Как пишется ягуар машина

Jaguar (marque)

Product type	Cars
Owner	Jaguar Land Rover (since 2013)[1]
Produced by	Jaguar Land Rover
Country	United Kingdom
Introduced	September 1935; 87 years ago
Related brands	Land Rover
Markets	Worldwide
Previous owners	Jaguar Cars Limited
Tagline	«The Art of Performance»
Website	jaguar.com

Jaguar Cars Limited

Formerly	S.S. Cars Limited (1933–1945)
Type	Private (1933–1966) Subsidiary (1966–present)[2]
Industry	Automotive
Predecessor	Swallow Coachbuilding Company Limited
Founded	26 October 1933; 89 years ago
Founder	William Lyons
Fate	Car manufacturing merged with Land Rover in 2013 as Jaguar Land Rover
Headquarters	Whitley , England
Parent	British Motor Holdings (1966–1968) British Leyland (1968–1984) Jaguar plc (1984–1990) Ford Motor Company (1990–2008) Tata Motors (2008–2012) Jaguar Land Rover (2013-present)

Jaguar (, ) is the luxury vehicle brand of Jaguar Land Rover,^[1][3] a British multinational car manufacturer with its headquarters in Whitley, Coventry, England. Jaguar Cars was the company that was responsible for the production of Jaguar cars until its operations were fully merged with those of Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover on 1 January 2013.

Jaguar’s business was founded as the Swallow Sidecar Company in 1922, originally making motorcycle sidecars before developing bodies for passenger cars. Under the ownership of S. S. Cars Limited, the business extended to complete cars made in association with Standard Motor Co, many bearing Jaguar as a model name. The company’s name was changed from S. S. Cars to Jaguar Cars in 1945. A merger with the British Motor Corporation followed in 1966,^[4] the resulting enlarged company now being renamed as British Motor Holdings (BMH), which in 1968 merged with Leyland Motor Corporation and became British Leyland, itself to be nationalised in 1975.

Jaguar was spun off from British Leyland and was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1984, becoming a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index until it was acquired by Ford in 1990.^[5] Jaguar has, in recent years, manufactured cars for the British Prime Minister, the most recent delivery being an XJ in May 2010.^[6] The company also holds royal warrants from Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Charles.^[7]

Ford owned Jaguar Cars, also buying Land Rover in 2000, until 2008 when it sold both to Tata Motors. Tata created Jaguar Land Rover as a subsidiary holding company. At operating company level, in 2013 Jaguar Cars was merged with Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover Limited as the single design, manufacture, sales company and brand owner for both Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles.

Since the Ford ownership era, Jaguar and Land Rover have used joint design facilities in engineering centres at Whitley in Coventry and Gaydon in Warwickshire and Jaguar cars have been assembled in plants at Castle Bromwich and Solihull.

On 15 February 2021, Jaguar Land Rover announced that all cars made under the Jaguar brand will be fully electric by 2025.^[8]

History

Founding

The Swallow Sidecar Company was founded in 1922 by two motorcycle enthusiasts, William Lyons and William Walmsley. In 1934 Walmsley elected to sell-out and in order to buy the Swallow business (but not the company which was liquidated) Lyons formed S.S. Cars Limited, finding new capital by issuing shares to the public.

Jaguar first appeared in September 1935 as a model name on an SS 2½-litre sports saloon.^[9][10] A matching open two seater sports model with a 3½-litre engine was named SS Jaguar 100.

On 23 March 1945, the S. S. Cars shareholders in general meeting agreed to change the company’s name to Jaguar Cars Limited. Said chairman William Lyons «Unlike S. S. the name Jaguar is distinctive and cannot be connected or confused with any similar foreign name.»^[11]

Though five years of pent-up demand ensured plenty of buyers production was hampered by shortage of materials, particularly steel, issued to manufacturers until the 1950s by a central planning authority under strict government control. Jaguar sold Motor Panels, a pressed steel body manufacturing company bought in the late 1930s, to steel and components manufacturer Rubery Owen,^[12] and Jaguar bought from John Black’s Standard Motor Company the plant where Standard built Jaguar’s six-cylinder engines.^[12] From this time Jaguar was entirely dependent for their bodies on external suppliers, in particular then independent Pressed Steel and in 1966 that carried them into BMC, BMH and British Leyland.

Jaguar made its name by producing a series of successful eye-catching sports cars, the Jaguar XK120 (1948–54), Jaguar XK140 (1954–57), Jaguar XK150 (1957–61), and Jaguar E-Type (1961–75), all embodying Lyons’ mantra of «value for money».^[13] The sports cars were successful in international motorsport, a path followed in the 1950s to prove the engineering integrity of the company’s products.

Jaguar’s sales slogan for years was «Grace, Space, Pace»,^[14] a mantra epitomised by the record sales achieved by the MK VII, IX, Mks I and II saloons and later the XJ6.^{[citation needed]} During the time this slogan was used, but the exact text varied.^{[15][16][17][18]}

The core of Bill Lyons’ success following WWII was the twin-cam straight six engine, conceived pre-war and realised while engineers at the Coventry plant were dividing their time between fire-watching and designing the new power plant. It had a hemispherical cross-flow cylinder head with valves inclined from the vertical; originally at 30 degrees (inlet) and 45 degrees (exhaust) and later standardised to 45 degrees for both inlet and exhaust.

As fuel octane ratings were relatively low from 1948 onwards, three piston configuration were offered: domed (high octane), flat (medium octane), and dished (low octane).

The main designer, William «Bill» Heynes, assisted by Walter «Wally» Hassan, was determined to develop the Twin OHC unit. Bill Lyons agreed over misgivings from Hassan. It was risky to take what had previously been considered a racing or low-volume and cantankerous engine needing constant fettling and apply it to reasonable volume production saloon cars.

The subsequent engine (in various versions) was the mainstay powerplant of Jaguar, used in the XK 120, Mk VII Saloon, Mk I and II Saloons and XK 140 and 150. It was also employed in the E Type, itself a development from the race winning and Le Mans conquering C and D Type Sports Racing cars refined as the short-lived XKSS, a road-legal D-Type.

Few engine types have demonstrated such ubiquity and longevity: Jaguar used the Twin OHC XK Engine, as it came to be known, in the Jaguar XJ6 saloon from 1969 through 1992, and employed in a J60 variant as the power plant in such diverse vehicles as the British Army’s Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) family of vehicles, as well as the Fox armoured reconnaissance vehicle, the Ferret Scout Car, and the Stonefield four-wheel-drive all-terrain lorry. Properly maintained, the standard production XK Engine would achieve 200,000 miles of useful life.

Two of the proudest moments in Jaguar’s long history in motor sport involved winning the Le Mans 24 hours race, firstly in 1951 and again in 1953. Victory at the 1955 Le Mans was overshadowed by it being the occasion of the worst motorsport accident in history. Later in the hands of the Scottish racing team Ecurie Ecosse two more wins were added in 1956 and 1957.

In spite of such a performance orientation, it was always Lyons’ intention to build the business by producing world-class sporting saloons in larger numbers than the sports car market could support. Jaguar secured financial stability and a reputation for excellence with a series of elegantly styled luxury saloons that included the 3-litre and 3½ litre cars, the Mark VII, VIII, and IX, the compact Mark I and 2, and the XJ6 and XJ12. All were deemed very good values, with comfortable rides, good handling, high performance, and great style.

Combined with the trend-setting XK 120, XK 140, and XK 150 series of sports car, and nonpareil E-Type,^{[citation needed]} Jaguar’s elan as a prestige motorcar manufacturer had few rivals. The company’s post-War achievements are remarkable, considering both the shortages that drove Britain (the Ministry of Supply still allocated raw materials) and the state of metallurgical development of the era.

Daimler

In 1950, Jaguar agreed to lease from the Ministry of Supply the Daimler Shadow 2 factory in Browns Lane, Allesley, Coventry, which at the time was being used by The Daimler Company Limited and moved to the new site from Foleshill over the next 12 months.^[19] Jaguar purchased Daimler – not to be confused with Daimler-Benz or Daimler AG—in 1960 from BSA. From the late 1960s, Jaguar used the Daimler marque as a brand name for their most luxurious saloons.^[20]

Ownership

An end to independence

Pressed Steel Company Limited made all Jaguar’s (monocoque) bodies leaving provision and installation of the mechanicals to Jaguar. In mid-1965 British Motor Corporation (BMC), the Austin-Morris combine, bought Pressed Steel.^[21] Lyons became concerned about the future of Jaguar, partly because of the threat to ongoing supplies of bodies, and partly because of his age and lack of an heir. He therefore accepted BMC’s offer to merge with Jaguar to form British Motor (Holdings) Limited.^[22] At a press conference on 11 July 1965 at the Great Eastern Hotel in London, Lyons and BMC chairman George Harriman announced, «Jaguar Group of companies is to merge with The British Motor Corporation Ltd., as the first step towards the setting up of a joint holding company to be called British Motor (Holdings) Limited». In due course BMC changed its name to British Motor Holdings^[23] at the end of 1966.

BMH was pushed by the Government to merge with Leyland Motor Corporation Limited, manufacturer of Leyland bus and truck, Standard-Triumph and, since 1967, Rover vehicles. The result was British Leyland Motor Corporation, a new holding company which appeared in 1968, but the combination was not a success. A combination of poor decision making by the board along with the financial difficulties of, especially, the Austin-Morris division (previously BMC) led to the Ryder Report and to effective nationalisation in 1975.^{[citation needed]}

Temporary return to independence

Over the next few years it became clear that because of the low regard for many of the group’s products insufficient capital could be provided to develop and begin manufacture of new models, including Jaguars, particularly if Jaguar were to remain a part of the group.^[24]

In July 1984, Jaguar was floated off as a separate company on the stock market – one of the Thatcher government’s many privatisations^[25]– to create its own track record.^[26]

Installed as chairman in 1980, Sir John Egan is credited for Jaguar’s unprecedented prosperity immediately after privatisation. In early 1986 Egan reported he had tackled the main problems that were holding Jaguar back from selling more cars: quality control, lagging delivery schedules, poor productivity. He laid off about one third of the company’s roughly 10,000 employees to cut costs.^[27] Commentators later pointed out he exploited an elderly model range (on which all development costs had been written off) and raised prices. He also intensified the effort to improve Jaguar’s quality. In the US the price increases were masked by a favourable exchange rate.^[28]

Ford Motor Company era

Ford made offers to Jaguar’s US and UK shareholders to buy their shares in November 1989; Jaguar’s listing on the London Stock Exchange was removed on 28 February 1990.^[29] In 1999 it became part of Ford’s new Premier Automotive Group along with Aston Martin, Volvo Cars and, from 2000, Land Rover. Under Ford’s ownership, Jaguar never made a profit.^[30]

Under Ford’s ownership Jaguar expanded its range of products with the launch of the S-Type in 1999 and X-type in 2001. After PAG acquired Land Rover in May 2000 purchase by Ford, the brand became closely associated with Jaguar. In many countries they shared a common sales and distribution network (including shared dealerships), and some models shared components, although the only shared production facility was Halewood Body & Assembly – which manufactured the technically related X-Type and the Freelander 2. Operationally the two companies were effectively integrated under a common management structure within Ford’s PAG.

On 11 June 2007, Ford announced that it planned to sell Jaguar, along with Land Rover and retained the services of Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and HSBC to advise it on the deal. The sale was initially expected to be announced by September 2007, but was delayed until March 2008. Private equity firms such as Alchemy Partners of the UK, TPG Capital, Ripplewood Holdings (which hired former Ford Europe executive Sir Nick Scheele to head its bid), Cerberus Capital Management and One Equity Partners (owned by JP Morgan Chase and managed by former Ford executive Jacques Nasser) of the US, Tata Motors of India and a consortium comprising Mahindra and Mahindra (an automobile manufacturer from India) and Apollo Management all initially expressed interest in purchasing the marques from the Ford Motor Company.^[31][32]

Before the sale was announced, Anthony Bamford, chairman of British excavator manufacturer JCB had expressed interest in purchasing the company in August 2006,^[33] but backed out upon learning that the sale would also involve Land Rover, which he did not wish to buy. On Christmas Eve of 2007, Mahindra and Mahindra backed out of the race for both brands, citing complexities in the deal.^[34]

Tata Motors era

On 1 January 2008, Ford formally declared that Tata was the preferred bidder.^[35] Tata Motors also received endorsements from the Transport And General Worker’s Union (TGWU)-Amicus^[36] combine as well as from Ford.^[37] According to the rules of the auction process, this announcement would not automatically disqualify any other potential suitor. However, Ford (as well as representatives of Unite) would now be able to enter into detailed discussions with Tata concerning issues ranging from labour concerns (job security and pensions), technology (IT systems and engine production) and intellectual property,^[38] as well as the final sale price.^[39] Ford would also open its books for a more comprehensive due diligence by Tata.^[40] On 18 March 2008, Reuters reported that American bankers Citigroup and JP Morgan would finance the deal with a US$3 billion loan.^[41]

On 26 March 2008, Ford announced that it had agreed to sell its Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors of India, and that they expected to complete the sale by the end of the second quarter of 2008.^[42] Included in the deal were the rights to three other British brands, Jaguar’s own Daimler, as well as two dormant brands Lanchester and Rover.^[43] On 2 June 2008, the sale to Tata was completed at a cost of £1.7 billion.^[44][45][46]

On 18 January 2008, Tata Motors, a part of the Tata Group, established Jaguar Land Rover Limited as a British-registered and wholly owned subsidiary. The company was to be used as a holding company for the acquisition of the two businesses from Ford – Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover. That acquisition was completed on 2 June 2008.^[47] On 1 January 2013, the group, which had been operating as two separate companies (Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover), although on an integrated basis, underwent a fundamental restructuring. The parent company was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC, Jaguar Cars Limited was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Limited and the assets (excluding certain Chinese interests) of Land Rover were transferred to it. The consequence was that Jaguar Land Rover Limited became responsible in the UK for the design, manufacture and marketing of both Jaguar and Land Rover products.^[48]

Plants

From 1922 the Swallow Sidecar company (SSC) was located in Blackpool. The company moved to Holbrook Lane, Coventry in 1928 when demand for the Austin Swallow became too great for the factory’s capacity.^[49] The company started using the Jaguar name whilst based in Holbrooks Lane.

In 1951, having outgrown the original Coventry site they moved to Browns Lane, which had been a wartime «shadow factory» run by The Daimler Company. The Browns Lane plant ceased trim and final operations in 2005, the X350 XJ having already moved to Castle Bromwich two years prior, with the XK and S-Type following. The Browns Lane plant, which continued producing veneer trim for a while and housed the Jaguar Daimler Heritage centre until it moved to the British Motor Museum site, has now been demolished and is being redeveloped.

Jaguar acquired the Whitley engineering centre from Peugeot in 1986; which had originally been part of Chrysler Europe which the French firm had owned since the late 1970s. The decision to offload the site to Jaguar came as Peugeot discontinued the Talbot brand for passenger cars. In 2016, Jaguar also moved into part of the old Peugeot/Chrysler/Rootes site in Ryton-on-Dunsmore which closed a decade earlier – this now is the home of Jaguar Land Rover’s classic restoration operation.

Jaguar’s Radford plant, originally a Daimler bus plant but later a Jaguar engine and axle plant, was closed by Ford in 1997 when it moved all Jaguar engine production to its Bridgend facility.

In 2000, Ford turned its Halewood plant over to Jaguar following the discontinuation of its long running Escort that year for Jaguar’s new X-Type model. It was later joined by the second-generation Land Rover Freelander 2, from 2007. Jaguars ceased being produced at Halewood in 2009 following the discontinuation of the X-Type; Halewood now becoming a Land Rover-only plant.

Since Jaguar Land Rover was formed following the merger of Jaguar Cars with Land Rover, facilities have been shared across several JLR sites, most of which are used for work on both the Jaguar and Land Rover brands.

Current cars

E-Pace

The Jaguar E-Pace is a compact SUV, officially revealed on 13 July 2017.^[50]

F-Pace

The F-Pace is a compact luxury crossover SUV – the first SUV from Jaguar. It was unveiled at the International Motor Show Germany in Frankfurt in September 2015.^[51]

F-Type

The F-Type convertible was launched at the 2012 Paris Motor Show, following its display at the Goodwood Festival of Speed in June 2012,^[52] and is billed as a successor to the legendary E-Type. In fact, the Series III E-Type already had a successor, in the form of the XJS, which was in turn replaced by the XK8 and XKR. The F-Type nevertheless returns to the 2-seat plan that was lost with the introduction of the Series III E-Type, which was available only in a 2+2-seat configuration. It was developed following the positive reaction to Jaguar’s C-X16 concept car at the 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show. Sales will begin in 2013 with three engine choices; two variants of the AJ126 V6 petrol engine and the AJ133 V8 petrol engine.^[53]

I-Pace

The Jaguar I-Pace is an electric SUV, officially revealed on 1 March 2018. It is Jaguar’s first electric car.

XE

The XE is the first compact executive Jaguar since the 2009 model year X-Type and is the first of several Jaguar models to be built using Jaguar’s new modular aluminium architecture,^{[citation needed]} moving the company away from the Ford derived platforms that were used in the past for the X-Type and XF. The use of Jaguar’s own platform allows the XE to feature either rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive configurations, and it is the first car in its segment with an aluminium monocoque structure.^[54] Originally announced at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show with sales scheduled for 2015.^[55]

XF

The Jaguar XF is a mid-size executive car introduced in 2008 to replace the S-Type. In January 2008, the XF was awarded the What Car? ‘Car of the Year’ and ‘Executive Car of the Year’ awards. The XF was also awarded Car of the Year 2008 from What Diesel? magazine. Engines available in the XF are 2.2-litre I4 and 3.0-litre V6 diesel engines, or 3.0 litre V6 and 5.0-litre V8 petrol engines. The 5.0 Litre engine is available in supercharged form in the XFR. From 2011, the 2.2-litre diesel engine from the Land Rover Freelander was added to the range as part of a facelift.^[56]

R models

Jaguar began producing R models in 1995 with the introduction of the first XJR, and the first XKR was introduced in 1997. Jaguar R, R-S and SVR models are designated to compete with the likes of Mercedes-AMG, BMW M and Audi S and RS.

Historic car models

The renamed Jaguar company started production with the pre-war 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5-litre models, which used engines designed by the Standard Motor Company. The 1.5-litre four-cylinder engine was still supplied by Standard but the two larger six-cylinder ones were made in house. These cars have become known unofficially as Mark IVs.

The first post-war model was the September 1948 Mark V available with either 2.5 or 3.5-litre engines. It had a slightly more streamlined appearance than pre-war models, but more important was the change to torsion bar independent front suspension and hydraulic brakes.^{[citation needed]} In the spring of 1948 Lyons had returned from USA reporting Jaguar’s individuality and perceived quality attracted the admiration of American buyers accustomed to the virtual uniformity of their home-grown vehicles.^[57]

The first big breakthrough was the launch in October 1948 of their new record-breaking engine design in their XK120 sportscar to replace the prewar SS Jaguar 100. It was powered by a new twin overhead camshaft (DOHC) 3.5-litre hemi-head six-cylinder engine designed by William Heynes, Walter Hassan and Claude Baily. The XK100 4-cylinder 2-Litre version had broken records in Belgium travelling at 177 mph. This XK engine had been designed at night during the war when they would be on fire watch in the factory. After several attempts a final design was achieved. That is until owner William Lyons said «make it quieter».

The sportscar bearing its prefix X had originally been intended as a short production model of about 200 vehicles. A test bed for the new engine until its intended home, the new Mark VII saloon, was ready.^{[citation needed]}

The second big breakthrough was the large Mark VII saloon in 1950, a car especially conceived for the American market, Jaguar was overwhelmed with orders. The Mark VII and its successors gathered rave reviews from magazines such as Road & Track and The Motor. In 1956 a Mark VII won the prestigious Monte Carlo Rally. The XK120’s exceptional reception was followed in 1954 by an improved XK140 then in May 1957 a fully revised XK150.

In 1955, the Two-point-four or 2.4-litre saloon (named by enthusiasts 2.4 Mark 1) was the first monocoque (unitary) car from Jaguar.^{[citation needed]} Its 2.4-litre short-stroke version of the XK engine provided 100 mph (160 km/h) performance. In 1957, the 3.4-litre version with disk brakes, wire wheels and other options was introduced, with a top speed of 120 mph (190 km/h). In October 1959, an extensively revised version of the car with wider windows and 2.4, 3.4, and 3.8-litre engine options became the Mark 2. The 3.8 Mark 2 was popular with British police forces for its small size and 125 mph (201 km/h) performance.

The Mark VIII of 1956 and Mark IX of 1958 were essentially updates of the Mark VII, but the oversize Mark X of 1961 was a completely new design of large saloon with all round independent suspension and unitary construction.

Jaguar launched the E-Type in 1961.

The independent rear suspension from the Mark X was incorporated in the 1963 S-Type, a Mark 2 lengthened to contain the complex rear suspension, and in 1967 the Mark 2 name was dropped when the small saloons became the 240/340 range. The 420 of 1966, also sold as the Daimler Sovereign, put a new front onto the S-type, although both cars continued in parallel until the S-Type was dropped in 1968. The slow-selling Mark X became the 420G in 1966 and was dropped at the end of the decade. Jaguar was saved by its new equally capacious but very much trimmer new XJ6.

Of the more recent saloons, the most significant is the XJ (1968–1992). From 1968 on, the Series I XJ saw minor changes, first in 1973 (to Series II), 1979 (Series III), a complete redesign for 1986/1987 in XJ40, further modifications in 1995 (X300), in 1997 with V8-power (X308), and a major advance in 2003 with an industry-first aluminium monocoque-chassis (X350). The most luxurious XJ models carried either the Vanden Plas (US) or Daimler (rest of world) nameplates. In 1972, the 12-cylinder engine was introduced in the XJ, while simultaneously being offered in the E Type.

1992 saw the introduction of the mid-engined, twin-turbo XJ220, powered by a 542 bhp (404 kW; 550 PS) V6 engine. The XJ220 was confirmed the fastest production car in the world at the time after Martin Brundle recorded a speed of 217 mph (349 km/h) on the Nardo track in Italy.^[58]

Over the years many Jaguar models have sported the famous chrome plated Leaping Jaguar, traditionally forming part of the radiator cap. Known as «The Leaper», this iconic mascot has been the subject of controversy in recent times when banned for safety reasons from cars supplied to Europe whilst it continued to be fitted on cars destined for the United States, Middle East and Far East. It has now been dropped from all the latest Jaguar models, although some customers add it to their car as a customization.

The Jaguar S-Type, first appeared in 1999 and stopped production in 2008. It has now been replaced by the Jaguar XF. Early S-Types suffered from reliability problems but those were mostly resolved by the 2004 model year.^[59]

The Jaguar X-Type was a compact executive car launched in 2001, while the company was under Ford ownership, sharing its platform with the Ford Mondeo. X-Type production ended in 2009.^[60]

The Jaguar XK was a luxury grand tourer introduced in 2006, where it replaced the XK8. The XK introduced an aluminium monocoque bodyshell, and was available both as a two-door coupé and two-door cabriolet/convertible.^[61] Production ceased in 2014.

The Jaguar XJ was a full-size luxury saloon. The model was in production since 1968, with production ceasing in 2019, with the first generation being the last Jaguar car to have creative input by the company’s founder, Sir William Lyons, although this is disputed as some Jaguar historians claim that the second generation XJ – the XJ40 series – was the last car which Lyons had influenced. The XJ40 originally launched in 1986 and went through two major revamps in 1994 (X300) and 1997 (X308) for a total production run of 17 years. In early 2003, the third generation XJ – the X350 – arrived in showrooms and while the car’s exterior and interior styling were traditional in appearance, the car was completely re-engineered. Its styling attracted much criticism from many motoring journalists who claimed that the car looked old-fashioned and barely more modern than its predecessor, many even citing that the ‘Lyons line’ had been lost in the translation from XJ40 into X350 XJ, even though beneath the shell lay a highly advanced aluminium construction that put the XJ very near the top of its class.^[62]

Jaguar responded to the criticism with the introduction of the fourth generation XJ, launched in 2009. Its exterior styling is a departure from previous XJs, with a more youthful, contemporary stance, following the design shift that came into effect previously with the company’s XF and XK models.^[63]

The 5-litre V8 engine in the XJ Supersport can accelerate the car from 0 to 60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 4.7 seconds, and has a UK CO₂ emission rating of 289 g/km. To cater to the limousine market, all XJ models are offered with a longer wheelbase (LWB) as an option, which increases the rear legroom.^[64]

List

Concept cars

• E1A – The 1950s E-Type concept vehicle
• E2 A – The second E-Type concept vehicle, which raced at LeMans and in the USA
• XJ13 (1966) – Built to race at LeMans, never run
• Pirana (1967) – Designed by Bertone
• Ascot (1977)
• XJ41/XJ42 (1982-1990) – the first F-Type; cancelled due to the Ford’s takeover of Jaguar^[65]
• XJ90 (1988-1991) – planned XJ40 replacement; cancelled due to Ford’s takeover of Jaguar^[66]
• Kensington (1990)
• XK 180 (1998) – Roadster concept based on the XK8
• F-Type (2000) – Roadster, similar to the XK8 but smaller
• R-Coupé (2001) – Large four-seater coupé
• Fuore XF 10 (2003)
• R-D6 (2003) – Compact four-seat coupé
• XK-RR – A high-performance version of last generation XK coupé
• XK-RS – Another performance-spec version of last generation XK convertible
• Concept Eight (2004) – Super-luxury version of the long-wheelbase model of the XJ
• C-XF (2007) – Precursor to the production model XF saloon
• C-X75 (2010) – Hybrid-electric sports car, originally intended for production but cancelled in 2012
• B99 (2011)
• C-X16 (2011) – Precursor to the production model F-Type
• C-X17 (2013) – First ever Jaguar SUV concept
• Project 7 – a 542 bhp V8-powered speedster based on the F-Type and inspired by the D-Type (2013)^[67]
• Future-Type (2017)

Engines

Jaguar has designed in-house six generations of engines:

• Historic:
  • XK6 – Inline-6
  • V12 – 60° V12
  • AJ6/AJ16 – 22° Inline-6
  • AJ-V6 – 60° V6 (Ford designed, Jaguar modified)
• Current:
  • AJ-V8 – 90° V8
  • AJ126 – 90° V6
  • AJD-V6 – 60° V6 (Ford designed)
  • Ingenium – Inline-4

Motorsport

Jaguar has had major success in sports car racing, particularly in the Le Mans 24 Hours. Victories came in 1951 and 1953 with the C-Type, then in 1955, 1956 and 1957 with the D-Type. The manager of the racing team during this period, Lofty England, later became CEO of Jaguar in the early 1970s. Although the prototype XJ13 was built in the mid-1960s it was never raced, and the famous race was then left for many years.

In 1982, a successful relationship with Tom Walkinshaw’s TWR team commenced with the XJ-S competing in the European Touring Car Championship, which it won in 1984.^[68] In 1985, the TWR XJ-S won the Bathurst 1000 race. In the mid-1980s TWR started designing and preparing Jaguar V12-engined Group C cars for World Sports Prototype Championship races. The team started winning regularly from 1987, and won Le Mans in 1988 and 1990 with the XJR series sports cars. The Jaguar XJR-14 was the last of the XJRs to win, taking the 1991 World Sportscar Championship.

In 1999, Ford decided that Jaguar would be the corporation’s Formula One entry. Ford bought out the Milton Keynes-based Stewart Grand Prix team and rebranded it as Jaguar Racing for the 2000 season. The Jaguar F1 program was not a success however, achieving only two podium finishes in five seasons of competition between 2000 and 2004. At the end of 2004, with costs mounting and Ford’s profits dwindling, the F1 team was seen as an unneeded expense and was sold to Red Bull energy drinks owner Dietrich Mateschitz,^[69] and it became Red Bull Racing.

On 15 December 2015, it was announced that Jaguar would return to motorsport for the third season of Formula E.

On 15 June 2018, Jaguar Vector Racing broke the world speed record for an electric battery powered boat. The Jaguar Vector V20E recorded an average speed of 88.61 mph across the two legs of the 1 km course on Coniston Water, England.^[70]

Notable sports racers:

• Jaguar C-Type (1951–1953)
• Jaguar D-Type (1954–1957)
• Jaguar Lightweight E-Type
• Jaguar XJ13^[71]
• Jaguar XJR Sportscars
• Jaguar XJR-9 (1988)
• XJ220 (1988)
• XJR-15 (1990)

Jaguar and the arts

For some time now,^[when?] Jaguar has been active in the international arts scene. In particular, the company has collaborated with the artist Stefan Szczesny, implementing major art projects. In 2011, Jaguar presented the exhibition series «Shadows», which involved the installation of Szczesny’s shadow sculptures in Sankt-Moritz, on Sylt and in Saint-Tropez. In 2012, a large number of sculptures, ceramics and paintings were shown in Frankfurt (and mainly in Frankfurt’s Palmengarten).

As part of the collaboration with Szczesny, Jaguar has released the «Jaguar Art Collection».^{[citation needed]}

See also

• List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

External links

• Jaguar official website
• Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust website

Jaguar (marque)

Product type	Cars
Owner	Jaguar Land Rover (since 2013)[1]
Produced by	Jaguar Land Rover
Country	United Kingdom
Introduced	September 1935; 87 years ago
Related brands	Land Rover
Markets	Worldwide
Previous owners	Jaguar Cars Limited
Tagline	«The Art of Performance»
Website	jaguar.com

Jaguar Cars Limited

Formerly	S.S. Cars Limited (1933–1945)
Type	Private (1933–1966) Subsidiary (1966–present)[2]
Industry	Automotive
Predecessor	Swallow Coachbuilding Company Limited
Founded	26 October 1933; 89 years ago
Founder	William Lyons
Fate	Car manufacturing merged with Land Rover in 2013 as Jaguar Land Rover
Headquarters	Whitley , England
Parent	British Motor Holdings (1966–1968) British Leyland (1968–1984) Jaguar plc (1984–1990) Ford Motor Company (1990–2008) Tata Motors (2008–2012) Jaguar Land Rover (2013-present)

Jaguar (, ) is the luxury vehicle brand of Jaguar Land Rover,^[1][3] a British multinational car manufacturer with its headquarters in Whitley, Coventry, England. Jaguar Cars was the company that was responsible for the production of Jaguar cars until its operations were fully merged with those of Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover on 1 January 2013.

Jaguar’s business was founded as the Swallow Sidecar Company in 1922, originally making motorcycle sidecars before developing bodies for passenger cars. Under the ownership of S. S. Cars Limited, the business extended to complete cars made in association with Standard Motor Co, many bearing Jaguar as a model name. The company’s name was changed from S. S. Cars to Jaguar Cars in 1945. A merger with the British Motor Corporation followed in 1966,^[4] the resulting enlarged company now being renamed as British Motor Holdings (BMH), which in 1968 merged with Leyland Motor Corporation and became British Leyland, itself to be nationalised in 1975.

Jaguar was spun off from British Leyland and was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1984, becoming a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index until it was acquired by Ford in 1990.^[5] Jaguar has, in recent years, manufactured cars for the British Prime Minister, the most recent delivery being an XJ in May 2010.^[6] The company also holds royal warrants from Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Charles.^[7]

Ford owned Jaguar Cars, also buying Land Rover in 2000, until 2008 when it sold both to Tata Motors. Tata created Jaguar Land Rover as a subsidiary holding company. At operating company level, in 2013 Jaguar Cars was merged with Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover Limited as the single design, manufacture, sales company and brand owner for both Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles.

Since the Ford ownership era, Jaguar and Land Rover have used joint design facilities in engineering centres at Whitley in Coventry and Gaydon in Warwickshire and Jaguar cars have been assembled in plants at Castle Bromwich and Solihull.

On 15 February 2021, Jaguar Land Rover announced that all cars made under the Jaguar brand will be fully electric by 2025.^[8]

History

Founding

The Swallow Sidecar Company was founded in 1922 by two motorcycle enthusiasts, William Lyons and William Walmsley. In 1934 Walmsley elected to sell-out and in order to buy the Swallow business (but not the company which was liquidated) Lyons formed S.S. Cars Limited, finding new capital by issuing shares to the public.

Jaguar first appeared in September 1935 as a model name on an SS 2½-litre sports saloon.^[9][10] A matching open two seater sports model with a 3½-litre engine was named SS Jaguar 100.

On 23 March 1945, the S. S. Cars shareholders in general meeting agreed to change the company’s name to Jaguar Cars Limited. Said chairman William Lyons «Unlike S. S. the name Jaguar is distinctive and cannot be connected or confused with any similar foreign name.»^[11]

Though five years of pent-up demand ensured plenty of buyers production was hampered by shortage of materials, particularly steel, issued to manufacturers until the 1950s by a central planning authority under strict government control. Jaguar sold Motor Panels, a pressed steel body manufacturing company bought in the late 1930s, to steel and components manufacturer Rubery Owen,^[12] and Jaguar bought from John Black’s Standard Motor Company the plant where Standard built Jaguar’s six-cylinder engines.^[12] From this time Jaguar was entirely dependent for their bodies on external suppliers, in particular then independent Pressed Steel and in 1966 that carried them into BMC, BMH and British Leyland.

Jaguar made its name by producing a series of successful eye-catching sports cars, the Jaguar XK120 (1948–54), Jaguar XK140 (1954–57), Jaguar XK150 (1957–61), and Jaguar E-Type (1961–75), all embodying Lyons’ mantra of «value for money».^[13] The sports cars were successful in international motorsport, a path followed in the 1950s to prove the engineering integrity of the company’s products.

Jaguar’s sales slogan for years was «Grace, Space, Pace»,^[14] a mantra epitomised by the record sales achieved by the MK VII, IX, Mks I and II saloons and later the XJ6.^{[citation needed]} During the time this slogan was used, but the exact text varied.^{[15][16][17][18]}

The core of Bill Lyons’ success following WWII was the twin-cam straight six engine, conceived pre-war and realised while engineers at the Coventry plant were dividing their time between fire-watching and designing the new power plant. It had a hemispherical cross-flow cylinder head with valves inclined from the vertical; originally at 30 degrees (inlet) and 45 degrees (exhaust) and later standardised to 45 degrees for both inlet and exhaust.

As fuel octane ratings were relatively low from 1948 onwards, three piston configuration were offered: domed (high octane), flat (medium octane), and dished (low octane).

The main designer, William «Bill» Heynes, assisted by Walter «Wally» Hassan, was determined to develop the Twin OHC unit. Bill Lyons agreed over misgivings from Hassan. It was risky to take what had previously been considered a racing or low-volume and cantankerous engine needing constant fettling and apply it to reasonable volume production saloon cars.

The subsequent engine (in various versions) was the mainstay powerplant of Jaguar, used in the XK 120, Mk VII Saloon, Mk I and II Saloons and XK 140 and 150. It was also employed in the E Type, itself a development from the race winning and Le Mans conquering C and D Type Sports Racing cars refined as the short-lived XKSS, a road-legal D-Type.

Few engine types have demonstrated such ubiquity and longevity: Jaguar used the Twin OHC XK Engine, as it came to be known, in the Jaguar XJ6 saloon from 1969 through 1992, and employed in a J60 variant as the power plant in such diverse vehicles as the British Army’s Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) family of vehicles, as well as the Fox armoured reconnaissance vehicle, the Ferret Scout Car, and the Stonefield four-wheel-drive all-terrain lorry. Properly maintained, the standard production XK Engine would achieve 200,000 miles of useful life.

Two of the proudest moments in Jaguar’s long history in motor sport involved winning the Le Mans 24 hours race, firstly in 1951 and again in 1953. Victory at the 1955 Le Mans was overshadowed by it being the occasion of the worst motorsport accident in history. Later in the hands of the Scottish racing team Ecurie Ecosse two more wins were added in 1956 and 1957.

In spite of such a performance orientation, it was always Lyons’ intention to build the business by producing world-class sporting saloons in larger numbers than the sports car market could support. Jaguar secured financial stability and a reputation for excellence with a series of elegantly styled luxury saloons that included the 3-litre and 3½ litre cars, the Mark VII, VIII, and IX, the compact Mark I and 2, and the XJ6 and XJ12. All were deemed very good values, with comfortable rides, good handling, high performance, and great style.

Combined with the trend-setting XK 120, XK 140, and XK 150 series of sports car, and nonpareil E-Type,^{[citation needed]} Jaguar’s elan as a prestige motorcar manufacturer had few rivals. The company’s post-War achievements are remarkable, considering both the shortages that drove Britain (the Ministry of Supply still allocated raw materials) and the state of metallurgical development of the era.

Daimler

In 1950, Jaguar agreed to lease from the Ministry of Supply the Daimler Shadow 2 factory in Browns Lane, Allesley, Coventry, which at the time was being used by The Daimler Company Limited and moved to the new site from Foleshill over the next 12 months.^[19] Jaguar purchased Daimler – not to be confused with Daimler-Benz or Daimler AG—in 1960 from BSA. From the late 1960s, Jaguar used the Daimler marque as a brand name for their most luxurious saloons.^[20]

Ownership

An end to independence

Pressed Steel Company Limited made all Jaguar’s (monocoque) bodies leaving provision and installation of the mechanicals to Jaguar. In mid-1965 British Motor Corporation (BMC), the Austin-Morris combine, bought Pressed Steel.^[21] Lyons became concerned about the future of Jaguar, partly because of the threat to ongoing supplies of bodies, and partly because of his age and lack of an heir. He therefore accepted BMC’s offer to merge with Jaguar to form British Motor (Holdings) Limited.^[22] At a press conference on 11 July 1965 at the Great Eastern Hotel in London, Lyons and BMC chairman George Harriman announced, «Jaguar Group of companies is to merge with The British Motor Corporation Ltd., as the first step towards the setting up of a joint holding company to be called British Motor (Holdings) Limited». In due course BMC changed its name to British Motor Holdings^[23] at the end of 1966.

BMH was pushed by the Government to merge with Leyland Motor Corporation Limited, manufacturer of Leyland bus and truck, Standard-Triumph and, since 1967, Rover vehicles. The result was British Leyland Motor Corporation, a new holding company which appeared in 1968, but the combination was not a success. A combination of poor decision making by the board along with the financial difficulties of, especially, the Austin-Morris division (previously BMC) led to the Ryder Report and to effective nationalisation in 1975.^{[citation needed]}

Temporary return to independence

Over the next few years it became clear that because of the low regard for many of the group’s products insufficient capital could be provided to develop and begin manufacture of new models, including Jaguars, particularly if Jaguar were to remain a part of the group.^[24]

In July 1984, Jaguar was floated off as a separate company on the stock market – one of the Thatcher government’s many privatisations^[25]– to create its own track record.^[26]

Installed as chairman in 1980, Sir John Egan is credited for Jaguar’s unprecedented prosperity immediately after privatisation. In early 1986 Egan reported he had tackled the main problems that were holding Jaguar back from selling more cars: quality control, lagging delivery schedules, poor productivity. He laid off about one third of the company’s roughly 10,000 employees to cut costs.^[27] Commentators later pointed out he exploited an elderly model range (on which all development costs had been written off) and raised prices. He also intensified the effort to improve Jaguar’s quality. In the US the price increases were masked by a favourable exchange rate.^[28]

Ford Motor Company era

Ford made offers to Jaguar’s US and UK shareholders to buy their shares in November 1989; Jaguar’s listing on the London Stock Exchange was removed on 28 February 1990.^[29] In 1999 it became part of Ford’s new Premier Automotive Group along with Aston Martin, Volvo Cars and, from 2000, Land Rover. Under Ford’s ownership, Jaguar never made a profit.^[30]

Under Ford’s ownership Jaguar expanded its range of products with the launch of the S-Type in 1999 and X-type in 2001. After PAG acquired Land Rover in May 2000 purchase by Ford, the brand became closely associated with Jaguar. In many countries they shared a common sales and distribution network (including shared dealerships), and some models shared components, although the only shared production facility was Halewood Body & Assembly – which manufactured the technically related X-Type and the Freelander 2. Operationally the two companies were effectively integrated under a common management structure within Ford’s PAG.

On 11 June 2007, Ford announced that it planned to sell Jaguar, along with Land Rover and retained the services of Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and HSBC to advise it on the deal. The sale was initially expected to be announced by September 2007, but was delayed until March 2008. Private equity firms such as Alchemy Partners of the UK, TPG Capital, Ripplewood Holdings (which hired former Ford Europe executive Sir Nick Scheele to head its bid), Cerberus Capital Management and One Equity Partners (owned by JP Morgan Chase and managed by former Ford executive Jacques Nasser) of the US, Tata Motors of India and a consortium comprising Mahindra and Mahindra (an automobile manufacturer from India) and Apollo Management all initially expressed interest in purchasing the marques from the Ford Motor Company.^[31][32]

Before the sale was announced, Anthony Bamford, chairman of British excavator manufacturer JCB had expressed interest in purchasing the company in August 2006,^[33] but backed out upon learning that the sale would also involve Land Rover, which he did not wish to buy. On Christmas Eve of 2007, Mahindra and Mahindra backed out of the race for both brands, citing complexities in the deal.^[34]

Tata Motors era

On 1 January 2008, Ford formally declared that Tata was the preferred bidder.^[35] Tata Motors also received endorsements from the Transport And General Worker’s Union (TGWU)-Amicus^[36] combine as well as from Ford.^[37] According to the rules of the auction process, this announcement would not automatically disqualify any other potential suitor. However, Ford (as well as representatives of Unite) would now be able to enter into detailed discussions with Tata concerning issues ranging from labour concerns (job security and pensions), technology (IT systems and engine production) and intellectual property,^[38] as well as the final sale price.^[39] Ford would also open its books for a more comprehensive due diligence by Tata.^[40] On 18 March 2008, Reuters reported that American bankers Citigroup and JP Morgan would finance the deal with a US$3 billion loan.^[41]

On 26 March 2008, Ford announced that it had agreed to sell its Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors of India, and that they expected to complete the sale by the end of the second quarter of 2008.^[42] Included in the deal were the rights to three other British brands, Jaguar’s own Daimler, as well as two dormant brands Lanchester and Rover.^[43] On 2 June 2008, the sale to Tata was completed at a cost of £1.7 billion.^[44][45][46]

On 18 January 2008, Tata Motors, a part of the Tata Group, established Jaguar Land Rover Limited as a British-registered and wholly owned subsidiary. The company was to be used as a holding company for the acquisition of the two businesses from Ford – Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover. That acquisition was completed on 2 June 2008.^[47] On 1 January 2013, the group, which had been operating as two separate companies (Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover), although on an integrated basis, underwent a fundamental restructuring. The parent company was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC, Jaguar Cars Limited was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Limited and the assets (excluding certain Chinese interests) of Land Rover were transferred to it. The consequence was that Jaguar Land Rover Limited became responsible in the UK for the design, manufacture and marketing of both Jaguar and Land Rover products.^[48]

Plants

From 1922 the Swallow Sidecar company (SSC) was located in Blackpool. The company moved to Holbrook Lane, Coventry in 1928 when demand for the Austin Swallow became too great for the factory’s capacity.^[49] The company started using the Jaguar name whilst based in Holbrooks Lane.

In 1951, having outgrown the original Coventry site they moved to Browns Lane, which had been a wartime «shadow factory» run by The Daimler Company. The Browns Lane plant ceased trim and final operations in 2005, the X350 XJ having already moved to Castle Bromwich two years prior, with the XK and S-Type following. The Browns Lane plant, which continued producing veneer trim for a while and housed the Jaguar Daimler Heritage centre until it moved to the British Motor Museum site, has now been demolished and is being redeveloped.

Jaguar acquired the Whitley engineering centre from Peugeot in 1986; which had originally been part of Chrysler Europe which the French firm had owned since the late 1970s. The decision to offload the site to Jaguar came as Peugeot discontinued the Talbot brand for passenger cars. In 2016, Jaguar also moved into part of the old Peugeot/Chrysler/Rootes site in Ryton-on-Dunsmore which closed a decade earlier – this now is the home of Jaguar Land Rover’s classic restoration operation.

Jaguar’s Radford plant, originally a Daimler bus plant but later a Jaguar engine and axle plant, was closed by Ford in 1997 when it moved all Jaguar engine production to its Bridgend facility.

In 2000, Ford turned its Halewood plant over to Jaguar following the discontinuation of its long running Escort that year for Jaguar’s new X-Type model. It was later joined by the second-generation Land Rover Freelander 2, from 2007. Jaguars ceased being produced at Halewood in 2009 following the discontinuation of the X-Type; Halewood now becoming a Land Rover-only plant.

Since Jaguar Land Rover was formed following the merger of Jaguar Cars with Land Rover, facilities have been shared across several JLR sites, most of which are used for work on both the Jaguar and Land Rover brands.

Current cars

E-Pace

The Jaguar E-Pace is a compact SUV, officially revealed on 13 July 2017.^[50]

F-Pace

The F-Pace is a compact luxury crossover SUV – the first SUV from Jaguar. It was unveiled at the International Motor Show Germany in Frankfurt in September 2015.^[51]

F-Type

The F-Type convertible was launched at the 2012 Paris Motor Show, following its display at the Goodwood Festival of Speed in June 2012,^[52] and is billed as a successor to the legendary E-Type. In fact, the Series III E-Type already had a successor, in the form of the XJS, which was in turn replaced by the XK8 and XKR. The F-Type nevertheless returns to the 2-seat plan that was lost with the introduction of the Series III E-Type, which was available only in a 2+2-seat configuration. It was developed following the positive reaction to Jaguar’s C-X16 concept car at the 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show. Sales will begin in 2013 with three engine choices; two variants of the AJ126 V6 petrol engine and the AJ133 V8 petrol engine.^[53]

I-Pace

The Jaguar I-Pace is an electric SUV, officially revealed on 1 March 2018. It is Jaguar’s first electric car.

XE

The XE is the first compact executive Jaguar since the 2009 model year X-Type and is the first of several Jaguar models to be built using Jaguar’s new modular aluminium architecture,^{[citation needed]} moving the company away from the Ford derived platforms that were used in the past for the X-Type and XF. The use of Jaguar’s own platform allows the XE to feature either rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive configurations, and it is the first car in its segment with an aluminium monocoque structure.^[54] Originally announced at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show with sales scheduled for 2015.^[55]

XF

The Jaguar XF is a mid-size executive car introduced in 2008 to replace the S-Type. In January 2008, the XF was awarded the What Car? ‘Car of the Year’ and ‘Executive Car of the Year’ awards. The XF was also awarded Car of the Year 2008 from What Diesel? magazine. Engines available in the XF are 2.2-litre I4 and 3.0-litre V6 diesel engines, or 3.0 litre V6 and 5.0-litre V8 petrol engines. The 5.0 Litre engine is available in supercharged form in the XFR. From 2011, the 2.2-litre diesel engine from the Land Rover Freelander was added to the range as part of a facelift.^[56]

R models

Jaguar began producing R models in 1995 with the introduction of the first XJR, and the first XKR was introduced in 1997. Jaguar R, R-S and SVR models are designated to compete with the likes of Mercedes-AMG, BMW M and Audi S and RS.

Historic car models

The renamed Jaguar company started production with the pre-war 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5-litre models, which used engines designed by the Standard Motor Company. The 1.5-litre four-cylinder engine was still supplied by Standard but the two larger six-cylinder ones were made in house. These cars have become known unofficially as Mark IVs.

The first post-war model was the September 1948 Mark V available with either 2.5 or 3.5-litre engines. It had a slightly more streamlined appearance than pre-war models, but more important was the change to torsion bar independent front suspension and hydraulic brakes.^{[citation needed]} In the spring of 1948 Lyons had returned from USA reporting Jaguar’s individuality and perceived quality attracted the admiration of American buyers accustomed to the virtual uniformity of their home-grown vehicles.^[57]

The first big breakthrough was the launch in October 1948 of their new record-breaking engine design in their XK120 sportscar to replace the prewar SS Jaguar 100. It was powered by a new twin overhead camshaft (DOHC) 3.5-litre hemi-head six-cylinder engine designed by William Heynes, Walter Hassan and Claude Baily. The XK100 4-cylinder 2-Litre version had broken records in Belgium travelling at 177 mph. This XK engine had been designed at night during the war when they would be on fire watch in the factory. After several attempts a final design was achieved. That is until owner William Lyons said «make it quieter».

The sportscar bearing its prefix X had originally been intended as a short production model of about 200 vehicles. A test bed for the new engine until its intended home, the new Mark VII saloon, was ready.^{[citation needed]}

The second big breakthrough was the large Mark VII saloon in 1950, a car especially conceived for the American market, Jaguar was overwhelmed with orders. The Mark VII and its successors gathered rave reviews from magazines such as Road & Track and The Motor. In 1956 a Mark VII won the prestigious Monte Carlo Rally. The XK120’s exceptional reception was followed in 1954 by an improved XK140 then in May 1957 a fully revised XK150.

In 1955, the Two-point-four or 2.4-litre saloon (named by enthusiasts 2.4 Mark 1) was the first monocoque (unitary) car from Jaguar.^{[citation needed]} Its 2.4-litre short-stroke version of the XK engine provided 100 mph (160 km/h) performance. In 1957, the 3.4-litre version with disk brakes, wire wheels and other options was introduced, with a top speed of 120 mph (190 km/h). In October 1959, an extensively revised version of the car with wider windows and 2.4, 3.4, and 3.8-litre engine options became the Mark 2. The 3.8 Mark 2 was popular with British police forces for its small size and 125 mph (201 km/h) performance.

The Mark VIII of 1956 and Mark IX of 1958 were essentially updates of the Mark VII, but the oversize Mark X of 1961 was a completely new design of large saloon with all round independent suspension and unitary construction.

Jaguar launched the E-Type in 1961.

The independent rear suspension from the Mark X was incorporated in the 1963 S-Type, a Mark 2 lengthened to contain the complex rear suspension, and in 1967 the Mark 2 name was dropped when the small saloons became the 240/340 range. The 420 of 1966, also sold as the Daimler Sovereign, put a new front onto the S-type, although both cars continued in parallel until the S-Type was dropped in 1968. The slow-selling Mark X became the 420G in 1966 and was dropped at the end of the decade. Jaguar was saved by its new equally capacious but very much trimmer new XJ6.

Of the more recent saloons, the most significant is the XJ (1968–1992). From 1968 on, the Series I XJ saw minor changes, first in 1973 (to Series II), 1979 (Series III), a complete redesign for 1986/1987 in XJ40, further modifications in 1995 (X300), in 1997 with V8-power (X308), and a major advance in 2003 with an industry-first aluminium monocoque-chassis (X350). The most luxurious XJ models carried either the Vanden Plas (US) or Daimler (rest of world) nameplates. In 1972, the 12-cylinder engine was introduced in the XJ, while simultaneously being offered in the E Type.

1992 saw the introduction of the mid-engined, twin-turbo XJ220, powered by a 542 bhp (404 kW; 550 PS) V6 engine. The XJ220 was confirmed the fastest production car in the world at the time after Martin Brundle recorded a speed of 217 mph (349 km/h) on the Nardo track in Italy.^[58]

Over the years many Jaguar models have sported the famous chrome plated Leaping Jaguar, traditionally forming part of the radiator cap. Known as «The Leaper», this iconic mascot has been the subject of controversy in recent times when banned for safety reasons from cars supplied to Europe whilst it continued to be fitted on cars destined for the United States, Middle East and Far East. It has now been dropped from all the latest Jaguar models, although some customers add it to their car as a customization.

The Jaguar S-Type, first appeared in 1999 and stopped production in 2008. It has now been replaced by the Jaguar XF. Early S-Types suffered from reliability problems but those were mostly resolved by the 2004 model year.^[59]

The Jaguar X-Type was a compact executive car launched in 2001, while the company was under Ford ownership, sharing its platform with the Ford Mondeo. X-Type production ended in 2009.^[60]

The Jaguar XK was a luxury grand tourer introduced in 2006, where it replaced the XK8. The XK introduced an aluminium monocoque bodyshell, and was available both as a two-door coupé and two-door cabriolet/convertible.^[61] Production ceased in 2014.

The Jaguar XJ was a full-size luxury saloon. The model was in production since 1968, with production ceasing in 2019, with the first generation being the last Jaguar car to have creative input by the company’s founder, Sir William Lyons, although this is disputed as some Jaguar historians claim that the second generation XJ – the XJ40 series – was the last car which Lyons had influenced. The XJ40 originally launched in 1986 and went through two major revamps in 1994 (X300) and 1997 (X308) for a total production run of 17 years. In early 2003, the third generation XJ – the X350 – arrived in showrooms and while the car’s exterior and interior styling were traditional in appearance, the car was completely re-engineered. Its styling attracted much criticism from many motoring journalists who claimed that the car looked old-fashioned and barely more modern than its predecessor, many even citing that the ‘Lyons line’ had been lost in the translation from XJ40 into X350 XJ, even though beneath the shell lay a highly advanced aluminium construction that put the XJ very near the top of its class.^[62]

Jaguar responded to the criticism with the introduction of the fourth generation XJ, launched in 2009. Its exterior styling is a departure from previous XJs, with a more youthful, contemporary stance, following the design shift that came into effect previously with the company’s XF and XK models.^[63]

The 5-litre V8 engine in the XJ Supersport can accelerate the car from 0 to 60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 4.7 seconds, and has a UK CO₂ emission rating of 289 g/km. To cater to the limousine market, all XJ models are offered with a longer wheelbase (LWB) as an option, which increases the rear legroom.^[64]

List

Concept cars

• E1A – The 1950s E-Type concept vehicle
• E2 A – The second E-Type concept vehicle, which raced at LeMans and in the USA
• XJ13 (1966) – Built to race at LeMans, never run
• Pirana (1967) – Designed by Bertone
• Ascot (1977)
• XJ41/XJ42 (1982-1990) – the first F-Type; cancelled due to the Ford’s takeover of Jaguar^[65]
• XJ90 (1988-1991) – planned XJ40 replacement; cancelled due to Ford’s takeover of Jaguar^[66]
• Kensington (1990)
• XK 180 (1998) – Roadster concept based on the XK8
• F-Type (2000) – Roadster, similar to the XK8 but smaller
• R-Coupé (2001) – Large four-seater coupé
• Fuore XF 10 (2003)
• R-D6 (2003) – Compact four-seat coupé
• XK-RR – A high-performance version of last generation XK coupé
• XK-RS – Another performance-spec version of last generation XK convertible
• Concept Eight (2004) – Super-luxury version of the long-wheelbase model of the XJ
• C-XF (2007) – Precursor to the production model XF saloon
• C-X75 (2010) – Hybrid-electric sports car, originally intended for production but cancelled in 2012
• B99 (2011)
• C-X16 (2011) – Precursor to the production model F-Type
• C-X17 (2013) – First ever Jaguar SUV concept
• Project 7 – a 542 bhp V8-powered speedster based on the F-Type and inspired by the D-Type (2013)^[67]
• Future-Type (2017)

Engines

Jaguar has designed in-house six generations of engines:

• Historic:
  • XK6 – Inline-6
  • V12 – 60° V12
  • AJ6/AJ16 – 22° Inline-6
  • AJ-V6 – 60° V6 (Ford designed, Jaguar modified)
• Current:
  • AJ-V8 – 90° V8
  • AJ126 – 90° V6
  • AJD-V6 – 60° V6 (Ford designed)
  • Ingenium – Inline-4

Motorsport

Jaguar has had major success in sports car racing, particularly in the Le Mans 24 Hours. Victories came in 1951 and 1953 with the C-Type, then in 1955, 1956 and 1957 with the D-Type. The manager of the racing team during this period, Lofty England, later became CEO of Jaguar in the early 1970s. Although the prototype XJ13 was built in the mid-1960s it was never raced, and the famous race was then left for many years.

In 1982, a successful relationship with Tom Walkinshaw’s TWR team commenced with the XJ-S competing in the European Touring Car Championship, which it won in 1984.^[68] In 1985, the TWR XJ-S won the Bathurst 1000 race. In the mid-1980s TWR started designing and preparing Jaguar V12-engined Group C cars for World Sports Prototype Championship races. The team started winning regularly from 1987, and won Le Mans in 1988 and 1990 with the XJR series sports cars. The Jaguar XJR-14 was the last of the XJRs to win, taking the 1991 World Sportscar Championship.

In 1999, Ford decided that Jaguar would be the corporation’s Formula One entry. Ford bought out the Milton Keynes-based Stewart Grand Prix team and rebranded it as Jaguar Racing for the 2000 season. The Jaguar F1 program was not a success however, achieving only two podium finishes in five seasons of competition between 2000 and 2004. At the end of 2004, with costs mounting and Ford’s profits dwindling, the F1 team was seen as an unneeded expense and was sold to Red Bull energy drinks owner Dietrich Mateschitz,^[69] and it became Red Bull Racing.

On 15 December 2015, it was announced that Jaguar would return to motorsport for the third season of Formula E.

On 15 June 2018, Jaguar Vector Racing broke the world speed record for an electric battery powered boat. The Jaguar Vector V20E recorded an average speed of 88.61 mph across the two legs of the 1 km course on Coniston Water, England.^[70]

Notable sports racers:

• Jaguar C-Type (1951–1953)
• Jaguar D-Type (1954–1957)
• Jaguar Lightweight E-Type
• Jaguar XJ13^[71]
• Jaguar XJR Sportscars
• Jaguar XJR-9 (1988)
• XJ220 (1988)
• XJR-15 (1990)

Jaguar and the arts

For some time now,^[when?] Jaguar has been active in the international arts scene. In particular, the company has collaborated with the artist Stefan Szczesny, implementing major art projects. In 2011, Jaguar presented the exhibition series «Shadows», which involved the installation of Szczesny’s shadow sculptures in Sankt-Moritz, on Sylt and in Saint-Tropez. In 2012, a large number of sculptures, ceramics and paintings were shown in Frankfurt (and mainly in Frankfurt’s Palmengarten).

As part of the collaboration with Szczesny, Jaguar has released the «Jaguar Art Collection».^{[citation needed]}

See also

• List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

External links

• Jaguar official website
• Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust website

История бренда Jaguar — это история превращения фирмы по сборке мотоколясок, основанной двумя энтузиастами, в мирового лидера производства авто премиум сегмента. Машины компании завоевали множество наград, ими владеют монаршие особы и премьер-министры.

Его прародителем стала основанная в 1922 Swallow Sidecar. Имя Jaguar фирме присвоили в конце Второй мировой. Компания была национализирована в 1975. Приобретена автогигантом Ford в 1990. В июне 2008 бренд Jaguar продан за 1,7 миллиарда фунтов производителю самого дешевого автомобиля в мире индийской компании Tata Motors.

Основатели бренда: от идеи к реализации

Основателями марки «Ягуар» стали двое британцев из Блэкпула – предприниматель Вильям Волмсли (William Walmsley) и продавец Вильям Лайонс (William Lyons). Они создали компанию по выпуску мотоциклетных колясок Swallow Sidecar Company (SS).

Вскоре у предприимчивого Лайонса появилась новая цель – перенаправить вектор развития компании на выпуск автомашин.

Сначала он разрабатывал автокузова. Первой успешной моделью был кароссери для Austin 7. В 1931 году производство перенесли в Ковентри. Там Лайонс впервые начал проектировать автомобили. В 1934 году Волмсли отошел от дел фирмы и продал свою долю напарнику. Теперь компания полностью принадлежала Лайонсу.

Первый автомобиль марки «Ягуар»

Выпуск первого авто модели SS с двухместной динамичной кабиной начался в 1929 году. А уже в 1936 появился первый «Ягуар» — спорткар SS Jaguar 100, развивающий максимальную скорость 160 км/час. Он отличался приземистым кузовом, огромными фарами, красивым низким удлиненным капотом. Эту машину знатоки считают одной из лучших в истории автомобилестроения.

Логотип «Ягуар»: описание, значение

В качестве официального логотипа «Ягуара» дизайнеры предложили знаменитого представителя семейства кошачьих в прыжке. Он олицетворяет ключевые ценности фирмы: благополучие, элегантность, утонченность, мощь, скорость, стремление вперед. Логотип на протяжении истории автомобильной марки «Ягуар» несколько раз изменялся. После рестайлинга  2012 года он стал более стильным и изящным. 3D-фигурке добавили переливающиеся оттенки металлика и серебра, чтобы подчеркнуть её изысканность.

Это не единственный логотип автомобилей «Ягуар». На ранних моделях устанавливали статуэтку хищника и традиционную эмблему с мордой рычащего зверя на серебристом или красном поле в серебряном ободе. Позднее для безопасности пешеходов применение объемных фигурок запретили. Jaguar решил убрать статуэтку с капота своих авто. Но круглый логотип «Ягуар» с мордой зверя по-прежнему украшает радиаторы всех автомобилей всемирно известного британского бренда.

Что значит название Jaguar, и когда оно стало использоваться

Название для грациозного, мощного и быстрого спорткара SS Jaguar 100 придумал владелец фирмы Уильям Лайонс. Образ изящного мускулистого представителя кошачьих в прыжке наиболее точно передавал сущность этого замечательного спортивного автомобиля.

Под конец Второй мировой войны владельцы компании решили заменить название SS, так как эта аббревиатура в сознании жителей стран Европы однозначно ассоциировалась с кошмарами нацистского режима.

Потребители успели полюбить SS Jaguar 100, поэтому в марте 1945 фирму переименовали в Jaguar.

Первые успехи

В 1948 марка автомобиля «Ягуар» была впервые заявлена на Лондонский автомобильный салон с моделью Jaguar XK120. Впервые в истории бренда Jaguar на автомобиль компании был установлен мотор собственной конструкции, разгонявший болид до 126 км/ч. Модель Jaguar XK120 назвали «самой быстрой из выпускавшихся серийно». Его двигатель получился очень удачным, его продолжали выпускать 38 лет.

За 1950-е, 1960-е годы фирма завоевала американского покупателя: автомобиль XK150 и его модификация XK150 родстер были признаны в США поистине культовыми. Создание актуальных спорткаров XK120, XK140, XK150, E-Type сделало Jaguar широко известным. Он приобрел компанию Standard Motor Co с целью изготовления на её заводах двигателей.

Деятельность компании в период Второй мировой войны

На время войны фирма прекратила выпуск автомобилей и занялась производством техники для британской армии. Это были военные трейлеры и легкие внедорожники оригинальной конструкции, оснащенные силовым агрегатом компании «Форд». Выпускали запчасти для бомбардировщиков, в основном, авиационные моторы.

Спортивная карьера

1950-е Jaguar ознаменовал рядом громких спортивных викторий. Болиды D-Type, C-Type около семи лет подряд побеждали на самых престижных соревнованиях. В 1956 роскошный седан Mark 7 победил на знаменитом «Ралли Монте-Карло». Гонщики Jaguar D-Type в июне 1957 года полностью оккупировали подиум Ле-Мана, а также взяли 4-е и 6-е места.

Пилоты заводской команды на протяжении 1959, 1960, 1963, 1965 завоевывали Гран-при чемпионата. Благодаря этому «Ягуар» — британская марка спорткаров — прославил свою страну среди производителей спортивных болидов.

Начиная с 2000 года автомобили «Ягуар» снова участвуют в соревнованиях «Формулы-1» своей командой. Машины оснащают моторами Cosworth.

Для «королевских гонок» проектируют модели F-Type Concept и Silverstone.

Дальнейшее развитие марки

В 1960-м Jaguar присоединил к себе Daimler Motor Co., начав продавать свои наиболее престижные седаны под брендом «Даймлер». В июле 1965-го фирма анонсировала объединение с British Motor Corp. В 1970-х годах вышел на авторынок спорткар Jaguar XJ12, укомплектованный современным мотором, имеющим 12 цилиндров и развивающим мощность 311 л.с.

В 1980 году фирму возглавил Джон Иган (John Egan). Он смог договориться с персоналом и остановить многолетние забастовки, улучшить качество сборки автомобилей и поднять количество выпускаемых машин.

С 1990 года права на «Ягуар» перешли к «Форд Мотор». Уже в 1999 году фирма влилась в Premier Automotive Gr. одновременно с «Астон Мартин» и «Вольво». В 2000 году к ним присоединился и «Ленд Ровер».

«Ягуар» пополнил свою модельную линейку за счет S-Type и X-Type соответственно в 1999 и 2001 годах. Последняя была разработана с использованием усовершенствованной платформы «Форд СД132» и оказалась самой компактной машинкой Jaguar. Первым универсалом марки стала именно модификация этого авто. Изначально X-Type поставляли исключительно полноприводным. Позже была разработана конструкция переднего монопривода.

В 2004 году Land Rover Russia начал поставку автомобилей «Ягуар» в Россию через дилерскую сеть «Форд». За 2004 год компания продала на российском авторынке 400 машин, за 2012 год — 1 506, за 2018 год — 2537, за 2019 год — 1738. Наиболее продаваемыми сейчас моделями являются кроссоверы F-Pace и E-Pace.

В 2013 году фирма показала современную спортивную машину Jaguar F-Type, заменившую болид E-Type. Сначала авто предлагали с кузовом кабриолет, затем выпустили на рынок купе.

Деятельность компании в наши дни

Jaguar Cars продолжает свое развитие в составе Jaguar Land Rover Gr., коей владеет автоконцерн из Индии Tata Motors. В 2015-м фирма показала на знаменитом автосалоне во Франкфурте первый в истории «Ягуар» кроссовер модели F-PACE. Конструкторы смогли придать большому внедорожнику управляемость и стремительность настоящего Jaguar, чему способствовало широкое применение алюминия для конструкций кузова (около 80%). Автомобиль завоевал награды World Car Awards в основных категориях «Лучший автомобильный дизайн года», «Автомобиль года».

Модульная платформа F-PACE досталась и новому компакт седану XE, который вышел в этом же 2015 году. Благодаря своему оригинальному кузову из алюминия и новейшим моторам Ingenium он стал наиболее экологичным и эффектным спортивным седаном фирмы. Отличная динамика сочетается с пониженным расходом горючего и небольшим содержанием углекислоты в выхлопе.

В 2016 году на популярном Женевском автосалоне бренд представил наиболее мощный из серийных «Ягуаров». Спортивный болид Jaguar F-TYPE модификации SVR изготовлен отделением по выпуску экстраординарных моделей (Special Vehicles Operations). Авто, обладающее компрессорным двигателем V8 объемом 5 л и мощностью 575 л.с., ускоряется до сотни за 3,7 с., при этом достигает максималки 322 км/ч. Ещё более солидными параметрами обладает представленный на год позже серийный четырехдверный седан Jaguar XE ограниченной серии SV Project 8, имеющий 600-сильный агрегат.

В 2017 году был разработан первый компактный SUV марки Jaguar E-PACE. Машину отличает эффектный динамичный кузов купе, шикарный интерьер и самый большой среди одноклассников объем мест хранения.

В 2018 на том же международном автосалоне в Женеве был показан первый электроавтомобиль марки Jaguar I-PACE. Он явился основоположником нового сегмента лакшери электрокроссоверов, позволяющих почувствовать мощную динамику и комфорт. I-PACE, укомплектованный парой электродвигателей общей мощностью 400 л.с., получил свойства спортивного болида (разгон до 100 км/ч всего за 4,8 с.), запас хода 470 километров и громадный салон 5-местного кроссовера. В 2019 году «Ягуар» I-PACE стал самым первым авто в мире, получившим призы трех номинаций популярной автомобильной награды World Car Awards: «Лучший автомобильный дизайн года», «Автомобиль года» и даже «Зеленый автомобиль года»,

В 2018 году модельный ряд бренда пополнил еще один примечательный болид. Jaguar F-PACE модификации SVR — один из наиболее мощных и динамичных. Авто с 5-литровым мотором V8 мощностью 550 лошадей способно достигать 100 км/ч всего лишь за 4,3 с. и обеспечить скорость 283 км/ч.

Перспективы развития

Сейчас «Ягуар» планирует создание крупнейшего научного отделения для моделирования транспортных средств следующего поколения. Компания рассчитывает привлечь около тысячи ученых, конструкторов и инженеров.

Стратегия Jaguar Land Rover декларирует, что, начиная с 2020 года, все новые машины Jaguar будет представлять модификациях с электрическими или гибридными двигателями. Первым электрическим седаном станет представительский Jaguar XJ.

В 2019 году фирма продемонстрировала флагманский SUV модели J-Pace, базирующийся на новой алюминиевой модульной платформе MLA. Ее рассчитывают применить и для следующей генерации внедорожников Range Rover. Вместо полностью механического привода будет применен гибридный: переднюю ось будет вращать обычный ДВС, а заднюю — электромотор. Старт продаж модели планируют на 2021 год.

Электротакси модели Jaguar I-PACE будут эксплуатировать первую на планете городскую систему беспроводной высокомощной автомобильной зарядки.

Современная линейка моделей марки «Ягуар» с ценами

На сегодняшний день официальные дилеры бренда предлагают на российском рынке новые автомобили Jaguar следующих моделей:

• НОВЫЙ F-TYPE — новая модель спорткара Jaguar, кузов купе. Максимальная скорость 300 км/ч. Разгон с 0 до 100 км/ч 3,7 с. Цена от 7 258 000 рублей.
• F-TYPE — классический спорткар Jaguar в кузове купе. Цена от 6 937 000 рублей.
• XE — спортивный седан. Содержание углекислоты в выхлопе при смешанном цикле 109 г/км. Расход горючего при смешанном цикле от 4,2 л/100км. Цена от 3 657 000 рублей.
• XF — роскошный бизнес седан. Максимальная скорость 250 км/ч. Разгон с 0 до 100 км/ч 5,3 с. Цена от 4 111 000 рублей.
• XJ — флагманский спортивный седан. Максимальная скорость 250 км/ч. Цена от 3 316 000 рублей.
• E-PACE — первенец среди компакткроссоверов Jaguar. Расход горючего при смешанном цикле от 5,6 л/100км. Цена от 3 113 000 рублей.
• F-PACE — внедорожник. Расход горючего при смешанном цикле от 5,3 л/100км. Цена от 3 849 000 рублей.
• I-PACE — первенец среди электрических SUV. Разгон с 0 до 100 км/ч 4,8 с. Длительность поездки на одной зарядке 470 км. Цена от 6 247 000 рублей.

Подразделение SVO предлагает эксклюзивные модели, существенно модифицированные по желанию клиента:

• F-PACE SVR — наиболее совершенный кроссовер Jaguar с 5-литровым агрегатом V8 и нагнетателем способен разгоняться до скорости 283 км/ч. Расход горючего при смешанном цикле от 5,1 л/100км. Цена от 4 216 000 рублей.
• F-TYPE SVR купе — спорткар, способный достигать 322 км/ч с модернизированным мотором мощностью до 575 л. с. Разгон с 0 до 100 км/ч 3,7 с. Цена от 6 937 000 рублей.
• F-TYPE SVR кабриолет — родстер, способный достигать 314 км/ч с модернизированным мотором мощностью до 575 л. с. Разгон с 0 до 100 км/ч 3,7 с. Цена от 6 937 000 рублей.

Покупатель может выбрать автомобиль по типу кузова, привода, мощности двигателя, стоимости и заказать любую комплектацию.

Jaguar Cars Ltd.
Тип	Дочернее общество компании Tata Motors
Год основания	1922
Основатели	Уильям Лайонс и Уильям Уолмсли
Расположение	Великобритания: Ковентри
Ключевые фигуры	Ратан Тата (председатель совета директоров Tata Group) Ральф Спет (CEO Jaguar Land Rover)[1] Адриан Холлмарк (глобальный бренд-менеджер Jaguar Cars)[2]
Отрасль	Автомобильная промышленность
Продукция	Легковые автомобили
Материнская компания	Tata Motors
Сайт	jaguar.ru

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Ягуар (значения).

Jaguar Cars Ltd. (произносится: Ягуар Карс лимитед) — британская автомобилестроительная компания, специализирующаяся на производстве автомобилей класса «люкс». С 2008 года принадлежит индийской компании Tata Motors. Штаб-квартира — в городе Ковентри.

История

Существование компании началось с 20-х годов XX века. В это время она была компанией Swallow Sidecar, и производила коляски для мотоциклов. Это не приносило особого дохода, после чего фирма сменила специализацию на производство комплектующих для Austin 7.

После выполненного в 1927 году большого заказа доход позволил компании расширить свое производство и производить комплектующие моделей Fiat 509A, Morris Cowley, Wolseley Hornet, а затем стала сама проектировать и разрабатывать новые модели автомобилей.

Большую популярность получили модели Jaguar SS90 и Jaguar SS100, названные так основателем фирмы Уильямом Лайонсом.

В середине XX века компания сменила название на Jaguar, так как инициалы компании SS ассоциировались после войны с нацистскими режимами.

В это же время появился Jaguar Mk VII, в котором была увеличена мощность двигателя до 190 лошадиных сил.

В 1950 году Jaguar начал сотрудничество с фирмой Daimler Motor Company (не путать с Daimler-Benz), которая выпускала автомобили, по классу близкие к Ягуарам. С 1960 года Daimler стала частью компании Jaguar. Сама компания, у которой начались трудности с продажами, в 1966 году начала сотрудничать и вошла в состав Бритиш Мотор. Начиная с этого времени модели Jaguar стали пользоваться все большей популярностью.

К 1960-м годам концерн Jaguar завоевывает американский рынок моделями Jaguar XK150 и XK150 Roadster с объемом двигателя до 3,4 литра.

С 1960-х по 1980-е года были выпущены серии спортивных моделей, а также седанов, которые продавались по высокой цене, но отличались повышенным качеством.

В конце 1960-х была выпущена модель Jaguar с модернизированным 6-цилиндровым двигателем. Через некоторое время, в начале 1970-х, начался выпуск Jaguar XJ12, с 12-цилиндровым двигателем, мощностью 311 лошадиных сил. С 1968 по 1983 годы были выпущены следующие модели: Jaguar XJ8 — седан, XJR 4.0 Supercharged, Jaguar XJ-C — купе, Jaguar XJ-S — на нем был впервые установлен двигатель AJ6. В 1988 году была выпущена новая модель, которая снова получила широкую известность — Jaguar XJ220, однако позднее он был изменен и показан в Токио на автомобильной выставке.

В конце 1980-х был открыт филиал компании Jaguar Sport, производивший спортивные модели автомобилей. Тогда же Jaguar становится отделением фирмы Ford.

В конце 1990-х в Швейцарии на выставке была показана модель спортивного автомобиля в кузове «купе», а также кабриолет.

В 2000—2004 гг. автомобили марки Jaguar снова принимали участие в гонках Формула-1 в качестве команды «Ягуар», используя двигатели Cosworth. Специально для этого были выпущены автомобили модели F-Type Concept и Silverstone.

Собственники и руководство

Jaguar Cars полностью контролируется структурами индийской автомобилестроительной компании Tata Motors, входя в состав группы Jaguar Land Rover^[3].

Деятельность

У группы Jaguar Land Rover есть три собственных завода в Великобритании, в ближайшем будущем готовится открытие новых производств в Индии и Китае.

Jaguar в России

Продажи новых автомобилей через сеть официальных дилеров в России:

Год	S-Type	XF	XJ	XK	XKR-S	X-Type	Всего	Динамика
2006[4][5]	150	—	105	54	—	584	893	▲ 71 %
2007[6][7]	180	—	120	112	—	723	1135	▲ 27 %
2008[8][9]	32	826	124	123	—	584	1689	▲ 49 %
2009[10][11]	—	578	63	51	—	241	933	▼ 45 %
2010[12][13]	—	573	225	45	—	15	858	▼ 8 %
2011[14][15]	—	765	381	34	1	1	1182	▲ 38 %

Модельный ряд

Представительские седаны

• Jaguar 2½ Litre saloon (1935—1948)
• Jaguar 3½ Litre saloon (1937—1948)
• Jaguar Mark V (1948—1951)
• Jaguar Mark VII (& VIIM) (1951—1957)
• Jaguar Mark VIII (1957—1959)
• Jaguar Mark IX (1959—1961)
• Jaguar Mark X (1961—1966)
• Jaguar 420G (1966—1970)
• Jaguar XJ6 Series 1, 2 & 3 (1968—1987)
• Jaguar XJ12 (1972—1992)
• Jaguar XJ6 (XJ40) (1986—1994)
• Jaguar XJ12 (XJ81) (1993—1994)
• Jaguar XJ6 & XJ12 (X300 & X301) (1995—1997)
• Jaguar XJ8 (X308) (1998—2003)
• Jaguar XJ (X350) (2004—2009)
• Jaguar XJ (X351) (2009—настоящее время)

Компактные седаны

• Jaguar 1½ Litre saloon (1935—1949)
• Jaguar Mark 1 (1955—1959)
• Jaguar Mark 2 (1959—1967)
• Jaguar S-type (1963—1968)
• Jaguar 420 (1966—1968)
• Jaguar 240 & 340 (1966—1968)
• Jaguar S-Type (1999—2008)
• Jaguar X-Type (2001—2009)
• Jaguar XF (2008—настоящее время)

Спортивные

• Jaguar XK120 (1948—1954)
• Jaguar XK140 (1954—1957)
• Jaguar XK150 (1957—1961)
• Jaguar E-Type (1961—1974)
• Jaguar XJ-S (1975—1996)
• Jaguar XJ220 (1992—1994)
• Jaguar XK8, Jaguar XKR (X100) (1996—2006)
• Jaguar XK, Jaguar XKR (X150) (2006—настоящее время)
• Jaguar F-Type (с 2013)

Гоночные

• Jaguar XK-120C (1951—1952), победитель 24 часа Ле-Мана^[16]
• Jaguar C-Type (1951—1953), победитель 24 часа Ле-Мана^[17]
• Jaguar D-Type (1954—1957), трёхкратный победитель 24 часа Ле-Мана^[18][19][20]
• Jaguar E-Type Lightweight (1963—1964)
• Jaguar XJR-5 до XJR-17 (1985—1992), двукратный победитель 24 часа Ле-Мана^[21][22], трёхкратный победитель World Sportscar Championship
• Jaguar XFR (2009)
• Jaguar XKR GT2 RSR (2010)
• Jaguar R1 (2000), гоночный автомобиль Формулы-1
• Jaguar R2 (2001), гоночный автомобиль Формулы-1
• Jaguar R3 (2001), гоночный автомобиль Формулы-1
• Jaguar R4 (2003), гоночный автомобиль Формулы-1
• Jaguar R5 (2004), гоночный автомобиль Формулы-1

Концепт-кары

• E1A — Первый прототип E-Type
• E2A — Второй прототип E-Type
• XJ13 (1966)
• Pirana (1967)
• XK180 (1998)
• F-Type (2000) — Родстер
• R-Coupé (2002) — 4-х местное купе класса «люкс», конкурент Bentley Continental GT
• Fuore XF 10 (2003)
• R-D6 (2003) — Компактное 4-х местное купе
• XK-RR — Высокомощная версия последнего поколения купе Jaguar XK
• XK-RS — Высокомощная версия последнего поколения кабриолета Jaguar XK
• Concept Eight (2004) — Суперлюкс версия длиннобазного Jaguar XJ
• C-XF (2007)
• C-X75 Concept (2010) — Суперкар
• XKR 75 (2010) — Суперкар
• B99 (Bertone 99) (2011)

Фотографии

• 

  Jaguar Mark X (1963)

• 

  Jaguar S-Type

• 

  Jaguar S-Type (Северная Америка) (2006 — 2008)

• 

  Jaguar XJ8

• 

  Jaguar XJ

См. также

	Jaguar на Викискладе?

• Land Rover

Примечания

Ссылки

• jaguar.ru — официальный сайт Jaguar
• jaguar.com — официальный сайт Jaguar  (англ.)

История этой классической английской автомобильной марки началась в сентябре 1922 года в городе Блэкпул, когда Уильям Лайонс и Уильям Уолмсли основали компанию по выпуску мотоциклетных колясок. Они продавались под маркой Swallow (с англ. «ласточка»), что соответствовало их изящной форме. Компания называлась Swallow Sidecar. К сожалению (а может, и к счастью), производство колясок оказалось невыгодным, и Swallow Sidecar занялись выпуском кузовов для популярного в то время недорогого автомобиля Austin Seven, а затем и сборкой автомашин на базе агрегатов Austin. Продукция молодой компании Swallow Sidecar сразу привлекла к себе внимание как красотой и изяществом, так и сравнительно низкой ценой — хотя автомобиль Austin с кузовом Swallow стоил несколько дороже оригинального, он оказался одной из самых дешевых «заказных» машин. Попутно компания выпускала также кузова для Fiat 509A, Morris Cowley и Wolsely Hornet.

Прототипы Е1А 1958 года и Е2А 1960 года положили начало серийному родстэру Jaguar E-Type, который поразил посетителей Женевского автосалона 1961 года. Двухместный Е-Type с обтекаемым кузовом на пространственной трубчатой раме, 3,8-литровым двигателем и независимой подвеской всех колес развивал максимальную скорость 240 км/ч. Эта модель принесла фирме Jaguar всемирную славу. Всего до 1975 года было выпущено более 75 тысяч E-Type. Получивший при рождении двигатель объемом 3,8 л мощностью 265 л.с., в процессе эволюции E-Type приобрел сначала 4,2-литровый, а потом и 5,3-литровый двигатель V12. Конец истории E-Type в 1975 году положил нефтяной кризис — 12-цилиндровые двигатели оказались слишком `прожорливыми`.

К сожалению, спортивной славы своих предшественников E-type не достиг, и в 1966 году был построен спортивный прототип XJ13 со среднерасположенным двенадцатицилиндровым двигателем и полностью алюминиевым кузовом.

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Ягуар (значения).

Jaguar (Ягуар^[4]) — бренд транснациональной автомобилестроительной компании Jaguar Land Rover. Штаб-квартира находится в пригороде Ковентри графства Уэст-Мидлендс. С 2008 года принадлежит индийской Tata Motors.^[5]

Компания Jaguar была основана в 1922 году сначала как Swallow Sidecar Company и производила мотоколяски. После Второй мировой войны название было изменено на «Jaguar», чтобы избежать неблагоприятного сочетания «SS». В 1966 году объединилась с компанией British Motor Corporation, которая стала называться British Motor Holdings (BMH), в 1968 объединилась с Leyland Motor Corporation и переименована в British Leyland. В 1975 году компания была национализирована.

«Ягуар» был отделён от British Leyland и вышел на Лондонскую фондовую биржу в 1984 году и до 1990 года его акции были составляющей индекса FTSE 100, пока автопроизводитель не был приобретён компанией Ford. В последнее время Jaguar производит автомобили для Премьер-министра Великобритании^[6], последней была предоставлена модель XJ в мае 2010, а также для королевы Елизаветы II и принца Чарльза. С 1987 года^[7] «Ягуары» разрабатываются в инженерном центре Jaguar Land Rover на заводе Утли в Ковентри и в Гэйдон центре в Уорикшире. Производятся на сборочном заводе Castle Bromwich в Бирмингеме, ожидается, что часть производства начнётся в Солихалле.

В сентябре 2013 анонсированы планы об открытии R&D центра в Уорикском университете в Ковентри, стоимостью 100 миллионов фунтов для создания нового поколения автомобильных технологий. Автопроизводитель заявил, что около 1000 учёных и инженеров будут работать над этим, и что конструирование начнётся в 2014 году.^[8]

История

Существование компании началось с 20-х годов XX века. В это время она была компанией Swallow Sidecar, и производила коляски для мотоциклов. Это не приносило особого дохода, после чего фирма сменила специализацию на производство комплектующих для Austin 7. После выполненного в 1927 году большого заказа доход позволил компании расширить своё производство и производить комплектующие моделей Fiat 509A, Morris Cowley, Wolseley Hornet, а затем стала сама проектировать и разрабатывать новые модели автомобилей.

В середине XX века компания сменила название на Jaguar, так как инициалы компании SS ассоциировались после войны с нацистским режимом. В это же время появился Jaguar Mk VII, в котором была увеличена мощность двигателя до 190 лошадиных сил. В 1950 году Jaguar начал сотрудничество с фирмой Daimler Motor Company (не путать с Daimler-Benz), которая выпускала автомобили, по классу близкие к Ягуарам. С 1960 года Daimler стала частью компании Jaguar. Сама компания, у которой начались трудности с продажами, в 1966 году начала сотрудничать и вошла в состав Бритиш Мотор. Начиная с этого времени модели Jaguar стали пользоваться все большей популярностью.

К 1960-м годам концерн Jaguar завоевывает американский рынок моделями Jaguar XK150 и XK150 Roadster с объёмом двигателя до 3,4 литра. С 1960-х по 1980-е года были выпущены серии спортивных моделей, а также седанов, которые продавались по высокой цене, но отличались повышенным качеством.

В конце 1960-х была выпущена модель Jaguar с модернизированным 6-цилиндровым двигателем. Через некоторое время, в начале 1970-х, начался выпуск Jaguar XJ12, с 12-цилиндровым двигателем, мощностью 311 лошадиных сил. С 1968 по 1983 годы были выпущены следующие модели: Jaguar XJ8 — седан, XJR 4.0 Supercharged, Jaguar XJ-C — купе, Jaguar XJ-S — на нём был впервые установлен двигатель AJ6. В 1988 году была выпущена новая модель, которая снова получила широкую известность — Jaguar XJ220, однако позднее он был изменен и показан в Токио на автомобильной выставке.

В конце 1980-х был открыт филиал компании Jaguar Sport, производивший спортивные модели автомобилей. Тогда же Jaguar становится отделением фирмы Ford. В конце 1990-х в Швейцарии на выставке была показана модель спортивного автомобиля в кузове «купе», а также кабриолет.

В 2000—2004 гг. автомобили марки Jaguar снова принимали участие в гонках Формула-1 в качестве команды «Ягуар», используя двигатели Cosworth. Специально для этого были выпущены автомобили модели F-Type Concept и Silverstone.

В 2019 году электрокару Jaguar I-Pace присудили награду «Автомобиль 2018 года в Европе». Также можно заметить, что этот приз компания получает впервые^[9].

В 2019 году компания анонсировала флагманский кроссовер J-Pace, основанный на новой, полностью алюминиевой платформе MLA, которую также планируется использовать в новом поколении внедорожника Range Rover. Автомобиль лишится механического полного привода — в движение заднюю ось будет приводить электромотор, переднюю — традиционный двигатель внутреннего сгорания^[10]. Выход автомобиля запланирован на 2021 год.

Собственники и руководство

Jaguar Cars полностью контролируется структурами индийской автомобилестроительной компании Tata Motors, входя в состав группы Jaguar Land Rover^[11].

Деятельность

Группе Jaguar Land Rover принадлежат три завода в Великобритании и один в Индии^[12][13]. В ближайшем будущем готовится открытие новых производств в Китае^[14] и Саудовской Аравии^[15].

Продажи в России

Продажи новых автомобилей через сеть официальных дилерских центров в России:

Год	S-Type	XF	XJ	XK	X-Type	Всего	Динамика
2006[16][17]	150	—	105	54	584	893	▲ 71 %
2007[18][19]	180	—	120	112	723	1135	▲ 27 %
2008[20][21]	32	826	124	123	584	1689	▲ 49 %
2009[22][23]	—	578	63	51	241	933	▼ 45 %
2010[24][25]	—	573	225	45	15	858	▼ 8 %
2011[26][27]	—	765	381	35	1	1182	▲ 38 %
2012[28][29]	—	1059	406	41	—	1506	▲ 27 %

Модельный ряд

Представительские седаны

• Jaguar 2½ Litre saloon (1935—1948)
• Jaguar 3½ Litre saloon (1937—1948)
• Jaguar Mark V (1948—1951)
• Jaguar Mark VII (& VIIM) (1951—1957)
• Jaguar Mark VIII (1957—1958)
• Jaguar Mark IX (1959—1961)
• Jaguar Mark X (1961—1966)
• Jaguar 420G (1966—1970)
• Jaguar XJ6 Series 1, 2 & 3 (1968—1987)
• Jaguar XJ12 (1972—1992)
• Jaguar XJ6 (XJ40) (1986—1994)
• Jaguar XJ12 (XJ81) (1993—1994)
• Jaguar XJ6 & XJ12 (X300 & X301) (1995—1997)
• Jaguar XJ8 (X308) (1998—2003)
• Jaguar XJ (X350) (2004—2009)
• Jaguar XJ (X351) (c 2009—2019)

Компактные седаны

• Jaguar 1½ Litre saloon (1935—1949)
• Jaguar Mark 1 (1955—1959)
• Jaguar Mark 2 (1959—1967)
• Jaguar S-type (1963—1968)
• Jaguar 420 (1966—1968)
• Jaguar 240 & 340 (1966—1968)
• Jaguar S-Type (1999—2008)
• Jaguar X-Type (2001—2009)
• Jaguar XF (с 2008 года)
• Jaguar XE (с 2015 года)

Спортивные

• Jaguar XK120 (1948—1954)
• Jaguar XK140 (1954—1957)
• Jaguar XK150 (1957—1961)
• Jaguar E-Type (1961—1974)
• Jaguar XJ-S (1975—1996)
• Jaguar XJ220 (1992—1994)
• Jaguar XK8, Jaguar XKR (X100) (1996—2006)
• Jaguar XK, Jaguar XKR (X150) (2006—2014)
• Jaguar F-Type (с 2013 года)

Гоночные

• Jaguar XK-120C (1951—1952), победитель 24 часа Ле-Мана^[30]
• Jaguar C-Type (1951—1953), победитель 24 часа Ле-Мана^[31]
• Jaguar D-Type (1954—1957), трёхкратный победитель 24 часа Ле-Мана^[32][33][34]
• Jaguar E-Type Lightweight (1963—1964)
• Jaguar XJR-5 до XJR-17 (1985—1992), двукратный победитель 24 часа Ле-Мана^[35][36], трёхкратный победитель World Sportscar Championship
• Jaguar XFR (2009)
• Jaguar XKR GT2 RSR (2010)
• Jaguar R1 (2000), гоночный автомобиль Формулы-1
• Jaguar R2 (2001), гоночный автомобиль Формулы-1
• Jaguar R3 (2001), гоночный автомобиль Формулы-1
• Jaguar R4 (2003), гоночный автомобиль Формулы-1
• Jaguar R5 (2004), гоночный автомобиль Формулы-1

Кроссоверы

• Jaguar F-Pace (с 2016 года)
• Jaguar E-Pace (с 2018 года)
• Jaguar i-Pace (с 2018 года) Обладатель титула «Автомобиль года 2019» (COTY-2019)

Концепт-кары

• E1A — Первый прототип E-Type
• E2A — Второй прототип E-Type
• XJ13 (1966)
• Pirana (1967)
• XK180 (1998)
• F-Type (2000) — Родстер
• R-Coupé (2002) — 4-местное купе класса «люкс», конкурент Bentley Continental GT
• Fuore XF 10 (2003)
• R-D6 (2003) — Компактное 4-местное купе
• XK-RR — Высокомощная версия последнего поколения купе Jaguar XK
• XK-RS — Высокомощная версия последнего поколения кабриолета Jaguar XK
• Concept Eight (2004) — Суперлюкс версия длиннобазного Jaguar XJ
• C-X17 (2013) — кроссовер
• C-XF (2007)
• C-X75 Concept (2010) — Суперкар
• XKR 75 (2010) — Суперкар
• B99 (Bertone 99) (2011)

Галерея

• 

  Jaguar Mark X (1963)

• 

  Jaguar S-Type

• 

  Jaguar S-Type (Северная Америка) (2006—2008)

• 

  Jaguar XJ8

• 

• 

См. также

• Land Rover

Примечания

Ссылки

• jaguar.com — официальный сайт Jaguar (англ.)
• Официальный сайт Jaguar в России
• «W.C.E - Jaguar Evolution (1935 - 2018)» (англ.) на YouTube

Эта страница в последний раз была отредактирована 7 декабря 2022 в 18:42.

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