Как пишется советская республика

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§ 14. Названия государств, административно-территориальных единиц, станций и т. д.

1. В официальных названиях государств все слова, кроме служебных, пишутся с прописной буквы: Российская Федерация, Республика Башкортостан, Корейская Народно-Демократическая Республика, Соединённые Штаты Америки, Мексиканские Соединённые Штаты, Соединённое Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, Французская Республика, Южно-Африканская Республика.

2. В названиях групп (объединений, союзов) государств с прописной буквы пишется первое слово (и все имена собственные): Закавказские республики, Скандинавские страны, Ассоциация государств Юго-Восточной Азии, Европейское экономическое сообщество, Организация американских государств, Организация Североатлантического договора, Союз Государств Центральной Африки, Тройственный союз.

3. В неофициальных названиях государств все слова, как правило, пишутся с прописной буквы: Советский Союз, Страна Советов, Советская Республика (в период Гражданской войны), Штаты (о США).

4. В образных названиях государств первое слово или слово, подчеркивающее характерный признак называемого объекта, пишется с прописной буквы: Страна восходящего солнца (Япония), Страна утренней свежести (Корея), остров Свободы (Куба).

5. В наименованиях административно-территориальных единиц слова, обозначающие индивидуальные названия, пишутся с прописной буквы, а слова, обозначающие родовое или видовое понятие, пишутся со строчной буквы: Горно-Алтайская автономная область, Орловская область, Краснодарский край, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ, Мытищинский район.

В названиях административно-территориальных единиц зарубежных государств с прописной буквы пишутся все слова, кроме слов, обозначающих родовые понятия: графство Суссекс (Англия), департамент Верхние Пиренеи (Франция), штат Южная Каролина (США), область Тоскана (Италия), префектура Хоккайдо (Япония), провинция Сычуань (Китай), земля Баден-Вюртемберг (Германия).

6. Официальные названия частей государств пишутся с прописной буквы: Европейская Россия, Западная Белоруссия, Правобережная Украина, Внутренняя Монголия, Азиатская Турция, Северная Италия.

7. В названиях улиц, переулков, площадей и т. д. все слова, кроме родовых обозначений, пишутся с прописной буквы: Ленинский проспект, проспект Мира; площадь Революции, площадь Тверской Заставы, площадь Никитские Ворота; Ростовская набережная, набережная Академика Туполева; Киевское шоссе, шоссе Энтузиастов; Сретенский бульвар, бульвар Генерала Карбышева; 1-й Пехотный переулок, Малый Афанасьевский переулок; Большой Каменный мост, мост Лейтенанта Шмидта; Продольная аллея, аллея Большого Круга; Сытинский тупик; улицы: Адмирала Макарова, Большие Каменщики, Борисовские Пруды, Братьев Фонченко, 1-я Карпатская, Девятая Рота, Кирпичные Выемки, Кузнецкий Мост, Каретный Ряд, Земляной Вал, Коровий Брод, Большая Косинская; проезд Соломенной Сторожки, но: проезд Художественного театра.

8. В названиях достопримечательных мест все слова, кроме родовых обозначений, пишутся с прописной буквы: Большой Кремлёвский дворец, Зимний дворец, Инженерный замок, Шлиссельбургская крепость, Донской монастырь, Новодевичье кладбище.

9. В названиях железнодорожных станций, вокзалов, аэропортов все слова, кроме родовых обозначений, пишутся с прописной буквы: станции Ерофей Павлович, Москва-Товарная, Ленинград-Пассажирский; Казанский вокзал, Северный речной вокзал; Шереметьевский аэропорт, но: московский аэропорт Внуково, парижский вокзал Монпарнас.

10. В названиях станций метро, заключенных в кавычки, все слова пишутся с прописной буквы: станции «Китай-город», «Проспект Мира», «Пионерская», «Александровский Сад».

Всего найдено: 3

Как писать названия государств или территорий периода начала прошлого века типа: Кубанская народная республика, Литовско-Белорусская советская социалистическая республика и т. п.? Вроде бы они уже столетие как не существуют, и надо писать всё со строчной кроме первого слова, но с другой стороны есть аналоги типа Украинская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Болгарская Народная Республика, которых тоже уже нет, только не столетие, а пару десятилетий.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Непростой вопрос. С одной стороны, в исторических (не существующих в настоящее время) названиях государств с большой буквы пишутся первое слово и входящие в состав названия имена собственные: Французское королевство, Неаполитанское королевство, Королевство обеих Сицилий; Римская империя, Византийская империя, Российская империя; Новгородская республика, Венецианская республика; Древнерусское государство, Великое государство Ляо и т. д.

С другой стороны, в названии Союз Советских Социалистических Республик все слова пишутся с большой буквы, хотя этого государства тоже уже не существует. Сохраняются прописные буквы и в названиях союзных республик, в исторических названиях стран соцлагеря: Польская Народная Республика, Народная Республика Болгария и т. д.

Историческая дистанция, безусловно, является здесь одним из ключевых факторов. Должно пройти какое-то время (не два–три десятилетия, а гораздо больше), для того чтобы появились основания писать Союз советских социалистических республик по аналогии с Российская империя.

Историческая дистанция вроде бы позволяет писать в приведенных Вами названиях государственных образований с большой буквы только первое слово (эти образования существовали непродолжительное время и исчезли уже почти 100 лет назад). Но, с другой стороны, прописная буква в каждом слове названия подчеркивает тот факт, что эти сочетания в свое время были официальными названиями государств (или претендовали на такой статус). Если автору текста важно обратить на это внимания читателя, он вправе оставить прописные буквы (даже несмотря на то, что таких государственных образований давно уже нет на карте).

Здравствуйте!

В ответе на вопрос №254952 вы писали: «С прописной буквы пишутся все слова (кроме служебных) в официальных названиях существующих государств и государственных объединений. Государства Российская империя в настоящее время не существует, это исторический термин, поэтому с прописной пишется только первое слово».

Согласно данной логике, следует писать «Союз советских социалистических республик» и «Российская советская федеративная социалистическая республика», верно? Согласно ответу на вопрос № 249081 — нет: «Союз пишется с прописной в официальных названиях государств: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик, Австралийский Союз».

Итак, ответ на вопрос № 254952 прямо противоречит ответу на вопрос № 249081.

Будьте любезны, поясните, на чем конкретно основаны данные вами выше рекомендации. Какие конкретно языковые нормы заставляют нас писать названия реально существующих и исторических государств по-разному, зачем-то писать слово «союз» в названиях государств с прописной, а слово «империя» со строчной.

Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Такая фиксация – в нормативных словарях русского языка. См., например: Лопатин В. В., Нечаева И. В., Чельцова Л. К. Прописная или строчная? Орфографический словарь. М., 2011; Розенталь Д. Э. Справочник по русскому языку. Прописная или строчная? – 7-е изд., перераб. и доп. М., 2005 и др. источники.

Дело еще и в исторической дистанции. Советский Союз прекратил свое существование чуть больше 20 лет назад, а Российской империи не существует уже почти 100 лет. Кто знает, возможно через 100 лет будет нормативно написание Союз советских социалистических республик?

Вы уже несколько раз отвечали, что правильно писать «Европейский союз», но почему? Разве здесь не применяется правило о том, что в «составных» названиях государств все слова пишутся с большой буквы («Союз Советских Социалистических Республик», «Соединённые Штаты Америки» и т.п.)? В одном из ответов упоминалось правило насчёт названий международных организаций, но ведь Евросоюз НЕ является международной организацией!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Да, но Европейский союз не является и государством! Союз пишется с прописной в официальных названиях государств: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик, Австралийский Союз.

Морфемный разбор слова:

Однокоренные слова к слову:

Поиск ответа

Как правильно: советская Р оссия или Советская Р оссия?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Уважаемая Справка, в очередной раз задаю вам один и тот же вопрос, так как ответов на мои предыдущие письма вам нет. В свете ваших ответов № 282901, 272430, 263616, 263602, 254952, какие буквы (прописные или строчные) нужно использовать в официальных названиях исторических государств, закончивших своё существование в результате Первой мировой войны и её последствий? Примеры: Украинская Народная Республика или Украинская народная республика? Украинская Держава или Украинская держава? Донецко-Криворожская Советская Р еспублика или Донецко-Криворожская советская р еспублика? Литовско-Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика или Литовско-Белорусская советская социалистическая республика? Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Доброе утро, уважаемая Грамота! Ответьте мне, пожалуйста, как же пишется Советская Р оссия?
Оба слова с заглавной буквы?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Здравствуйте! Прописная или строчная: «С(с)оветская Россия»? Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: _ Советская Р оссия_.

Источник

Как пишется советские республики

5. Названия государств. Административно-территориальные наименования

1. В официальных названиях государств все слова, как правило, пишутся с прописной буквы, например: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик, Социалистическая Республика Румыния, Корейская Народно-Демократическая Республика, Соединенные Штаты Америки, Мексиканские Соединенные Штаты, Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, Французская Республика, Южно-Африканская Республика.

2. В названиях групп (объединений, союзов) государств с прописной буквы пишутся все слова, кроме родовых наименований, например: государства Варшавского Договора, Закавказские республики, Скандинавские страны, Ассоциация государств Юго-Восточной Азии, Европейское экономическое сообщество, Организация американских государств, Организация Североатлантического договора, Союз государств Центральной Африки, Священный союз (историческое название), Тройственный союз (историческое название).

3. Неофициальные названия государств обычно тоже пишутся с прописной буквы, например: Советский Союз, Страна Советов, Советская Республика (в период гражданской войны), Российская Федерация.

4. В образных названиях государств с прописной буквы пишется первое слово или слово, подчеркивающее характерный признак называемого объекта, например: Страна восходящего солнца (Япония), Страна утренней свежести (Корея), остров Свободы (Куба).

В других наименованиях административно-территориальных единиц с прописной буквы пишутся только слова, обозначающие индивидуальные названия, а слова, обозначающие родовое или видовое понятие, пишутся со строчной буквы, например: Горно-Алтайская автономная область, Краснодарский край, Орловская область, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ, Мытищинский район.

6. С прописной буквы пишутся официальные названия частей государств, например: Европейская Россия, Западная Белоруссия, Правобережная Украина, Внутренняя Монголия, Европейская Турция, Северная Италия.

7. В названиях административно-территориальных единиц зарубежных государств с прописной буквы пишутся все слова, кроме слов, обозначающих родовые понятия, например: графство Суссекс (Англия), департамент Верхние Пиренеи (Франция), штат Южная Каролина (США), штат Нага-Прадеш (Индия), область Тоскана (Италия), префектура Хоккайдо (Япония), провинция Сычуань (Китай), земля Вюртемберг-Баден (ФРГ).

8. В названиях улиц, переулков, площадей и т. д. все слова, кроме родовых обозначений, пишутся с прописной буквы, например: Ленинский проспект, проспект Мира, улица Красных коммунаров, площадь Революции, шоссе Энтузиастов, Сретенский бульвар. Малый Афанасьевский переулок. Большой Каменный мост, Сытинский тупик, Никитские ворота, Ростовская набережная, улицы Кузнецкий мост, Каретный ряд, Земляной вал, Коровий брод (названия, отражающие прошлое Москвы), проезд Художественного театра.

9. В названиях городских достопримечательных мест все слова, кроме родовых обозначений, пишутся с прописной буквы, например: Большой Кремлевский дворец, Зимний дворец, Инженерный замок, Шлиссельбургская крепость, Донской монастырь, Новодевичье кладбище.

10. В названиях железнодорожных станций, вокзалов, аэропортов все слова, кроме родовых обозначений, пишутся с прописной буквы, например: станция Ерофей Павлович, Москва-Товарная, Ленинград-Пассажирский, Казанский вокзал, аэропорт Внуково, аэропорт Шереметьево.

11. Названия станций метро заключаются в кавычки, первое слово пишется с прописной буквы, например: станция «Преображенская площадь».

Источник

Поиск ответа

Господа, подскажите, пожалуйста, как писать частицу «-то» в таком случае? А ты «Мертвые души-то» читал? А ты «Мертвые души»-то читал?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Спасибо за очень интересный вопрос. Мы передадим его в Орфографическую комиссию РАН.

Здравствуйте, уважаемые сотрудники «Грамоты.ру»! В процессе вычитки монографии о взаимодействии колеса и рельса столкнулась с непростым случаем. Помогите, пожалуйста, разобраться: как следует написать словосочетание _чудо смазочный материал_? Смущает то, что приложение относится к сочетанию слов, а не к одному слову. В «Справочнике по правописанию и литературной правке» Д. Э. Розенталя подобного случая, к сожалению, не нашла. Замена на _чудо-смазку_ нежелательна, т. к. авторы по определенным причинам не употребляют слово «смазка» в своей работе. Заранее благодарна вам за ответ и спасибо за вашу непростую работу! С уважением, Любовь

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно раздельное написание. Оно соответствует следующему правилу.

Недопустимо слитное или дефисное написание с приставкой или первой частью сложного слова, если вторая часть содержит пробел, т. е. представляет собой сочетание слов. В этих случаях слитные или дефисные написания, рекомендуемые основными правилами, должны заменяться раздельными. Например, следует писать: лже доктор наук, псевдо произведение искусства, теле круглый стол, мини стиральная машина; экс Советский С оюз, псевдо Ван Гог, пол рабочего дня, пол столовой ложки, пол Московской области (Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации. Полный академический справочник / Под ред. В. В. Лопатина. М., 2006. § 153).

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Недопустимо слитное или дефисное написание с приставкой или первой частью сложного слова, если вторая часть содержит пробел, т. е. представляет собой сочетание слов. В этих случаях слитные или дефисные написания, рекомендуемые основными правилами, должны заменяться раздельными. Например, следует писать: лже доктор наук, псевдо произведение искусства, теле круглый стол, мини стиральная машина; экс Советский С оюз, псевдо Ван Тог, пол рабочего дня, пол столовой ложки, пол Московской области.

При этом в сочетаниях экс-сотрудник ЦРУ, экс-глава ФСИН вторая часть сложного слова представлена одним словом (сотрудник, глава), т. е. возможно самостоятельное употребление сочетаний экс-сотрудник, экс-глава. Таким образом, правило о замене дефиса пробелом не распространяется на эти слова.

Спасибо за ответ про «экс»! А «экс начальник управления» и «экс директор программы» тоже можно писать по-разному? И какой вариант предпочесть? Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Нужно писать раздельно. Вот общее правило на этот счет:

«Недопустимо слитное или дефисное написание с приставкой или первой частью сложного слова, если вторая часть содержит пробел, т. е. представляет собой сочетание слов. В этих случаях слитные или дефисные написания, рекомендуемые основными правилами, должны заменяться раздельными. Например, следует писать: лже доктор наук, псевдо произведение искусства, теле круглый стол, мини стиральная машина; экс Советский С оюз, псевдо Ван Гог, пол рабочего дня, пол столовой ложки, пол Московской области; то же в парных конструкциях с полу: полудеревни — полу дачные посёлки, полусанаторий — полу дом отдыха, полупародия — полу литературный фельетон, полуясли — полу детский сад«.

Добрый день! Подскажите, пожалуйста, как писать лже крымское шампанское? И есть ли какое-то правило на этот случай, когда приставка «лже-» относится к двум словам?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Да, такие правила существуют. Они называются правилами координации. Вот выдержка из этих правил.

Недопустимо слитное или дефисное написание с приставкой или первой частью сложного слова, если вторая часть содержит пробел, т. е. представляет собой сочетание слов. В этих случаях слитные или дефисные написания, рекомендуемые основными правилами, должны заменяться раздельными. Например, следует писать: лже доктор наук, псевдо произведение искусства, теле круглый стол, мини стиральная машина; экс Советский С оюз, псевдо Ван Гог, пол рабочего дня, пол столовой ложки, пол Московской области. (Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации. Полный академический справочник / Под ред. В. В. Лопатина. М., 2006.)

Однако сочетание (лже) крымское шампанское может быть понято двояко и, соответственно, иметь разные написания. Лже крымское шампанское это какой-то напиток, выдаваемый за крымское шампанское (лже + крымское шампанское), лжекрымское шампанское это шампанское, которое сделано не в Крыму, но выдается за крымское.

Добрый день! Подскажите, пожалуйста, как правильно писать «Дорога жизни» и » Советский С оюз»? Какие слова в этих названиях должны быть написаны с заглавной буквы? Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

1. Если речь идет о транспортной магистрали через Ладожское озеро в период блокады Ленинграда, то корректно написание с заглавной буквы: Дорога жизни.

К ответу на вопрос 283889. Название «Южная Корея» по отношению к государству «Республика Корея» повсеместно используется, но не делается от этого более корректным. Оно применялось в СССР исключительно по политическим соображениям, так как Советский С оюз не признавал Республику Корея до конца восьмидесятых годов прошлого века. С момента признания и установления дипломатических отношений название «Южная Корея» должно было бы исчезнуть из употребления, однако этого не произошло…

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Да, в языке есть много устойчивых слов, выражений, названий, неправильных с точки зрения науки, политики, дипломатии. Традиция в языке часто оказывается сильнее терминологической точности. То же касается и названий государств: в обиходной устной и письменной речи мы по-прежнему употребляем названия Южная Корея (хотя в официальных документах будет только Республика Корея), Белоруссия (хотя официальное название Республика Беларусь), Молдавия (хотя официально: Республика Молдова) и т. д.

В ответе на вопрос №254952 вы писали: «С прописной буквы пишутся все слова (кроме служебных) в официальных названиях существующих государств и государственных объединений. Государства Российская империя в настоящее время не существует, это исторический термин, поэтому с прописной пишется только первое слово».

Итак, ответ на вопрос № 254952 прямо противоречит ответу на вопрос № 249081.

Будьте любезны, поясните, на чем конкретно основаны данные вами выше рекомендации. Какие конкретно языковые нормы заставляют нас писать названия реально существующих и исторических государств по-разному, зачем-то писать слово «союз» в названиях государств с прописной, а слово «империя» со строчной.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Такая фиксация – в нормативных словарях русского языка. См., например: Лопатин В. В., Нечаева И. В., Чельцова Л. К. Прописная или строчная? Орфографический словарь. М., 2011; Розенталь Д. Э. Справочник по русскому языку. Прописная или строчная? – 7-е изд., перераб. и доп. М., 2005 и др. источники.

Дело еще и в исторической дистанции. Советский С оюз прекратил свое существование чуть больше 20 лет назад, а Российской империи не существует уже почти 100 лет. Кто знает, возможно через 100 лет будет нормативно написание Союз советских социалистических республик?

Здравствуйте!
Меня интересует, как правильно надо писать слово «советский», с большой или маленькой буквы. Понятно почему так пишется » Советский С оюз», а с какой буквы писать «советское правительство»? Ведь сейчас все, что связано с Советским Союзом, стало лишь исторической реалией и не требует пафоса, как это было ранее.
Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: советское правительство. Слово советский пишется со строчной буквы (но: Советская армия, Советская страна, Советский С оюз, Советское информбюро ).

Источник

Как пишется советские республики

1. В официальных названиях государств все слова, кроме служебных, пишутся с прописной буквы: Российская Федерация, Республика Башкортостан, Корейская Народно-Демократическая Республика, Соединённые Штаты Америки, Мексиканские Соединённые Штаты, Соединённое Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, Французская Республика, Южно-Африканская Республика.

2. В названиях групп (объединений, союзов) государств с прописной буквы пишется первое слово (и все имена собственные): Закавказские республики, Скандинавские страны, Ассоциация государств Юго-Восточной Азии, Европейское экономическое сообщество, Организация американских государств, Организация Североатлантического договора, Союз Государств Центральной Африки, Тройственный союз.

3. В неофициальных названиях государств все слова, как правило, пишутся с прописной буквы: Советский Союз, Страна Советов, Советская Республика (в период Гражданской войны), Штаты (о США).

4. В образных названиях государств первое слово или слово, подчеркивающее характерный признак называемого объекта, пишется с прописной буквы: Страна восходящего солнца (Япония), Страна утренней свежести (Корея), остров Свободы (Куба).

5. В наименованиях административно-территориальных единиц слова, обозначающие индивидуальные названия, пишутся с прописной буквы, а слова, обозначающие родовое или видовое понятие, пишутся со строчной буквы: Горно-Алтайская автономная область, Орловская область, Краснодарский край, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ, Мытищинский район.

В названиях административно-территориальных единиц зарубежных государств с прописной буквы пишутся все слова, кроме слов, обозначающих родовые понятия: графство Суссекс (Англия), департамент Верхние Пиренеи (Франция), штат Южная Каролина (США), область Тоскана (Италия), префектура Хоккайдо (Япония), провинция Сычуань (Китай), земля Баден-Вюртемберг (Германия).

6. Официальные названия частей государств пишутся с прописной буквы: Европейская Россия, Западная Белоруссия, Правобережная Украина, Внутренняя Монголия, Азиатская Турция, Северная Италия.

8. В названиях достопримечательных мест все слова, кроме родовых обозначений, пишутся с прописной буквы: Большой Кремлёвский дворец, Зимний дворец, Инженерный замок, Шлиссельбургская крепость, Донской монастырь, Новодевичье кладбище.

9. В названиях железнодорожных станций, вокзалов, аэропортов все слова, кроме родовых обозначений, пишутся с прописной буквы: станции Ерофей Павлович, Москва-Товарная, Ленинград-Пассажирский; Казанский вокзал, Северный речной вокзал; Шереметьевский аэропорт, но: московский аэропорт Внуково, парижский вокзал Монпарнас.

10. В названиях станций метро, заключенных в кавычки, все слова пишутся с прописной буквы: станции «Китай-город», «Проспект Мира», «Пионерская», «Александровский Сад».

Источник

Поиск ответа

Как писать названия государств или территорий периода начала прошлого века типа: Кубанская народная республика, Литовско-Белорусская советская социалистическая республика и т. п.? Вроде бы они уже столетие как не существуют, и надо писать всё со строчной кроме первого слова, но с другой стороны есть аналоги типа Украинская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Болгарская Народная Республика, которых тоже уже нет, только не столетие, а пару десятилетий.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Непростой вопрос. С одной стороны, в исторических (не существующих в настоящее время) названиях государств с большой буквы пишутся первое слово и входящие в состав названия имена собственные: Французское королевство, Неаполитанское королевство, Королевство обеих Сицилий; Римская империя, Византийская империя, Российская империя; Новгородская республика, Венецианская республика; Древнерусское государство, Великое государство Ляо и т. д.

С другой стороны, в названии Союз Советских Социалистических Республик все слова пишутся с большой буквы, хотя этого государства тоже уже не существует. Сохраняются прописные буквы и в названиях союзных республик, в исторических названиях стран соцлагеря: Польская Народная Республика, Народная Республика Болгария и т. д.

Историческая дистанция, безусловно, является здесь одним из ключевых факторов. Должно пройти какое-то время (не два–три десятилетия, а гораздо больше), для того чтобы появились основания писать Союз советских социалистических республик по аналогии с Российская империя.

Историческая дистанция вроде бы позволяет писать в приведенных Вами названиях государственных образований с большой буквы только первое слово (эти образования существовали непродолжительное время и исчезли уже почти 100 лет назад). Но, с другой стороны, прописная буква в каждом слове названия подчеркивает тот факт, что эти сочетания в свое время были официальными названиями государств (или претендовали на такой статус). Если автору текста важно обратить на это внимания читателя, он вправе оставить прописные буквы (даже несмотря на то, что таких государственных образований давно уже нет на карте).

В ответе на вопрос №254952 вы писали: «С прописной буквы пишутся все слова (кроме служебных) в официальных названиях существующих государств и государственных объединений. Государства Российская империя в настоящее время не существует, это исторический термин, поэтому с прописной пишется только первое слово».

Итак, ответ на вопрос № 254952 прямо противоречит ответу на вопрос № 249081.

Будьте любезны, поясните, на чем конкретно основаны данные вами выше рекомендации. Какие конкретно языковые нормы заставляют нас писать названия реально существующих и исторических государств по-разному, зачем-то писать слово «союз» в названиях государств с прописной, а слово «империя» со строчной.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Такая фиксация – в нормативных словарях русского языка. См., например: Лопатин В. В., Нечаева И. В., Чельцова Л. К. Прописная или строчная? Орфографический словарь. М., 2011; Розенталь Д. Э. Справочник по русскому языку. Прописная или строчная? – 7-е изд., перераб. и доп. М., 2005 и др. источники.

Дело еще и в исторической дистанции. Советский Союз прекратил свое существование чуть больше 20 лет назад, а Российской империи не существует уже почти 100 лет. Кто знает, возможно через 100 лет будет нормативно написание Союз советских социалистических республик?

Вы уже несколько раз отвечали, что правильно писать «Европейский союз», но почему? Разве здесь не применяется правило о том, что в «составных» названиях государств все слова пишутся с большой буквы (« Союз Советских Социалистических Республик», «Соединённые Штаты Америки» и т.п.)? В одном из ответов упоминалось правило насчёт названий международных организаций, но ведь Евросоюз НЕ является международной организацией!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Да, но Европейский союз не является и государством! Союз пишется с прописной в официальных названиях государств: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик, Австралийский Союз.

Источник

Теперь вы знаете какие однокоренные слова подходят к слову Как пишется советские республики, а так же какой у него корень, приставка, суффикс и окончание. Вы можете дополнить список однокоренных слов к слову «Как пишется советские республики», предложив свой вариант в комментариях ниже, а также выразить свое несогласие проведенным с морфемным разбором.

Разбор по составу словосочетания «советская республика»

Вы ввели в поиск словосочетание. Ниже представлены ссылки на подробные разборы
отдельных слов, входящих в его состав.

Разбор по составу слова «советский»

Разбор по составу слова «республика»

Делаем Карту слов лучше вместе

Привет! Меня зовут Лампобот, я компьютерная программа, которая помогает делать
Карту слов. Я отлично
умею считать, но пока плохо понимаю, как устроен ваш мир. Помоги мне разобраться!

Спасибо! Я стал чуточку лучше понимать мир эмоций.

Вопрос: меццо-сопрано — это что-то нейтральное, положительное или отрицательное?

Ассоциации к слову «республика»

Синонимы к слову «республика»

Предложения со словосочетанием «советская республика»

  • Жители переживающей не лучшие времена бывшей советской республики утратили интерес к горнолыжным забавам, озабоченные более насущными проблемами.
  • Даже на закате советской эпохи, занимая первое место по промышленному производству, РСФСР по душевому доходу стояла только на десятом месте среди пятнадцати советских республик.
  • В молодой советской республике закладываются основы тоталитарной системы, которая именуется диктатурой пролетариата.
  • (все предложения)

Цитаты из русской классики со словосочетанием «советская республика»

  • Мышлаевский. Завтра, таким образом, здесь получится советская республика… Позвольте, водкой пахнет! Кто пил водку раньше времени? Сознавайтесь. Что ж это делается в этом богоспасаемом доме?!.. Вы водкой полы моете?!.. Я знаю, чья это работа! Что ты все бьешь?! Что ты все бьешь! Это в полном смысле слова золотые руки! К чему ни притронется — бац, осколки! Ну если уж у тебя такой зуд — бей сервизы!
  • Заграничная пресса шумно, жадно обсуждала неслыханный в истории падеж, а правительство Советских республик, не поднимая никакого шума, работало не покладая рук.
  • (все
    цитаты из русской классики)

Сочетаемость слова «республика»

  • союзные республики
    советская республика
    советские социалистические республики
  • республика советов
    нерушимый республик свободных
    в федеративной республике германии
  • президент республики
    союз советских социалистических республик
    территория республики
  • республика пала
    республика погибла
  • стала республикой
    создать республику
    провозгласить республику
  • (полная таблица сочетаемости)

Значение слова «советский»

  • СОВЕ́ТСКИЙ, —ая, —ое. 1. Прил. к Совет2; основанный на управлении Советами как органами власти. Советская власть. Советское государство. Союз Советских Социалистических Республик. Советский строй. (Малый академический словарь, МАС)

    Все значения слова СОВЕТСКИЙ

Значение слова «республика»

  • РЕСПУ́БЛИКА, -и, ж. 1. Форма государственного правления, при которой высшие органы власти избираются на определенный срок или формируются общенациональными представительными учреждениями (парламентами), а также сама страна с такой формой правления. (Малый академический словарь, МАС)

    Все значения слова РЕСПУБЛИКА

Афоризмы русских писателей со словом «советский»

  • Любимая!
    Сказать приятно мне:
    Я избежал паденья с кручи.
    Теперь в Советской стороне
    Я самый яростный попутчик.
  • За то, чтоб у нас развернул человек
    Все лучшие мысли и чувства!
    За новый, советский невиданный век
    Науки, труда и искусства!
  • Утро красит нежным светом
    Стены древнего Кремля,
    Просыпается с рассветом
    Вся советская земля.
    С добрым утром, милый город,
    Сердце Родины моей!
  • (все афоризмы русских писателей)

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Дополнительно

Смотрите также

Советская Социалистическая Республика (ССР) — многозначный термин, организационно-правовая форма государства.

Все значения словосочетания «советская социалистическая республика»

СОВЕ́ТСКИЙ, —ая, —ое. 1. Прил. к Совет2; основанный на управлении Советами как органами власти. Советская власть. Советское государство. Союз Советских Социалистических Республик. Советский строй.

Все значения слова «советский»

РЕСПУ́БЛИКА, -и, ж. 1. Форма государственного правления, при которой высшие органы власти избираются на определенный срок или формируются общенациональными представительными учреждениями (парламентами), а также сама страна с такой формой правления.

Все значения слова «республика»

  • Жители переживающей не лучшие времена бывшей советской республики утратили интерес к горнолыжным забавам, озабоченные более насущными проблемами.

  • Даже на закате советской эпохи, занимая первое место по промышленному производству, РСФСР по душевому доходу стояла только на десятом месте среди пятнадцати советских республик.

  • В молодой советской республике закладываются основы тоталитарной системы, которая именуется диктатурой пролетариата.

  • (все предложения)
  • Коми
  • страна
  • верховенство
  • сенат
  • президентство
  • (ещё синонимы…)
  • страна
  • государство
  • народ
  • город
  • президент
  • (ещё ассоциации…)
  • советский союз
  • герой советского союза
  • жить в советском союзе
  • (полная таблица сочетаемости…)
  • союзные республики
  • республика советов
  • президент республики
  • республика пала
  • стала республикой
  • (полная таблица сочетаемости…)
  • Разбор по составу слова «советский»
  • Разбор по составу слова «республика»
  • Как правильно пишется слово «советский»
  • Как правильно пишется слово «республика»

  1. Подбор слов
  2. Значения слов
  3. советская республика

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Большой юридический словарь

советская республика

особая разновидность республиканской формы правления (см. Республика). Формально характеризуется следующими признаками: единую систему органов власти составляют советы, действующие на непрофессиональной основе; отсутствует различие между органами государственной власти и органами местного самоуправления (как и само понятие «местное самоуправление»); не признается принцип разделения властей: советы осуществляют как представительную (законодательную), так и исполнительную власть (непосредственно или через свои исполнительно-распорядительные органы — исполнительные комитеты, советы министров); все государственные органы подконтрольны и подотчетны соответствующим советам; как правило, отсутствуют единоличный глава государства и органы конституционного надзора; депутаты советов ответственны перед своими избирателями, связаны их наказами и могут быть отозваны в случае «потери доверия избирателей». С.р. впервые возникла в России в 1917 г. и была впоследствии утверждена еще в ряде «социалистических» государств. В конце 1980-х — начале 1990-х гг. во всех восточноевропейских и некоторых азиатских странах наблюдался отказ от С.р. в пользу других форм республиканской власти. В РФ также произошел постепенный демонтаж С.р. в ходе конституционной реформы 1990-1993 гг.

Википедия

Советская республика

Сове́тская респу́блика — особая разновидность республиканской формы правления , основу которой составляют особые представительные органы — Советы . Формально советская республика характеризуется следующими признаками:

  • единая система органов государственной власти в лице советов, действующие на непрофессиональной основе, — Советы народных депутатов , Советы депутатов трудящихся, Советы рабочих депутатов, Советы солдатских депутатов, Советы крестьянских депутатов, Советы матросских депутатов, Советы батрацких депутатов и т. д.;
  • отсутствие отличий между государственными органами и органами местного самоуправления ;
  • не признаётся принцип разделения властей : советы осуществляют как представительную .
  • чаще всего отсутствуют единоличный глава государства и органы конституционного надзора;
  • депутаты советов формально ответственны перед своими избирателями, связаны их наказами и могут быть отозваны.

Республика такого рода впервые возникла в России в 1917 году и затем была создана ещё в ряде социалистических государств . Во многом институты советской республики служили прикрытием диктатуры коммунистической партии. В результате краха коммунистических режимов наблюдался отказ от советской формы правления в пользу классических форм республиканской власти.

Russian Soviet Federative
Socialist Republic
Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика
Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika
[1]

1917–1991

Flag of the Russian SFSR

Flag
(1954–1991)

State emblem (1978–1991) of the Russian SFSR

State emblem
(1978–1991)

Motto: Workers of the world, unite!
Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!
Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes’! (tr.)
The Russian SFSR (red) within the Soviet Union (red and white) between 1956 and 1991

The Russian SFSR (red) within the Soviet Union (red and white) between 1956 and 1991

Status
  • 1917–1922:
    Sovereign state
  • 1922–1991:
    Union Republic of the Soviet Union
  • 1990–1991:
    Union Republic of the Soviet Union with priority of republican legislation
Capital
  • Petrograd
    (1917–1918)
  • Moscow
    (1918–1991)[2]
Largest city Moscow
Official languages Russianb
Recognised languages see Languages of Russia
Religion
  • Secular state (de jure)
  • State atheism (de facto)
  • Russian Orthodoxy (majority)
Demonym(s) Russian
Government
  • 1918–1990:
    Federal Marxist–Leninist one-party parliamentary socialist soviet directorial republic[3]
  • 1990–1991:
    Federal parliamentary republic
  • July–December 1991:
    Federal semi-presidential republic[4]
Head of state  

• 1917 (first)

Lev Kamenevc

• 1990–1991 (last)

Boris Yeltsind
Head of government  

• 1917–1924 (first)

Vladimir Lenine

• 1990–1991

Ivan Silayevf

• 1991 (last)

Boris Yeltsing
Legislature
  • 1917–1938:
    VTsIK/Congress of Soviets
  • 1938–1990:
    Supreme Soviet
  • 1990–1991:
    Congress of People’s Deputies
History  

• October Revolution

7 November 1917

• USSR formed

30 December 1922

• Crimea transferred to Ukrainian SSR

19 February 1954

• State sovereignty

12 June 1990

• Belovezh Accords

12 December 1991

• Russian SFSR renamed into the Russian Federation

25 December 1991

• Dissolution of the Soviet Union

26 December 1991

• End of the Soviet political system

25 December 1993
Area
1956[citation needed] 17,125,200 km2 (6,612,100 sq mi)
Population

• 1989[citation needed]

147,386,000
Currency Soviet rouble (Rbl)h (SUR)
Time zone (UTC +2 to +12)
Calling code +7
ISO 3166 code RU
Internet TLD .su
Preceded by Succeeded by
1918
Russian Republic
1920
Russian State
1922
Far Eastern Republic
1923
Priamurye Government
1940:
Finland (portion)
1944:
Tuva
1945:
Germany (portion)
Japan (portion)
1956
Karelo-Finnish SSR
1918
Ukrainian People’s Republic (portion)
Estonia (portion)
Belarusian People’s Republic (portion)
Latvia (portion)
1922
Soviet Union
1940
Karelo-Finnish SSR
1991
Russian Federation
  1. Remained the national anthem of Russia until 2000.
  2. Official language in the courts from 1937.[5]
  3. As Chairman of the VTsIK (All-Russian Central Executive Committee).
  4. As chairman the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR from 29 May 1990 to 10 July 1991, then as President.
  5. As Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Russian SFSR
  6. As Chairmen of the Council of Ministers – Government of the Russian SFSR
  7. Served as acting head of government while President of Russia
  8. Between 1917 and 1919 the imperial rouble lost all of its value due to overprinting. It would be replaced that same year by the new Soviet rouble.[6]

Seven Hero City awards
The Russian Democratic Federative Republic existed briefly on 19 January 1918, but actual sovereignty was still in the hands of the Soviets even after the Russian Constituent Assembly opened its first and last session in 1918.[7]

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR (Russian: Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, tr. Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Socialistíčeskaya Respúblika, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə sɐˈvʲetskəjə fʲɪdʲɪrɐˈtʲivnəjə sətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə] (listen)), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic[8] and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic[9] as well as being unofficially known as Soviet Russia,[10] the Russian Federation[11] or simply Russia, was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous of the Soviet socialist republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR.[12] The Russian Republic was composed of sixteen smaller constituent units of autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais and forty oblasts.[12] Russians formed the largest ethnic group. The capital of the Russian SFSR was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad, Stalingrad, Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, Gorky and Kuybyshev. It was the first Marxist-Leninist state in the world.

The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. By 1961, it was the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region[13] and Siberia, trailing in production to only the United States and Saudi Arabia.[14] In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially organized public-health services provided health care.[12] After 1985, the «perestroika» restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s under General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, with the introduction of non-state owned enterprises such as cooperatives.

On 7 November 1917 [O.S. 25 October], as a result of the October Revolution, the Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed as a sovereign state and the world’s first constitutionally socialist state guided by communist ideology. The first constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922, the Russian SFSR signed a treaty officially creating the USSR. The Russian SFSR’s 1978 constitution stated that «[a] Union Republic is a sovereign […] state that has united […] in the Union»[15] and «each Union Republic shall retain the right freely to secede from the USSR».[16] On 12 June 1990, the Congress of People’s Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, established separation of powers (unlike in the Soviet form of government), established citizenship of Russia and stated that the RSFSR shall retain the right of free secession from the USSR. On 12 June 1991, Boris Yeltsin (1931–2007), supported by the Democratic Russia pro-reform movement, was elected the first and only president of the RSFSR, a post that would later become the presidency of the Russian Federation.

The August 1991 Soviet coup d’état attempt with the temporary brief internment of President Mikhail Gorbachev destabilised the Soviet Union. On 8 December 1991, the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belovezh Accords. The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its original founding states (i.e., renunciation of the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a loose confederation. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet (the parliament of Russian SFSR); therefore the Russian SFSR had renounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia’s independence from the USSR itself and the ties with the other Soviet Socialist Republics.

On 25 December 1991, following the resignation of Gorbachev as President of the Soviet Union (and former General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation.[17] The next day after the lowering of the Soviet red flag from the top of the Kremlin Senate building of the Moscow Kremlin in Moscow, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of the Republics on 26 December, which by that time was the only functioning parliamentary chamber of the All-Union Supreme Soviet (the other house, Soviet of the Union, had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the several union republics). After the dissolution, Russia declared that it assumed the rights and obligations of the dissolved central Soviet government, including UN membership and permanent membership on the Security Council, but originally excluding foreign debt and foreign assets of the USSR (also parts of the former Soviet Army and nuclear weapons remained under overall CIS command as United Armed Forces of the CIS).

The 1978 constitution of the Russian SFSR was amended several times to reflect the transition to democracy, private property and market economy. The new Russian constitution, coming into effect on 25 December 1993 after a constitutional crisis, completely abolished the Soviet form of government and replaced it with a semi-presidential system.

Nomenclature

Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) and Leon Trotsky (1879–1940), the Bolshevik communists established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917. It happened immediately after the October Revolution, when the interim Russian Provisional Government, most recently led by opposing democratic socialist Alexander Kerensky (1881–1970), which governed the new Russian Republic after the overthrow of the Russian Empire government of the Romanov imperial dynasty of Czar Nicholas II the previous March, the second of the two Russian Revolutions that turbulent year of 1917 during World War I. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn’t recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label Sovdepia for the nascent state of the Soviets of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies.[18]

On 25 January 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was proclaimed.[19][9][8] The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on 3 March 1918, giving away much of the border lands in the west of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire (Germany) in exchange for peace during the last year of the rest of World War I. In July 1918, the fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted the Constitution of the RSFSR.[20][better source needed] By 1918, during the subsequent Russian Civil War several states within the former Russian Empire seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.

Internationally, the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state in 1920 only by bordering neighbors of Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic in Ireland.[21]

On 30 December 1922, with the treaty on the creation of the Soviet Union, Russia, alongside the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The final Soviet name for the constituent republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the later Soviet Constitution of 1936. By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700.

The RSFSR dominated the Soviet Union to such an extent that for most of the Soviet Union’s existence, it was commonly, but incorrectly, referred to as Russia. Technically, Russia itself was only one republic within the larger union – albeit by far the largest, most powerful and most highly developed of the 15 republics. Nevertheless, according to historian Matthew White it was an open secret that the country’s federal structure was «window dressing» for Russian dominance. For that reason, the people of the USSR were almost always called «Russians», not «Soviets», since «everyone knew who really ran the show».[22]

On 25 December 1991, during the collapse of the Soviet Union, which concluded on the next day, the republic’s official name was changed to the Russian Federation, which it remains to this day.[23] This name and Russia were specified as the official state names on 21 April 1992, an amendment to the then existing Constitution of 1978, and were retained as such in the subsequent 1993 Constitution of Russia.

Geography

At a total of about 17,125,200 km (6,612,100 sq mi), the Russian SFSR was the largest of its fifteen republics, with its southerly neighbor, the Kazakh SSR, being second.

The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland of Scandinavia on the northwest; and to its southeast in eastern Asia were the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea), Mongolian People’s Republic (Mongolia) and the People’s Republic of China (China, formerly the Republic of China; 1911–1949). Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Slavic states: Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine), Belarusian SSR (Belarus), the Baltic states: Estonian SSR (Estonia), Latvian SSR (Latvia) and Lithuanian SSR (Lithuania) (Included in USSR in 1940) to its west and the Azerbaijan SSR (Azerbaijan), Georgian SSR (Georgia) and Kazakh SSR (Kazakhstan) to the south in Central Asia.[12]

Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east of Siberia with Central Asia and East Asia. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.[24]

History

Early years (1917–1920)

The Soviet government first came to power on 7 November 1917, immediately after the interim Russian Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution, the second of the two Russian Revolutions. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months.

On 18 January 1918, the newly elected Constituent Assembly issued a decree, proclaiming Russia a democratic federal republic under the name «Russian Democratic Federal Republic». However, the Bolsheviks dissolved the Assembly on the following day and declared its decrees null and void.[25]

On 25 January 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was proclaimed.[19][9][8] On 3 March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire (Germany), in exchange for peace on the Eastern Front of World War I. In July 1918, the fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted the Constitution of the RSFSR.[20][better source needed] By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.

1920s

The Russian famine of 1921–22, also known as Povolzhye famine, killed an estimated 5 million, primarily affecting the Volga and Ural River regions.[26]

On 30 December 1922, the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state, the Soviet Union. The treaty was included in the 1924 Soviet Constitution,[clarification needed] adopted on 31 January 1924 by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR.

Paragraph 3 of Chapter 1 of the 1925 Constitution of the RSFSR stated the following:[27]

By the will of the peoples of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, who decided on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the Tenth All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, being a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, devolves to the Union the powers which according to Article 1 of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are included within the scope of responsibilities of the government bodies of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

1930s

Many regions in Russia were affected by the Soviet famine of 1932–1933: Volga, Central Black Soil Region, North Caucasus, the Urals, the Crimea, part of Western Siberia, and the Kazak ASSR. With the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on 5 December 1936, the size of the RSFSR was significantly reduced. The Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR were transformed into the Kazakh SSR (Kazakhstan) and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyzstan). The former Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was transferred to the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbekistan).

The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).

1940s

Just four months after Operation Barbarossa, the Wehrmacht was quickly advancing through the Russian SFSR, and was approximately 10 miles (16 km) away from Moscow. However, after the defeat in the Battle of Moscow and the Soviet winter offensive, the Germans were pushed back. In 1942, the Wehrmacht entered Stalingrad. Despite a deadly 5 month lasting battle in which the Soviets suffered over 1,100,000 casualties, they achieved victory following the surrender of the last German troops near the Volga River.

In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), General Secretary of the Communist Party, later Premier, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the invading Germans in the Great Patriotic War (World War II, 1941–1945), and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR.

On 3 March 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative units of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR.

On 11 October 1944, the Tuvan People’s Republic was joined with the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1961.

After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944–1945.

At the end of World War II Soviet troops of the Red Army occupied southern Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands off the coast of East Asia, north of Japan, making them part of the RSFSR. The status of the southernmost Kurils, north of Hokkaido of the Japanese home islands remains in dispute with Japan and the United States following the peace treaty of 1951 ending the state of war.

On 17 April 1946, the Kaliningrad Oblast – the north-eastern portion of the former Kingdom of Prussia, the founding state of the German Empire (1871–1918) and later the German province of East Prussia including the capital and Baltic seaport city of Königsberg – was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR.

1950s

After the death of Joseph Stalin on 5 March 1953, Georgy Malenkov became the new leader of the USSR. In January 1954, Malenkov transferred Crimea from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR. On 8 February 1955, Malenkov was officially demoted to deputy Prime Minister. As First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Nikita Khrushchev’s authority was significantly enhanced by Malenkov’s demotion.

The Karelo-Finnish SSR was transferred back to the RSFSR as the Karelian ASSR in 1956.

On 9 January 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR.

1960s–1980s

In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev. Under his rule, the Russian SFSR and the rest of the Soviet Union went through a mass era of stagnation. Even after Brezhnev’s death in 1982, the era did not end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power in March 1985 and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society.

Early 1990s

Flag adopted by the Russian SFSR national parliament in 1991

On 29 May 1990, at his third attempt, Boris Yeltsin was elected the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR. The Congress of People’s Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR on 12 June 1990, which was the beginning of the «War of Laws», pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics.

On 17 March 1991, an all-Russian referendum created the post of President of the RSFSR and on 12 June, Boris Yeltsin was elected President by popular vote.

During the unsuccessful 1991 Soviet coup d’état attempt of 19–21 August, Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. On 23 August, Yeltsin, in the presence of Gorbachev, signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia.[28] On 6 November, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR from the territory of the Russia.[29]

On 8 December 1991, at Viskuli near Brest (Belarus), Yeltsin, Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and Belarusian leader Stanislav Shushkevich signed the «Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States», known in media as the Belovezh Accords. The document, consisting of a preamble and fourteen articles, stated that the Soviet Union no longer existed «as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality». However, based on the historical community of peoples and relations between the three states, as well as bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR by an overwhelming majority: 188 votes for, 6 against and 7 abstentions.[30] The legality of this ratification raised doubts among some members of the Russian parliament, since according to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 consideration of this document was in the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the RSFSR.[31][32][33][34] However, by this time the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent, and was in no position to object. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and recalled all Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. A number of lawyers believe that the denunciation of the union treaty was meaningless since it became invalid in 1924 with the adoption of the first constitution of the USSR.[35][36][37] Although the 12 December vote is sometimes reckoned as the moment that the RSFSR seceded from the collapsing Soviet Union, this is not the case. It appears that the RSFSR took the line that it was not possible to secede from an entity that no longer existed.

On 24 December, Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS the Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including the Soviet Union’s permanent seat on the UN Security Council). Thus, Russia is considered to be an original member of the UN (since 24 October 1945) along with Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR) and Belarus (Byelorussian SSR). On 25 December – just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union – the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency.[38] That same night, the Soviet flag was lowered and replaced with the tricolor. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist the next day. The change was originally published on 6 January 1992 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals, and stamps).

On 21 April 1992, the Congress of People’s Deputies of Russia approved the renaming of the RSFSR into the Russian Federation, by making appropriate amendments to the Constitution, which entered into force
since publication on 16 May 1992.[39]

Government

[icon]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)

The Government was known officially as the Council of People’s Commissars (1917–1946) and Council of Ministers (1946–1991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Russian SFSR and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title of president. The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until the 1991 August coup, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Autonomous Republics within the Russian SFSR

  • Turkestan ASSR was formed on 30 April 1918 on the territory of the former Turkestan General-Governorate. As part of the delimitation programme of Soviet Central Asia, the Turkestan ASSR along with the Khorezm SSR and the Bukharan PSR were disbanded on 27 October 1924 and replaced by the Soviet Union republics of Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR. The latter contained the Tajik ASSR until December 1929, when it too became a full Union republic, the Tajik SSR. The RSFSR retained the newly formed Kara-Kirghiz and the Kara-Kalpak autonomous oblasts. The latter was part of the Kirgiz, then the Kazak ASSR until 1930 when it was directly subordinated to Moscow.
  • Bashkir ASSR was formed on 23 March 1919 from several northern districts of the Orenburg Governorate populated by Bashkirs. On 11 October 1990, it declared its sovereignty, as the Bashkir SSR, which in 1992 was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.
  • Tatar ASSR was formed on 27 May 1920 on the territory of the western two-thirds of the Kazan Governorate populated by Tatars. On 30 October 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Republic of Tatarstan and on 18 October 1991 declared its independence. The Russian constitutional court overturned the declaration on 13 March 1992. In February 1994, a separate agreement was reached with Moscow on the status of Tatarstan as an associate state in Russia with confederate status.
  • Kirgiz ASSR was formed on 26 August 1920 from the Ural, Turgay, Semipalatinsk oblasts and parts of Transcaspia, Bukey Horde and Orenburg Governorate populated by Kirgiz-Kaysaks (former name of Kazakh people). Further enlarged in 1921 upon gaining land from Omsk Governorate and again in 1924 from parts of Jetysui Governorate and Syr Darya and Samarkand oblasts. On 19 April 1925, it was renamed Kazak ASSR. (see below)
  • Mountain ASSR was formed on 20 January 1921 after the Bolshevik Red Army evicted the short-lived Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. Initially composed of several national districts, one-by-one these left the republic until 7 November 1924 when the remains of the republic was partitioned into the Ingush Autonomous Oblast, the North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast and the Sunzha Cossack District (all subordinates to the North Caucasus Krai).
  • Dagestan ASSR was formed on 20 January 1921 from the former Dagestan Oblast. On 17 September 1991, it declared sovereignty as the Dagestan SSR.
  • Crimean ASSR was formed on 18 October 1921 on the territory of Crimean peninsula, following the Red Army’s eviction of Baron Wrangel’s army, ending the Russian Civil War in Europe. On 18 May 1944, it was reduced to the status of Oblast alongside the deportation of the Crimean Tatars as collective punishment for alleged collaboration with the Nazi occupation regime in Taurida Subdistrict. On 19 February 1954, it was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR. Re-established on 12 February 1991, it declared sovereignty on 4 September of that year. On 5 May 1992, it declared independence as the Republic of Crimea. On 13 May, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine overturned the declaration, but compromised on an Autonomous Republic of Crimea within Ukraine. After the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, a Russian military intervention and a disputed referendum, Crimea was annexed by Russia in March 2014.
  • Yakut ASSR was formed on 16 February 1922 upon the elevation of the Yakut Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 27 September 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Yakut-Sakha Soviet Socialist Republic. From 21 December 1991, it has been known as the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
  • Buryat ASSR was formed on 30 March 1923 as due to the merger of the Mongol-Buryat Autonomous Oblast of the RSFSR and the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Oblast of the Far Eastern Republic. Until 7 July 1958 – Mongol-Buryat ASSR. On 27 March 1991, it became the Republic of Buryatia.
  • Karelian ASSR was formed on 23 July 1923 when the Karelian Labor Commune was integrated into the RSFSR’s administrative structure. On 31 March 1940, it was elevated into a full Union republic as the Karelo-Finnish SSR. On 16 July 1956, it was downgraded in status to that of an ASSR and re-subordinated to RSFSR. It declared sovereignty on 13 October 1991 as the Republic of Karelia.
  • Volga German ASSR was formed on 19 December 1924 upon elevation of the Volga German Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 28 August 1941, upon the deportation of Volga Germans to Central Asia, the ASSR was disbanded. The territory was partitioned between the Saratov and Stalingrad Oblasts.
  • Kazak ASSR was formed on 19 April 1925 when the first Kirghiz ASSR was renamed and partitioned. Upon the ratification of the new Soviet constitution, the ASSR was elevated into a full Union Republic on 3 December 1936. On 25 October 1990, it declared sovereignty and on 16 December 1991 its independence as the Republic of Kazakhstan.
  • Chuvash ASSR was formed on 21 April 1925 upon the elevation of the Chuvash Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 26 October 1990 as the Chuvash SSR.
  • Kirghiz ASSR was formed on 1 February 1926 upon elevation of the Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast. Upon the ratification of the new Soviet constitution, the ASSR was elevated into a full Union Republic on 3 December 1936. On 12 December 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Republic of Kyrgyzstan and on 31 August 1991 its independence.
  • Kara-Kalpak ASSR was formed on 20 March 1932 upon elevation of the Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast into the Kara-Kalpak ASSR; from 5 December 1936 a part of the Uzbek SSR. In 1964, it was renamed the Karakalpak ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 14 December 1990.
  • Mordovian ASSR was formed on 20 December 1934 upon the elevation of Mordovian Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 13 December 1990 as the Mordovian SSR. Since 25 January 1991, it has been known as the Republic of Mordovia.
  • Udmurt ASSR was formed on 28 December 1934 upon the elevation of Udmurt Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 20 September 1990. Since 11 October 1991, it has been known as the Udmurt Republic.
  • Kalmyk ASSR was formed on 20 October 1935 upon the elevation of Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 27 December 1943, upon the deportation of the Kalmyks, the ASSR was disbanded and split between the newly established Astrakhan Oblast and parts adjoined to Rostov Oblast, Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai. On 9 January 1957, Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast was re-established in its present borders, first as a part of Stavropol Krai and from 19 July 1958 as a part of the Kalmyk ASSR. On 18 October 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Kalmyk SSR.
  • Kabardino-Balkar ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the departure of the Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblast from the North Caucasus Kray. After the deportation of the Balkars on 8 April 1944, the republic is renamed as Kabardin ASSR and parts of its territory transferred to Georgian SSR. Upon the return of the Balkars, the KBASSR is re-instated on 9 January 1957. On 31 January 1991, the republic declared sovereignty as the Kabardino-Balkar SSR and from 10 March 1992 as the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.
  • Northern Ossetian ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the disbandment of the North Caucasus Kray and its constituent North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast was raised into an ASSR. Declared sovereignty on 26 December 1990 as the North Ossetian SSR.
  • Chechen-Ingush ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 when the North Caucasus Krai was disestablished and its constituent Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast was elevated into an ASSR and subordinated to Moscow. Following the en masse deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, on 7 March 1944 the ChIASSR was disbanded and the Grozny Okrug was temporarily administered by Stavropol Kray until 22 March when the territory was portioned between North Ossetian and Dagestan ASSRs and the Georgian SSR. The remaining land was merged with Stavropol Krays Kizlyar district and organised as Grozny Oblast, which existed until 9 January 1957 when the ChIASSR was re-established though only the southern border’s original shape was retained. It declared sovereignty on 27 November 1990 as the Chechen-Ingush Republic. On 8 June 1991, the 2nd Chechen National Congress proclaimed a separate Chechen-Republic (Noxchi-Cho) and on 6 September began a coup which overthrew the Soviet local government. De facto, all authority passed to the self-proclaimed government which was renamed as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in early 1993. In response, the western Ingush districts after a referendum on 28 November 1991 were organised into an Ingush Republic which was officially established on 4 June 1992 by decree of Russian President as the Republic of Ingushetia. The same decree de jure created a Chechen republic, although it would be established only on 3 June 1994 and carry out partial governance during the First Chechen War. The Khasavyurt Accord would again suspend the government on 15 November 1996. The present Chechen Republic government was re-established on 15 October 1999.
  • Komi ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the elevation of the Komi (Zyryan) Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. Declared sovereignty on 23 November 1990 as the Komi SSR and from 26 May 1992 as the Republic of Komi.
  • Mari ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the elevation of the Mari Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. Declared Sovereignty on 22 December 1990 as the Mari Soviet Socialist Republic (Mari El).
  • Tuva ASSR was formed on 10 October 1961 when the Tuva Autonomous Oblast was elevated[by whom?] into an ASSR. On 12 December 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Soviet Republic of Tyva.
  • Gorno-Altai ASSR was formed on 25 October 1990 when Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast declared sovereignty. Since 3 July 1991, it has been known as the Gorno-Altai SSR.
  • Karachayevo-Cherkessian ASSR was formed on 17 November 1990 when Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast was elevated into an ASSR and instead of Stavropol Krai subordinated directly to the RSFSR. It declared sovereignty on 3 July 1991 as the Karachay-Cherkess SSR.

Economy

In the first years of the existence of the RSFSR, the doctrine of war communism became the starting point of the state’s economic activity. In March 1921, at the X Congress of the RCP (B), the tasks of the policy of «war communism» were recognized by the country’s leadership as fulfilled, and a new economic policy was introduced at the suggestion of Vladimir Lenin.

After the formation of the Soviet Union, the economy of the RSFSR became an integral part of the economy of the USSR. The economic program of the RSFSR (NEP) was continued in all union republics. The Gosplan (State General Planning Commission) of the RSFSR, which replaced GOELRO, was reorganized into the Gosplan of the USSR. His early task was to develop a unified national economic plan based on the electrification plan and to oversee the overall implementation of this plan.

Unlike the previous Russian constitutions, the 1978 Constitution devoted an entire chapter (Chapter II) to the description of the economic system of the RSFSR, which defined the types of property and indicated the goals of the economic tasks of the state.[40]

As noted by Corresponding Member RAS RAS V. I. Suslov, who took part in large-scale studies of the relationship between the economies of the republics of the USSR and the RSFSR in the late Soviet era: «The degree of inequality of economic exchange was very high, and Russia was always the losing side. The product created by Russia largely supported the consumption of other union republics».[41]

Culture

National holidays and symbols

The public holidays for the Russian SFSR included Defender of the Fatherland Day (23 February), which honors Russian men, especially those serving in the army; International Women’s Day (8 March), which combines the traditions of Mother’s Day and Valentine’s Day; Spring and Labor Day (1 May); Victory Day; and like all other Soviet republics, the Great October Socialist Revolution (7 November).

Victory Day is the second most popular holiday in Russia as it commemorates the victory over Nazism in the Great Patriotic War. A huge military parade, hosted by the President of Russia, is annually organised in Moscow on Red Square. Similar parades take place in all major Russian cities and cities with the status Hero City or City of Military Glory.

During its 76-year existence, the Russian SFSR anthem was Patrioticheskaya Pesnya, but before 1990 the previous anthem shared its music with the Soviet Anthem, though not the lyrics and The Internationale was its anthem before 1944. The motto «Workers of the world, unite!» was commonly used and shared with other Soviet republics. The hammer and sickle and the full Soviet coat of arms were still widely seen in Russian cities as a part of old architectural decorations until its slow gradual removal in 1991. The Soviet red stars are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. The Red Banner continues to be honored, especially the Banner of Victory of 1945.

The Matryoshka doll is a recognizable symbol of the Russian SFSR (and the Soviet Union as a whole) and the towers of Moscow Kremlin and Saint Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow are Russian SFSR’s main architectural icons. Chamomile is the national flower while birch is the national tree. The Russian bear is an animal symbol and a national personification of Russia. Though this image has a Western origin, Russians themselves have accepted it. The native Soviet Russian national personification is Mother Russia.

Flag history

The flag of the Russian SFSR changed numerous times, with the original being a field of red with the Russian name of the republic written on the flag’s centre in white. This flag had always been intended to be temporary, as it was changed less than a year after its adoption. The second flag had the letters РСФСР (RSFSR) written in yellow within the canton and encased within two yellow lines forming a right angle. The next flag was used from 1937, notably during World War II. Interesting because it was used until Joseph Stalin’s death when a major vexillological reform was undertaken within the Soviet Union. This change incorporated an update for all the flags of the Soviet Republics as well as for the flag of the Soviet Union itself. The flag of the Russian SFSR was now a defaced version of the flag of the Soviet Union, with the main difference being a minor repositioning of the hammer and sickle and most notably adding a blue vertical stripe to the hoist. This version of the flag was used from 1954 all the way to 1991, where it was changed due to the ongoing collapse of the Soviet Union. The flag was changed to a design that resembled the original ensign of the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, with a notable difference of the flag ratio being 1:2 instead of the original 2:3 ratio. After 1993, when the Soviet form of government was officially dissolved in the Russian Federation, the flag of the Russian Federation was changed to the original civil ensign with its original 2:3 proportions.

  • 1917–1918

    1917–1918

  • 1918–1937

    1918–1937

  • 1937–1954

    1937–1954

  • 1954–1991

    1954–1991

Bibliographies

  • Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
  • Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
  • Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union

Notes

  1. ^ Later used as a national flag of the Russian Federation until 1993.

References

  1. ^ Historical names:
    • 1918: Russian Soviet Republic (Российская Советская Республика; Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Respublika)
    • 1918–1936: Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Российская Социалистическая Федеративная Советская Республика; Rossiyskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Federativnaya Sovetskaya Respublika)
    • 1936–1991: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика; Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika)

  2. ^ Arthur Ransome (16 March 1918). «Lenine’s Migration A Queer Scene». Archived 16 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times.
  3. ^ Historical Dictionary of Socialism. James C. Docherty, Peter Lamb. Page 85. «The Soviet Union was a one-party Marxist-Leninist state.»
  4. ^ «Law of the USSR of 14 March 1990 N 1360-I ‘On the establishment of the office of the President of the USSR and the making of changes and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR’«. Garant.ru. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
  5. ^ article 114 of the 1937 Constitution, article 171 of the 1978 Constitution
  6. ^ R. W. Davies; Mark Harrison; S. G. Wheatcroft (9 December 1993). The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-521-45770-5.
  7. ^ Riasanovsky, Nicholas (2000). A History of Russia (sixth ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 458. ISBN 0-19-512179-1.
  8. ^ a b c Конституции РСФСР 1918 г. Archived 2 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian). Hist.msu.ru. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.
  9. ^ a b c Besier, Gerhard; Stokłosa, Katarzyna (2014). European Dictatorships: A Comparative History of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 67. ISBN 9781443855211.
  10. ^ Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people (original VTsIK variant Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, III Congress revision), article I.
  11. ^ Colloquially referred to as such for short in intra-Soviet politics (along with the adjacent «Transcaucasian Federation» in the south until 1936). See for example, the log of the meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 19 February 1954 Archived 12 September 2012 at archive.today. The Russian SFSR officially renamed into the Russian Federation on Christmas Day, 25 December 1991.
  12. ^ a b c d The Free Dictionary Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic Archived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.
  13. ^ Peterson, James A.; Clarke, James W. «Petroleum Geology and Resources of the Volga-Ural Province, U.S.S.R.» (PDF). Pubs.USGS.gov. 1983, U.S. Department of the Interior – U.S. Geological Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  14. ^ Sokolov, Vasily Andreevich (2002). Petroleum. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. p. 183. ISBN 0898757258. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  15. ^ Article 76
  16. ^ Article 72
  17. ^ The names Russian Federation and Russia have been equal since 25 December 1993
  18. ^ Mawdsley, Evan (2007). «Sovdepia: The Soviet Zone, October 1917 – November 1918». The Russian Civil War. Pegasus Books. p. 70. ISBN 9781933648156. Retrieved 25 January 2014. The Bolsheviks’ enemies gave the name ‘Sovdepia’ to the area under the authority of the Soviets of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies. The comic-opera term was intended to mock […].
  19. ^ a b Service, Robert (2005). A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin. Harvard University Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780674018013.
  20. ^ a b Soviet Russia information Archived 26 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Russians.net (23 August 1943). Retrieved on 22 June 2011.
  21. ^ Carr, EH The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–23, vol 3 Penguin Books, London, 4th reprint (1983), pp. 257–258. The draft treaty was published for propaganda purposes in the 1921 British document Intercourse between Bolshevism and Sinn Féin (Cmd 1326).
  22. ^ White, Matthew (2012). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things. W. W. Norton. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.
  23. ^ Chronicle of Events Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Marxistsfr.org. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.
  24. ^ «Russia the Great: Mineral resources». Russian Information Network. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  25. ^ Ikov, Marat Sal. «Round Table the Influence Of National Relations on the Development of the Federative State Structure and on the Social and Political Realities of the Russian Federation». Prof.Msu.RU. Retrieved 9 February 2021. However, historically, the first proclamation of the federation was made somewhat earlier – by the Constituent Assembly of Russia. In his short resolution of 6 (18) January 1918, the following was enshrined: ‘In the name of the peoples, the state of the Russian constituent, the All-Russian Constituent Assembly decides: the Russian state is proclaimed by the Russian Democratic Federal Republic, uniting peoples and regions in an indissoluble union, within the limits established by the federal constitution. Of course, the above resolution, which did not thoroughly regulate the entire system of federal relations, was not considered by the authorities as having legal force, especially after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.’
  26. ^ Courtois, Stéphane; Werth, Nicolas; Panné, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartošek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis (1999). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780674076082. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  27. ^ Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (approved by Twelfth All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 11 May 1925).
  28. ^ Decree of the President of the Russian SFSR of 23 August 1991 No. 79
  29. ^ Decree of the President of the Russian SFSR 06.11. 1991 N169 «On activity of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR»
  30. ^ Francis X. Clines, «Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances», The New York Times, 13 December 1991.
  31. ^ V.Pribylovsky, Gr.Tochkin . Kto i kak uprazdnil SSSR
  32. ^ Из СССР В СНГ: подчиняясь реальности
  33. ^ Бабурин С. Н. На гибель Советского Союза
  34. ^ Воронин Ю. М. Беловежское предательство
  35. ^ Исаков В. Б. Расчленёнка. Кто и как развалил Советский Союз: Хроника. Документы. — М., Закон и право. 1998. — C. 58. — 209 с.
  36. ^ Станкевич З. А. История крушения СССР: политико-правовые аспекты. — М., 2001. — C. 299—300
  37. ^ Лукашевич Д. А. Юридический механизм разрушения СССР. — М, 2016. — С. 254—255. — 448 с.
  38. ^ Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR approved the Law of the RSFSR #2094-I of 25 December 1991 «On renaming of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic» Archived 20 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine // Congress of People’s Deputies of the Russian SFSR and Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR Daily. – 1992. – No. 2. – Article 62
  39. ^ Закон Российской Федерации от 21 апреля 1992 года № 2708-I «Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона) Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики» // «Российская газета», 16 мая 1992 года, № 111 (447), с. 3–5
  40. ^ «Конституция РСФСР в редакции от 12 апреля 1978 г.» constitution.garant.ru. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  41. ^ «Наука в Сибири». www.nsc.ru. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  42. ^ Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR from 22 August 1991 «On the national flag of the Russian SFSR» Archived 10 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ Law «On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian SFSR» Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine from 1 November 1991

External links

  • (in Russian) Full Texts and All Laws Amending Constitutions of the Russian SFSR
  • Russian Federation; The Whole Republic a Construction Site by D. S. Polyanski.
  • Full 1918 RSFSR Constitution

Russian Soviet Federative
Socialist Republic
Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика
Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika
[1]

1917–1991

Flag of the Russian SFSR

Flag
(1954–1991)

State emblem (1978–1991) of the Russian SFSR

State emblem
(1978–1991)

Motto: Workers of the world, unite!
Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!
Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes’! (tr.)
The Russian SFSR (red) within the Soviet Union (red and white) between 1956 and 1991

The Russian SFSR (red) within the Soviet Union (red and white) between 1956 and 1991

Status
  • 1917–1922:
    Sovereign state
  • 1922–1991:
    Union Republic of the Soviet Union
  • 1990–1991:
    Union Republic of the Soviet Union with priority of republican legislation
Capital
  • Petrograd
    (1917–1918)
  • Moscow
    (1918–1991)[2]
Largest city Moscow
Official languages Russianb
Recognised languages see Languages of Russia
Religion
  • Secular state (de jure)
  • State atheism (de facto)
  • Russian Orthodoxy (majority)
Demonym(s) Russian
Government
  • 1918–1990:
    Federal Marxist–Leninist one-party parliamentary socialist soviet directorial republic[3]
  • 1990–1991:
    Federal parliamentary republic
  • July–December 1991:
    Federal semi-presidential republic[4]
Head of state  

• 1917 (first)

Lev Kamenevc

• 1990–1991 (last)

Boris Yeltsind
Head of government  

• 1917–1924 (first)

Vladimir Lenine

• 1990–1991

Ivan Silayevf

• 1991 (last)

Boris Yeltsing
Legislature
  • 1917–1938:
    VTsIK/Congress of Soviets
  • 1938–1990:
    Supreme Soviet
  • 1990–1991:
    Congress of People’s Deputies
History  

• October Revolution

7 November 1917

• USSR formed

30 December 1922

• Crimea transferred to Ukrainian SSR

19 February 1954

• State sovereignty

12 June 1990

• Belovezh Accords

12 December 1991

• Russian SFSR renamed into the Russian Federation

25 December 1991

• Dissolution of the Soviet Union

26 December 1991

• End of the Soviet political system

25 December 1993
Area
1956[citation needed] 17,125,200 km2 (6,612,100 sq mi)
Population

• 1989[citation needed]

147,386,000
Currency Soviet rouble (Rbl)h (SUR)
Time zone (UTC +2 to +12)
Calling code +7
ISO 3166 code RU
Internet TLD .su
Preceded by Succeeded by
1918
Russian Republic
1920
Russian State
1922
Far Eastern Republic
1923
Priamurye Government
1940:
Finland (portion)
1944:
Tuva
1945:
Germany (portion)
Japan (portion)
1956
Karelo-Finnish SSR
1918
Ukrainian People’s Republic (portion)
Estonia (portion)
Belarusian People’s Republic (portion)
Latvia (portion)
1922
Soviet Union
1940
Karelo-Finnish SSR
1991
Russian Federation
  1. Remained the national anthem of Russia until 2000.
  2. Official language in the courts from 1937.[5]
  3. As Chairman of the VTsIK (All-Russian Central Executive Committee).
  4. As chairman the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR from 29 May 1990 to 10 July 1991, then as President.
  5. As Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Russian SFSR
  6. As Chairmen of the Council of Ministers – Government of the Russian SFSR
  7. Served as acting head of government while President of Russia
  8. Between 1917 and 1919 the imperial rouble lost all of its value due to overprinting. It would be replaced that same year by the new Soviet rouble.[6]

Seven Hero City awards
The Russian Democratic Federative Republic existed briefly on 19 January 1918, but actual sovereignty was still in the hands of the Soviets even after the Russian Constituent Assembly opened its first and last session in 1918.[7]

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR (Russian: Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, tr. Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Socialistíčeskaya Respúblika, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə sɐˈvʲetskəjə fʲɪdʲɪrɐˈtʲivnəjə sətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə] (listen)), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic[8] and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic[9] as well as being unofficially known as Soviet Russia,[10] the Russian Federation[11] or simply Russia, was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous of the Soviet socialist republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR.[12] The Russian Republic was composed of sixteen smaller constituent units of autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais and forty oblasts.[12] Russians formed the largest ethnic group. The capital of the Russian SFSR was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad, Stalingrad, Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, Gorky and Kuybyshev. It was the first Marxist-Leninist state in the world.

The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. By 1961, it was the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region[13] and Siberia, trailing in production to only the United States and Saudi Arabia.[14] In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially organized public-health services provided health care.[12] After 1985, the «perestroika» restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s under General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, with the introduction of non-state owned enterprises such as cooperatives.

On 7 November 1917 [O.S. 25 October], as a result of the October Revolution, the Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed as a sovereign state and the world’s first constitutionally socialist state guided by communist ideology. The first constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922, the Russian SFSR signed a treaty officially creating the USSR. The Russian SFSR’s 1978 constitution stated that «[a] Union Republic is a sovereign […] state that has united […] in the Union»[15] and «each Union Republic shall retain the right freely to secede from the USSR».[16] On 12 June 1990, the Congress of People’s Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, established separation of powers (unlike in the Soviet form of government), established citizenship of Russia and stated that the RSFSR shall retain the right of free secession from the USSR. On 12 June 1991, Boris Yeltsin (1931–2007), supported by the Democratic Russia pro-reform movement, was elected the first and only president of the RSFSR, a post that would later become the presidency of the Russian Federation.

The August 1991 Soviet coup d’état attempt with the temporary brief internment of President Mikhail Gorbachev destabilised the Soviet Union. On 8 December 1991, the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belovezh Accords. The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its original founding states (i.e., renunciation of the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a loose confederation. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet (the parliament of Russian SFSR); therefore the Russian SFSR had renounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia’s independence from the USSR itself and the ties with the other Soviet Socialist Republics.

On 25 December 1991, following the resignation of Gorbachev as President of the Soviet Union (and former General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation.[17] The next day after the lowering of the Soviet red flag from the top of the Kremlin Senate building of the Moscow Kremlin in Moscow, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of the Republics on 26 December, which by that time was the only functioning parliamentary chamber of the All-Union Supreme Soviet (the other house, Soviet of the Union, had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the several union republics). After the dissolution, Russia declared that it assumed the rights and obligations of the dissolved central Soviet government, including UN membership and permanent membership on the Security Council, but originally excluding foreign debt and foreign assets of the USSR (also parts of the former Soviet Army and nuclear weapons remained under overall CIS command as United Armed Forces of the CIS).

The 1978 constitution of the Russian SFSR was amended several times to reflect the transition to democracy, private property and market economy. The new Russian constitution, coming into effect on 25 December 1993 after a constitutional crisis, completely abolished the Soviet form of government and replaced it with a semi-presidential system.

Nomenclature

Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) and Leon Trotsky (1879–1940), the Bolshevik communists established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917. It happened immediately after the October Revolution, when the interim Russian Provisional Government, most recently led by opposing democratic socialist Alexander Kerensky (1881–1970), which governed the new Russian Republic after the overthrow of the Russian Empire government of the Romanov imperial dynasty of Czar Nicholas II the previous March, the second of the two Russian Revolutions that turbulent year of 1917 during World War I. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn’t recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label Sovdepia for the nascent state of the Soviets of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies.[18]

On 25 January 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was proclaimed.[19][9][8] The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on 3 March 1918, giving away much of the border lands in the west of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire (Germany) in exchange for peace during the last year of the rest of World War I. In July 1918, the fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted the Constitution of the RSFSR.[20][better source needed] By 1918, during the subsequent Russian Civil War several states within the former Russian Empire seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.

Internationally, the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state in 1920 only by bordering neighbors of Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic in Ireland.[21]

On 30 December 1922, with the treaty on the creation of the Soviet Union, Russia, alongside the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The final Soviet name for the constituent republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the later Soviet Constitution of 1936. By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700.

The RSFSR dominated the Soviet Union to such an extent that for most of the Soviet Union’s existence, it was commonly, but incorrectly, referred to as Russia. Technically, Russia itself was only one republic within the larger union – albeit by far the largest, most powerful and most highly developed of the 15 republics. Nevertheless, according to historian Matthew White it was an open secret that the country’s federal structure was «window dressing» for Russian dominance. For that reason, the people of the USSR were almost always called «Russians», not «Soviets», since «everyone knew who really ran the show».[22]

On 25 December 1991, during the collapse of the Soviet Union, which concluded on the next day, the republic’s official name was changed to the Russian Federation, which it remains to this day.[23] This name and Russia were specified as the official state names on 21 April 1992, an amendment to the then existing Constitution of 1978, and were retained as such in the subsequent 1993 Constitution of Russia.

Geography

At a total of about 17,125,200 km (6,612,100 sq mi), the Russian SFSR was the largest of its fifteen republics, with its southerly neighbor, the Kazakh SSR, being second.

The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland of Scandinavia on the northwest; and to its southeast in eastern Asia were the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea), Mongolian People’s Republic (Mongolia) and the People’s Republic of China (China, formerly the Republic of China; 1911–1949). Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Slavic states: Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine), Belarusian SSR (Belarus), the Baltic states: Estonian SSR (Estonia), Latvian SSR (Latvia) and Lithuanian SSR (Lithuania) (Included in USSR in 1940) to its west and the Azerbaijan SSR (Azerbaijan), Georgian SSR (Georgia) and Kazakh SSR (Kazakhstan) to the south in Central Asia.[12]

Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east of Siberia with Central Asia and East Asia. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.[24]

History

Early years (1917–1920)

The Soviet government first came to power on 7 November 1917, immediately after the interim Russian Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution, the second of the two Russian Revolutions. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months.

On 18 January 1918, the newly elected Constituent Assembly issued a decree, proclaiming Russia a democratic federal republic under the name «Russian Democratic Federal Republic». However, the Bolsheviks dissolved the Assembly on the following day and declared its decrees null and void.[25]

On 25 January 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was proclaimed.[19][9][8] On 3 March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire (Germany), in exchange for peace on the Eastern Front of World War I. In July 1918, the fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted the Constitution of the RSFSR.[20][better source needed] By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.

1920s

The Russian famine of 1921–22, also known as Povolzhye famine, killed an estimated 5 million, primarily affecting the Volga and Ural River regions.[26]

On 30 December 1922, the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state, the Soviet Union. The treaty was included in the 1924 Soviet Constitution,[clarification needed] adopted on 31 January 1924 by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR.

Paragraph 3 of Chapter 1 of the 1925 Constitution of the RSFSR stated the following:[27]

By the will of the peoples of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, who decided on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the Tenth All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, being a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, devolves to the Union the powers which according to Article 1 of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are included within the scope of responsibilities of the government bodies of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

1930s

Many regions in Russia were affected by the Soviet famine of 1932–1933: Volga, Central Black Soil Region, North Caucasus, the Urals, the Crimea, part of Western Siberia, and the Kazak ASSR. With the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on 5 December 1936, the size of the RSFSR was significantly reduced. The Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR were transformed into the Kazakh SSR (Kazakhstan) and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyzstan). The former Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was transferred to the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbekistan).

The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).

1940s

Just four months after Operation Barbarossa, the Wehrmacht was quickly advancing through the Russian SFSR, and was approximately 10 miles (16 km) away from Moscow. However, after the defeat in the Battle of Moscow and the Soviet winter offensive, the Germans were pushed back. In 1942, the Wehrmacht entered Stalingrad. Despite a deadly 5 month lasting battle in which the Soviets suffered over 1,100,000 casualties, they achieved victory following the surrender of the last German troops near the Volga River.

In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), General Secretary of the Communist Party, later Premier, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the invading Germans in the Great Patriotic War (World War II, 1941–1945), and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR.

On 3 March 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative units of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR.

On 11 October 1944, the Tuvan People’s Republic was joined with the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1961.

After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944–1945.

At the end of World War II Soviet troops of the Red Army occupied southern Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands off the coast of East Asia, north of Japan, making them part of the RSFSR. The status of the southernmost Kurils, north of Hokkaido of the Japanese home islands remains in dispute with Japan and the United States following the peace treaty of 1951 ending the state of war.

On 17 April 1946, the Kaliningrad Oblast – the north-eastern portion of the former Kingdom of Prussia, the founding state of the German Empire (1871–1918) and later the German province of East Prussia including the capital and Baltic seaport city of Königsberg – was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR.

1950s

After the death of Joseph Stalin on 5 March 1953, Georgy Malenkov became the new leader of the USSR. In January 1954, Malenkov transferred Crimea from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR. On 8 February 1955, Malenkov was officially demoted to deputy Prime Minister. As First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Nikita Khrushchev’s authority was significantly enhanced by Malenkov’s demotion.

The Karelo-Finnish SSR was transferred back to the RSFSR as the Karelian ASSR in 1956.

On 9 January 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR.

1960s–1980s

In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev. Under his rule, the Russian SFSR and the rest of the Soviet Union went through a mass era of stagnation. Even after Brezhnev’s death in 1982, the era did not end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power in March 1985 and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society.

Early 1990s

Flag adopted by the Russian SFSR national parliament in 1991

On 29 May 1990, at his third attempt, Boris Yeltsin was elected the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR. The Congress of People’s Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR on 12 June 1990, which was the beginning of the «War of Laws», pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics.

On 17 March 1991, an all-Russian referendum created the post of President of the RSFSR and on 12 June, Boris Yeltsin was elected President by popular vote.

During the unsuccessful 1991 Soviet coup d’état attempt of 19–21 August, Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. On 23 August, Yeltsin, in the presence of Gorbachev, signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia.[28] On 6 November, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR from the territory of the Russia.[29]

On 8 December 1991, at Viskuli near Brest (Belarus), Yeltsin, Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and Belarusian leader Stanislav Shushkevich signed the «Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States», known in media as the Belovezh Accords. The document, consisting of a preamble and fourteen articles, stated that the Soviet Union no longer existed «as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality». However, based on the historical community of peoples and relations between the three states, as well as bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR by an overwhelming majority: 188 votes for, 6 against and 7 abstentions.[30] The legality of this ratification raised doubts among some members of the Russian parliament, since according to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 consideration of this document was in the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the RSFSR.[31][32][33][34] However, by this time the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent, and was in no position to object. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and recalled all Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. A number of lawyers believe that the denunciation of the union treaty was meaningless since it became invalid in 1924 with the adoption of the first constitution of the USSR.[35][36][37] Although the 12 December vote is sometimes reckoned as the moment that the RSFSR seceded from the collapsing Soviet Union, this is not the case. It appears that the RSFSR took the line that it was not possible to secede from an entity that no longer existed.

On 24 December, Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS the Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including the Soviet Union’s permanent seat on the UN Security Council). Thus, Russia is considered to be an original member of the UN (since 24 October 1945) along with Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR) and Belarus (Byelorussian SSR). On 25 December – just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union – the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency.[38] That same night, the Soviet flag was lowered and replaced with the tricolor. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist the next day. The change was originally published on 6 January 1992 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals, and stamps).

On 21 April 1992, the Congress of People’s Deputies of Russia approved the renaming of the RSFSR into the Russian Federation, by making appropriate amendments to the Constitution, which entered into force
since publication on 16 May 1992.[39]

Government

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This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)

The Government was known officially as the Council of People’s Commissars (1917–1946) and Council of Ministers (1946–1991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Russian SFSR and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title of president. The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until the 1991 August coup, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Autonomous Republics within the Russian SFSR

  • Turkestan ASSR was formed on 30 April 1918 on the territory of the former Turkestan General-Governorate. As part of the delimitation programme of Soviet Central Asia, the Turkestan ASSR along with the Khorezm SSR and the Bukharan PSR were disbanded on 27 October 1924 and replaced by the Soviet Union republics of Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR. The latter contained the Tajik ASSR until December 1929, when it too became a full Union republic, the Tajik SSR. The RSFSR retained the newly formed Kara-Kirghiz and the Kara-Kalpak autonomous oblasts. The latter was part of the Kirgiz, then the Kazak ASSR until 1930 when it was directly subordinated to Moscow.
  • Bashkir ASSR was formed on 23 March 1919 from several northern districts of the Orenburg Governorate populated by Bashkirs. On 11 October 1990, it declared its sovereignty, as the Bashkir SSR, which in 1992 was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.
  • Tatar ASSR was formed on 27 May 1920 on the territory of the western two-thirds of the Kazan Governorate populated by Tatars. On 30 October 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Republic of Tatarstan and on 18 October 1991 declared its independence. The Russian constitutional court overturned the declaration on 13 March 1992. In February 1994, a separate agreement was reached with Moscow on the status of Tatarstan as an associate state in Russia with confederate status.
  • Kirgiz ASSR was formed on 26 August 1920 from the Ural, Turgay, Semipalatinsk oblasts and parts of Transcaspia, Bukey Horde and Orenburg Governorate populated by Kirgiz-Kaysaks (former name of Kazakh people). Further enlarged in 1921 upon gaining land from Omsk Governorate and again in 1924 from parts of Jetysui Governorate and Syr Darya and Samarkand oblasts. On 19 April 1925, it was renamed Kazak ASSR. (see below)
  • Mountain ASSR was formed on 20 January 1921 after the Bolshevik Red Army evicted the short-lived Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. Initially composed of several national districts, one-by-one these left the republic until 7 November 1924 when the remains of the republic was partitioned into the Ingush Autonomous Oblast, the North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast and the Sunzha Cossack District (all subordinates to the North Caucasus Krai).
  • Dagestan ASSR was formed on 20 January 1921 from the former Dagestan Oblast. On 17 September 1991, it declared sovereignty as the Dagestan SSR.
  • Crimean ASSR was formed on 18 October 1921 on the territory of Crimean peninsula, following the Red Army’s eviction of Baron Wrangel’s army, ending the Russian Civil War in Europe. On 18 May 1944, it was reduced to the status of Oblast alongside the deportation of the Crimean Tatars as collective punishment for alleged collaboration with the Nazi occupation regime in Taurida Subdistrict. On 19 February 1954, it was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR. Re-established on 12 February 1991, it declared sovereignty on 4 September of that year. On 5 May 1992, it declared independence as the Republic of Crimea. On 13 May, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine overturned the declaration, but compromised on an Autonomous Republic of Crimea within Ukraine. After the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, a Russian military intervention and a disputed referendum, Crimea was annexed by Russia in March 2014.
  • Yakut ASSR was formed on 16 February 1922 upon the elevation of the Yakut Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 27 September 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Yakut-Sakha Soviet Socialist Republic. From 21 December 1991, it has been known as the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
  • Buryat ASSR was formed on 30 March 1923 as due to the merger of the Mongol-Buryat Autonomous Oblast of the RSFSR and the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Oblast of the Far Eastern Republic. Until 7 July 1958 – Mongol-Buryat ASSR. On 27 March 1991, it became the Republic of Buryatia.
  • Karelian ASSR was formed on 23 July 1923 when the Karelian Labor Commune was integrated into the RSFSR’s administrative structure. On 31 March 1940, it was elevated into a full Union republic as the Karelo-Finnish SSR. On 16 July 1956, it was downgraded in status to that of an ASSR and re-subordinated to RSFSR. It declared sovereignty on 13 October 1991 as the Republic of Karelia.
  • Volga German ASSR was formed on 19 December 1924 upon elevation of the Volga German Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 28 August 1941, upon the deportation of Volga Germans to Central Asia, the ASSR was disbanded. The territory was partitioned between the Saratov and Stalingrad Oblasts.
  • Kazak ASSR was formed on 19 April 1925 when the first Kirghiz ASSR was renamed and partitioned. Upon the ratification of the new Soviet constitution, the ASSR was elevated into a full Union Republic on 3 December 1936. On 25 October 1990, it declared sovereignty and on 16 December 1991 its independence as the Republic of Kazakhstan.
  • Chuvash ASSR was formed on 21 April 1925 upon the elevation of the Chuvash Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 26 October 1990 as the Chuvash SSR.
  • Kirghiz ASSR was formed on 1 February 1926 upon elevation of the Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast. Upon the ratification of the new Soviet constitution, the ASSR was elevated into a full Union Republic on 3 December 1936. On 12 December 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Republic of Kyrgyzstan and on 31 August 1991 its independence.
  • Kara-Kalpak ASSR was formed on 20 March 1932 upon elevation of the Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast into the Kara-Kalpak ASSR; from 5 December 1936 a part of the Uzbek SSR. In 1964, it was renamed the Karakalpak ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 14 December 1990.
  • Mordovian ASSR was formed on 20 December 1934 upon the elevation of Mordovian Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 13 December 1990 as the Mordovian SSR. Since 25 January 1991, it has been known as the Republic of Mordovia.
  • Udmurt ASSR was formed on 28 December 1934 upon the elevation of Udmurt Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 20 September 1990. Since 11 October 1991, it has been known as the Udmurt Republic.
  • Kalmyk ASSR was formed on 20 October 1935 upon the elevation of Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 27 December 1943, upon the deportation of the Kalmyks, the ASSR was disbanded and split between the newly established Astrakhan Oblast and parts adjoined to Rostov Oblast, Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai. On 9 January 1957, Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast was re-established in its present borders, first as a part of Stavropol Krai and from 19 July 1958 as a part of the Kalmyk ASSR. On 18 October 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Kalmyk SSR.
  • Kabardino-Balkar ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the departure of the Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblast from the North Caucasus Kray. After the deportation of the Balkars on 8 April 1944, the republic is renamed as Kabardin ASSR and parts of its territory transferred to Georgian SSR. Upon the return of the Balkars, the KBASSR is re-instated on 9 January 1957. On 31 January 1991, the republic declared sovereignty as the Kabardino-Balkar SSR and from 10 March 1992 as the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.
  • Northern Ossetian ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the disbandment of the North Caucasus Kray and its constituent North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast was raised into an ASSR. Declared sovereignty on 26 December 1990 as the North Ossetian SSR.
  • Chechen-Ingush ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 when the North Caucasus Krai was disestablished and its constituent Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast was elevated into an ASSR and subordinated to Moscow. Following the en masse deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, on 7 March 1944 the ChIASSR was disbanded and the Grozny Okrug was temporarily administered by Stavropol Kray until 22 March when the territory was portioned between North Ossetian and Dagestan ASSRs and the Georgian SSR. The remaining land was merged with Stavropol Krays Kizlyar district and organised as Grozny Oblast, which existed until 9 January 1957 when the ChIASSR was re-established though only the southern border’s original shape was retained. It declared sovereignty on 27 November 1990 as the Chechen-Ingush Republic. On 8 June 1991, the 2nd Chechen National Congress proclaimed a separate Chechen-Republic (Noxchi-Cho) and on 6 September began a coup which overthrew the Soviet local government. De facto, all authority passed to the self-proclaimed government which was renamed as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in early 1993. In response, the western Ingush districts after a referendum on 28 November 1991 were organised into an Ingush Republic which was officially established on 4 June 1992 by decree of Russian President as the Republic of Ingushetia. The same decree de jure created a Chechen republic, although it would be established only on 3 June 1994 and carry out partial governance during the First Chechen War. The Khasavyurt Accord would again suspend the government on 15 November 1996. The present Chechen Republic government was re-established on 15 October 1999.
  • Komi ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the elevation of the Komi (Zyryan) Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. Declared sovereignty on 23 November 1990 as the Komi SSR and from 26 May 1992 as the Republic of Komi.
  • Mari ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the elevation of the Mari Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. Declared Sovereignty on 22 December 1990 as the Mari Soviet Socialist Republic (Mari El).
  • Tuva ASSR was formed on 10 October 1961 when the Tuva Autonomous Oblast was elevated[by whom?] into an ASSR. On 12 December 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Soviet Republic of Tyva.
  • Gorno-Altai ASSR was formed on 25 October 1990 when Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast declared sovereignty. Since 3 July 1991, it has been known as the Gorno-Altai SSR.
  • Karachayevo-Cherkessian ASSR was formed on 17 November 1990 when Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast was elevated into an ASSR and instead of Stavropol Krai subordinated directly to the RSFSR. It declared sovereignty on 3 July 1991 as the Karachay-Cherkess SSR.

Economy

In the first years of the existence of the RSFSR, the doctrine of war communism became the starting point of the state’s economic activity. In March 1921, at the X Congress of the RCP (B), the tasks of the policy of «war communism» were recognized by the country’s leadership as fulfilled, and a new economic policy was introduced at the suggestion of Vladimir Lenin.

After the formation of the Soviet Union, the economy of the RSFSR became an integral part of the economy of the USSR. The economic program of the RSFSR (NEP) was continued in all union republics. The Gosplan (State General Planning Commission) of the RSFSR, which replaced GOELRO, was reorganized into the Gosplan of the USSR. His early task was to develop a unified national economic plan based on the electrification plan and to oversee the overall implementation of this plan.

Unlike the previous Russian constitutions, the 1978 Constitution devoted an entire chapter (Chapter II) to the description of the economic system of the RSFSR, which defined the types of property and indicated the goals of the economic tasks of the state.[40]

As noted by Corresponding Member RAS RAS V. I. Suslov, who took part in large-scale studies of the relationship between the economies of the republics of the USSR and the RSFSR in the late Soviet era: «The degree of inequality of economic exchange was very high, and Russia was always the losing side. The product created by Russia largely supported the consumption of other union republics».[41]

Culture

National holidays and symbols

The public holidays for the Russian SFSR included Defender of the Fatherland Day (23 February), which honors Russian men, especially those serving in the army; International Women’s Day (8 March), which combines the traditions of Mother’s Day and Valentine’s Day; Spring and Labor Day (1 May); Victory Day; and like all other Soviet republics, the Great October Socialist Revolution (7 November).

Victory Day is the second most popular holiday in Russia as it commemorates the victory over Nazism in the Great Patriotic War. A huge military parade, hosted by the President of Russia, is annually organised in Moscow on Red Square. Similar parades take place in all major Russian cities and cities with the status Hero City or City of Military Glory.

During its 76-year existence, the Russian SFSR anthem was Patrioticheskaya Pesnya, but before 1990 the previous anthem shared its music with the Soviet Anthem, though not the lyrics and The Internationale was its anthem before 1944. The motto «Workers of the world, unite!» was commonly used and shared with other Soviet republics. The hammer and sickle and the full Soviet coat of arms were still widely seen in Russian cities as a part of old architectural decorations until its slow gradual removal in 1991. The Soviet red stars are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. The Red Banner continues to be honored, especially the Banner of Victory of 1945.

The Matryoshka doll is a recognizable symbol of the Russian SFSR (and the Soviet Union as a whole) and the towers of Moscow Kremlin and Saint Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow are Russian SFSR’s main architectural icons. Chamomile is the national flower while birch is the national tree. The Russian bear is an animal symbol and a national personification of Russia. Though this image has a Western origin, Russians themselves have accepted it. The native Soviet Russian national personification is Mother Russia.

Flag history

The flag of the Russian SFSR changed numerous times, with the original being a field of red with the Russian name of the republic written on the flag’s centre in white. This flag had always been intended to be temporary, as it was changed less than a year after its adoption. The second flag had the letters РСФСР (RSFSR) written in yellow within the canton and encased within two yellow lines forming a right angle. The next flag was used from 1937, notably during World War II. Interesting because it was used until Joseph Stalin’s death when a major vexillological reform was undertaken within the Soviet Union. This change incorporated an update for all the flags of the Soviet Republics as well as for the flag of the Soviet Union itself. The flag of the Russian SFSR was now a defaced version of the flag of the Soviet Union, with the main difference being a minor repositioning of the hammer and sickle and most notably adding a blue vertical stripe to the hoist. This version of the flag was used from 1954 all the way to 1991, where it was changed due to the ongoing collapse of the Soviet Union. The flag was changed to a design that resembled the original ensign of the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, with a notable difference of the flag ratio being 1:2 instead of the original 2:3 ratio. After 1993, when the Soviet form of government was officially dissolved in the Russian Federation, the flag of the Russian Federation was changed to the original civil ensign with its original 2:3 proportions.

  • 1917–1918

    1917–1918

  • 1918–1937

    1918–1937

  • 1937–1954

    1937–1954

  • 1954–1991

    1954–1991

Bibliographies

  • Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
  • Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
  • Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union

Notes

  1. ^ Later used as a national flag of the Russian Federation until 1993.

References

  1. ^ Historical names:
    • 1918: Russian Soviet Republic (Российская Советская Республика; Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Respublika)
    • 1918–1936: Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Российская Социалистическая Федеративная Советская Республика; Rossiyskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Federativnaya Sovetskaya Respublika)
    • 1936–1991: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика; Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika)

  2. ^ Arthur Ransome (16 March 1918). «Lenine’s Migration A Queer Scene». Archived 16 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times.
  3. ^ Historical Dictionary of Socialism. James C. Docherty, Peter Lamb. Page 85. «The Soviet Union was a one-party Marxist-Leninist state.»
  4. ^ «Law of the USSR of 14 March 1990 N 1360-I ‘On the establishment of the office of the President of the USSR and the making of changes and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR’«. Garant.ru. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
  5. ^ article 114 of the 1937 Constitution, article 171 of the 1978 Constitution
  6. ^ R. W. Davies; Mark Harrison; S. G. Wheatcroft (9 December 1993). The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-521-45770-5.
  7. ^ Riasanovsky, Nicholas (2000). A History of Russia (sixth ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 458. ISBN 0-19-512179-1.
  8. ^ a b c Конституции РСФСР 1918 г. Archived 2 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian). Hist.msu.ru. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.
  9. ^ a b c Besier, Gerhard; Stokłosa, Katarzyna (2014). European Dictatorships: A Comparative History of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 67. ISBN 9781443855211.
  10. ^ Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people (original VTsIK variant Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, III Congress revision), article I.
  11. ^ Colloquially referred to as such for short in intra-Soviet politics (along with the adjacent «Transcaucasian Federation» in the south until 1936). See for example, the log of the meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 19 February 1954 Archived 12 September 2012 at archive.today. The Russian SFSR officially renamed into the Russian Federation on Christmas Day, 25 December 1991.
  12. ^ a b c d The Free Dictionary Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic Archived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.
  13. ^ Peterson, James A.; Clarke, James W. «Petroleum Geology and Resources of the Volga-Ural Province, U.S.S.R.» (PDF). Pubs.USGS.gov. 1983, U.S. Department of the Interior – U.S. Geological Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  14. ^ Sokolov, Vasily Andreevich (2002). Petroleum. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. p. 183. ISBN 0898757258. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  15. ^ Article 76
  16. ^ Article 72
  17. ^ The names Russian Federation and Russia have been equal since 25 December 1993
  18. ^ Mawdsley, Evan (2007). «Sovdepia: The Soviet Zone, October 1917 – November 1918». The Russian Civil War. Pegasus Books. p. 70. ISBN 9781933648156. Retrieved 25 January 2014. The Bolsheviks’ enemies gave the name ‘Sovdepia’ to the area under the authority of the Soviets of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies. The comic-opera term was intended to mock […].
  19. ^ a b Service, Robert (2005). A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin. Harvard University Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780674018013.
  20. ^ a b Soviet Russia information Archived 26 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Russians.net (23 August 1943). Retrieved on 22 June 2011.
  21. ^ Carr, EH The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–23, vol 3 Penguin Books, London, 4th reprint (1983), pp. 257–258. The draft treaty was published for propaganda purposes in the 1921 British document Intercourse between Bolshevism and Sinn Féin (Cmd 1326).
  22. ^ White, Matthew (2012). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things. W. W. Norton. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.
  23. ^ Chronicle of Events Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Marxistsfr.org. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.
  24. ^ «Russia the Great: Mineral resources». Russian Information Network. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  25. ^ Ikov, Marat Sal. «Round Table the Influence Of National Relations on the Development of the Federative State Structure and on the Social and Political Realities of the Russian Federation». Prof.Msu.RU. Retrieved 9 February 2021. However, historically, the first proclamation of the federation was made somewhat earlier – by the Constituent Assembly of Russia. In his short resolution of 6 (18) January 1918, the following was enshrined: ‘In the name of the peoples, the state of the Russian constituent, the All-Russian Constituent Assembly decides: the Russian state is proclaimed by the Russian Democratic Federal Republic, uniting peoples and regions in an indissoluble union, within the limits established by the federal constitution. Of course, the above resolution, which did not thoroughly regulate the entire system of federal relations, was not considered by the authorities as having legal force, especially after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.’
  26. ^ Courtois, Stéphane; Werth, Nicolas; Panné, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartošek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis (1999). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780674076082. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  27. ^ Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (approved by Twelfth All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 11 May 1925).
  28. ^ Decree of the President of the Russian SFSR of 23 August 1991 No. 79
  29. ^ Decree of the President of the Russian SFSR 06.11. 1991 N169 «On activity of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR»
  30. ^ Francis X. Clines, «Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances», The New York Times, 13 December 1991.
  31. ^ V.Pribylovsky, Gr.Tochkin . Kto i kak uprazdnil SSSR
  32. ^ Из СССР В СНГ: подчиняясь реальности
  33. ^ Бабурин С. Н. На гибель Советского Союза
  34. ^ Воронин Ю. М. Беловежское предательство
  35. ^ Исаков В. Б. Расчленёнка. Кто и как развалил Советский Союз: Хроника. Документы. — М., Закон и право. 1998. — C. 58. — 209 с.
  36. ^ Станкевич З. А. История крушения СССР: политико-правовые аспекты. — М., 2001. — C. 299—300
  37. ^ Лукашевич Д. А. Юридический механизм разрушения СССР. — М, 2016. — С. 254—255. — 448 с.
  38. ^ Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR approved the Law of the RSFSR #2094-I of 25 December 1991 «On renaming of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic» Archived 20 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine // Congress of People’s Deputies of the Russian SFSR and Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR Daily. – 1992. – No. 2. – Article 62
  39. ^ Закон Российской Федерации от 21 апреля 1992 года № 2708-I «Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона) Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики» // «Российская газета», 16 мая 1992 года, № 111 (447), с. 3–5
  40. ^ «Конституция РСФСР в редакции от 12 апреля 1978 г.» constitution.garant.ru. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  41. ^ «Наука в Сибири». www.nsc.ru. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  42. ^ Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR from 22 August 1991 «On the national flag of the Russian SFSR» Archived 10 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ Law «On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian SFSR» Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine from 1 November 1991

External links

  • (in Russian) Full Texts and All Laws Amending Constitutions of the Russian SFSR
  • Russian Federation; The Whole Republic a Construction Site by D. S. Polyanski.
  • Full 1918 RSFSR Constitution

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