mobiles in June 2011». 16 August 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ «U.S. and UK increase of QR code use 2020». 6 July 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
^ ^a ^b «QR Code Standardization». QR Code.com. Denso-Wave. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
^ «ISS QR Code|AIM Store: Historical Archive». Aimglobal.org. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
^ «ISO/IEC 18004:2006 — Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR Code 2005 bar code symbology specification». www.iso.org. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
^ «ISO/IEC 23941:2022 Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — Rectangular Micro QR Code (rMQR) bar code symbology specification». ISO. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
^ «Synchronization with Native Applications». NTT DoCoMo. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
^ Sean Owen (17 January 2014). «Barcode contents». GitHub. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
^ Rimma Kats (23 January 2012). «Starbucks promotes coffee blend via QR codes». Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
^ Jenny Lee (4 January 2012). «Tesco’s cool QR code advertising campaign». Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
^ «Getting Started with Infographics (deprecated)». google-developers.appspot.com. 26 May 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ «QR Code Readers for iPhone, Android, Blackberry and Windows Phone 7». 7 December 2010. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011.
^ «QR codes on China’s train tickets may leak personal information». Want China Times. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
^ Novak, Asami (23 March 2008). «Japanese Gravestones Memorialize the Dead With QR Codes». Wired. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
^ Skepticality (5 July 2011). «Paranormality». Skepticality.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
^ «Herdenkingsmunt met QR code volop in het nieuws!» [Commemorative QR code in the news!]. Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt (in Dutch). 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ «New ₦100 Commemorative Centenary Celebration». Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
^ www.ETRetail.com. «With IndiaQR launch, retail payments to get digital edge — ET Retail». ETRetail.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
^ «IndiaQR to debut on Feb 20». The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
^ Hein, Buster (21 September 2017). «How to scan QR codes with iOS 11’s Camera app». Cult of Mac. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
^ Lacoma, Tyler (3 October 2018). «How to Scan a QR Code». Digital Trends. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
^ «Tesco QR Code Virtual Store». 14 April 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
^ Sebastián Campanario (16 September 2011). «Marketing futurista: ya se puede comprar con la cámara del celular» [Futuristic marketing: it’s already possible to purchase with a cellphone’s camera] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 September 2011.
^ «Marketers scatter phone-friendly codes across ads». 11 November 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
^ «Top 10 QR Code Store examples». 14 April 2012. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
^ «SCVNGR Unveils QR Code Payment System». Mashable. 12 October 2011. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012.
^ «MasterCard starts piloting QkR mobile payment app». 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014.
^ Jacobs, Harrison. «One photo shows that China is already in a cashless future». Business Insider. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
^ Mozur, Paul (16 July 2017). «In Urban China, Cash Is Rapidly Becoming Obsolete». The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
^ «Paying With Your Mobile Wallet To Get Simpler With Interoperable QR Codes». Moneycontrol. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
^ «A Hangzhou Story: The Development of China’s Mobile Payment Revolution» (PDF).
^ «Payment methods in China: How China became a mobile-first nation». daxueconsulting.com. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
^ «Standard — Formát pro sdílení platebních údajů v rámci tuzemského platebního styku v CZK prostřednictvím QR kódů» [Standard No. 26: Format for exchanging payment information for domestic payments in CZK using QR codes] (in Czech). Czech Banking Association. November 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ «Formát pro sdílení platebních údajů v CZK — QR kódy» [Format for exchanging payment information in CZK — QR codes] (in Czech). the Czech Banking Association. August 2015. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
^ IMDA (9 November 2022). «Annex A – Fact sheet on Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR)» (PDF).
^
^ Monetary Authority of Singapore (9 November 2022). «Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR)».
^ «Google testing login authentication via QR codes». ZDNet. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.
^ «Mobile ticket generation｜applications｜QR Code Solutions｜system solutions｜DENSO WAVE». www.denso-wave.com.
^ «【公式】チケットの使い方東京ディズニーリゾート» (in Japanese).
^ «ダイレクトイン（QRコード）の使い方｜USJ WEBチケットストア». USJ (in Japanese).
^ «QRチケットレス入場について». サンフレッチェ広島オフィシャルサイト (in Japanese).
^ «スマートスタジアム». 東北楽天ゴールデンイーグルス (in Japanese).
^ Management 2020 (https://modernrestaurantmanagement.com), Modern Restaurant (22 October 2020). «Restaurant QR Codes: 2020’s Comeback Story | Restaurant QR Codes: 2020’s Comeback Story | Modern Restaurant Management | The Business of Eating & Restaurant Management News». Modern Restaurant Management. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b Kastrenakes, Jacob (29 September 2020). «Square launches QR codes that let you order from your table at a restaurant». Verge.com. VOX Media LLC. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
^ Glass, Noah (7 October 2020). «How To Prepare For Table Service 2.0». Forbes. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
^ «Share your Wi-Fi SSID & Password using a QR Code». 19 July 2015.
^ «zxing documentation: barcode contents». GitHub. zxing.
^ «モノウォッチは生まれ変わります». Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
^ Michael Keferl (20 March 2008). «QR code graves give a «Memorial Window»«. Japan Trends. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012.
^ «供養の窓 — 石の声株式会社» (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
^ «Quiring Monuments adds smartphone codes to gravestones». Puget Sound Business Journal. 26 April 2011. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
^ «Uruguayan Jewish Cemetery QR-ified» (in Spanish). EL PAIS. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016.
^ «Exclusive — CHINA: Pernod Ricard to use QR codes on all China packaging». www.just-drinks.com. 17 September 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
^ «Digital tax stamps will curb fake goods — URA». Daily Monitor. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
^ «The power of smart packaging». www.bakingbusiness.com. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
^ Baldini, Gianmarco; Nai Fovino, Igor; Satta, Riccardo; Tsois, Aris; Checchi, Enrico (2015). Survey of techniques for the fight against counterfeit goods and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) infringement. Luxembourg: European Commission. Joint Research Centre, Publications Office. ISBN 978-92-79-54543-6. OCLC 948769705.
^ Carron, Cecilia (6 May 2015). «Combatting counterfeiting using QR codes». phys.org. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
^ Li, Tongzhe; Messer, Kent D.; Li, Tongzhe; Messer, Kent D. (2019). Li, Tongzhe; Messer, Kent D. (eds.). «To Scan or Not to Scan: The Question of Consumer Behavior and QR Codes on Food Packages». Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. doi:10.22004/ag.econ.287977. ISSN 1068-5502.
^ Kim, Yeong Gug; Woo, Eunju (1 July 2016). «Consumer acceptance of a quick response (QR) code for the food traceability system: Application of an extended technology acceptance model (TAM)». Food Research International. 85: 266–272. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2016.05.002. ISSN 0963-9969. PMID 29544844.
^ «Behind Every Smart Product is Smart Packaging | Future Food Asia». futurefoodasia.com. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
^ Leger, Benjamin (27 October 2020). «QR codes are replacing physical menus at restaurants». [225]. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ Purtill, James (19 November 2020). «The proliferation of QR code check-ins is a ‘dog’s breakfast’. Is there a better way?». www.abc.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
^ Hristova, Bobby (28 December 2021). «Ontarians need QR code to prove vaccination next week. Here’s what you need to know». Retrieved 30 December 2021.
^ «Information capacity and versions of QR Code». Denso-Wave. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016.
^ «2D Barcode: QR-Code». Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. — TEC-IT
^ Hajra Shannon (18 October 2010). «Form Meets Function: Functionality and Form of QR Codes». Retrieved 29 July 2010.
^ Hamilton Chan (18 April 2011). «HOW TO: Make Your QR Codes More Beautiful». Mashable. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
^ Russ Cox (12 April 2012). «QArt Codes: How to make pictures with QR codes, part II». Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
^ Russ Cox (12 April 2012). «QArt Coder». Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
^ Gupta, Kishor Datta; Ahsan, Md Manjurul; Andrei, Stefan (January 2018). «Extending the Storage Capacity And Noise Reduction of a Faster QR-Code». Brain Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience. 9 (1): 59–71.
^ ISO/IEC 18004:2006(E) § 6.4 Data encoding; Table 3 – Number of bits in character count indicator for QR Code 2005
^ Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR Code 2005 bar code symbology specification, ISO/IEC 18004:2006 cor. 2009, pages 3, 6.
^ «QR Code Overview & Progress of QR Code Applications» (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ «iQR Code — QRcode.com — DENSO WAVE». Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
^ «Embedding Secret Data in QR Code». Retrieved 29 October 2018.
^ «SQRC». qrcode.com. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ «FORUS». www.forus.co.za. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
^ «Frame QR». qrcode.com. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ «2D Color Barcodes for Mobile Phones» (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
^ «Reliability and data density in high capacity color barcodes» (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2015.
^ «Color classifiers for 2D color barcodes» (PDF). Fedcsis.org. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2015.
^ «JAB code website». jabcode.org. 2019.
^ ^a ^b «JAB code technical specification» (PDF). www.bsi.bund.de. 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Küch, Oliver (26 June 2020). «Color barcode becomes ISO standard» (Press release). Darmstadt: Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
^ «ISO/IEC DIS 23634 Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — JAB Code polychrome bar code symbology specification». ISO/IEC. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
^ «jabcode». GitHub. 2019.
^ ^a ^b «About the patent». Denso-Wave. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ «DPA».«INPI». Archived from the original on 13 August 2016.«UK IPO». 9 March 2013.
^ «QR Code.com». Denso-Wave. 6 November 2003. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
^ «UK QR Code Trademark». Archived from the original on 15 September 2012.
^ «EU QR Code Trademark». Archived from the original on 15 September 2012.
^ «US QR Code Trademark». Archived from the original on 15 September 2012.
^ ^a ^b «Jargon Watch», Wired, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 22, January 2012.
^ «Malicious Images: What’s a QR Code». SANS Technology Institute. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ «Barcode Scanner». 1 June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ «QR Droid». 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ «ScanLife Barcode Reader». 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ «Consumer Alert: QR Code Safety». Better Business Bureau. 23 June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ «AVG Cautions: Beware of Malicious QR Codes». PC World. 28 June 2011. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ «EvilQR – When QRCode goes bad». AppSec-Labs Blog. 14 August 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ «QR Codes: A Recipe for a Mobile Malware Tsunami». Cyveillance, Inc. 20 October 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ QR Codes hold up to 2.9 KB whereas the smallest known computer virus is about one-tenth that size «The Smallest Virus I Could Manage». Virus Labs and Distribution. 1995. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ «Beware of Malicious QR Codes». ABC. 8 June 2011. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ Binder, Matt. «Beware the QR code scams». Mashable. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
^ Vincent, James (12 January 2022). «The latest phishing scam to watch out for: fraudulent QR codes on parking meters». The Verge. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
^ Wodinsky, Shoshana (12 January 2022). «Scammers Are Using QR Codes to Plunder Parking Meter Payments». Gizmodo.

Bibliography[edit]

BS ISO/IEC 18004:2006. Information technology. Automatic identification and data capture techniques. Bar code symbology. QR Code. Geneva: ISO/IEC. 2000. p. 114. OCLC 60816353.
BS ISO/IEC 18004:2006. Information technology. Automatic identification and data capture techniques. QR Code 2005 bar code symbology specification. London: BSI. 2007. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-580-67368-9. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2010.

External links[edit]

Reed Solomon Codes for Coders – an elaborate tutorial on Wikiversity, covering both QR code structure and the Reed Solomon codes used to encode the data.

Источник

History[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2021)

Adoption[edit]

QR codes can be displayed on buildings, as this one being painted in Cape Town

Standards[edit]

Structure of a QR code (version 7), highlighting functional elements

There are several standards that cover the encoding of data as QR codes:^[14]

October 1997 – AIM (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility) International^[15]
January 1999 – JIS X 0510
June 2000 – ISO/IEC 18004:2000 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – Bar code symbology – QR code (now withdrawn)
Defines QR code models 1 and 2 symbols.
1 September 2006 – ISO/IEC 18004:2006 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR code 2005 bar code symbology specification (now withdrawn)^[16]
Defines QR code 2005 symbols, an extension of QR code model 2. Does not specify how to read QR code model 1 symbols, or require this for compliance.
1 February 2015 – ISO/IEC 18004:2015 Information – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR Code barcode symbology specification
Renames the QR Code 2005 symbol to QR Code and adds clarification to some procedures and minor corrections.
May 2022 – ISO/IEC 23941:2022 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – Rectangular Micro QR Code (rMQR) bar code symbology specification^[17]
Defines the requirements for Micro QR Code.