Cover of a 2018 Michelin Guide
The Michelin Guides (French: Guide Michelin [ɡid miʃlɛ̃]) are a series of guide books that have been published by the French tyre company Michelin since 1900. The Guide awards up to three Michelin stars for excellence to a select few establishments. The acquisition or loss of a star or stars can have dramatic effects on the success of a restaurant. Michelin also publishes the Green Guides, a series of general guides to cities, regions, and countries.
History[edit]
In 1900, there were fewer than 3,000 cars on the roads of France. To increase the demand for cars and, accordingly, car tyres, car tyre manufacturers and brothers Édouard and André Michelin published a guide for French motorists, the Michelin Guide.[1] Nearly 35,000 copies of this first, free edition of the guide were distributed. It provided information to motorists, such as maps, tyre repair and replacement instructions, car mechanics listings, hotels, and petrol stations throughout France.
In 1904, the brothers published a guide for Belgium similar to the Michelin Guide.[2] Michelin subsequently introduced guides for Algeria and Tunisia (1907); the Alps and the Rhine (northern Italy, Switzerland, Bavaria, and the Netherlands) (1908); Germany, Spain, and Portugal (1910); the British Isles (1911); and «The Countries of the Sun» (Les Pays du Soleil) (Northern Africa, Southern Italy and Corsica) (1911). In 1909, an English-language version of the guide to France was published.[3]
During World War I, publication of the guide was suspended. After the war, revised editions of the guide continued to be given away until 1920. It is said that André Michelin, whilst visiting a tyre merchant, noticed copies of the guide being used to prop up a workbench. Based on the principle that «man only truly respects what he pays for», Michelin decided to charge a price for the guide, which was about 750 francs or $2.15 in 1922.[4] They also made several changes, notably listing restaurants by specific categories, adding hotel listings (initially only for Paris), and removing advertisements in the guide.[2] Recognizing the growing popularity of the restaurant section of the guide, the brothers recruited a team of inspectors to visit and review restaurants, who were always anonymous.[5]
Following the usage of the Murray’s and Baedeker guides, the guide began to award stars for fine dining establishments in 1926. Initially, there was only a single star awarded. Then, in 1931, the hierarchy of zero, one, two, and three stars was introduced. Finally, in 1936, the criteria for the starred rankings were published:[2]
In 1931 the cover of the guide was changed from blue to red and has remained so in all subsequent editions.[5] During World War II, publication was again suspended. In 1944, at the request of the Allied Forces, the 1939 guide to France was specially reprinted for military use; its maps were judged the best and most up-to-date available. Publication of the annual guide resumed on 16 May 1945, a week after VE Day.[2]
In the early post-war years, the lingering effects of wartime shortages led Michelin to impose an upper limit of two stars; by 1950 the French edition listed 38 establishments judged to meet this standard.[6] The first Michelin Guide to Italy was published in 1956. It awarded no stars in the first edition. In 1974, the first guide to Britain since 1931 was published. Twenty-five stars were awarded.[7]
In 2005, Michelin published its first American guide, covering 500 restaurants in the five boroughs of New York City and 50 hotels in Manhattan. In 2007, a Tokyo Michelin Guide was launched. In the same year, the guide introduced a magazine, Étoile. In 2008, a Hong Kong and Macau volume was added.[2] As of 2013, the guide is published in 14 editions covering 23 countries.[2]
In 2008, German restaurateur Juliane Caspar was appointed editor-in-chief of the French edition of the guide. She had previously been responsible for the Michelin guides to Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. She became the first woman and first non-French national to occupy the French position. The German newspaper Die Welt commented on the appointment, «In view of the fact German cuisine is regarded as a lethal weapon in most parts of France, this decision is like Mercedes announcing that its new director of product development is a Martian.»[8][9]
The first Canadian guide, which is to be debuted in Toronto, is expected to be published in the fall of 2022.[10]
The guide announced its first list of restaurants in the state of Florida on 9 June 2022, after striking a deal the year prior with tourism boards in the state.[11][12] The guide gave out a single two-star ranking and fourteen one-star rankings, as well as 29 Bib Gourmands.[13][14]
Methods and layout[edit]
Dishes made by Michelin-starred restaurants
Red Guides have historically listed many more restaurants than rival guides, relying on an extensive system of symbols to describe each one in as little as two lines. Reviews of starred restaurants also include two to three culinary specialties. Short summaries (2–3 lines) were added in 2002/2003 to enhance descriptions of many establishments. These summaries are written in the language of the country for which the guide is published (though the Spain and Portugal volume is in Spanish only) but the symbols are the same throughout all editions.[15]
Stars[edit]
Michelin reviewers (commonly called «inspectors») are anonymous; they do not identify themselves, and their meals and expenses are paid for by Michelin, never by a restaurant being reviewed:
Michelin has gone to extraordinary lengths to maintain the anonymity of its inspectors. Many of the company’s top executives have never met an inspector; inspectors themselves are advised not to disclose their line of work, even to their parents (who might be tempted to boast about it); and, in all the years that it has been putting out the guide, Michelin has refused to allow its inspectors to speak to journalists. The inspectors write reports that are distilled, in annual «stars meetings» at the guide’s various national offices, into the ranking of three stars, two stars, or one star—or no stars. (Establishments that Michelin deems unworthy of a visit are not included in the guide.)[16]
The French chef Paul Bocuse, one of the pioneers of nouvelle cuisine in the 1960s, said, «Michelin is the only guide that counts.»[17] In France, when the guide is published each year, it sparks a media frenzy which has been compared to that for annual Academy Awards for films.[16] Media and others debate likely winners, speculation is rife, and TV and newspapers discuss which restaurant might lose, and who might gain a Michelin star.[18][19][20][21]
The Michelin Guide also awards «Rising Stars», an indication that a restaurant has the potential to qualify for a star, or an additional star.
Green stars[edit]
In 2020, the Michelin Guide launched a sustainability emblem to symbolise excellence in sustainable gastronomy.[22] An establishment awarded this green star is given space on the Guide’s website for the chef to describe the restaurant’s vision.[22]
Bib Gourmand[edit]
Since 1955, the guide has also highlighted restaurants offering «exceptionally good food at moderate prices», a feature now called «Bib Gourmand«. They must offer menu items priced below a maximum determined by local economic standards. Bib (Bibendum) is the company’s nickname for the Michelin Man, its corporate logo for over a century.
-
A menu course from a Michelin-rated restaurant in Helsinki, Finland
-
A course in a Michelin-starred restaurant in Geneva, Switzerland
-
A course in a Michelin-starred restaurant in Tokyo, Japan
-
A course in a Michelin-starred restaurant in Los Angeles, United States
The Plate[edit]
In 2016, a new symbol, the Plate, was added to recognise restaurants that «simply serve good food».[23]
Guides[edit]
For each country/combination of countries[edit]
Country/Region[24] | Release date | Total | Bib Gourmand | Establishments | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
France | 2020 Edition[25] | 29 | 86 | 513 | 628 | 645 (€32, €36 in Paris area)[26] |
over 3,222 hotels and guest houses, 4,362 restaurants |
Belgium and Luxembourg | 2021 Edition[27] | 2 | 24 | 111 | 137 | 140 (€35 or less) | over 700 hotels and guest houses, 1,100 restaurants |
Germany | 2021 Edition[28] | 10 | 38 | 261 | 309 | 471 (€35 or less) |
over 4,200 hotels and guest houses, 2,100 restaurants, 4,287 hotels |
Great Britain and Ireland | 2022 Edition[29] | 8 | 22 | 164 | 194 | 122 (£28 or €40) |
1,284 restaurants |
Italy | 2020 Edition[30] | 14 | 40 | 328 | 374 | 257 (€35) | over 3,700 hotels and guest houses, 2,700 restaurants |
Japan | 2022 Edition[31] | 21 | 72 | 321 | 414 | 441 [32] |
|
Malaysia | 2023 Edition[33] | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 32[34] | |
Netherlands | 2020 Edition[35] | 2 | 17 | 92 | 111 | 133 (€39)[36] |
over 600 hotels and guest houses, 700 restaurants |
Nordic Countries | 2019 Edition[37] | 3 | 10 | 51 | 64 | 168 (€35) |
266 restaurants |
Spain and Portugal | 2020 Edition[38][39] | 11 | 36 | 194 | 241 | 253 (€35 or less) |
over 1,775 hotels and guest houses, 1,549 restaurants, 130 tapas bars |
Switzerland | 2019 Edition[40] | 3 | 20 | 105 | 128 | 157 (CHF70 or less)[41] |
458 hotels and guest houses, 777 restaurants |
United States | 2022 Edition[42] | 14 | 33 | 176 | 223 | 380 ($49 or less)[43] |
Regions and cities[edit]
City[24] | Release date | Bib Gourmand | Establishments | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paris | 2012 Edition[44] | 10 | 17 | 50 | 70 (€35) | 60 hotels, 453 restaurants[45] |
Bangkok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Chang mai, Phuket, Phang-nga | 2020 Edition[46] | 0 | 6 | 26 | 133 (฿1,000) |
361 restaurants, 22 hotels |
Beijing | 2021 Edition[47] | 2 | 2 | 26 | 17 | |
Chengdu | 2022 Edition[48] | 0 | 1 | 8 | 13 | |
Chicago | 2022 Edition[49] | 1 | 4 | 18 | 54 ($40)[50] | 400 restaurants[51] |
California [Note 1] | 2022 Edition[52] | 7 | 12 | 70 | 141 | |
Florida | 2022 Edition[13] | 0 | 1 | 14 | 29 ($49) | 118 restaurants |
Guangzhou | 2021 Edition[53] | 0 | 3 | 14 | 33 (¥200 or less) | |
Hong Kong and Macau | 2019 Edition[54] | 10 | 17 | 55 | 80 (HK$350 or MOP$350) | 297 restaurants, 61 hotels[55] |
Istanbul | 2022 Edition[56] | 0 | 1 | 4 | 10 (TL300) | 53 restaurants, 30 hotels[57] |
Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Nara | 2012 Edition[58] | 15 | 61 | 224 | 40 (coins, ¥5000)[59] |
296 restaurants, 48 hotels, 41 ryokans |
Kuala Lumpur | 2023 Edition[33] | 0 | 0 | 2 | 15[34] | |
Las Vegas (suspended) | 21 October 2008[60] | 1 | 3 | 13 | 127 restaurants, 30 hotels (2007) | |
London | 2012 Edition[61] | 2 | 7 | 46 | 45 (£28) | 450 restaurants, 50 hotels |
Main Cities of Europe | 17 March 2010[62] | 15 | 55 | 271 | 231 | 1,715 restaurants, 1,542 hotels |
Moscow | 2021 Edition[63] | 0 | 2 | 7 | 15 | |
New York City | 2022 Edition[64] | 5 | 12 | 55 | 105 ($49) | |
Penang | 2023 Edition[33] | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17[34] | |
Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo | 2018 edition[65] | 0 | 3 | 15 | 33 (R$ 90)[66] | |
Seoul | 2020 Edition[67] | 2 | 7 | 22 | 60 (₩35,000 or less)[68] | 174 restaurants, 36 hotels |
Shanghai | 2022 Edition[69] | 2 | 8 | 37 | 20 (¥300 or less)[70] | TBC |
Singapore | 2017 Edition[71][72] | 1 | 7 | 30 | 38 (S$45) | TBC |
Taipei and Taichung | 2021 Edition[73] | 1 | 8 | 25 | 91 (NT$1,500 or less) | |
Tokyo, Yokohama and Shonan |
2012 Edition[74] | 17 | 57 | 219 | 95 (coins, ¥5000)[75] |
292 restaurants, 54 hotels and 10 ryokans |
Washington, D.C. | 2017 Edition[76] | 1 | 2 | 15 | 44 ($40)[77] |
182 restaurants |
Non-restaurant food[edit]
In 2014, Michelin introduced a separate listing for gastropubs in Ireland.[78] In 2016, the Michelin Guide for Hong Kong and Macau introduced an overview of notable street-food establishments.[79][80] In the same year, the Singapore guide introduced the first Michelin stars for street-food locations, for Hong Kong Soya Sauce Chicken Rice and Noodle and Hill Street Tai Hwa Pork Noodle.[81]
Other ratings[edit]
Michelin Guide «fork and spoon» red designation at Miodova Restaurant, Kraków, Poland, for 2017 and 2018
All listed restaurants, regardless of their star, Bib Gourmand, or Plate status, also receive a «fork and spoon» designation, as a subjective reflection of the overall comfort and quality of the restaurant.[82] Rankings range from one to five: one fork and spoon represents a «comfortable restaurant» and five signifies a «luxurious restaurant».
Forks and spoons colored red designate a restaurant that is considered «pleasant» as well.
Restaurants, independently of their other ratings in the guide, can also receive a number of other symbols next to their listing:
- Coins indicate restaurants that serve a menu for a certain price or less, depending on the local monetary standard.[82] In 2010 France, 2011 US and Japan Red Guides, the maximum permitted «coin» prices were €19, $25, and ¥5000, respectively.
- Interesting view or Magnificent view, designated by a black or red symbol, are given to restaurants offering those features.
- Grapes, a sake set, or a cocktail glass indicate restaurants that offer, at minimum, a «somewhat interesting» selection of wines, sake, or cocktails, respectively.[82]
Green Guides[edit]
The Michelin Green Guides review and rate attractions other than restaurants. There is a Green Guide for France as a whole, and a more detailed one for each of ten regions within France. Other Green Guides cover many countries, regions, and cities outside France. Many Green Guides are published in several languages. They include background information and an alphabetical section describing points of interest. Like the Red Guides, they use a three-star system for recommending sites, ranging from «worth a trip» to «worth a detour», and «interesting».[citation needed]
Controversies[edit]
Allegations of lax inspection standards and bias[edit]
Pascal Rémy, a veteran France-based Michelin inspector, and also a former Gault Millau employee, wrote a tell-all book published in 2004 entitled L’Inspecteur se met à table (literally, «The Inspector Sits Down at the Table»; idiomatically, «The Inspector Spills the Beans», or «The Inspector Lays It All on the Table»). Rémy’s employment was terminated in December 2003 when he informed Michelin of his plans to publish his book.[83] He brought a court case for unfair dismissal, which was unsuccessful.[84]
Rémy described the French Michelin inspector’s life as lonely, underpaid drudgery, driving around France for weeks on end, dining alone, under intense pressure to file detailed reports on strict deadlines. He maintained that the guide had become lax in its standards. Though Michelin states that its inspectors visited all 4,000 reviewed restaurants in France every 18 months, and all starred restaurants several times a year, Rémy said only about one visit every 3+1⁄2 years was possible because there were only 11 inspectors in France when he was hired, rather than the 50 or more hinted by Michelin. That number, he said, had shrunk to five by the time he was fired in December 2003.[83]
Rémy also accused the guide of favouritism. He alleged that Michelin treated famous and influential chefs, such as Paul Bocuse and Alain Ducasse, as «untouchable» and not subject to the same rigorous standards as lesser-known chefs.[83] Michelin denied Rémy’s charges, but refused to say how many inspectors it actually employed in France. In response to Rémy’s statement that certain three-star chefs were sacrosanct, Michelin said, «There would be little sense in saying a restaurant was worth three stars if it weren’t true, if for no other reason than that the customer would write and tell us.»[85]
Allegations of prejudice favouring French cuisine[edit]
Some non-French food critics have alleged that the rating system is biased in favour of French cuisine or French dining standards. The UK The Guardian commented in 1997 that «some people maintain the guide’s principal purpose is as a tool of Gallic cultural imperialism».[86] When Michelin published its first New York City Red Guide in 2005 Steven Kurutz of The New York Times noted that Danny Meyer’s Union Square Cafe, a restaurant rated highly by The New York Times, Zagat Survey, and other prominent guides, received a no-star rating from Michelin (he did, however, acknowledge that the restaurant received positive mention for its ambiance, and that two other restaurants owned by Meyer received stars). Kurutz also said the guide appeared to favour restaurants that «emphasized formality and presentation» rather than a «casual approach to fine dining». He said over half of the restaurants that received one or two stars «could be considered French».[87] The Michelin Guide New York 2007 included 526 restaurants, compared to 2,014 in Zagat New York 2007; after The Four Seasons Restaurant received no stars in that edition, co-owner Julian Niccolini said Michelin «should stay in France, and they should keep their guide there».[88] The 2007 guide does, however, include menus, recipes, and photographs, and descriptions of the atmosphere of starred restaurants.[88]
Allegations of leniency with stars for Japanese cuisine[edit]
In 2007 Tokyo’s restaurants were awarded with the most stars and in 2010 other Japanese cities like Kyoto and Osaka also received many stars. At the time this sparked questions from some over whether these high ratings were merited for Japanese restaurants, or whether the Michelin guide was too generous in giving out stars to gain an acceptance with Japanese customers and to enable the tyre-selling parent company to market itself in Japan. But the discrepancy is easily explained by the number of restaurants in total: Tokyo has 160,000 restaurants while Paris, for example, has just 40,000.[89][90] The Wall Street Journal reported in 2010 that some Japanese chefs were surprised at receiving a star and were reluctant to accept one because the publicity caused an unmanageable jump in booking, affecting their ability to serve their traditional customers without lowering their quality.[91]
Unwanted stars[edit]
Some restaurateurs have asked Michelin to revoke a star, because they felt that it created undesirable customer expectations or pressure to spend more on service and decor.[92] Notable cases include:
- Casa Julio (Fontanars dels Alforins, Spain): After receiving a star for a perfumed cuisine in 2009, the restaurant chef Julio Biosca felt the award was granted to dishes that he did not like and which restricted his creativity. He tried to remove his star, and in December 2013 he discontinued his tasting menu. The removal took place in the 2015 guide.[93][94]
- Petersham Nurseries Café (London): After receiving a star in 2011, founder and chef Skye Gyngell received complaints from customers expecting formal dining, leading to her attempt to remove the star, and her subsequent retirement from the restaurant. She has since said she regrets her remarks and would welcome a star.[93][95][96]
- ‘t Huis van Lede (Belgium): After receiving a star in 2014, chef Frederick Dhooge said he did not want his Michelin star or his points in the Gault-Millau restaurant guide because some customers were not interested in simple food from a Michelin-starred restaurant.[97]
Mistakes[edit]
- In 2017, the Bouche à Oreille café in Bourges was accidentally given a star when it was confused with a restaurant of the same name in Boutervilliers, near Paris.[98][99]
See also[edit]
- List of female chefs with Michelin stars
- The World’s 50 Best Restaurants
Notes[edit]
- ^ Beginning in 2019, Los Angeles and San Francisco areas were no longer separate publications and one guide was issued for the entire state of California.
References[edit]
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- ^ «Taipei & Taichung Michelin Restaurants — the Michelin Guide». guide.michelin.com.
- ^ «Les publications Michelin pour les investisseurs institutionnels» (PDF). michelin.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ (in Japanese) «「ミシュランガイド東京・横浜・鎌倉2011」を発行 三つ星が14軒、二つ星が54軒、一つ星が198軒に» Archived 29 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Michelin Japan, 24 November 2010.
- ^ Judkis, Maura (31 May 2016). «D.C.’s food scene gets a prestigious boost: Michelin inspection (and stars)» – via www.washingtonpost.com.
- ^ «Michelin Accidentally Leaks Its List of 2020 DC Bib Gourmand Awards Early» Archived 7 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Washingtonian, 23 September 2019.
- ^ «Four Clare pubs listed in 2014 Michelin Guide». Clare Champion. 19 May 2014. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ Callaghan, Adam H. (5 November 2015). «Michelin Recognizes Street Food for the First Time in Its Hong Kong Guide». Eater. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ «Michelin includes street food for first time in Hong Kong guide». The Guardian. 5 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ Kim, Soo (25 July 2016). «Singapore street food stalls get Michelin stars». The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ a b c How to Use This Guide Archived 3 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Michelin, accessed 20 May 2013
- ^ a b c Sage, Adam. «J’Accuse: Michelin cooks the books», The Times, 31 May 2004
- ^ Henley, John. «Michelin bean-spiller loses court battle», The Guardian, 15 December 2004
- ^ «Michelin Man Jolts French Food World» Archived 1 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 25 February 2004
- ^ «Pass Notes», The Guardian, 23 January 1997, p. A3
- ^ Kurutz, Steven. «She’s a Belle of the City, but the French are Blasé» Archived 27 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 13 November 2005
- ^ a b Ferguson, Priscilla Parkhurst (1 February 2008). «Michelin in America». Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies. 8 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1525/gfc.2008.8.1.49. ISSN 1529-3262.
- ^ Robinson, Gwen. «Michelin serves up stars and stirs envy in Japan» Archived 13 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, The Financial Times, 14 October 2009; and Robinson, Gwen. «Michelin sprinkles stars on Tokyo» Archived 8 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, The Financial Times, 19 November 2007
- ^ «Tokyo ‘world’s best place to eat’«. BBC. 17 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
- ^ Sanchanta, Mariko, Katy Mclaughlin and Max Colchester. «Michelin Stars Draw Shots» Archived 10 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Wall Street Journal, 25 October 2010
- ^ Gergaud, Olivier; Storchmann, Karl; Verardi, Vincenzo (22 May 2012). «Expert Opinion and Quality Perception of Consumers: Evidence from New York City Restaurants». doi:10.2139/ssrn.2064554. SSRN 2064554.
- ^ a b Mount, Ian (11 December 2014). «The curse of the Michelin-star restaurant rating». Fortune. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ «The chef who gave up his Michelin star». El País. 2 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ «Skye Gyngell: curse of the Michelin star has driven me out of the kitchen». The Daily Telegraph. 21 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ «摘星變詛咒 難耐食客投訴不絕 女廚棄米芝蓮榮耀 — 蘋果日報 — 兩岸國際 — 20120222». Apple Daily 蘋果日報. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ Dixler, Hillary (13 March 2014). «Chef in Belgium Gives Back His Michelin Star». Eater. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ «Workmen’s cafe overwhelmed with customers after it is accidentally awarded a Michelin star». The Daily Telegraph. 18 February 2017. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
- ^ «Quand un bistrot de quartier reçoit par erreur une étoile au Michelin». Konbini. 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Published in the 20th century[edit]
- Michelin Guide to the British Isles, London: Michelin Tyre Company, 1913, OL 14022740M (+ List of excursions)
- Amiens before and during the war, Clermont-Ferrand: Michelin and Cie, 1919, OCLC 887914, OL 13521961M
- Michelin Guide to the Battlefields of the World War, Milltown, N.J.: Michelin, 1919, OL 24432211M
- Strasbourg (in French), Clermont-Ferrand: Michelin & Cie, 1919, OL 24638163M
- St. Quentin-Cambrai (in French), Clermont-Ferrand: Michelin & cie, 1921, OL 24786012M
Published in the 21st century[edit]
- Trois étoiles au Michelin: Une histoire de la haute gastronomie française et européenne, by Jean-François Mesplède and Alain Ducasse, 2004. ISBN 2-7000-2468-0. Follows the 60-odd chefs who have been awarded three stars.
- The Perfectionist: Life and Death in Haute Cuisine, by Rudolph Chelminski, 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-102193-5. The story of Bernard Loiseau.
- From behind the wall: Danish Newspaper Berlingske Employee ‘Awards’
External links[edit]
- Michelin Guide
- Vía Michelin
- Michelin Travel Guides
- Ogushi’s 3 Stars Restaurants List of France (Past & Now)
Cover of a 2018 Michelin Guide
The Michelin Guides (French: Guide Michelin [ɡid miʃlɛ̃]) are a series of guide books that have been published by the French tyre company Michelin since 1900. The Guide awards up to three Michelin stars for excellence to a select few establishments. The acquisition or loss of a star or stars can have dramatic effects on the success of a restaurant. Michelin also publishes the Green Guides, a series of general guides to cities, regions, and countries.
History[edit]
In 1900, there were fewer than 3,000 cars on the roads of France. To increase the demand for cars and, accordingly, car tyres, car tyre manufacturers and brothers Édouard and André Michelin published a guide for French motorists, the Michelin Guide.[1] Nearly 35,000 copies of this first, free edition of the guide were distributed. It provided information to motorists, such as maps, tyre repair and replacement instructions, car mechanics listings, hotels, and petrol stations throughout France.
In 1904, the brothers published a guide for Belgium similar to the Michelin Guide.[2] Michelin subsequently introduced guides for Algeria and Tunisia (1907); the Alps and the Rhine (northern Italy, Switzerland, Bavaria, and the Netherlands) (1908); Germany, Spain, and Portugal (1910); the British Isles (1911); and «The Countries of the Sun» (Les Pays du Soleil) (Northern Africa, Southern Italy and Corsica) (1911). In 1909, an English-language version of the guide to France was published.[3]
During World War I, publication of the guide was suspended. After the war, revised editions of the guide continued to be given away until 1920. It is said that André Michelin, whilst visiting a tyre merchant, noticed copies of the guide being used to prop up a workbench. Based on the principle that «man only truly respects what he pays for», Michelin decided to charge a price for the guide, which was about 750 francs or $2.15 in 1922.[4] They also made several changes, notably listing restaurants by specific categories, adding hotel listings (initially only for Paris), and removing advertisements in the guide.[2] Recognizing the growing popularity of the restaurant section of the guide, the brothers recruited a team of inspectors to visit and review restaurants, who were always anonymous.[5]
Following the usage of the Murray’s and Baedeker guides, the guide began to award stars for fine dining establishments in 1926. Initially, there was only a single star awarded. Then, in 1931, the hierarchy of zero, one, two, and three stars was introduced. Finally, in 1936, the criteria for the starred rankings were published:[2]
In 1931 the cover of the guide was changed from blue to red and has remained so in all subsequent editions.[5] During World War II, publication was again suspended. In 1944, at the request of the Allied Forces, the 1939 guide to France was specially reprinted for military use; its maps were judged the best and most up-to-date available. Publication of the annual guide resumed on 16 May 1945, a week after VE Day.[2]
In the early post-war years, the lingering effects of wartime shortages led Michelin to impose an upper limit of two stars; by 1950 the French edition listed 38 establishments judged to meet this standard.[6] The first Michelin Guide to Italy was published in 1956. It awarded no stars in the first edition. In 1974, the first guide to Britain since 1931 was published. Twenty-five stars were awarded.[7]
In 2005, Michelin published its first American guide, covering 500 restaurants in the five boroughs of New York City and 50 hotels in Manhattan. In 2007, a Tokyo Michelin Guide was launched. In the same year, the guide introduced a magazine, Étoile. In 2008, a Hong Kong and Macau volume was added.[2] As of 2013, the guide is published in 14 editions covering 23 countries.[2]
In 2008, German restaurateur Juliane Caspar was appointed editor-in-chief of the French edition of the guide. She had previously been responsible for the Michelin guides to Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. She became the first woman and first non-French national to occupy the French position. The German newspaper Die Welt commented on the appointment, «In view of the fact German cuisine is regarded as a lethal weapon in most parts of France, this decision is like Mercedes announcing that its new director of product development is a Martian.»[8][9]
The first Canadian guide, which is to be debuted in Toronto, is expected to be published in the fall of 2022.[10]
The guide announced its first list of restaurants in the state of Florida on 9 June 2022, after striking a deal the year prior with tourism boards in the state.[11][12] The guide gave out a single two-star ranking and fourteen one-star rankings, as well as 29 Bib Gourmands.[13][14]
Methods and layout[edit]
Dishes made by Michelin-starred restaurants
Red Guides have historically listed many more restaurants than rival guides, relying on an extensive system of symbols to describe each one in as little as two lines. Reviews of starred restaurants also include two to three culinary specialties. Short summaries (2–3 lines) were added in 2002/2003 to enhance descriptions of many establishments. These summaries are written in the language of the country for which the guide is published (though the Spain and Portugal volume is in Spanish only) but the symbols are the same throughout all editions.[15]
Stars[edit]
Michelin reviewers (commonly called «inspectors») are anonymous; they do not identify themselves, and their meals and expenses are paid for by Michelin, never by a restaurant being reviewed:
Michelin has gone to extraordinary lengths to maintain the anonymity of its inspectors. Many of the company’s top executives have never met an inspector; inspectors themselves are advised not to disclose their line of work, even to their parents (who might be tempted to boast about it); and, in all the years that it has been putting out the guide, Michelin has refused to allow its inspectors to speak to journalists. The inspectors write reports that are distilled, in annual «stars meetings» at the guide’s various national offices, into the ranking of three stars, two stars, or one star—or no stars. (Establishments that Michelin deems unworthy of a visit are not included in the guide.)[16]
The French chef Paul Bocuse, one of the pioneers of nouvelle cuisine in the 1960s, said, «Michelin is the only guide that counts.»[17] In France, when the guide is published each year, it sparks a media frenzy which has been compared to that for annual Academy Awards for films.[16] Media and others debate likely winners, speculation is rife, and TV and newspapers discuss which restaurant might lose, and who might gain a Michelin star.[18][19][20][21]
The Michelin Guide also awards «Rising Stars», an indication that a restaurant has the potential to qualify for a star, or an additional star.
Green stars[edit]
In 2020, the Michelin Guide launched a sustainability emblem to symbolise excellence in sustainable gastronomy.[22] An establishment awarded this green star is given space on the Guide’s website for the chef to describe the restaurant’s vision.[22]
Bib Gourmand[edit]
Since 1955, the guide has also highlighted restaurants offering «exceptionally good food at moderate prices», a feature now called «Bib Gourmand«. They must offer menu items priced below a maximum determined by local economic standards. Bib (Bibendum) is the company’s nickname for the Michelin Man, its corporate logo for over a century.
-
A menu course from a Michelin-rated restaurant in Helsinki, Finland
-
A course in a Michelin-starred restaurant in Geneva, Switzerland
-
A course in a Michelin-starred restaurant in Tokyo, Japan
-
A course in a Michelin-starred restaurant in Los Angeles, United States
The Plate[edit]
In 2016, a new symbol, the Plate, was added to recognise restaurants that «simply serve good food».[23]
Guides[edit]
For each country/combination of countries[edit]
Country/Region[24] | Release date | Total | Bib Gourmand | Establishments | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
France | 2020 Edition[25] | 29 | 86 | 513 | 628 | 645 (€32, €36 in Paris area)[26] |
over 3,222 hotels and guest houses, 4,362 restaurants |
Belgium and Luxembourg | 2021 Edition[27] | 2 | 24 | 111 | 137 | 140 (€35 or less) | over 700 hotels and guest houses, 1,100 restaurants |
Germany | 2021 Edition[28] | 10 | 38 | 261 | 309 | 471 (€35 or less) |
over 4,200 hotels and guest houses, 2,100 restaurants, 4,287 hotels |
Great Britain and Ireland | 2022 Edition[29] | 8 | 22 | 164 | 194 | 122 (£28 or €40) |
1,284 restaurants |
Italy | 2020 Edition[30] | 14 | 40 | 328 | 374 | 257 (€35) | over 3,700 hotels and guest houses, 2,700 restaurants |
Japan | 2022 Edition[31] | 21 | 72 | 321 | 414 | 441 [32] |
|
Malaysia | 2023 Edition[33] | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 32[34] | |
Netherlands | 2020 Edition[35] | 2 | 17 | 92 | 111 | 133 (€39)[36] |
over 600 hotels and guest houses, 700 restaurants |
Nordic Countries | 2019 Edition[37] | 3 | 10 | 51 | 64 | 168 (€35) |
266 restaurants |
Spain and Portugal | 2020 Edition[38][39] | 11 | 36 | 194 | 241 | 253 (€35 or less) |
over 1,775 hotels and guest houses, 1,549 restaurants, 130 tapas bars |
Switzerland | 2019 Edition[40] | 3 | 20 | 105 | 128 | 157 (CHF70 or less)[41] |
458 hotels and guest houses, 777 restaurants |
United States | 2022 Edition[42] | 14 | 33 | 176 | 223 | 380 ($49 or less)[43] |
Regions and cities[edit]
City[24] | Release date | Bib Gourmand | Establishments | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paris | 2012 Edition[44] | 10 | 17 | 50 | 70 (€35) | 60 hotels, 453 restaurants[45] |
Bangkok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Chang mai, Phuket, Phang-nga | 2020 Edition[46] | 0 | 6 | 26 | 133 (฿1,000) |
361 restaurants, 22 hotels |
Beijing | 2021 Edition[47] | 2 | 2 | 26 | 17 | |
Chengdu | 2022 Edition[48] | 0 | 1 | 8 | 13 | |
Chicago | 2022 Edition[49] | 1 | 4 | 18 | 54 ($40)[50] | 400 restaurants[51] |
California [Note 1] | 2022 Edition[52] | 7 | 12 | 70 | 141 | |
Florida | 2022 Edition[13] | 0 | 1 | 14 | 29 ($49) | 118 restaurants |
Guangzhou | 2021 Edition[53] | 0 | 3 | 14 | 33 (¥200 or less) | |
Hong Kong and Macau | 2019 Edition[54] | 10 | 17 | 55 | 80 (HK$350 or MOP$350) | 297 restaurants, 61 hotels[55] |
Istanbul | 2022 Edition[56] | 0 | 1 | 4 | 10 (TL300) | 53 restaurants, 30 hotels[57] |
Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Nara | 2012 Edition[58] | 15 | 61 | 224 | 40 (coins, ¥5000)[59] |
296 restaurants, 48 hotels, 41 ryokans |
Kuala Lumpur | 2023 Edition[33] | 0 | 0 | 2 | 15[34] | |
Las Vegas (suspended) | 21 October 2008[60] | 1 | 3 | 13 | 127 restaurants, 30 hotels (2007) | |
London | 2012 Edition[61] | 2 | 7 | 46 | 45 (£28) | 450 restaurants, 50 hotels |
Main Cities of Europe | 17 March 2010[62] | 15 | 55 | 271 | 231 | 1,715 restaurants, 1,542 hotels |
Moscow | 2021 Edition[63] | 0 | 2 | 7 | 15 | |
New York City | 2022 Edition[64] | 5 | 12 | 55 | 105 ($49) | |
Penang | 2023 Edition[33] | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17[34] | |
Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo | 2018 edition[65] | 0 | 3 | 15 | 33 (R$ 90)[66] | |
Seoul | 2020 Edition[67] | 2 | 7 | 22 | 60 (₩35,000 or less)[68] | 174 restaurants, 36 hotels |
Shanghai | 2022 Edition[69] | 2 | 8 | 37 | 20 (¥300 or less)[70] | TBC |
Singapore | 2017 Edition[71][72] | 1 | 7 | 30 | 38 (S$45) | TBC |
Taipei and Taichung | 2021 Edition[73] | 1 | 8 | 25 | 91 (NT$1,500 or less) | |
Tokyo, Yokohama and Shonan |
2012 Edition[74] | 17 | 57 | 219 | 95 (coins, ¥5000)[75] |
292 restaurants, 54 hotels and 10 ryokans |
Washington, D.C. | 2017 Edition[76] | 1 | 2 | 15 | 44 ($40)[77] |
182 restaurants |
Non-restaurant food[edit]
In 2014, Michelin introduced a separate listing for gastropubs in Ireland.[78] In 2016, the Michelin Guide for Hong Kong and Macau introduced an overview of notable street-food establishments.[79][80] In the same year, the Singapore guide introduced the first Michelin stars for street-food locations, for Hong Kong Soya Sauce Chicken Rice and Noodle and Hill Street Tai Hwa Pork Noodle.[81]
Other ratings[edit]
Michelin Guide «fork and spoon» red designation at Miodova Restaurant, Kraków, Poland, for 2017 and 2018
All listed restaurants, regardless of their star, Bib Gourmand, or Plate status, also receive a «fork and spoon» designation, as a subjective reflection of the overall comfort and quality of the restaurant.[82] Rankings range from one to five: one fork and spoon represents a «comfortable restaurant» and five signifies a «luxurious restaurant».
Forks and spoons colored red designate a restaurant that is considered «pleasant» as well.
Restaurants, independently of their other ratings in the guide, can also receive a number of other symbols next to their listing:
- Coins indicate restaurants that serve a menu for a certain price or less, depending on the local monetary standard.[82] In 2010 France, 2011 US and Japan Red Guides, the maximum permitted «coin» prices were €19, $25, and ¥5000, respectively.
- Interesting view or Magnificent view, designated by a black or red symbol, are given to restaurants offering those features.
- Grapes, a sake set, or a cocktail glass indicate restaurants that offer, at minimum, a «somewhat interesting» selection of wines, sake, or cocktails, respectively.[82]
Green Guides[edit]
The Michelin Green Guides review and rate attractions other than restaurants. There is a Green Guide for France as a whole, and a more detailed one for each of ten regions within France. Other Green Guides cover many countries, regions, and cities outside France. Many Green Guides are published in several languages. They include background information and an alphabetical section describing points of interest. Like the Red Guides, they use a three-star system for recommending sites, ranging from «worth a trip» to «worth a detour», and «interesting».[citation needed]
Controversies[edit]
Allegations of lax inspection standards and bias[edit]
Pascal Rémy, a veteran France-based Michelin inspector, and also a former Gault Millau employee, wrote a tell-all book published in 2004 entitled L’Inspecteur se met à table (literally, «The Inspector Sits Down at the Table»; idiomatically, «The Inspector Spills the Beans», or «The Inspector Lays It All on the Table»). Rémy’s employment was terminated in December 2003 when he informed Michelin of his plans to publish his book.[83] He brought a court case for unfair dismissal, which was unsuccessful.[84]
Rémy described the French Michelin inspector’s life as lonely, underpaid drudgery, driving around France for weeks on end, dining alone, under intense pressure to file detailed reports on strict deadlines. He maintained that the guide had become lax in its standards. Though Michelin states that its inspectors visited all 4,000 reviewed restaurants in France every 18 months, and all starred restaurants several times a year, Rémy said only about one visit every 3+1⁄2 years was possible because there were only 11 inspectors in France when he was hired, rather than the 50 or more hinted by Michelin. That number, he said, had shrunk to five by the time he was fired in December 2003.[83]
Rémy also accused the guide of favouritism. He alleged that Michelin treated famous and influential chefs, such as Paul Bocuse and Alain Ducasse, as «untouchable» and not subject to the same rigorous standards as lesser-known chefs.[83] Michelin denied Rémy’s charges, but refused to say how many inspectors it actually employed in France. In response to Rémy’s statement that certain three-star chefs were sacrosanct, Michelin said, «There would be little sense in saying a restaurant was worth three stars if it weren’t true, if for no other reason than that the customer would write and tell us.»[85]
Allegations of prejudice favouring French cuisine[edit]
Some non-French food critics have alleged that the rating system is biased in favour of French cuisine or French dining standards. The UK The Guardian commented in 1997 that «some people maintain the guide’s principal purpose is as a tool of Gallic cultural imperialism».[86] When Michelin published its first New York City Red Guide in 2005 Steven Kurutz of The New York Times noted that Danny Meyer’s Union Square Cafe, a restaurant rated highly by The New York Times, Zagat Survey, and other prominent guides, received a no-star rating from Michelin (he did, however, acknowledge that the restaurant received positive mention for its ambiance, and that two other restaurants owned by Meyer received stars). Kurutz also said the guide appeared to favour restaurants that «emphasized formality and presentation» rather than a «casual approach to fine dining». He said over half of the restaurants that received one or two stars «could be considered French».[87] The Michelin Guide New York 2007 included 526 restaurants, compared to 2,014 in Zagat New York 2007; after The Four Seasons Restaurant received no stars in that edition, co-owner Julian Niccolini said Michelin «should stay in France, and they should keep their guide there».[88] The 2007 guide does, however, include menus, recipes, and photographs, and descriptions of the atmosphere of starred restaurants.[88]
Allegations of leniency with stars for Japanese cuisine[edit]
In 2007 Tokyo’s restaurants were awarded with the most stars and in 2010 other Japanese cities like Kyoto and Osaka also received many stars. At the time this sparked questions from some over whether these high ratings were merited for Japanese restaurants, or whether the Michelin guide was too generous in giving out stars to gain an acceptance with Japanese customers and to enable the tyre-selling parent company to market itself in Japan. But the discrepancy is easily explained by the number of restaurants in total: Tokyo has 160,000 restaurants while Paris, for example, has just 40,000.[89][90] The Wall Street Journal reported in 2010 that some Japanese chefs were surprised at receiving a star and were reluctant to accept one because the publicity caused an unmanageable jump in booking, affecting their ability to serve their traditional customers without lowering their quality.[91]
Unwanted stars[edit]
Some restaurateurs have asked Michelin to revoke a star, because they felt that it created undesirable customer expectations or pressure to spend more on service and decor.[92] Notable cases include:
- Casa Julio (Fontanars dels Alforins, Spain): After receiving a star for a perfumed cuisine in 2009, the restaurant chef Julio Biosca felt the award was granted to dishes that he did not like and which restricted his creativity. He tried to remove his star, and in December 2013 he discontinued his tasting menu. The removal took place in the 2015 guide.[93][94]
- Petersham Nurseries Café (London): After receiving a star in 2011, founder and chef Skye Gyngell received complaints from customers expecting formal dining, leading to her attempt to remove the star, and her subsequent retirement from the restaurant. She has since said she regrets her remarks and would welcome a star.[93][95][96]
- ‘t Huis van Lede (Belgium): After receiving a star in 2014, chef Frederick Dhooge said he did not want his Michelin star or his points in the Gault-Millau restaurant guide because some customers were not interested in simple food from a Michelin-starred restaurant.[97]
Mistakes[edit]
- In 2017, the Bouche à Oreille café in Bourges was accidentally given a star when it was confused with a restaurant of the same name in Boutervilliers, near Paris.[98][99]
See also[edit]
- List of female chefs with Michelin stars
- The World’s 50 Best Restaurants
Notes[edit]
- ^ Beginning in 2019, Los Angeles and San Francisco areas were no longer separate publications and one guide was issued for the entire state of California.
References[edit]
- ^ Mayyasi, Alex (23 June 2016). «Why Does a Tire Company Publish the Michelin Guide?». Priceonomics. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f «The Michelin Guide: 100 editions and over a century of history». ViaMichelin.co.uk. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
- ^ «Le guide Michelin en quelques dates». Association des Collectionneurs de Guides et Cartes Michelin (in French). 13 May 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
- ^ Wertenbaker, Charles (5 June 1954). «The Testing of M. Thuilier». The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ a b c «Michelin Guide History, restaurant and dining guides». Provence and Beyond. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
- ^ «The Michelin Guide». The Manchester Guardian. No. 32275. 28 March 1950. p. 4. Retrieved 17 March 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Dawson, Helen (24 March 1974). «British Michelin revived». The Observer. No. 9530. London. p. 40 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Paterson, Tony (17 December 2008). «French find German’s role hard to swallow». The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ Paterson, Tony. «French shock at Michelin guide’s first foreign chief», The Independent, 18 December 2008
- ^ «Michelin Guide inspectors heading out to Toronto restaurants ahead of 1st Canadian edition | Globalnews.ca». Global News. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ Freund, Helen (1 November 2021). «Tampa, Orlando and Miami restaurants can now earn Michelin stars». Tampa Bay Times.
- ^ Frías, Carlos (16 May 2022). «Mark your calendars. We finally know when Florida restaurants will get Michelin stars». Miami Herald – via Bradenton Herald.
- ^ a b «MICHELIN Guide 2022 – Florida». michelin.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ Kara, Faiyaz. «The Michelin Guide handed out its stars tonight. Here are the Florida restaurants that earned them». Orlando Weekly.
- ^ Michelin Guide Great Britain & Ireland (2000), Netherlands (2007), Benelux (2003)
- ^ a b Colapinta, John. «Lunch with M – Undercover with a Michelin inspector» Archived 19 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The New Yorker, 23 November 2009
- ^ Ragavan, Surekha (23 October 2012). «Taste test: Menu by three-star Michelin chef Philippe Marc». Time Out Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013.
- ^ Reddy, Sumathi (4 October 2011). «Michelin Stars Align for Seven NYC Restaurants». The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016.
- ^ Fabricant, Florence (4 October 2011). «Off the Menu». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016.
- ^ «Tokyo retains title as Michelin’s gourmet capital». Asahi Shimbun. Reuters. 29 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 December 2011.
- ^ Cheney, Catherine (9 September 2011). «Taking the Pop-Up Restaurant to New Heights». Spiegel Online. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011.
- ^ a b «Michelin Guide 2020: The New Sustainability Emblem». News & Views. Michelin Guide. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
- ^ «What The Michelin Guide’s Symbols Mean». Michelin Guide.
- ^ a b «Accueil | Guides & Cartes | Guides d’Hôtels et de Restaurants | Europe». Michelin. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016.
- ^ «Yannic Alleno’s 1947 restaurant (Courchevel) awarded 3 stars in the 2017 Michelin Guide France». Michelin. 9 February 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017.
- ^ Filloon, Whitney (5 January 2017). «Michelin Unveils France’s Bib Gourmands for 2017». Eater. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ «The Michelin Guide presents its 2021 selection of restaurants in Belgium and Luxembourg and awards a third Star to Zilte». Michelin Guide. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ «MICHELIN Guide Germany 2021 Selection». Michelin Guide. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ «All Current UK and Ireland Michelin Star Restaurants». 17 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ «Guida Michelin 2019. Tutti i numeri e le stelle, regione per regione». michelin.com. 20 November 2018.
- ^ https://guide.michelin.com/us/en/selection/japan/restaurants/3-stars-michelin/2-stars-michelin/1-star-michelin
- ^ https://guide.michelin.com/us/en/selection/japan/restaurants/bib-gourmand
- ^ a b c MICHELIN Guide https://guide.michelin.com/my/en/restaurants/1-star-michelin. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ a b c MICHELIN Guide https://guide.michelin.com/my/en/restaurants/bib-gourmand. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
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Further reading[edit]
Published in the 20th century[edit]
- Michelin Guide to the British Isles, London: Michelin Tyre Company, 1913, OL 14022740M (+ List of excursions)
- Amiens before and during the war, Clermont-Ferrand: Michelin and Cie, 1919, OCLC 887914, OL 13521961M
- Michelin Guide to the Battlefields of the World War, Milltown, N.J.: Michelin, 1919, OL 24432211M
- Strasbourg (in French), Clermont-Ferrand: Michelin & Cie, 1919, OL 24638163M
- St. Quentin-Cambrai (in French), Clermont-Ferrand: Michelin & cie, 1921, OL 24786012M
Published in the 21st century[edit]
- Trois étoiles au Michelin: Une histoire de la haute gastronomie française et européenne, by Jean-François Mesplède and Alain Ducasse, 2004. ISBN 2-7000-2468-0. Follows the 60-odd chefs who have been awarded three stars.
- The Perfectionist: Life and Death in Haute Cuisine, by Rudolph Chelminski, 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-102193-5. The story of Bernard Loiseau.
- From behind the wall: Danish Newspaper Berlingske Employee ‘Awards’
External links[edit]
- Michelin Guide
- Vía Michelin
- Michelin Travel Guides
- Ogushi’s 3 Stars Restaurants List of France (Past & Now)
Что означает звезда Мишлен? Подробно о самом знаменитом справочнике ресторанов
Выражения «звезда Мишлен», «мишленовский ресторан» знакомы каждому, кто когда-либо хоть немного интересовался высокой кухней. По своему статусу мишленовская звезда приближается, в представлении многих, к покорению условного кулинарного Эвереста — выше только небо. Давайте разберемся подробнее, кому и за что присуждаются звезды Мишлен, и что их наличие сулит ресторану и его гостям.
От дорожного гида до мегарейтинга высокой кухни
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С 1900 года справочник стал отмечать рестораны с самой хорошей кухней звездами
Компания Мишлен известна всему миру как производитель шин для автомобилей. Так при чем же тут кулинария? Все очень просто. В интересах производителя шин было добиться того, чтобы как можно больше людей увлеклось автомобильным туризмом. А для этого необходимо сделать подобные путешествия максимально комфортными. Андре Мишлену, стоявшему во главе компании, пришла в голову отличная мысль — издать справочник, в котором были бы подробно указаны места стоянок, расположение отелей, ресторанов, кафе, точек технического обслуживания, которыми можно воспользоваться в дороге. И в 1900 году первый справочник Мишлен увидел свет.
Изначально это было бесплатное издание, распространявшееся на заправках и содержавшее массу рекламы. Именно тогда и появились первые ресторанные звездочки. Правда, значили они лишь то, что в отмеченном ресторане цены выше среднего уровня. Чуть позже стало ясно: все бесплатное автоматически воспринимается как не очень серьезное. Тогда политика издания поменялась — из него исчезли рекламные объявления, и справочник стал продаваться за деньги.
В 1926 году в мишленовских справочниках начали отмечать звездой заведения Франции с самой хорошей кухней. Поначалу звезда была лишь одна, в последующие десять лет шкалу расширили и добавили еще две. География издания также начала расширяться на глазах, так как интерес к автомобилизму рос во всем мире. В настоящее время справочники Мишлен до сих пор выпускаются практически во всех странах Европы, а также в крупных городах других континентов: в Сингапуре, Нью-Йорке, Сан-Франциско, Чикаго, Токио, Шанхае, Рио де Жанейро, Сан-Паулу и других.
О чем говорят звезды Мишлен
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Церемония награждения ресторанов звездами Мишлен в 2018 году прошла на Тенерифе
Путеводители Мишлен выпускаются двух видов: Зеленый и Красный. Первый посвящен достопримечательностям стран и городов, а второй содержит те самые «звездные» рейтинги ресторанов. Однако в Красном гиде можно найти не только звезды, в нем масса полезной информации для гурмана и просто голодного туриста, обозначенной другими символами:
- в заведениях, отмеченных монеткой можно хорошо поесть по очень небольшой цене;
- «незвездные» рестораны отмечаются скрещенными ножом и вилкой — этих значков может быть от 1 до 5, и означают они уровень качества ресторана;
- улыбающийся «Биб Гурман» привлекает внимание к местам, где за разумную плату можно отведать исключительные блюда;
- имеются свои символы для обозначения качества винной карты и других аспектов, включая даже вид из окна ресторана.
Однако нас интересуют именно знаменитые «звезды». Означают они буквально следующее:
- Одна звезда — отличный ресторан в своей категории.
- Две звезды — ради посещения этого ресторана можно отклониться от намеченного маршрута.
- Три звезды — исключительная кухня, ради которой можно совершить отдельное путешествие.
А судьи кто?
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Экс-инспектор Мишлен, автор книги «Инспектор садится за стол» Паскаль Реми
Считается, что наличие даже одной звезды Мишлен автоматически включает заведение в мировую кулинарную элиту. Естественно, возникает вопрос: кто занимается их присвоением? Ведь подобная оценка — это немалая ответственность перед шеф поваром и посетителями ресторана. Отвечает за это целый штат специальных инспекторов Мишлен. Их около 90 человек, 70 из них работают в Европе. Работа не из легких — эксперты проводят жизнь в непрерывных поездках. За год каждый из них посещает около 800 ресторанов разных стран.
Важно, что инспекторы абсолютно анонимны. Их лиц и имен не знает никто, они посещают заведения неожиданно, как правило, в час пик. Делают заказ, обедают, расплачиваются и уходят, ничем не привлекая к себе внимания. Невозможно каким-либо образом узнать, когда ваш ресторан посетит эксперт, при этом визиты наносятся не единожды. Чтобы присвоить первую звезду, международные инспекторы посещают ресторан не менее четырех раз. Вторая звезда присваивается после минимум десяти визитов. Заведения, уже имеющие звезды, посещаются каждые 18 месяцев — для проверки поддержания заявленного уровня. То есть, заветную звезду можно не только получить, но и потерять, если ресторан перестает соответствовать высоким критериям справочника.
Разоблаченный эксперт, подобно разведчику, может навеки попрощаться со своей работой. Несколько лет назад бывший инспектор Мишлен Паскаль Реми выпустил скандальную книгу «Инспектор садится за стол», в которой раскритиковал действующую систему оценки ресторанов. Конечно, он был отстранен от работы, и суд отказал ему в иске к мишлен о якобы несправедливом увольнении.
Стать инспектором Мишлен может далеко не каждый знаток высокой кухни. К ним предъявляется следующие требования:
- высшее образование по специальности «гостиничный бизнес»;
- опыт работы в сфере услуг не менее 5 лет;
- успешное прохождение нескольких этапов интервью.
Претендент, прошедший этот отбор, обедает вместе со старшим инспектором, а затем составляет подробный отчет о блюдах. И затем еще полгода проходит обучение оценке кухни. Лишь после этого эксперт приступает к самостоятельной работе. На основании отчетов его и его коллег принимаются решения о присуждении звезд. Ежегодно, таким образом, оцениваются около 45 тысяч ресторанов. Периодичность выхода гида Мишлен — раз в полтора года.
Как заслужить звезду Мишлен
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Блюдо из меню ресторана с тремя звездами Мишлен The Fat Duck
За какие заслуги присуждается высокое звание «мишленовского» ресторана? Сразу следует оговориться: точные критерии являются коммерческой тайной компании и не разглашаются. Один из инспекторов компании, Паскаль Реми, в 2004 году нарушил секретность и издал книгу, в которой обвинил экспертов гида в необъективности. Естественно, своей работы он тут же лишился — и даже суд признал справедливость этого увольнения.
Однако кое-что нам все-таки известно. На первом месте среди критериев однозначно стоит кухня. Качество обслуживания, атмосфера, интерьер ресторана, цены — все это вторично. Решающий фактор — авторская работа шеф-повара ресторана, причем эксперты явно отдают предпочтение высокой кухне во французской интерпретации этого термина. Это и понятно, учитывая французское происхождение справочника. Поскольку авторские блюда — непременное условие «звездности» ресторана, заведение может потерять звезду, если шеф-повар его покидает. Также очевидно, что один из важных параметров оценки — уникальное оформление блюд.
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Владелец сингапурской уличной палатки Hong Kong Soya Sauce Chicken Rice and Noodle Чан Хон Мен
Впрочем, французский взгляд на высокую кухню преобладает в гиде далеко не всегда. Так, в 2016 году мишленовская звезда была присвоена сингапурской уличной палатке с фаст-фудом. Для ее хозяина Чан Хон Мена это стало настоящим потрясением. «Мы оцениваем не место, а еду» — ответили представители Мишлен на его недоуменный вопрос, как такое вообще может быть. На тот момент скромному заведению Чан Хон Мена исполнилось уже 35 лет. Все эти годы люди каждое утро выстраивались в очередь еще до открытия палатки, чтобы поесть курицу в соевом соусе с рисом или овощи в устричном соусе. В итоге мастерство повара было по достоинству оценено и международными инспекторами.
Еще один пример. В 2010 году лидером по количеству «звездных» ресторанов неожиданно стала Япония. Многие из японских шеф-поваров даже сомневались, действительно стоит ли принимать звезду — ведь ее наличие резко увеличивает посещаемость ресторана и ожидания клиентов, а это не всего положительно отражается на его уровне. Кстати, по этой причине иногда отказываются от присужденных им звезд и европейские рестораны.
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Шеф-повар и ресторатор Поль Бокюз, основоположник «новой кухни»
Между прочим, правила гида гласят, что ресторан не может использовать наличие звезд Мишлен для собственной рекламы. То есть заведение вообще не должно никак доводить до посетителей сведения о «звездности» — узнать это они должны исключительно из справочника или на сайте Мишлен.
Обоснованность включения ресторанов в Красный гид Мишлен можно признавать или не признавать, но на сегодняшний день фактически это самое авторитетное издание в кулинарном мире. Классик высокой кухни Поль Бокюз называл его единственным справочником, имеющим значение.
Популярные вопросы
Мишленовский ресторан — это дорого?
Не всегда. Среди обладателей звезд, конечно, много ресторанов высокого ценового сегмента, с авторской кухней и именитыми шеф-поварами, трапеза в которых обойдется в 100–300 долларов. Но существуют и недорогие мишленовские заведения. В уже упомянутой сингапурской палатке Hill Street Tai Hwa Pork Noodle стоимость порции лапши составляет 2–3 доллара, а наиболее дорогое блюдо стоит 10 долларов. А в Гонконге можно отведать блюдо за 1 доллар в заведении Add Good Luck, также имеющем звезду Мишлен.
В гиде указаны только «звездные» рестораны?
Нет, большинство заведений в справочнике — это рядовые рестораны, которые также оцениваются в зависимости от их качества.
Трудно ли попасть в мишленовский ресторан?
Очередь на посещение самых популярных заведений необходимо занимать за 12–18 месяцев, некоторые даже требуют внести предоплату за ужин. В иные можно попасть, забронировав столик за несколько недель или даже дней. Правила посещения каждого «звездного» ресторана индивидуальны, эта информация, как правило, размещается на сайте заведения.
Чего ждать от «звездного» ужина?
Спрашивали? Отвечаем!
Если вы не любите читать длинные статьи, посмотрите наш видеоролик. В нем мы расскажем все интересное и важное о молекулярной кухне: история, отцы-основатели и амбассадоры, основные кулинарные приемы и техники. Вы увидите яркие кадры с кухонь лучших мировых ресторанов и архивные материалы.
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Подача блюд в ресторане Хестона Блюменталя The Fat Duck
Тут тоже все неоднозначно. Бытует мнение, что блюда, подаваемые в мишленовских ресторанах, обязательно должны быть фантастически оригинальными. Между тем, большинство этих заведений — просто очень хорошие рестораны, где можно вкусно поесть. Посетитель, пришедший в ожидании чего-то из ряда вон выходящего, может быть разочарован. Особенно это касается ресторанов с одной звездой. Впрочем, при желании можете найти и такую кухню, о которой вы не забудете до конца жизни. Например, в The Fat Duck (Великобритания) шеф-повар Хестон Блюменталь удивляет посетителей молекулярными блюдами (подробнее о том, что это такое, читайте в нашей статье). Узнать меню заранее нельзя — в результате вы можете поужинать кашей из улиток, съедобным песком, омлетом со сливочным мороженым или голубем с соусом из фисташек.
Есть ли мишленовские рестораны в России?
Интервью с Екатериной Алехиной
Екатерина Алехина —ресторатор, владелица и шеф-повар ресторана Biologie — 14 октября в «Зарядье» впервые получает зеленую и красную звезды Michelin.
Сегодня мы в гостях у Екатерины Алехиной в ее гастробистро — эксклюзивное интервью о звездах Мишлен, семье, кулинарии, любви к японским ножам, безотходном производстве и философии Biologie.
Да, в 2021 году наконец-то звезды Мишлен зажглись над небом Москвы. В самый влиятельный ресторанный рейтинг попали 69 столичных заведений. Подробнее о том, как мишленовский гид пришел в Россию можно прочитать в другой нашей статье.
Впрочем, наши повара и раньше были успешны. Так, авторитетный путеводитель по лучшим ресторанам Gault & Millau, ближайший конкурент Красного гида Мишлен, в ноябре 2017 года представил свой первый российский выпуск.
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Получайте выгодные предложения первыми!
Недавно нам подкинули еще один повод посетить Москву (не сейчас, а после локдауна): компания Michelin выпустила гастрономический гайд по городу. Москвичи, которые в теме, ждали этого события с декабря прошлого года. Почему какой-то гайд так важен? Кто в числе первых получил заветные звезды на постсоветском пространстве? И почему «Мишлен» не оценивал рестораны Москвы раньше? Разобрались – рассказываем.
Что такое гайд «Мишлен»?
Французский шеф-повар Поль Бокюз, один из пионеров новой кухни, говорил, что «Мишлен» (Le Guide Michelin) – единственный гид, который имеет значение. Наверное, с этим мало кто поспорит: в «мишленовские» рестораны хотят попасть все – даже если не попробовать лучшие блюда, то хотя бы одним глазком посмотреть, что из себя представляет заведение, и сделать фотку в Instagram.
Забавно, что история главного гастрогида мира начиналась совсем не с заведений и команды международных экспертов. Запустила гайд компания Michelin – французский производитель автомобильных шин. Его авторы рассказывали о том, где заправиться, где оставить машину, куда заехать за товарами для авто (собственно, на этом был главный акцент), где остановиться во время поездки и перекусить. Почему-то именно последний раздел особенно зацепил французских автолюбителей. А один из руководителей Michelin – Андре Мишлен – зацепился за эту находку и превратил ее в успешную бизнес-идею.
В 1920-х в гайд добавили расширенный рейтинг ресторанов и начали его продавать. На тот момент Michelin оценивал заведения только одной звездой и важнейшим критерием была цена блюда. Привычный нам рейтинг появился только в 1931 году. В 1936-м его принципы были окончательно доработаны и с тех пор не менялись.
Кто и как оценивает рестораны?
Сейчас заведения могут получить одну, две или три звезды «Мишлен». Первая опция значит, что ресторан очень хорош в своей категории, вторая – настолько хорош, что достоин небольшого отступления от маршрута, третья – великолепен. Высшая оценка подразумевает отличную кухню и идеальную работу шеф-повара. Инспекторы «Мишлен» уверены, что ради такого стоит совершить отдельное путешествие.
Да, выставляют оценки «инспекторы». Это профессионалы, которые не первый год связаны с ресторанным бизнесом. Они ходят по заведениям и ищут недочеты (или впечатляются идеальным обслуживанием). Michelin предпочитает оставлять их анонимами – топ-менеджеры обычно не знают, что в их заведения заходил инспектор, а многие инспекторы не рассказывают о своей работе даже родным. Все для того, чтобы продолжать делать честный и непредвзятый рейтинг.
Звезды «Мишлен» отражают, в основном, оценку кухни: это и качество продуктов, и особенности их приготовления, и сочетание ароматов, и оригинальность повара, и дизайн блюд. Но, кроме того, могут учитывать уровень сервировки, выбор вин, качество обслуживания, атмосферу и интерьер.
При раздаче звезд нет квот. И, как уверяют создатели гайда, никто никому за рекламу не платит. Все честно. Если инспекторы найдут достойное заведение, его сразу же готовы включить в новую редакцию гайда.
В каких городах есть «мишленовские» рестораны?
За 100+ лет истории гайда Le Guide Rouge свои гастрогиды обрели десятки больших городов, среди которых – Париж, Лондон, Токио, Нью-Йорк, Лос-Анджелес. В общей сложности команда Michelin проехалась по 32 странам. Россия стала 33-й – и первой среди постсоветских стран.
Почему Michelin не пришел в Россию раньше – большой вопрос, ведь в больших городах достойные заведения открывались и открываются каждый год. Одни считают, что это было связано с коррупцией в стране, вторые – с тем, что русская кухня проста и брутальна для европейских гурманов, третьи – что ресторанная сфера в России просто не доросла до нужного уровня. Но сейчас все это не важно – российский гид «Мишлен» увидел мир. В первую редакцию вошли 69 заведений, 9 из них получили звезды. Все заведения находятся в Москве. Дальше столицы инспекторы не поехали.
Кто получил звезды «Мишлен» в Москве?
Twins Garden – две звезды – заведение, в котором шеф-поварами работают братья-близнецы Сергей и Иван Березуцкие. Они впечатлили инспектора Michelin креативным подходом к подготовке меню и приготовлению блюд. А еще – концепцией, которая «действительно отправляет гостей в кулинарное путешествие».
Artest-Chef’s Table – две звезды – ресторан Аркадия Новикова «с современной и контрастной кухней», «творческим и выразительным стилем».
Beluga – одна звезда – ресторан с, говорят, лучшей икрой в мире. Здесь доступно целых 20 ее сортов!
White Rabbit – одна звезда – частый участник гастрорейтингов, любимый за крутой концепт, отличную еду и необычную подачу. В Michelin пишут, что здесь вы получите «теплые воспоминания […], пропитанные ностальгией». Звучит отлично.
Savva – одна звезда – на здешней кухне шеф-повар Андрей Шмаков «использует современные решения для русской кухни и лучшие ингредиенты для авторских блюд».
Sakhalin – одна звезда – заведение с лучшей локацией и лучшим панорамным видом. Если уже успел(-а) насладиться и первой, и вторым, стоит потестить третье (и главное) – меню: в нем предлагают блюда из рыбы и морепродуктов с японскими и средиземными нотами.
Biologie – одна звезда – ресторан с «новой здоровой и современной русской кухней». Здесь нашли место экологичности в интерьерах и меню: получилось здОрово и здорОво.
Grand Cru – одна звезда – «уютное и интимное место», которое точно зайдет ценителям вкусных вин.
Selfie – одна звезда – здесь шеф-повар Анатолий Казаков подбирает местные русские продукты, которые позволяют ему выразиться через авторские блюда. Сахалинский гребешок, водоросли и зеленое яблоко, мурманская треска, снежный горошек – звучит сказочно.
Рестораторы и шеф-повара оцененных заведений все, как один, говорят, что «это лучший момент в их профессиональной жизни». Но, вероятно, они просто пока не думают о том, что награду нужно не только получить, но и удержать.
За время существования гайда «Мишлен» происходили разные ситуации: например, в 2003 году известный повар из Франции Бернар Луазо покончил с собой, когда до него дошли слухи о потере трехзвездочного статуса; шеф Гордон Рамзи признавался, что плакал, когда его ресторан в Нью-Йорке потерял сразу две звезды; а владелец ресторана Le Suquet сам попросил забрать у него звезду, потому что волновался за команду, которая постоянно работала «под давлением» со стороны инспекторов Michelin.
А что с теми, у кого нет звезды?
О том, что значат звезды, мы уже писали выше, но повторим: это статус и популярность. В «мишленовские» рестораны точно захотят заглянуть туристы. Поэтому получить звезду – это огромная победа.
Тем не менее, в гайды «Мишлен» включают и просто хорошие рестораны. Их не оценивают звездами, но рекомендуют посетить. К таким относятся 60 «беззвездных» заведений, которые попали в московский гайд Michelin. Эти заведения оценивают по тем же критериям, что и «звездные». Правда, до последних они немного не дотягивают. В «красный путеводитель» их вносят за качественные продукты, классное меню и хорошие блюда. Не must-must, но тоже достойно.
Кому дают «зеленую звезду»?
Такая честь выпадает ресторанам, которые разделяют принципы устойчивого развития. Те, кто получает эту награду, «преображают мир вокруг себя и являются примерами для всех». «Зеленых» фаворитов «Мишлен» много в Нидерландах, Франции, Германии, Дании. Теперь своя тройка есть и в Москве: Biologie, Twins Garden и Björn.
Какие существуют альтернативы гайду «Мишлен»?
Гастрорейтингов хватает, и про один такой мы, кстати, недавно писали. Но, наверное, можно выделить единственный настолько же авторитетный – The World’s 50 Best Restaurants. Его каждый год готовит The Restaurant Magazine вместе с 1000 экспертов со всего мира, среди которых – повара, критики, блогеры, журналисты.
В свежем выпуске The World’s 50 Best Restaurants оказались два московских ресторана, которые понравились и инспекторам Michelin: это White Rabbit и Twins Garden. Они заняли 25-е и 30-е места соответственно.
Кто и как раздаёт заветные мишленовские звёзды — очень интересный, но одновременно и загадочный вопрос. Начинается всё с того, что компания следит за регионом, страной или каким-то отдельным городом, примечает новые рестораны. От бдительного ока Мишлен не скроются даже самые невзрачные и непопулярные места — компания вполне может решить, что именно это заведение достойно получить заветную звезду.
Большая часть подобного исследования протекает благодаря интернету и публикациям в газетах и журналах. Также компания получает огромное количество писем от читателей их гидов, к мнению которых Мишлен всегда прислушивается.
О том, что в ресторан пришел инспектор, никто из сотрудников не узнаёт. Такие посещения анонимны и, как правило, приходятся на то время, когда в ресторане достаточно много людей, например, на обед или ужин. Оценивается прежде всего сама кухня — насколько качественны ингредиенты, какова подача, размер порции, насколько идеален вкус и даже как составлено меню ресторана. По окончании трапезы инспектор расплачивается и покидает ресторан, никоим образом не раскрывая себя.
После каждого такого визита пишется подробнейший отчёт. Критерии оценки держатся в строгом секрете, но утверждается, что их 14. Ко вполне очевидным можно отнести сервис, кухню, признание общественностью, но и здесь остается загадкой, за какой сервис или за какую кухню могут дать наивысшую оценку.
Звезды могут присуждаться не только целому заведению, но и отдельному шеф-повару. Вполне нормальной считается практика, когда шеф при смене работы уносит свою звезду в другой ресторан.
Значение звезд не менялось с самого их возникновения. Одна звезда означает отличный ресторан с высококлассной кухней. Двузвездочные рестораны достойны того, чтобы ради ужина в них немного сойти с маршрута и потратить дополнительное время. А в поездки в рестораны с тремя звездами нужно готовиться заблаговременно: они достойны специального визита, и в некоторые из них можно попасть лишь по предварительной записи. Такие рестораны отличает первоклассная работа шеф-повара, сервис на высшем уровне и изысканная обстановка.
Но стоит особенно отметить, что звездами отмечают не обязательно именно дорогие рестораны. Он может быть и с доступными ценами, но непременно самым лучшим.