Как правильно пишется экзитпол

An election exit poll is a poll of voters taken immediately after they have exited the polling stations. A similar poll conducted before actual voters have voted is called an entrance poll. Pollsters – usually private companies working for newspapers or broadcasters – conduct exit polls to gain an early indication as to how an election has turned out, as in many elections the actual result may take hours to count.

History[edit]

There are different views on who invented the exit poll. Marcel van Dam, Dutch sociologist and former politician, says he was the inventor, by being the first to implement one during the Dutch legislative elections on February 15, 1967.^[1] Other sources say Warren Mitofsky, an American pollster, was the first. For CBS News, he devised an exit poll in the Kentucky gubernatorial election in November that same year.^[2][3] Not withstanding this, the mention of the first exit polls date back to the 1940s when such a poll was held in Denver, Colorado.^{[4][failed verification]}

Purpose[edit]

Exit polls are also used to collect demographic data about voters and to find out why they voted as they did. Since actual votes are cast anonymously, polling is the only way of collecting this information.

Exit polls have historically and throughout the world been used as a check against, and rough indicator of, the degree of election fraud. Some examples of this include the 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum, and the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election.

They are used to command a mandate as well as to determine whether or not a particular political campaign was successful or not.

Methods[edit]

The distribution of votes is not even across different polling stations, and also varies at different times of day. As a result, a single exit poll may give an imperfect picture of the national vote. Instead, some exit polls calculate swing and turnout. Pollsters return to the same polling stations at the same times at each election, and by comparing the results with previous exit polls they can calculate how the distribution of votes has changed in that constituency. This swing is then applied to other similar constituencies, allowing an estimate of how national voting patterns have changed. The polling locations are chosen to cover the entire gamut of society and where possible, to include especially critical marginal seats.^[5][6][7] Data is presented in one of three ways, either as a table, graph or written interpretation.^[8]

US exit polls have long been conducted by Edison Research for the National Election Pool of media organizations, interviewing a sample of voters as they leave a polling place. These pollsters choose precincts whose mix of voters is representative of the broader area. These voters may not be typical. For example minority voters in a mixed precinct may vote at different rates and for different candidates than minority voters in a mostly minority precinct.^[9] The Associated Press since 2018 has switched to phone polling, which does not need to be grouped by precinct. They start calling a random sample of voters until they vote, to cover mailed ballots, early voting, and election day voting.^[9]

Problems[edit]

Like all opinion polls, exit polls by nature do include a margin of error. A famous example of exit poll error occurred in the 1992 UK General Election, when two exit polls predicted a hung parliament. The actual vote revealed that Conservative Party Government under John Major held their position, though with a significantly reduced majority. Investigations into this failure identified a number of causes including differential response rates (the Shy Tory Factor), the use of inadequate demographic data and poor choice of sampling points.^[10][11]

Because exit polls require a baseline to compare swing against, they are not reliable for one-off votes such as the Scottish independence referendum or the UK EU membership referendum.^[5][6] Because exit polls can’t reach people who voted by postal ballot or another form of absentee voting, they may be biased towards certain demographics and miss swings that only occur among absentee voters.^[7] For example, in the May round of the 2016 Austrian presidential election, exit polls correctly pointed to a narrow lead for Norbert Hofer among those who voted at a polling station.^[12] However, the postal votes (which made up about 12% of the total vote)^[13] were slightly but definitively in favour of his rival Alexander Van der Bellen, and ultimately gave Van der Bellen victory. This could be considered a non-U.S. example of the phenomenon known as «blue shift» in the U.S.

Organizations that conduct election exit polling[edit]

In the United States, the National Election Pool (NEP), consisting of ABC, AP, CBS, CNN, Fox News, and NBC, conducts a joint election exit poll. Since 2004 this exit poll has been conducted for the NEP by Edison Media Research. Edison uses probability-based sampling.^[14] In 2020, in-person interviews on Election Day were conducted at a random sample of 115 polling locations nationwide among 7,774 Election Day voters. The results also include 4,919 telephone interviews with early and absentee voters.^[15]

The release of exit poll data in the US is controlled. In the 2012 election protocols to quarantine the release of data were put in place.^[16]

In Egypt, the Egyptian center for public opinion research (baseera) conducted in 2014 two exit polls; the constitution referendum exit poll and the presidency elections exit polls.

In South Korea, KBS, SBS, and MBC conducted a joint exit poll to decide the president of the country.

In India, the exit polls are conducted by private news broadcasting channels and newspaper agencies such as The Times Group, CVoter, India Today, etc. India being the largest democracy in the world has many agencies publishing exit polls which roughly predict the outcome of the elections.^[17]

Criticism and controversy[edit]

Widespread criticism of exit polling has occurred in cases, especially in the United States, where exit-poll results have appeared and/or have provided a basis for projecting winners before all real polls have closed, thereby possibly influencing election results. States have tried and failed to restrict exit polling; however, it is protected by the First Amendment.^[18] In the 1980 US presidential election, NBC predicted a victory for Ronald Reagan at 8:15 pm EST, based on exit polls of 20,000 voters. It was 5:15 pm on the West Coast, and the polls were still open. There was speculation that voters stayed away after hearing the results.^[19] Thereafter, television networks have voluntarily adopted the policy of not projecting any victor within a state until all polls have closed for that state.^[20] In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an «unusual» decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks’ early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open.^[21]

Some countries, including the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Germany, India and Singapore, have made it a criminal offence to release exit poll figures before all polling stations have closed.^[22][23]

In some instances, problems with exit polls have encouraged polling groups to pool data in hopes of increased accuracy. This proved successful during the 2005 UK general election, when the BBC and ITV merged their data to show an exit poll giving Labour a majority of 66 seats, which turned out to be the exact figure. This method was also successful in the 2007 Australian federal election, where the collaboration of Sky News, Channel 7 and Auspoll provided an almost exact 53 percent two party-preferred victory to Labor over the ruling Coalition.

There was a widespread controversy during the 2014 Indian general election when the Election Commission of India barred media organisations from displaying exit poll results until the votes had been counted. This was followed by a strong protest from the media which caused the Election Commission to withdraw its statement and confirm that the exit polls can be shown at 6:30 PM on 12 May after the last vote is cast. Since then exit polls (during polling window) are prohibited in India, only post poll opinion surveys are allowed after polling is over.

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Blumenthal, Mark (2008). «Questions About Exit Polls». Pollster.com. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
• Chatterjee, Somdeep, and Jai Kamal. «Voting for the underdog or jumping on the bandwagon? Evidence from India’s exit poll ban.» Public Choice (2020): 1-23.
• Curtice, John; David Firth (17 October 2007). «Exit polling in a cold climate: the BBC–ITV experience in Britain in 2005» (PDF). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A. 171 (3): 509–539. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985X.2007.00536.x.
• Desilver, Drew. «Just how does the general election exit poll work, anyway?.» Pew Research Center (2016). online
• Klima, André, et al. «Combining Aggregate Data and Exit Polls for the Estimation of Voter Transitions.» Sociological Methods & Research 48.2 (2019): 296–325. online
• Konner, Joan; James Risser; Ben Wattenberg (29 January 2001). «Television’s Performance on Election Night 2000: A Report for CNN» (PDF). CNN. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
• Runciman, Carin. «Gendered risks in survey research: reflections from South African exit polls.» International Journal of Social Research Methodology (2020): 1–5.
• Silver, Nate (4 November 2008). «Ten Reasons Why You Should Ignore Exit Polls». FiveThirtyEight.com. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
• Sproul, Robyn (22 October 2008). «EXPLAINER: How Exit Polls Work». ABCNews.com. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
• Wilks-Heeg, Stuart, and Peter Andersen. «The Only (Other) Poll That Matters? Exit Polls and Election Night Forecasts in BBC General Election Results Broadcasts, 1955–2017.» Political Studies (2020) online

External links[edit]

• Edison Research, which conducts the main exit polls in USA
• How to Conduct Exit Polls Archived 17 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine

An election exit poll is a poll of voters taken immediately after they have exited the polling stations. A similar poll conducted before actual voters have voted is called an entrance poll. Pollsters – usually private companies working for newspapers or broadcasters – conduct exit polls to gain an early indication as to how an election has turned out, as in many elections the actual result may take hours to count.

History[edit]

There are different views on who invented the exit poll. Marcel van Dam, Dutch sociologist and former politician, says he was the inventor, by being the first to implement one during the Dutch legislative elections on February 15, 1967.^[1] Other sources say Warren Mitofsky, an American pollster, was the first. For CBS News, he devised an exit poll in the Kentucky gubernatorial election in November that same year.^[2][3] Not withstanding this, the mention of the first exit polls date back to the 1940s when such a poll was held in Denver, Colorado.^{[4][failed verification]}

Purpose[edit]

Exit polls are also used to collect demographic data about voters and to find out why they voted as they did. Since actual votes are cast anonymously, polling is the only way of collecting this information.

Exit polls have historically and throughout the world been used as a check against, and rough indicator of, the degree of election fraud. Some examples of this include the 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum, and the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election.

They are used to command a mandate as well as to determine whether or not a particular political campaign was successful or not.

Methods[edit]

The distribution of votes is not even across different polling stations, and also varies at different times of day. As a result, a single exit poll may give an imperfect picture of the national vote. Instead, some exit polls calculate swing and turnout. Pollsters return to the same polling stations at the same times at each election, and by comparing the results with previous exit polls they can calculate how the distribution of votes has changed in that constituency. This swing is then applied to other similar constituencies, allowing an estimate of how national voting patterns have changed. The polling locations are chosen to cover the entire gamut of society and where possible, to include especially critical marginal seats.^[5][6][7] Data is presented in one of three ways, either as a table, graph or written interpretation.^[8]

US exit polls have long been conducted by Edison Research for the National Election Pool of media organizations, interviewing a sample of voters as they leave a polling place. These pollsters choose precincts whose mix of voters is representative of the broader area. These voters may not be typical. For example minority voters in a mixed precinct may vote at different rates and for different candidates than minority voters in a mostly minority precinct.^[9] The Associated Press since 2018 has switched to phone polling, which does not need to be grouped by precinct. They start calling a random sample of voters until they vote, to cover mailed ballots, early voting, and election day voting.^[9]

Problems[edit]

Like all opinion polls, exit polls by nature do include a margin of error. A famous example of exit poll error occurred in the 1992 UK General Election, when two exit polls predicted a hung parliament. The actual vote revealed that Conservative Party Government under John Major held their position, though with a significantly reduced majority. Investigations into this failure identified a number of causes including differential response rates (the Shy Tory Factor), the use of inadequate demographic data and poor choice of sampling points.^[10][11]

Because exit polls require a baseline to compare swing against, they are not reliable for one-off votes such as the Scottish independence referendum or the UK EU membership referendum.^[5][6] Because exit polls can’t reach people who voted by postal ballot or another form of absentee voting, they may be biased towards certain demographics and miss swings that only occur among absentee voters.^[7] For example, in the May round of the 2016 Austrian presidential election, exit polls correctly pointed to a narrow lead for Norbert Hofer among those who voted at a polling station.^[12] However, the postal votes (which made up about 12% of the total vote)^[13] were slightly but definitively in favour of his rival Alexander Van der Bellen, and ultimately gave Van der Bellen victory. This could be considered a non-U.S. example of the phenomenon known as «blue shift» in the U.S.

Organizations that conduct election exit polling[edit]

In the United States, the National Election Pool (NEP), consisting of ABC, AP, CBS, CNN, Fox News, and NBC, conducts a joint election exit poll. Since 2004 this exit poll has been conducted for the NEP by Edison Media Research. Edison uses probability-based sampling.^[14] In 2020, in-person interviews on Election Day were conducted at a random sample of 115 polling locations nationwide among 7,774 Election Day voters. The results also include 4,919 telephone interviews with early and absentee voters.^[15]

The release of exit poll data in the US is controlled. In the 2012 election protocols to quarantine the release of data were put in place.^[16]

In Egypt, the Egyptian center for public opinion research (baseera) conducted in 2014 two exit polls; the constitution referendum exit poll and the presidency elections exit polls.

In South Korea, KBS, SBS, and MBC conducted a joint exit poll to decide the president of the country.

In India, the exit polls are conducted by private news broadcasting channels and newspaper agencies such as The Times Group, CVoter, India Today, etc. India being the largest democracy in the world has many agencies publishing exit polls which roughly predict the outcome of the elections.^[17]

Criticism and controversy[edit]

Widespread criticism of exit polling has occurred in cases, especially in the United States, where exit-poll results have appeared and/or have provided a basis for projecting winners before all real polls have closed, thereby possibly influencing election results. States have tried and failed to restrict exit polling; however, it is protected by the First Amendment.^[18] In the 1980 US presidential election, NBC predicted a victory for Ronald Reagan at 8:15 pm EST, based on exit polls of 20,000 voters. It was 5:15 pm on the West Coast, and the polls were still open. There was speculation that voters stayed away after hearing the results.^[19] Thereafter, television networks have voluntarily adopted the policy of not projecting any victor within a state until all polls have closed for that state.^[20] In the 2000 US presidential election it was alleged that media organizations released exit poll results for Florida before the polls closed in the Republican-leaning counties of the panhandle, as part of the westernmost area of the state is one hour behind the main peninsula. A study by economist John Lott found an «unusual» decline in Panhandle voter turnout compared to previous elections, and that the networks’ early call of Florida for Democrat Al Gore may have depressed Republican turnout in other states where the polls remained open.^[21]

Some countries, including the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Germany, India and Singapore, have made it a criminal offence to release exit poll figures before all polling stations have closed.^[22][23]

In some instances, problems with exit polls have encouraged polling groups to pool data in hopes of increased accuracy. This proved successful during the 2005 UK general election, when the BBC and ITV merged their data to show an exit poll giving Labour a majority of 66 seats, which turned out to be the exact figure. This method was also successful in the 2007 Australian federal election, where the collaboration of Sky News, Channel 7 and Auspoll provided an almost exact 53 percent two party-preferred victory to Labor over the ruling Coalition.

There was a widespread controversy during the 2014 Indian general election when the Election Commission of India barred media organisations from displaying exit poll results until the votes had been counted. This was followed by a strong protest from the media which caused the Election Commission to withdraw its statement and confirm that the exit polls can be shown at 6:30 PM on 12 May after the last vote is cast. Since then exit polls (during polling window) are prohibited in India, only post poll opinion surveys are allowed after polling is over.

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Blumenthal, Mark (2008). «Questions About Exit Polls». Pollster.com. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
• Chatterjee, Somdeep, and Jai Kamal. «Voting for the underdog or jumping on the bandwagon? Evidence from India’s exit poll ban.» Public Choice (2020): 1-23.
• Curtice, John; David Firth (17 October 2007). «Exit polling in a cold climate: the BBC–ITV experience in Britain in 2005» (PDF). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A. 171 (3): 509–539. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985X.2007.00536.x.
• Desilver, Drew. «Just how does the general election exit poll work, anyway?.» Pew Research Center (2016). online
• Klima, André, et al. «Combining Aggregate Data and Exit Polls for the Estimation of Voter Transitions.» Sociological Methods & Research 48.2 (2019): 296–325. online
• Konner, Joan; James Risser; Ben Wattenberg (29 January 2001). «Television’s Performance on Election Night 2000: A Report for CNN» (PDF). CNN. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
• Runciman, Carin. «Gendered risks in survey research: reflections from South African exit polls.» International Journal of Social Research Methodology (2020): 1–5.
• Silver, Nate (4 November 2008). «Ten Reasons Why You Should Ignore Exit Polls». FiveThirtyEight.com. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
• Sproul, Robyn (22 October 2008). «EXPLAINER: How Exit Polls Work». ABCNews.com. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
• Wilks-Heeg, Stuart, and Peter Andersen. «The Only (Other) Poll That Matters? Exit Polls and Election Night Forecasts in BBC General Election Results Broadcasts, 1955–2017.» Political Studies (2020) online

External links[edit]

• Edison Research, which conducts the main exit polls in USA
• How to Conduct Exit Polls Archived 17 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine

Как правильно пишется слово «экзитпол»

экзитпо́л

экзитпо́л, -а

Источник: Орфографический
академический ресурс «Академос» Института русского языка им. В.В. Виноградова РАН (словарная база
2020)

1
exit poll

There were two separate versions of the national exit poll questionnaire. — Было две различных версии опросника национального опроса на выходе.

See:

Англо-русский экономический словарь > exit poll

2
exit poll

опрос избирателей на выходе с избирательного участка; исследование предпочтений избирателей, проводимое немедленно после голосования.

* * *

опрос избирателей на выходе с избирательного участка; исследование предпочтений избирателей, проводимое немедленно после голосования.

Англо-русский словарь по социологии > exit poll

3
exit poll

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > exit poll

4
exit poll

опрос голосовавших на выходе (из избирательного участка); «экзит-пол»

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > exit poll

5
exit poll

опрос избирателей на выходе с избирательного участка

Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > exit poll

6
exit poll

опрос журналистами избирателей, выходящих из помещений, где проходит голосование, результаты опроса журналистами избирателей, выходящих из помещений, где проходит голосование

Politics english-russian dictionary > exit poll

7
exit poll

сущ.

опрос избирателей на выходе с избирательного участка, экзит-пол

Англо-русский современный словарь > exit poll

8
exit poll

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > exit poll

9
exit poll

  опрос людей после мероприятия сразу по выходу

Англо-русский словарь по рекламе > exit poll

10
exit

1.

сущ.

1)

«exit only» — входа нет

Take the second exit after the bridge. — Тебе нужен второй выезд после моста.

2)

See:

The staff records must be destroyed between seven and ten years of the employee’s exit from the company. — Данные о сотруднике должны быть уничтожены через 7-10 лет после ухода сотрудника из компании.

See:

See:

See:

3)

общ.

смерть, уход из жизни

2.

гл.

1)

а)

общ.

выходить, уходить

б)

общ.

покидать, уходить

* * *

«выход»: завершающая стадия «рискового» финансирования, когда инвестор реализует вклад в новую компанию путем продажи акций по повышенной цене;

venture capital.

Англо-русский экономический словарь > exit

11
poll

Politics english-russian dictionary > poll

12
poll

1.

сущ.

1)

пол.

голосование, выборы

Syn:

See:

2)

,

стат.

количество поданных голосов; результат голосования

heavy [poor] poll — высокий [низкий] процент участия в голосовании

3)

,

стат.

опрос, выяснение мнения

We’re carrying out a poll to find out what people think about abortion. — Мы провели опрос, чтобы выяснить, что люди думают об абортах.

The latest opinion poll puts the Democrats in the lead. — Последний опрос показал, что лидируют демократы.

Syn:

See:

representative opinion poll, benchmark poll, exit poll, issue poll, leaked poll, network poll, overnight, postconvention poll, push poll, recruitment survey, straw poll, tracking poll, trend poll, approval rating, general poll, hired gun poll

4)

пол.

избирательный участок [пункт]

2.

гл.

1)

а)

пол.

проводить голосование; подсчитывать голоса

See:

б)

соц.

проводить опрос ; опрашивать

The centre parties polled 15% of the votes. — Центристские партии получили 15% голосов.

Англо-русский экономический словарь > poll

13
poll

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > poll

14
switch

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > switch

15
take off

1. phr v убирать, уносить, снимать

take away — убирать; забирать; уносить; уводить

2. phr v уводить, увозить

3. phr v уходить

4. phr v удалять

5. phr v поднимать, снимать

6. phr v снимать, сбрасывать

7. phr v уменьшать, сбавлять, снижать

8. phr v ослаблять; отпускать

9. phr v ав. взлетать, отрываться от земли или воды

10. phr v срываться

11. phr v разг. давать стрекача, дёру, тягу; пускаться наутёк; «сниматься»; улизнуть, исчезнуть

12. phr v разг. начинать

13. phr v отскакивать

14. phr v брать начало, ответвляться

15. phr v отводить, ответвлять

16. phr v уменьшаться; прекращаться

17. phr v пить залпом, глотать

18. phr v сл. грабить

19. phr v разг. критиковать; набрасываться

Синонимический ряд:

1. deduct (verb) deduct; discount; dislodge; displace; doff; douse; draw back; knock off; put off; remove; substract; subtract; take; take away; take out; withdraw

2. get out (verb) begone; clear out; decamp; get out; hightail; kite; scram; skedaddle; skiddoo

3. go (verb) depart; exit; get away; get off; go; leave; move; pop off; pull out; push off; quit; retire; run along; shove off

4. head (verb) bear; head; light out; make; set out; strike out

5. kill (verb) carry off; cut off; destroy; dispatch; down; finish; kill; lay low; put away; scrag; slay

7. mimic (verb) ape; burlesque; imitate; mimic; mock; parody; travesty

8. navigate (verb) aviate; control; fly; jet; maneuver; manoeuvre; navigate; operate; pilot

English-Russian base dictionary > take off

См. также в других словарях:

• exit poll — ➔ poll1 * * * exit poll UK US noun [C] ► POLITICS a study in which people are asked how they voted as they leave the polling station (= place where people vote): » According to exit polls, no party will have an overall majority. exit polls… …   Financial and business terms

• exit poll — Bendroji  informacija Rūšis: naujai skolinta citata Kilmė: anglų, exit poll. Pateikta: 2012 10 14. Atnaujinta: 2014 03 16. Reikšmė ir vartosena Apibrėžtis: rinkėjų apklausa (siekiant numatyti galimus balsavimo rezultatus anksčiau, nei jie bus… …   Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas

• exit poll — ex it poll a survey poll taken by interviewing voters as they leave (exit) the polling place, to determine how they voted and for what reasons; it is usually taken by news media to learn at an early time (often before the balloting has finished)… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

• exit poll — / ɛksit pəʊl/, it. / ɛksit pol/ locuz. angloamer. [comp. di exit uscita e poll votazione , quindi votazione all uscita ], usata in ital. come s.m. (stat.) [verifica dei voti elettorali fatta, all uscita di seggi preselezionati, chiedendo a un… …   Enciclopedia Italiana

• exit poll — /eksitˈpol, ingl. ˈɛɡzɪtˌpəul/ [loc. dell ingl. d America, propr. «inchiesta (poll) all uscita (exit)»] loc. sost. m. inv. sondaggio, previsione …   Sinonimi e Contrari. Terza edizione

• exit poll — ► NOUN ▪ a poll of people leaving a polling station, asking how they voted …   English terms dictionary

• exit poll — n. a poll taken of a small percentage of voters as they leave their voting places, with the pollster asking if they voted for or against certain candidates or issues …   English World dictionary

• exit poll — exit .poll n the activity of asking people how they have voted in an election in order to discover the likely result …   Dictionary of contemporary English

• exit poll — exit ,poll noun count a way of guessing the results of an election by asking people who have just finished voting who they voted for …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

• Exit poll — An exit poll is a poll of voters taken immediately after they have exited the polling stations. Unlike an opinion poll, which asks whom the voter plans to vote for or some similar formulation, an exit poll asks whom the voter actually voted for.… …   Wikipedia

• exit poll — noun a poll of voters as they leave the voting place; usually taken by news media in order to predict the outcome of an election • Hypernyms: ↑poll, ↑opinion poll, ↑public opinion poll, ↑canvass * * * noun, pl ⋯ polls [count] : a method of… …   Useful english dictionary