Как правильно пишется фольксваген на английском

Volkswagen

Volkswagen logo 2019.svg

Logo since 2019

Volkswagen.tif

Cogeneration plant

Type Brand
Industry Automotive
Founded 28 May 1937; 85 years ago
Founder German Labour Front
Headquarters

Wolfsburg

,

Germany

Area served

Worldwide

Key people

Ralf Brandstaetter (CEO, Volkswagen)[1]
Thomas Schäfer (CEO, Volkswagen Passenger Cars)
Parent Volkswagen Group
Website volkswagen.com

Volkswagen (German pronunciation: [ˈfɔlksˌvaːɡn̩] (listen)),[Note 1] abbreviated as VW ([faʊˈveː] (listen)), is a German motor vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. Founded in 1937 by the German Labour Front under the Nazi Party and revived into a global brand post-World War II by the British Army Officer Ivan Hirst, it is known for the iconic Beetle and serves as the flagship brand of the Volkswagen Group, the largest automotive manufacturer by worldwide sales in 2016 and 2017.[2] The group’s biggest market is in China, which delivers 40 percent of its sales and profits.[3][4] Its name is derived from the German-language terms Volk and Wagen, translating to «people’s car» when combined.

History[edit]

1932–1940: People’s Car project[edit]

Volkswagen was established in 1937 by the German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront) in Berlin.[5] In the early 1930s, cars were a luxury – most Germans could afford nothing more elaborate than a motorcycle and only one German out of 50 owned a car. Seeking a potential new market, some car makers began independent «people’s car» projects – the Mercedes 170H, BMW 3/15, Adler AutoBahn, Steyr 55, and Hanomag 1.3L, among others.

The growing trend was not nascent; Béla Barényi, a pioneering automotive engineer, is credited as already having conceived the basic design during the mid-1920s. Josef Ganz developed the Standard Superior (going as far as advertising it as the «German Volkswagen»). In Germany, the company Hanomag mass-produced the 2/10 PS «Kommissbrot», a small, cheap rear-engined car, from 1925 to 1928.[6] Also, in Czechoslovakia, the Hans Ledwinka designed Tatra T77, a very popular car amongst the German elite, was becoming smaller and more affordable at each revision. Ferdinand Porsche, a well-known designer for high-end vehicles and race cars, had been trying for years to get a manufacturer interested in a small car suitable for a family. He built a car named the «Volksauto» from the ground up in 1933, using many popular ideas and several of his own, putting together a car with an air-cooled rear engine, torsion bar suspension, and a «beetle» shape, the front bonnet rounded for better aerodynamics (necessary as it had a small engine).[7]

VW logo during the 1930s, initials surrounded by a stylised cogwheel and a spinning propeller that looked like a Hakenkreuz (Swastika) [8]

In 1934, with many of the above projects still in development or early stages of production, Adolf Hitler became involved, ordering the production of a basic vehicle capable of transporting two adults and three children at 100 km/h (62 mph). He wanted a car every German family would be able to afford.[7] The «People’s Car» would be available through a savings plan at 990 ℛℳ (US$396 in 1938)—about the price of a small motorcycle (the average income being around 32 ℛℳ a week).[9][10]

It soon became apparent that private industry could not turn out a car for only 990 ℛℳ. Thus, Hitler chose to sponsor an all-new, state-owned factory using Ferdinand Porsche’s design (with some of Hitler’s design suggestions, including an air-cooled engine so nothing could freeze). The intention was that German families could buy the car through a savings scheme («Fünf Mark die Woche musst du sparen, willst du im eigenen Wagen fahren» – «Five Marks a week you must set aside, if in your own car you wish to ride«), which around 336,000 people eventually paid into.[11] However, the project was not commercially viable, and only government support was able to keep it afloat.[12][Note 2] Due to the outbreak of war in 1939, none of the participants in the savings scheme ever received a car. In 1950 a lawsuit was issued that, after 12 years of trial, ultimately provided a credit of 12% off the list price of a new VW base model or less than 5-times the value paid into the saving scheme.[13]

Prototypes of the car called the «KdF-Wagen» (German: Kraft durch Freude – «Strength through Joy») appeared from 1938 onwards (the first cars had been produced in Stuttgart). The car already had its distinctive round shape and air-cooled, flat-four, rear-mounted engine. The VW car was just one of many KdF programs, which included things such as tours and outings. The prefix Volks— («People’s») was not just applied to cars, but also to other products in Germany; the «Volksempfänger» radio receiver for instance. On 28 May 1937, Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH («Company for the Preparation of the German Volkswagen Ltd.»), or Gezuvor[14] for short, was established by the Deutsche Arbeitsfront in Berlin. More than a year later, on 16 September 1938, it was renamed to Volkswagenwerk GmbH.[15][16]

Erwin Komenda, the longstanding Auto Union chief designer, part of Ferdinand Porsche’s hand-picked team,[7] developed the car body of the prototype, which was recognisably the Beetle known today. It was one of the first cars designed with the aid of a wind tunnel—a method used for German aircraft design since the early 1920s. The car designs were put through rigorous tests and achieved a record-breaking million miles of testing before being deemed finished.

The construction of the new factory started in May 1938 in the new town of «Stadt des KdF-Wagens» (renamed Wolfsburg after the war), which had been purpose-built for the factory workers.[15] This factory had only produced a handful of cars by the time war started in 1939. None were actually delivered to any holder of the completed saving stamp books, though one Type 1 Cabriolet was presented to Hitler on 20 April 1944 (his 55th birthday).[15]

1939–1944: Wartime production and Nazi concentration camp labour[edit]

War changed production to military vehicles—the Type 82 Kübelwagen («Bucket car») utility vehicle (VW’s most common wartime model), and the amphibious Schwimmwagen—manufactured for German forces. One of the first foreigners to drive a Volkswagen was the American war correspondent Ernie Pyle, who had the use of a captured Volkswagen for a few days after the Allied victory in Tunisia in May 1943.[17] As was common with much of the production in Nazi Germany during the war, slave labour was utilised in the Volkswagen plant, e.g. from Arbeitsdorf concentration camp. The company would admit in 1998 that it used 15,000 slaves during the war effort. German historians estimated that 80% of Volkswagen’s wartime workforce was slave labour.[18] Many of the slaves were reported to have been supplied from the concentration camps upon request from plant managers. A lawsuit was filed in 1998 by survivors for restitution for the forced labour.[19] Volkswagen would set up a voluntary restitution fund.[20]

1945–1948: British military intervention[edit]

Volkswagen industrial plant in Wolfsburg, pictured in 2006

In April 1945, KdF-Stadt and its heavily bombed factory were captured by the United States armed forces and subsequently handed over to the British, within whose occupation zone the town and factory fell. The factory was placed under the control of British Army officer Major Ivan Hirst, REME, a civilian Military Governor with the occupying forces. At first, one plan was to use it for military vehicle maintenance, and possibly dismantle and ship it to Britain. Since it had been used for military production, (though not of KdF-Wagens) and had been in Hirst’s words, a «political animal» rather than a commercial enterprise[citation needed] – technically making it liable for destruction under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement – the equipment could have been salvaged as war reparations.[citation needed] Allied dismantling policy changed in late 1946 to mid-1947, though heavy industry continued to be dismantled until 1951.[citation needed]

One of the factory’s wartime ‘KdF-Wagen’ cars had been taken to the factory for repairs and abandoned there. Hirst had it repainted green and demonstrated it to British Army headquarters. Short of light transport, in September 1945 the British Army was persuaded to place a vital order for 20,000 cars. However, production facilities had been massively disrupted, there was a refugee crisis at and around the factory, and some parts (such as carburettors) were unavailable. Hirst and his German assistant Heinrich Nordhoff (who went on to run the Wolfsburg facility after the military government ended in 1949) helped to stabilise the acute social situation while simultaneously re-establishing production. Hirst, for example, used his engineering experience to arrange the manufacture of carburettors, the original producers being effectively ‘lost’ in the Soviet zone.[21] The first few hundred cars went to personnel from the occupying forces, and to Australia Post. Some British service personnel were allowed to take their Beetles back to the United Kingdom when they were demobilised.[22][better source needed]

In 1986, Hirst said that factory workers were, after many years of Nazi conditioning, initially reluctant to follow his orders; to counter this, he had his military uniform brought back from Britain and wore it in the factory, after which he reported having no problems even though he was no longer a soldier at the time but a civilian member of the military government.[citation needed]

The post-war industrial plans for Germany set out rules that governed which industries Germany was allowed to retain. These rules set German car production at a maximum of 10% of 1936 car production.[23] By 1946, the factory produced 1,000 cars a month even though it was still in disrepair. Owing to roof and window damage, production had to stop when it rained, and the company had to barter new vehicles for steel for production.[24]

The car and its town changed their Second World War-era names to «Volkswagen» and «Wolfsburg» respectively, and production increased. It was still unclear what was to become of the factory. It was offered to representatives from the American, Australian, British, and French motor industries who all rejected it. After an inspection of the plant, Sir William Rootes, head of the British Rootes Group, told Hirst the project would fail within two years, and that the car «…is quite unattractive to the average motorcar buyer, is too ugly and too noisy. If you think you’re going to build cars in this place, you’re a bloody fool, young man.»[25] The official report said: «To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise.»[26]

Ford representatives were equally critical. In March 1948, the British offered the Volkswagen company to Ford, free of charge. Henry Ford II, the son of Edsel Ford, travelled to West Germany for discussions. Heinz Nordhoff was also present, as well as Ernest Breech, chairman of the board for Ford. Henry Ford II looked to Breech for his opinion, and Breech said, «Mr. Ford, I don’t think what we’re being offered here is worth a damn!»[27] Ford passed on the offer, leaving Volkswagen to rebuild itself under Nordhoff’s leadership.[citation needed]

1948–1961: Icon of post-war West Germany[edit]

1949 Volkswagen «split rear window» Sedan

Volkswagen Cabriolet (1953)

An original 1300 Deluxe, circa 1966

In the later 1960s, as the worldwide demand for the Beetle finally began to diminish, a variety of successor designs were proposed and, in most cases, rejected by management.

From 1948, Volkswagen became an important element, symbolically and economically, of West German regeneration.[according to whom?] Heinrich Nordhoff (1899–1968), a former senior manager at Opel who had overseen civilian and military vehicle production in the 1930s and 1940s, was recruited to run the factory in 1948. In 1949, Major Hirst left the company—now re-formed as a trust controlled by the West German government and government of the State of Lower Saxony. The «Beetle» sedan or «peoples’ car» Volkswagen is the Type 1. Apart from the introduction of the Volkswagen Type 2 commercial vehicle (van, pick-up, and camper), and the VW Karmann Ghia sports car, Nordhoff pursued the one-model policy until shortly before his death in 1968.

Volkswagens were first exhibited and sold in the United States in 1949 but sold only two units in America that first year. On entry to the US market, the VW was briefly sold as a Victory Wagon. Volkswagen of America was formed in April 1955 to standardise sales and service in the United States. Production of the Type 1 Volkswagen Beetle increased dramatically over the years, the total reaching one million in 1955.

The UK’s first official Volkswagen importer, Colborne Garages of Ripley, Surrey, started business with importing parts for the models brought home by soldiers returning from Germany.[22]

Canadian Motors, Limited brought in Canada’s first shipment of Volkswagens on 10 July 1952 (shipping order 143075).[citation needed] The order consisted of 12 vehicles, (3) model 11C, a black, green, and sand colour (3) 11GS, a chestnut brown and two azure blue, (2) 24A-M51 in red, (1) 21A in blue, (1) 23A in blue, (1) 22A beige colour, and one ambulance.[citation needed] Volkswagens were seen in Canada for the first time at the Canadian National Exhibition in August 1952 and were accepted enthusiastically. (At least one Type 2 bus from this order still exists, and is currently in France undergoing restoration).[citation needed] The first shipment for Volkswagen Canada reached Toronto in early December 1952. (At least one Type 1 from this first shipment still exists, and was driven on a nationwide tour for Volkswagen Canada’s 60th year of business festivities in 2012).[citation needed]

By 1955, sales warranted the building of the Volkswagen plant on a 32-acre (13 ha) site on Scarborough’s Golden Mile. To this, a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) building with administration, showrooms, service, repairs and parts was built in 1957, with storage for $4,000,000 of parts.[citation needed]

In 1959, VW started production at a plant near São Paulo in Brazil.[28] Volkswagen do Brasil was accused of spying on workers during the time of the military dictatorship in the 1970s and informing police on oppositional activities. In 1976, mass arrests occurred and some VW employees were tortured. In 1979, Brazilian VW workers travelled to Wolfsburg to inform the CEO in person. In 2015, activists and former VW employees in Brazil spoke out in public accused the company’s silence about the persecution of its workers. In fall 2016, VW commissioned an expert review of the situation due end of 2017.[29]

On 22 August 1960, Volkswagenwerk GmbH was renamed to Volkswagenwerk AG. Sales soared throughout the 1960s, peaking at the end of the decade thanks in part to the famous advertising campaigns by New York advertising agency Doyle, Dane Bernbach.[citation needed] Led by art director Helmut Krone, and copywriters Julian Koenig and Bob Levinson, Volkswagen advertisements became[when?] as popular as the car, using crisp layouts and witty copy to lure the younger, sophisticated consumers with whom the car became associated.[citation needed] Even though it was almost universally known as the Beetle (or the Bug), it was never officially labelled as such by the manufacturer, instead referred to as the Type 1.[30]

Although the car was becoming outdated, during the 1960s and early 1970s, American exports, innovative advertising, and a growing reputation for reliability helped production figures surpass the levels of the previous record-holder, the Ford Model T. On 17 February 1972, the 15,007,034th Beetle was sold. Volkswagen could now claim the world production record for the most-produced, single make of car in history. By 1973, total production was over 16 million.

To commemorate its passing the Ford Model T’s record sales mark and its victories in the Baja 1000 Mexican races from 1967 to 1971, Volkswagen produced its first limited-edition Beetle. It was marketed as the «Baja Champion SE»[31] in the United States and the «Marathon» Superbeetle in the rest of the world. It featured unique «Marathon Blau» metallic blue paint, steel-pressed 10-spoke 15-inch (38 cm) magnesium-alloy wheels, a commemorative metal plate mounted on the glovebox and a certificate of authenticity presented to the original purchaser. Dealer-installed options for this limited-edition Superbeetle included the following: white stripes running the length of the rocker-panel, a special shifter knob, bumper overriders, tapered exhaust tips, fake walnut inserts in the dashboard (behind the steering wheel and the glovebox cover) as well as Bosch fog lights mounted on the front bumper.[citation needed]

1961–1973: Beetle to Golf[edit]

The 1961 Type 1 Beetle had a 36 hp 1200cc four cylinder air-cooled flat-four opposed OHV engine made of aluminium alloy block and heads. By 1966, the Type 1 came with a 1300cc engine. By 1967 the Type 1 had a 1500cc engine, and 1600cc in 1970. The air-cooled engine lost favour in the United States market with the advent of unleaded petrol and smog controls. These air-cooled engines were commonly tuned to be fuel-rich in order to control engine over-heating, and this led to excessive carbon monoxide emissions. VW production equipment was eventually moved to Mexico where vehicle emissions were not regulated. Beetles were popular on the US West Coast where the limited-capacity cabin heating was less inconvenient. Beetles were popularised on the US West Coast as beach buggies and dune buggies.

VW expanded its product line in 1961 with the introduction of four Type 3 models (Karmann Ghia, Notchback, Fastback, and Variant) based on the new Type 3 mechanical underpinnings. The name ‘Squareback’ was used in the United States for the Variant.

In 1969 the larger Type 4 (411 and 412) models were introduced. These differed substantially from previous vehicles, with the notable introduction of monocoque/unibody construction, the option of a fully automatic transmission, electronic fuel injection, and a sturdier powerplant.

In 1964, Volkswagen acquired Auto Union, and in 1969, NSU Motorenwerke AG (NSU). The former company owned the historic Audi brand, which had disappeared after the Second World War. VW ultimately merged Auto Union and NSU to create the modern Audi company, and would go on to develop it as its luxury vehicle marque. The purchase of Auto Union and NSU was a pivotal point in Volkswagen’s history, as both companies yielded the technological expertise that proved necessary for VW to survive when demand for its air-cooled models went into decline.

Volkswagen added a «Super Beetle»[32] (the Type 131) to its lineup in 1971. The Type 131 differed from the standard Beetle in its use of a MacPherson strut front suspension instead of the usual torsion bars. The Super Beetle featured a new hooded, padded dash and curved windshield (from 1973 model year on up). Rack and pinion steering replaced recirculating ball steering gears in the model year 1975 and up. The front of the car was stretched 2 inches (51 mm) to allow the spare tire to lie flat, and the combination of these two features increased the usable front luggage space.

In 1973, Volkswagen introduced the military-themed Type 181, or «Trekker» in Europe, «Thing» in America, recalling the wartime Type 82. The military version was produced for the NATO-era German Army during the Cold War years of 1970 to 1979. The US Thing version only sold for two years, 1973 and 1974.

1970 VW Squareback (Type III)

By late 1972, Volkswagen had decided to cancel the nearly finished typ 266, a project for a mid-engined car to replace the Beetle, and to focus on front-wheel-drive, water-cooled cars. Rudolf Leiding, recently made head of Volkswagen, cited noise, heat, and servicing problems with the mid-engine layout, as well as the difficulty of making it a station wagon.[33]

Volkswagen was in serious trouble by 1973.[34] The Type 3 and Type 4 models had sold in much smaller numbers than the Beetle and the NSU-based K70 also failed to sell. Beetle sales had started to decline rapidly in European and North American markets. The company knew that Beetle production had to end, but faced a conundrum of how to replace it. VW’s ownership of Audi/Auto Union proved beneficial. Its expertise in front-wheel drive, and water-cooled engines would help Volkswagen produce a credible Beetle successor. Audi influences paved the way for this new generation of Volkswagens: the Passat, Scirocco, Golf, and Polo.

First in the series was the Volkswagen Passat (Dasher in the US), introduced in 1973, a fastback version of the Audi 80, using many identical body and mechanical parts. Estate/wagon versions were available in many markets. In Europe, the estate/wagon version dominated market share for many years.

In spring 1974, the Scirocco followed. The coupe was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro. Based on the platform of the not yet released Golf, it was built at Karmann due to capacity constraints at Volkswagen.

The pivotal model emerged as the Volkswagen Golf in 1974, marketed in the United States and Canada as the Rabbit for the 1st generation (1975–1985) and 5th generation (2006–2009). Its angular styling was designed by the Italian Giorgetto Giugiaro. Its design followed trends for small family cars set by the 1959 Mini – the Golf had a transversely mounted, water-cooled engine in the front, driving the front wheels, and had a hatchback, a format that has dominated the market segment ever since. Beetle production at Wolfsburg ended upon the Golf’s introduction. It continued in smaller numbers at other German factories (Hanover and Emden) until 1978, but mainstream production shifted to Brazil and Mexico.

In 1975, the Volkswagen Polo followed. It was a re-badged Audi 50, which was soon discontinued in 1978. The Polo became the base of the Volkswagen Derby, which was introduced in 1977. The Derby was for all intents and purposes a three-box design of the Polo. After a second model generation, the Derby was discontinued in 1985, although the body style lived on in the form of the Polo classic/Polo saloon until 1991.

Passat, Scirocco, Golf, and Polo shared many character-defining features, as well as parts and engines. They built the basis for Volkswagen’s turn-around.

1974–1990: Product line expansion[edit]

While Volkswagen’s range of cars soon became similar to that of other large European car makers, the Golf has been the mainstay of the Volkswagen line-up since its introduction, and the mechanical basis for several other cars of the company. There have been eight generations of the Volkswagen Golf, the first of which was produced from the summer of 1974 until the autumn of 1983 (sold as the Rabbit in the United States and Canada and as the Caribe in Latin America). Its chassis also spawned the Volkswagen Scirocco sport coupe, Volkswagen Jetta saloon/sedan, Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet convertible, and Volkswagen Caddy pick-up. North American production of the Rabbit commenced at the Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant near New Stanton, Pennsylvania in 1978. It would be produced in the United States as the Rabbit until the spring of 1984.[citation needed] The second-generation Golf hatchback/Jetta sedan ran from October 1983 until the autumn of 1991, and a North American version produced at Westmoreland Assembly went on sale at the start of the 1985 model year. The production numbers of the first-generation Golf has continued to grow annually in South Africa as the Citi Golf, with only minor modifications to the interior, engine and chassis, using tooling relocated from the New Stanton, Pennsylvania plant when that site began to build the Second Generation car.[citation needed]

In the 1980s, Volkswagen’s sales in the United States and Canada fell dramatically, despite the success of models like the Golf elsewhere. Sales in the United States were 293,595 in 1980, but by 1984 they were down to 177,709.[35] The introduction of the second-generation Golf, GTI and Jetta models helped Volkswagen briefly in North America. Motor Trend named the GTI its Car of the Year for 1985, and Volkswagen rose in the J.D. Power buyer satisfaction ratings to eighth place in 1985, up from 22nd a year earlier.[36] VW’s American sales broke 200,000 in 1985 and 1986 before resuming the downward trend from earlier in the decade. Chairman Carl Hahn decided to expand the company elsewhere (mostly in developing countries), and the New Stanton, Pennsylvania factory closed on 14 July 1988.[37] Meanwhile, four years after signing a cooperation agreement with the Spanish car maker SEAT in 1982, Hahn expanded the company by purchasing a majority share of SEAT up to 75% by the end of 1986, which VW bought outright in 1990.[38] On 4 July 1985, Volkswagenwerk AG was renamed to Volkswagen AG.

Volkswagen entered the supermini market in 1975 with the Volkswagen Polo, a stylish and spacious three-door hatchback designed by Bertone. It was a strong seller in West Germany and most of the rest of Western Europe, being one of the first foreign small cars to prove popular in Britain. It had started out in 1974 as the Audi 50, which was only available in certain markets and was less popular. The Polo entered a market sector already being dominated by the Fiat 127 and Renault 5, and which before long would also include the Austin Metro and Ford Fiesta.[citation needed]

In 1981, the second-generation Polo launched as a hatchback (resembling a small estate car). In 1983 the range was expanded, with the introduction of a Coupe (similar to a conventional hatchback), and the Classic (a 2-door saloon).[39] The Polo’s practicality, despite the lack of a five-door version, helped ensure even stronger sales than its predecessor. It continued to sell well after a makeover in 1990, finally being replaced by an all-new version in 1994.[40] Also arriving in 1981 were the second generation of the larger Passat and a second generation of the Volkswagen Scirocco coupe.

In 1983 the MK2 Golf was launched. At the beginning of 1988, the third generation Passat was the next major car launch and Volkswagen did not produce a hatchback version of this Passat, despite the rising popularity of the hatchback body style throughout Europe.[citation needed] Just after launching the B3 Passat, Volkswagen launched the Corrado, analogous to the Scirocco, although the Scirocco remained in production until 1992; a third generation of Scirocco was in production 2008–17.[41]

1991–1999[edit]

Volkswagen Golf, in North American form

In 1991, Volkswagen launched the third-generation Golf, which was European Car of the Year for 1992. The Golf Mk3 and Jetta Mk3 arrived in North America in 1993. The sedan version of the Golf was badged Vento in Europe but remained Jetta in the United States. The Scirocco and the later Corrado were both Golf-based coupés.

In 1994, Volkswagen unveiled the J Mays-designed Concept One, a «retro»-themed concept car with a resemblance to the original Beetle, based on the platform of the Polo. Due to a positive response to the concept, a production version was developed as the New Beetle, based on the Golf’s larger platform.[42]

In 1995 the Sharan was launched in Europe, the result of a joint venture with Ford, which also resulted in the Ford Galaxy and SEAT Alhambra.[43]

The company’s evolution of its model range was continued with the Golf Mk4, introduced at the end of 1997 (North America in 1999), its chassis spawned a host of other cars within the Volkswagen Group; the Volkswagen Bora (the sedan known as the Jetta in the United States), SEAT Toledo, SEAT León, Audi A3, Audi TT, and Škoda Octavia. Other main models during the decade include the Polo, a smaller car than the Golf, and the larger Passat for the segment above the Golf.

In 1998 the company launched the new Lupo city car. In 1999 they announced the first «3-litre» car, a lightweight version of the Lupo that could travel 100 km with only 3-liters of diesel—making it the world’s most fuel efficient car at the time.[44]

2000–2016: Further expansion[edit]

Volkswagen began introducing an array of new models after Bernd Pischetsrieder became Volkswagen Group CEO (responsible for all Group brands) in 2002. The sixth-generation VW Golf was launched in 2008, came runner-up to the Opel/Vauxhall Insignia in the 2009 European Car of the Year, and has spawned several cousins: VW Jetta, VW Scirocco, SEAT León, SEAT Toledo, Škoda Octavia and Audi A3 hatchback ranges, as well as a new mini-MPV, the SEAT Altea. The GTI, a «hot hatch» performance version of the Golf, boasts a 2.0 L Turbocharged Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) direct injection engine. VW began marketing the Golf under the Rabbit name once again in the US and Canada in 2006.

The sixth-generation Passat and the fifth-generation Jetta both debuted in 2005, and Volkswagen announced plans to expand its lineup further by bringing back the Scirocco by 2008. Other models in Wolfgang Bernhard’s (Volkswagen brand CEO) «product offensive» include the Tiguan mid-sized SUV in 2008 and a Passat Coupé. In November 2006 Bernd Pischetsrieder announced his resignation as Volkswagen Group CEO and was replaced by Audi worldwide CEO Martin Winterkorn at the beginning of 2007.

Volkswagen maintained North American sales of 224,195 in 2005. The momentum continued for fiscal 2006, as Volkswagen’s North American sales for the year were 235,140 vehicles, a 4.9 percent increase over 2005, despite a slump in domestic North American manufacturer’s sales. In conjunction with the introduction of new models, the production location of Volkswagen vehicles also underwent a great change. The 2007 Eos, a hardtop convertible, is produced in a new facility in Portugal. All Golfs/Rabbits and GTIs as of 2006 are manufactured in Wolfsburg, Germany, rather than Puebla, Mexico, where Golfs and GTIs for the North American market were produced from 1989 to 1998, and the Brazilian factory in Curitiba, where Golfs and GTIs were produced from 1999 to 2006 (the Jetta has been primarily manufactured in Mexico since 1989). Volkswagen is also in the process of reconfiguring an automotive assembly plant in Belgium. The new models and investments in manufacturing improvements were immediately noticed by automotive critics. Favourable reviews for Volkswagen’s newest cars include the GTI being named by Consumer Reports as the top sporty car under $25,000, one of Car and Driver magazine’s «10 Best» for 2007, Automobile Magazine’s 2007 Car of the Year, as well as a 2008 Motor Trend comparison ranking the mid-size Passat first in its class.

Volkswagen partnered with Daimler AG and other companies to market the BlueTec clean diesel technology on cars and trucks from Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, and other companies and brands. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, four of the ten most fuel-efficient vehicles available for sale in the United States are powered by Volkswagen diesel engines.[45] Volkswagen has offered a number of its vehicles with a TDI (Turbocharged Direct Injection) engine, which lends class-leading fuel economy to several models. They were a three-way tie for 8th (TDI Beetle, TDI Golf, TDI Jetta) and ninth, the TDI Jetta Wagon. In addition, all Volkswagen TDI diesel engines produced from 1996 to 2006 can be driven on 100% biodiesel fuel.[citation needed] For the 2007 model year, however, strict US government emissions regulations had forced Volkswagen to drop most diesels from their US engine lineup, but a new lineup of diesel engines (then thought) compatible to US standards returned to the American market starting with Model Year 2009. These post-2009 Clean Diesel engines are limited to running on 5% (B5) biodiesel only to maintain Volkswagen’s warranty. Volkswagen long resisted adding a SUV to its lineup, but relented with the introduction of the Touareg, made in partnership with Porsche, while they worked on the Porsche Cayenne and later the Audi Q7. Though acclaimed as a fine handling vehicle, the Touareg has been a modest seller at best, and it has been criticised by auto reviewers for its absence of a third-row seat, the relatively poor fuel economy, and the high vehicle mass. Volkswagen set plans to add a compact SUV with styling influences from the «Concept A» concept vehicle introduced at the 2006 Geneva Auto Show, and on 20 July 2006, Volkswagen announced that the new vehicle called the Tiguan.

Since the discontinuation of the T4 in 2003 and the decision not to export the T5 to the United States, Volkswagen, coincidentally, lacked a van for its North American lineup. To remedy this, Volkswagen launched the Volkswagen Routan, a badge-engineered Dodge Grand Caravan made for the American and Canadian markets, in 2008.

In September 2006, Volkswagen began offering the City Golf and City Jetta only for the Canadian market. Both models were originally the Mk4 Golf and Jetta but were later replaced with the Brazilian versions of the Golf Mk4 and Bora. Volkswagen’s introduction of such models is seen as a test of the market for a subcompact and, if successful, may be the beginnings of a thriving subcompact market for Volkswagen.

In May 2011, Volkswagen completed Chattanooga Assembly in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The Chattanooga Assembly plant marked VW’s first plant since the plant at New Stanton was closed down. The facility has produced Volkswagen cars and SUVs specifically designed for the North American markets, beginning with the Passat B7 in 2011. The company recently announced plans to expand further by investing $900 million to add floor space to the factory.[46]

The VW XL1 began a limited production run in 2013. The XL1 is a lightweight and fuel-efficient two-person vehicle (only 795 kg).

The Volkswagen Atlas, a large crossover SUV, began production in late 2016, and aimed to help end several years of losses for Volkswagen in the United States, the world’s second-largest auto market.[47][48] On 14 September 2016, Volkswagen announced its partnership with three Israeli cybersecurity experts to create a new company, Cymotive, dedicated to automotive security.[49]

2017–present: Focus on electric vehicles[edit]

In 2017, Volkswagen announced plans to place a considerable focus on electric vehicles (EV), with a goal to, by 2025, launch at least 30 EV models, and have 20 to 25 percent of their total yearly sales volume (2-3 million) consist of EVs.[50] In September, Volkswagen CEO Matthias Müller stated that the company aimed to have electric versions of all of its vehicle models by 2030, at a cost of 20 billion euro, and 50 billion euro on acquisition of batteries.[51] On 6 March 2017 at the Geneva Motor Show Volkswagen presented its prototype for a fully autonomous car, Sedric.[52]

Volkswagen returned to motorsport in 2018 by unveiling its all-electric I.D. R. At the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb, Romain Dumas set an all-time course record of just under eight minutes driving the I.D. R.[53]

In September 2018, Volkswagen announced that it would discontinue production of the Beetle (A5) in 2019.[54] Also in September 2018, Volkswagen announced its $100 million investment in Silicon Valley-based solid-state battery startup QuantumScape, becoming the startup’s largest automotive investor and gaining representation on its board.[55]

In February 2019, Volkswagen announced that it would launch an entry-level Jetta sub-brand in China aimed at young buyers. Three models were announced in July 2019, a sedan and two SUVs,[56] all three of which will be manufactured in China as a part of Volkswagen’s joint-venture with FAW.[57]

In September 2019 at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Volkswagen officially unveiled a refreshed logo (a thinner, two-dimensional version of the previous logo) and new sonic branding, which will accompany the newly launched ID.3 electric vehicle. Volkswagen stated that the ID.3 signified the start of a «new era» of the company.[58]

In September 2019, Volkswagen also announced a program to allow old Beetle models to be converted to run on electric power. The electric motor and battery updates will be done in partnership with German company eClassics.[59] The electric components used for retrofitting will be based upon those found in the e-up! model.

In November 2020, Volkswagen announced that, trying to remain the world’s largest carmaker in the green era, it has increased its investment in electric and self-driving cars to $86 billion over the next five years.[60]

In January 2021, Volkswagen announced that its sales in 2020 dropped by 9.9% in China, 23.4% in western Europe and 17.1% in North America.[61]

In March 2021, Volkswagen announced that it would stop developing new internal combustion engines, although it would keep tweaking existing engines to comply with stricter emission rules.[62][better source needed]
Also, the company announced it was changing the American division’s name to «Voltswagen», with the help of Johannes Leonardo, before revealing the move to be a hoax. In a tweet, the company said, the stunt «got the whole world buzzing.» However, some news sources considered the announcement to be real, including the Associated Press, whose headline about being fooled stated, «Volkswagen caught lying again, this time about changing its name.»[63]

In March 2022, Volkswagen released the ID. Buzz electric minivan.[64]

On May 11, 2022, Volkswagen confirmed the relaunch of its Scout off-road vehicle brand, this time as an EV.[65] Production is set to begin in 2026, and this relaunch will be the first time that VW creates a new brand based solely in the U.S. market.[66]

In July 2022 Volkswagen noted the development of the first of their own Gigafactories.[67] The site, based in Salzgitter in Germany, has been termed Mission SalzGiga. The new business unit is focused on all of Volkswagen’s battery activities «from raw materials and the cell right through to recycling», and is part of a €20 billion investment.[67]

On Sep 2022 Volkswagen introduces the ID. XTREME1 off-road Electric concept Car, an off-road electric SUV. [68]

Operations[edit]

Global sales figures,
2006–2018[69]
Year Sales (in millions)
2006 5.7
2007 6.2
2008 6.3
2009 6.3
2010 7.3
2011 8.4
2012 9.3
2013 9.7
2014 10.2
2015 10.0
2016 10.3
2017 10.7[70]
2018 10.8[71]
2019 11.0[72]

Volkswagen is the founding and namesake member of the Volkswagen Group, a large international corporation in charge of multiple car and truck brands, including Audi, SEAT, Porsche, Lamborghini, Bentley, Bugatti, Scania, MAN, and Škoda. Volkswagen Group’s global headquarters are located in Volkswagen’s historic home of Wolfsburg, Germany.[73][74]

Volkswagen Group, as a unit, is Europe’s largest motor vehicle manufacturer, with over 74,000 employees and over 7700 dealerships.[75] For a long time, Volkswagen has had a market share over 20 percent.[76]

In 2010, Volkswagen posted record sales of 6.29 million vehicles, with its global market share at 11.4%.[77] In 2008, Volkswagen became the third-largest car maker in the world,[78] and, as of 2016, Volkswagen was the second largest manufacturer worldwide.[79] In 2018 the company benefited from trade tariffs and new emission standards, with a record deliveries of 10.8 million vehicles.[80] Volkswagen Group’s core markets include Germany and China.[81]

In July 2019, Volkswagen invested $2.6 billion in Argo AI, a startup focused on developing self-driving vehicles.[82]

International properties[edit]

Volkswagen logo evolution (1937–2019)

Volkswagen has factories in many parts of the world, manufacturing or assembling vehicles for local markets. In addition to plants in Germany, Volkswagen has manufacturing or assembly facilities in Mexico, the United States, Slovakia, China, India, Russia, Malaysia, Brazil, Argentina, Portugal, Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya and South Africa. In 2011, Volkswagen was named in the top 25 largest companies in the world by the Forbes Global 2000.[83][84]

As of May 2014, Volkswagen was planning to start assembling certain engines in India to increase localisation from 70% to 90%.[85]

In January 2016, Volkswagen announced the launch of a new factory in Algeria during a summit between Angela Merkel and Algerian prime minister Abdelmalek Sellal.[86] The factory was launched in Relizane, producing Volkswagen Golf VII, Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Caddy, SEAT Ibiza and Škoda Octavia cars.

In the 2021 review of WIPO‘s annual World Intellectual Property Indicators VW ranked 6th in the world for its 84 industrial design registrations that were published under the Hague System during 2020.[87] This position is down on their previous 5th-place ranking for 73 industrial design registrations being published in 2019.[88][third-party source needed]

Since 1985, Volkswagen has also run the Volkswagen AutoMuseum in Wolfsburg, which is dedicated to the history of the company.[89][third-party source needed]

Working conditions[edit]

With 120,000 employees in Germany,[90] VW is one of the most well organized labour represented companies in the world and Germany. The role that Works Councils and IG Metall play is unique even within Germany. VW workers have some of the strongest collective agreements. VW has a strong tradition and practice of social partnership and co-determination.[91]

Volkswagen agreed in December 2011 to implement a rule passed by the company’s Works Council aimed at improving work–life balance and avoiding burnout by restricting company email functionality on the firm’s BlackBerry smartphones to working periods and the half-hour before and after working periods. About 1,150 of Volkswagen’s more than 190,000 employees in Germany were affected by the email restriction.[92]

Relationship with Porsche and the Volkswagen Law[edit]

Volkswagen has always had a close relationship with Porsche, the Zuffenhausen-based sports car manufacturer founded in 1931 by Ferdinand Porsche, the original Volkswagen designer and Volkswagen company co-founder, hired by Adolf Hitler for the project. The first Porsche car, the Porsche 64 of 1938, used many components from the Volkswagen Beetle. The 1948 Porsche 356 continued using many Volkswagen components, including a tuned engine, gearbox and suspension.

The two companies continued their collaboration in 1969 to make the VW-Porsche 914 and Porsche 914-6. (The 914-6 had a 6-cylinder Porsche engine, and the standard 914 had a Volkswagen engine.) Volkswagen and Porsche would collaborate again in 1976 on the Porsche 912-E (the USA only) and the Porsche 924, which used many Audi components and was built at Audi’s Neckarsulm facilities. The 924 was originally designated for AUDI. Most Porsche 944 models were built there, although they used far fewer VW components.

The Porsche Cayenne, introduced in 2002, shares its entire chassis with the Volkswagen Touareg and Audi Q7, and is built at the same Volkswagen factory in Bratislava that the other SUVs are built.

In September 2005, Porsche announced it would increase its 5% stake in Volkswagen to 20% at a cost of €3 billion, with the intention that the combined stakes of Porsche and the government of Lower Saxony would ensure that any hostile takeover by foreign investors would be impossible.[93] Speculated suitors included DaimlerChrysler, BMW, and Renault. In July 2006, Porsche increased their ownership again to 25.1%.

On 4 March 2005, the European Commission brought an action against the Federal Republic of Germany before the European Court of Justice, claiming that the Volkswagen Law, which prevents any shareholder in Volkswagen from executing more than 20% of the total voting rights in the firm, was illegally restricting the flow of capital in Europe.[94] On 13 February 2007, Advocate General Dámaso Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer submitted an opinion to the court in support of the action.[95] This again opened the possibility of a hostile takeover of VW and so on 26 March of the same year Porsche took its holding of Volkswagen shares to 30.9%. Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen, but intended the move to avoid a competitor’s taking a large stake and to stop hedge funds from dismantling VW.[96] As expected, on 22 October 2007, the European Court of Justice ruled in agreement with Ruiz-Jarabo and the law was struck down.[97][98] In October 2007, the European Court of Justice ruled that the VW law was illegal[99] because it was protectionist. At that time, Porsche held 31% of VW shares – although a smaller proportion of voting rights, due to the Volkswagen Law – and there had been speculation that Porsche would be interested in taking over VW if the law did not stand in its way. The court also prevented the government from appointing Volkswagen board members.[100] The German government then rewrote the Volkswagen law, only to be sued again.[101][102][103] In October 2013, the EU Court of Justice in Luxembourg ruled that the rewritten Volkswagen law «complied in full» with EU rules.[104]

On 26 October 2008, Porsche revealed its plan to assume control of VW. As of that day, it held 42.6% of Volkswagen’s ordinary shares and stock options on another 31.5%. Combined with the state of Lower Saxony’s 20.1% stake, this left only 5.8% of shares on the market—mostly with index funds that could not legally sell.[105] Hedge funds desperate to cover their short positions forced Volkswagen stock above one thousand euros per share, briefly making it the world’s largest company by market capitalisation on 28 October 2008.[106] By January 2009, Porsche had a 50.76% holding in Volkswagen AG, although the «Volkswagen Law» prevented it from taking control of the company.[107]

On 6 May 2009, the two companies decided to join, in a merger.

On 13 August, Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft’s supervisory board signed the agreement to create an integrated automotive group with Porsche led by Volkswagen. The initial decision was for Volkswagen to take a 42.0% stake in Porsche AG by the end of 2009, and it would also see the family shareholders selling the automobile trading business of Porsche Holding Salzburg to Volkswagen.[108] In October 2009 however, Volkswagen announced that its percentage in Porsche would be 49.9% for a cost of €3.9 billion (the 42.0% deal would have cost €3.3 billion).[109] On 1 March 2011, Volkswagen has finalised the purchase of Porsche Holding Salzburg (PHS), Austria’s leading specialty automobile distributor, for €3.3 billion ($4.55 billion).[110]

In January 2020, Volkswagen was overtaken by Tesla, Inc. as the second-most valuable auto maker.[111]

Product line[edit]

Best-selling Volkswagen models in 2019[72]
Rank Model Production output
1 Tiguan 910,126
2 Polo/Virtus/Vento/Ameo 706,052
3 Golf 679,351
4 Jetta/Sagitar 610,327
5 Passat/Magotan 543,706
6 Lavida 514,698
7 Bora 345,077
8 T-Roc 328,069
9 T-Cross/Tacqua/Taigun 274,071
10 Santana 244,132

The Volkswagen brand produces various models which consists of global products and regional products, specifically for large markets including Europe, China and Latin America. Volkswagen AG annual report in 2019 reported that the best-selling model under the Volkswagen brand globally is the Tiguan, followed by the B-segment range of Polo, Virtus, Vento and Ameo, and Golf.[72]

Hatchbacks[edit]

Volkswagen has been one of the leading manufacturer in terms of hatchback production, which traditionally has been a popular segment in Europe.[112][113] The brand offered a range of hatchbacks from A-segment, B-segment, and C-segment. The Golf traditionally has been the strongest selling vehicle for the brand in Europe, followed by the smaller Polo which apart from the European market also has a stronghold in emerging markets. Sales for the hatchback category has slowed down due to the rise of the SUV segment.[114][115]

SUVs/crossovers[edit]

The Volkswagen Tiguan has claimed the top spot in terms of sales figures within Volkswagen models.

The brand introduced its first crossover SUV in 2002 starting from the Touareg, a full-size luxury SUV. The brand SUV expansion continues with the release of Tiguan, a C-segment mainstream SUV in 2007. In the mid-2010s, the company has decided to an SUV in every class of car that can justify one, which the brand called the «SUV offensive».[116] Between 2017 and 2020, the brand has aggressively expanded its SUV line-up by growing its number of models from 2 to 8 models, excluding its derivatives, ranging from B-segment, C-segment, and D-segment SUVs which include global models and regional models. Volkswagen also started producing derivatives of its SUV models with a rear sloping roof marketed as coupé SUV which had gained popularity in China, the largest single market for the brand.[117][118]

In 2019, every fourth vehicle delivered by the Volkswagen brand today is an SUV, with its top contributor being the Tiguan. The brand plans to have over 30 SUV models on offer worldwide by 2025, contributing 50 percent of its global sales.[119] Volkswagen also expects SUVs to lead the ID. family, its future electric vehicle range of models.[120]

The SUV expansion has claimed casualties in the MPV segment, which saw the Sharan mid-size MPV being phased out in 2020.[121]

Regional models[edit]

Chinese market[edit]

Volkswagen is a market leader in China, which is the largest single automotive market in the world. In 2019, 3.16 million Volkswagen-branded vehicles were delivered in the country.[122] The importance of the market has justified a significant amount of China-specific models.

Sedans are a favoured segment in China due to their spacious interiors and boot space. In 2019, the brand sold 1.6 million of them in China. In the compact notchback or sedan segment, the brand is represented by several China-only models which include the Sagitar, Lamando, Bora, Santana, Lavida, and its derivatives in other body styles,[123] while the mid-size sedan segment is represented by the Passat and Magotan.[124][125] The Lavida was the best-selling model in China of all manufacturers in 2019 with 491,000 units sold.[126]

The popularity of SUVs also gave birth to several SUV models built or reworked specifically for China, including the Tharu, Tayron, Tayron X, Tiguan X, and reworked versions of the T-Cross and T-Roc.[127] The brand also has a strong presence in the premium or luxury segment including the Phideon and Viloran as the models developed specifically for China.[128][129]

Brazilian market[edit]

The brand has a notable history in Brazil. Volkswagen’s relationship with Brazil dates back to the early 1950s. In 1956, Volkswagen began by building a plant in São Bernardo do Campo, near São Paulo as its first manufacturing plant outside Germany as a response to the Brazil’s ban on the import of completely assembled vehicles in 1950.[130] One year later, the plant started to produce the Kombi model – 370 cars at that time, with a 50 percent local content component share. Of 81 million vehicles produced over six decades in Brazil, 23 million of it was built by Volkswagen, which was produced by four passenger car factories in the country. In 2018, Volkswagen accounted for close on 15 percent of the Brazilian car market.[131]

The importance of the Brazilian market gave birth to several models developed and manufactured by Volkswagen do Brasil, which include the Fox, Gol, Nivus, Saveiro, Virtus and Voyage. These models are also typically exported throughout Latin America. Historical vehicles built for the market include the Brasília, SP1 & SP2, 1500/Variant/Variant II, Karmann Ghia TC, Parati and Suran.[132][133][134] The Gol, first launched in 1980, was the best-selling car in the country for 27 consecutive years, up until 2013.[130][131]

Environment-friendly vehicles[edit]

Pure ethanol vehicles[edit]

Volkswagen do Brasil produced and sold pure ethanol-powered (E100 only) vehicles in Brazil, and production was discontinued only after they were supplanted by more modern Flex Fuel technology. As a response to the 1973 oil crisis, the Brazilian government began promoting bioethanol as a fuel, and the National Alcohol Program —Pró-Álcool— (Portuguese: Programa Nacional do Álcool) was launched in 1975.[135][136][137] Compelled by the 1979 energy crisis, and after development and testing with government fleets by the CTA at São José dos Campos, and further testing of several prototypes developed by the four local carmakers, including Volkswagen do Brasil, pure ethanol vehicles were launched in the Brazilian market.[135][136] Petrol engines were modified to support hydrous ethanol characteristics and changes included compression ratio, amount of fuel injected, replacement of materials that would get corroded by the contact with ethanol, use of colder spark plugs suitable for dissipating heat due to higher flame temperatures, and an auxiliary cold-start system that injects petrol from a small tank in the engine compartment to help starting when cold. Within six years, around 75% of all Brazilian passenger cars were manufactured with ethanol engines.[135][138]

Production and sales of pure ethanol vehicles tumbled beginning in 1987 owing to several factors, including a sharp decline in petrol prices as a result of the 1980s oil glut, and high sugar prices in the world market, shifting sugarcane ethanol production from fuel to sugar. By mid-1989, a shortage of ethanol fuel supply in the local market left thousands of vehicles in line at petrol stations or out of fuel in their garages, forcing consumers to abandon ethanol vehicles.[137][139]

Flexible-fuel vehicles[edit]

Brazilian 2003 VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex.jpg

The 2003 VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex was the first full flexible-fuel vehicle launched in Brazil, capable of running on any blend of petrol and E100. In March of that year, on its fiftieth anniversary, Volkswagen do Brasil launched in the local market the Gol 1.6 Total Flex, the first Brazilian commercial flexible fuel vehicle capable of running on any mix of E20-E25 petrol and up to 100% hydrous ethanol fuel (E100).[140][141][142][143] After the pure ethanol fiasco, consumer confidence in ethanol-powered vehicles was restored, allowing a rapid adoption of the flex technology. This was facilitated by the fuel distribution infrastructure already in place throughout Brazil, with more than 30 thousand fueling stations, a heritage of the Pró-Álcool program[144]

Owing to the success and rapid consumer acceptance of the flex-fuel versions, by 2005 VW had sold 293,523 flex-fuel cars and light-duty trucks, and only 53,074 petrol-only automobiles,[145] jumping to 525,838 flex-fuel vehicles and only 13,572 petrol-only cars and 248 petrol-only light trucks in 2007,[146] and reaching new car sales of 564,959 flex-fuel vehicles in 2008, representing 96% of all new cars and light-duty trucks sold in that year.[147] VW do Brasil stopped manufacturing gasoline-only vehicles models for the local market in 2006,[141] and all of the remaining petrol-only Volkswagen models sold in Brazil are imported. The flex-fuel models currently produced for the local market are the Gol, Fox, CrossFox, Parati, Polo Hatch, Polo Sedan, Saveiro, Golf, and Kombi.[148] By March 2009, Volkswagen do Brasil had attained the milestone mark of two million flex-fuel vehicles produced since 2003.[149][150]

Hybrid vehicles[edit]

The Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid gets 48 mpg‑US (20.4 km/L) on highway.

Volkswagen and Sanyo have teamed up to develop a battery system for hybrid cars.[151] Volkswagen head Martin Winterkorn has confirmed the company plans to build compact hybrid electric vehicles. He has stated «There will definitely be compact hybrid models, such as Polo and Golf, and without any great delay», with petrol and diesel power. For example, Golf is the ideal model to go hybrid as the Golf 1.4 TSI was recently awarded the «Auto Environment Certificate» by the Oko-Trend Institute for Environmental Research, and was considered one of the most environmentally friendly vehicles of 2007.[152] Also underway at Volkswagen’s Braunschweig R&D facilities in Northern Germany is a hybrid version of the next-generation Touareg.[153]

VW intends all future models to have the hybrid option. «Future VW models will fundamentally also be constructed with hybrid concepts,» VW head of development Ulrich Hackenberg told Automobilwoche in an interview. Hackenberg mentioned that the car based on the Up! concept seen at Frankfurt Motor Show,[154] as well as all future models, could be offered with either full or partial hybrid options. The rear-engine up! will go into production in 2011. Nothing has been said about plug-in hybrid options.[155]

Volkswagen announced at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show the launch of the 2012 Touareg Hybrid, scheduled for 2011.[156][157] VW also announced plans to introduce diesel-electric hybrid versions of its most popular models in 2012, beginning with the new Jetta, followed by the Golf Hybrid in 2013 together with hybrid versions of the Passat.[158][159] In 2012, the Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid set the world record to become the fastest hybrid car at 187 mph (301 km/h).

Plug-in electric vehicles[edit]

In November 2009, Volkswagen announced it has hired Karl-Thomas Neumann as its group chief officer for electric traction.[160] VW’s Chief of research, Jürgen Leohold, said in 2010 the company has concluded hydrogen fuel-cell cars are not a viable option.[161][162]

As of May 2016, the Volkswagen Group offers for retails customers nine plug-in electric cars, of which, three are all-electric cars: the Volkswagen e-Up!, e-Golf and Audi R8 e-tron, and six are plug-in hybrids: the Volkswagen Golf GTE, Passat GTE, Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, Q7 e-tron quattro, Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid and Cayenne S E-Hybrid.[163] Also two limited production plug-in hybrids were manufactured beginning in 2013, the Volkswagen XL1 (250 units) and the Porsche 918 Spyder (918 units).[164][165] Total cumulative sales of all Volkswagen brand electrified cars since the start of their respective production is expected to reach about 103,000 by the end of 2016.[163] The Volkswagen ID.4 was launched in the U.S. in September 2020.

In order to comply with increasingly strict carbon dioxide emission limits in major markets, the VW Group expects to sell about one million all-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles a year worldwide by 2025. The Group plans to expand its plug-in range with 20 new pure electric and plug-in hybrid cars, including two cars to compete with Tesla, Inc., the Porsche Mission E all-electric car and the Audi e-tron quattro, which is expected to become the brand’s first mass-production electric vehicle. According to Thomas Ulbrich, VW brand production chief, the carmaker has the capacity to build as many as 75,000 battery-electric and plug-in hybrids a year if demand rises. Volkswagen announced in October 2015 that «it will develop a modular architecture for battery-electric cars, called the MEB. The standardised system will be designed for all body structures and vehicle types and will allow the company to build emotionally appealing EVs with a range of up to 310 mi (500 km).»[163] In June 2016, VW launched a program to develop 30 all-electric cars in 10 years, and sell 2–3 million electric cars per year by 2025.[166] Due to lower manpower requirements for electric motors than for piston engines, VW expects a gradual workforce reduction as numbers of electric cars increase.[167][168] VW considers battery factory ownership as too expensive.[169]

Flying vehicles[edit]

In February 2021, Volkswagen issued a statement that «vertical mobility» could be the next step after self-driving technology. It announced that the company is exploring the feasibility of flying vehicles in China.[170]

Awards[edit]

The Volkswagen Polo in Christchurch, New Zealand. The Volkswagen Polo won the 2010 World Car of the Year.

Volkswagen was named the fourth most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 Car of the Century competition, for its Volkswagen Type 1 «Beetle» model. It trailed only the Ford Model T, BMC Mini, and Citroën DS.[171]

Volkswagen has produced four winners of the 50-year-old European Car of the Year award.

  • 1992 – Volkswagen Golf
  • 2010 – Volkswagen Polo
  • 2013 – Volkswagen Golf
  • 2015 – Volkswagen Passat

Volkswagen has produced five winners of the United States Motor Trend Car of the Year award – the original Car of the Year designation, which began in 1949.

  • 1985 – Volkswagen GTI
  • 1999 – Volkswagen New Beetle (Import COTY subgroup)
  • 2004 – Volkswagen Touareg (Sport Utility Vehicle COTY subgroup)
  • 2012 – Volkswagen Passat
  • 2015 – Volkswagen Golf line-up[172]

Volkswagen has already produced five winners of the recently developed World Car of the Year award.

  • 2009 – Volkswagen Golf
  • 2010 – Volkswagen Polo
  • 2012 – Volkswagen up!
  • 2013 – Volkswagen Golf
  • 2021 – Volkswagen ID.4

Motorsport[edit]

Formula racing[edit]

  • In 1963, Formula Vee circuit racing, with cars built from easily available Beetle parts, started in the United States. It quickly spread to Europe and other parts of the world. It proved very popular as a low-cost route into formula racing.[173]
  • In 1971, Volkswagen of America started the more powerful Formula Super Vee,[174] which became famous for hothousing new talent.[citation needed] In the 11 years it ran, until 1982, it produced a stable of world-famous Formula One drivers—names like Niki Lauda, Jochen Mass, Nelson Piquet, Jochen Rindt and Keke Rosberg. Volkswagen also notched up several victories, and the championship in Formula Three.
  • In July 2011 Wolfgang Dürheimer, the director of Bugatti and Bentley, told German magazine Auto, Motor und Sport that «if [the VW group] is at the forefront of the auto industry, I can imagine us competing in Formula 1 in 2018. We have enough brands to pull it off.»[175][176] They did not compete in F1 in 2018.

World Rally Championship[edit]

  • In 1981, now based in Hanover, VW took a new direction into rallying, with the launch of the first-generation Golf, and Sweden’s Per Eklund, Frenchman Jean-Luc Thérier, and the Finn Pentti Airikkala. The final chapters in Volkswagen Racing UK’s rallying story were the ‘one-make’ Castrol Polo Challenge, and the Polo GTI ‘Super 1600’ in 2001.
  • Volkswagen Motorsport won the World Rally Championship with Sébastien Ogier and co-driver Julien Ingrassia four years in a row from 2013 to 2016 in the Volkswagen Polo R WRC.

Dakar Rally[edit]

  • In 1980, Volkswagen competed with the Audi-developed Iltis, placing 1st, 2nd, 4th and 9th overall.
  • In 2003, the Hanover-based team entered with a 2WD buggy named Tarek, finishing 6th overall and 1st in the 2WD and Diesel class.
  • In 2005, an updated Race-Touareg with slightly more power entered, with driver Bruno Saby finishing 3rd overall and 1st in the Diesel class.
  • In 2006, the revised Race-Touareg entered, with driver Giniel de Villiers finishing 2nd overall and 1st in the Diesel class.
  • Volkswagen won the 2009, 2010 and 2011 Dakar Rally, held in South America.

Volkswagen motorsport worldwide[edit]

  • Europe: In 1998 the company founded the ADAC Volkswagen Lupo Cup, founded in 1998 (renamed Polo Cup in 2003, and Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup from 2010 to 2014), and started the ADAC New Beetle Cup in 2000. In 2004, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles entered the European Truck Racing series with the Volkswagen Titan truck – it became a back-to-back champion for the 2004 and 2005 series.
  • United States: In 1976, Volkswagen entered the under-2000-cc Trans-Am Series, with the Scirocco, and they won their class outright.[177] Beginning in 2008 Volkswagen introduced the Jetta TDI Cup. The Jetta TDI Cup is an SCCA sanctioned race series that features 25 drivers between the ages of 16 and 26 driving slightly modified 2009 Jetta TDIs. The series features 10 events at 8 different road courses across North America. There is $50,000 prize money at stake over the course of the series in addition to the $100,000 prize awarded to the champion of the series at the conclusion of the last race.[178]
  • Argentina: Many Volkswagen models have competed in TC 2000, including the 1980 to 1983 champion Volkswagen 1500 and the 1994 champion Volkswagen Gol.
  • In 1999 and 2000, VW won the F2 Australian Rally Championship with the Golf GTI.
  • Finland: In 2002, VW won the Finnish Rally Championship in a7/(F2), with a Golf Mk4 KitCar, with Mikko Hirvonen. In 1999 and 2000, VW won the Finnish Rally Championship in a7/(F2) with a Golf Mk3 KitCar. In 2000, 2001 and 2002, VW won the Finnish Racing Championship in Sport 2000 with a Golf Mk4.[179][180][181]
  • Austria: From 1967 until 1974, the Austrian sole distributor Porsche Salzburg entered the VW Beetle (1500, 1302S and 1303S) in Europe-wide rallies. Victories were achieved in 1972 and 1973 in the overall Austrian championship, on Elba, in the Acropolis rally (first in class). Top drivers were Tony Fall (GB), Achim Warmbold (D), Günter Janger (A), Harry Källström (S).
  • 1939 Berlin to Rome. Porsche Type 64 racer based on Beetle platform

    1939 Berlin to Rome. Porsche Type 64 racer based on Beetle platform

  • Bora in Stock Car Brasil

  • Edition 2007 Race Touareg 2 at Essen Motor Show 2006

    Edition 2007 Race Touareg 2 at Essen Motor Show 2006

Literature[edit]

  • Jonas Kiefer: VW Typenatlas, Serienfahrzeuge. 2. Auflage. Delius Klasing, Bielefeld 2002, ISBN 3-7688-1271-5.
  • Rudi Heppe: VW Personenwagen. Podszun, Brilon 2001, ISBN 3-86133-209-4.
  • Halwart Schrader: VW Personenwagen seit 1945, Band 1, Typenkompass. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-613-02105-6.
  • Halwart Schrader: VW Personenwagen seit 1945, Band 2, Typenkompass. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-613-02186-2.
  • Werner Oswald: Deutsche Autos, Band 2, 1920–1945. 2. Auflage. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-613-02170-6.
  • Werner Oswald: Deutsche Autos, Band 3, 1945–1990, Ford, Opel und Volkswagen. 1. Auflage. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-613-02116-1.

See also[edit]

  • Baja bug
  • Cal Look
  • List of German cars
  • List of automobile manufacturers
  • Punch buggy
  • Standard Superior – a previous attempt to produce a «Volkswagen»
  • Steyr 50
  • VDub – tagline for the recent VWoA Golf GTI TV advertisement
  • Volksflugzeug
  • Volksrod
  • Volkswagen advertising
  • VW 276 Schlepperfahrzeug, military use 1944
  • Volkswagen controversies

Further reading[edit]

  • William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (50th Anniversary Edition) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990)
  • Andrea Hiott, Thinking Small (New York: Ballantine Books, 2012)

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ English: , .
  2. ^ Tooze notes: «Even if the war had not intervened, developments up to 1939 made clear that the entire conception of the ‘people’s car’ was a disastrous flop.» Tooze (2006) p.156.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ralf Brandstätter to lead Volkswagen core brand in future on VW Group, 8 June 2020
  2. ^ Bomey, Nathan (30 January 2017). «Volkswagen passes Toyota as world’s largest automaker despite scandal». USA Today. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  3. ^ «China car sales slump ripples globally». BBC News. 12 October 2018. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  4. ^ «Economic Superpower: Chinese Expansion Has Germany on the Defensive». Spiegel Online. 24 May 2018. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  5. ^ Manfred Grieger; Ulrike Gutzmann; Dirk Schlinkert, eds. (2008). Volkswagen Chronicle (PDF). Historical Notes. Vol. 7. Volkswagen AG. ISBN 978-3-935112-11-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  6. ^ Miller, Elan (13 September 2009). «Was Hitler’s Beetle designed by a Jew?». The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  7. ^ a b c Nelson, Walter (1967). Small Wonder. Little, Brown & Company. p. 333.
  8. ^ Christoph Stehr (2 February 2016). «Das machen wir mal lieber neu». Der Spiegel (in German). Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  9. ^ William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (Touchstone Edition) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990)
  10. ^ «Last Edition Beetle: History». Lasteditionbeetle.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  11. ^ König, Wolfgang. «Adolf Hitler vs. Henry Ford: The Volkswagen, the Role of America as a Model, and the Failure of a Nazi Consumer Society». German Studies Review, vol. 27, no. 2, 2004, pp. 249–268. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1433081 Archived 24 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ^ * Tooze, Adam (2006). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. London: Allen Lane. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-7139-9566-4.
  13. ^ https://www.krause-papierwerke.com/post/kdf-wagen-savings-booklet
  14. ^ «Seventy-Five Years Ago: Porsche Receives the Order to Construct the Volkswagen». porsche.com. Porsche AG. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
  15. ^ a b c Odin, L.C. World in Motion 1939 – The whole of the year’s automobile production. Belvedere Publishing, 2015. ASIN: B00ZLN91ZG.
  16. ^ «A Brief History of Volkswagen». hillsideimports.com. 6 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  17. ^ Pyle, Ernie, Here Is Your War, Cleveland, World Publishing Company, Forum Books edition, 1945, pp. 275, 293.
  18. ^ Lowellyne James (2018). Management Systems and Performance Frameworks for Sustainability: A Road Map for Sustainably Managed Enterprises (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-317-23450-0. Extract of page 17
  19. ^ «Volkswagen Faces Suit Over Jewish Slave Labor». The New York Times. 13 June 1998. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  20. ^ «World: Americas German firms face slave labor case». BBC News. 1 September 1998. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  21. ^ Porter, Lindsay (October 1986). «Mr». Thoroughbred & Classic Cars.
  22. ^ a b «Volkswagen Model 11 Beetle». hillsideimports.com. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  23. ^ «Harry S. Truman – Library & Museum – Draft, The President’s Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report 3, March, 1947; OF 950B: Economic Mission as to Food…; Truman Papers». Trumanlibrary.org. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  24. ^ «70 years since the return of the Volkswagen plant». www.volkswagenag.com. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  25. ^ Patton, Phil (22 March 2000). «Ivan Hirst, British Officer Who Revived VW, Is Dead at 84». The New York Times. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  26. ^ Anders Ditlev Clausager (18 March 2000). Obituaries – Ivan Hirst Archived 4 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian (UK).
  27. ^ Nelson, Walter Henry (1970). Small Wonder: The Amazing Story of the Volkswagen. Little, Brown. p. 18. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  28. ^ Komplizen? – VW und die brasilianische Militärdiktatur. Archived 26 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine DasErste, ARD, 24 July 2017
  29. ^ VW worked hand in hand with Brazil’s military dictatorship Archived 24 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine 24 July 2017 Deutsche Welle
  30. ^ Patton, Phil (2002). Bug : the strange mutations of the world’s most famous automobile. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 137. ISBN 0-7432-0242-2. OCLC 49959289.
  31. ^ All Volkswagen Cars List All Volkswagen Cars Models Qesot.com
  32. ^ Dean, Wayne (28 October 2006). «History of the Super Beetle». superbeetles.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  33. ^ Wilkins, Gordon (December 1972). «Volkswagenwerk plans new cars and engines». CAR. Vol. 16, no. 11. Cape Town, South Africa: Ramsay, Son & Parker (Pty) Ltd. p. 11.
  34. ^ William Beaver (Nov–Dec 1992). Volkswagen’s American assembly plant: Fahrvergnugen was not enough – international marketing Find Articles; Business Horizons.
  35. ^ Flammang, James, Volkswagen: Beetles, Buses and Beyond, Krause Publications, 1996
  36. ^ Kiley, David, Getting the Bugs Out: The Rise, Fall and Comeback of Volkswagen in America, John Wiley & Sons, 2001
  37. ^ Holusha, John (21 November 1987). «Volkswagen to Shut U.S. Plant». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  38. ^ «A look at SEAT’s time line 2008-1950». seat.com. SEAT S.A. Archived from the original on 18 July 2009.
  39. ^ «Series 2 Polo: 1981-1994». polodriver.com/. Polo Driver.
  40. ^ «Series 3 Polo: 1994-2001». www.polodriver.com. Polo Driver.
  41. ^ Rob Stumpf, «The Volkswagen Scirocco is Dead (Again)», The Drive (12 October 2017): online at https://www.thedrive.com/sheetmetal/15084/the-volkswagen-scirocco-is-dead-again
  42. ^ «The VW Experimental Vehicles – the 1980s to present pt 2». Wheelspin. London & Thames Valley VW Club. February 2003. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
  43. ^ «VW Sharan». Car Magazine. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  44. ^ «VW launches its economic miracle». The Engineer. 5 January 2000. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  45. ^ «Fuel Economy of New Diesel Cars». Fueleconomy.gov. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  46. ^ Chris Bruce (7 April 2015). «Volkswagen plans expansion, tech center in Chattanooga». Autoblog. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  47. ^ Bloomberg News (16 July 2008). «VW picks Tenn. for its 1st US car plant since ’88». The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
  48. ^ «UPDATE: VW announces Chattanooga-made SUV, and 2,000 new jobs». timesfreepress.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  49. ^ By Charlie Osborne, ZDNet. «Volkswagen launches new cybersecurity firm to tackle car security Archived 16 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine.» 15 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  50. ^ «VW strives to be leader in e-cars, self-driving vehicles». Wolfsburg: Deutsche Welle. 5 May 2017.
  51. ^ Rauwald, Christoph (11 September 2017). «VW to Build Electric Versions of All 300 Models by 2030». Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  52. ^ Staff, Ars (9 March 2017). «Volkswagen unveils Sedric, its first fully autonomous vehicle». Ars Technica. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  53. ^ «Dumas shatters Pikes Peak record in electric VW». Motorsport.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  54. ^ Silvestro, Brian; Perkins, Chris (13 September 2018). «Volkswagen Is Cancelling the Beetle in 2019». Road & Track. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  55. ^ «Volkswagen closes QuantumScape transaction». Volkswagen. 13 September 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020.
  56. ^ «VW’s first Jetta-subbrand crossover price to start below 90,000 yuan». Automotive News. 25 July 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  57. ^ Dorian, Drew (26 February 2019). «Jetta Becomes a Separate Brand for China to Entice Entry-Level Buyers». Car and Driver. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  58. ^ «VW Unveils New Logo, Affordable E-Cars in Show of New Era». Bloomberg.com. 9 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  59. ^ David Grossman. «Vintage VW Beetles and Buses Are Going Electric». Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  60. ^ Reuters Staff (13 November 2020). «VW boosts investment in electric and autonomous car technology to $86 billon». Reuters. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  61. ^ Reuters Staff (12 January 2021). «Volkswagen brand 2020 sales drop but recovery seen in December». Reuters. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  62. ^ «volkswagen-will-also-stop-developing-internal-combustion-engines».
  63. ^ Schultz, E.J. (5 April 2021). «Volkswagen’s polarizing April Fools’ Day joke built brand buzz, but at what cost?». Advertising Age. Vol. 92, no. 4. p. 1.
  64. ^ Hoffman, Connor (6 January 2022). «2024 Volkswagen ID.Buzz Microbus EV Will Debut March 9». Car and Driver. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  65. ^ Daniel Golson (11 May 2022). «Volkswagen Revives International Scout as US-Built EV Truck and SUV». CNET.
  66. ^ William Boston (10 May 2022). «Volkswagen Is Bringing Back the Scout, the SUV Pioneer, as an EV». The Wall Street Journal.
  67. ^ a b Gitlin, Jonathan M. (7 July 2022). «Volkswagen starts building the first of six battery gigafactories». Ars Technica. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  68. ^ Singh, Lalit (19 September 2022). «Volkswagen Reveals its First Off-Road Electric SUV». Electric Vehicle Info. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  69. ^ Volkswagen’s worldwide vehicle sales from 2006 to 2016 (in millions) Archived 7 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Statista – the statistics portal
  70. ^ «Volkswagen Group achieves record sales in 2017 | DW | 17 January 2018». DW.COM. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  71. ^ «Volkswagen delivered 10.8 million vehicles in 2018, eyes world no.1 spot». CNBC. 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  72. ^ a b c «Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2019» (PDF). Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  73. ^ «Volkswagen Group». Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago. 2017. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019.
  74. ^ «Group». VolkswagenAG.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  75. ^ Rauwald, Christoph (4 June 2012). «VW Bolsters Focus on China». The Wall Street Journal. p. B3.
  76. ^ «New Car Registrations By Manufacturer(PDF)» (PDF). ACEA. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  77. ^ «Volkswagen Posts Record 2009 Sales, Targets Toyota». Bloomberg. 12 December 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  78. ^ «VW Overtakes Ford as 3rd-Largest Automaker». Left Lane News. 29 August 2008. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  79. ^ «World Motor Vehicle Production» (PDF). www.oica.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  80. ^ McGee, Patrick (11 January 2019). «German carmaker Volkswagen ends 2018 with record group sales». Financial Times. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.(subscription required)
  81. ^ «Volkswagen Group reports 6.7 percent growth in worldwide deliveries in July». VW. 12 December 2010. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  82. ^ «Argo AI gets $2.6 billion boost in new Ford-Volkswagen deal». Axios. 12 July 2019. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  83. ^ «The World’s Biggest Public Companies». Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
  84. ^ «Volkswagen». Forbes. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
  85. ^ «Volkswagen plans engine assembly in India; to increase 90 per cent localisation». The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  86. ^ «Automobile : bientôt une usine Volkswagen en Algérie ?». Jeune Afrique (in French). 13 January 2016. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  87. ^ «World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021» (PDF). WIPO. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  88. ^ World Intellectual Property Organization (2020). World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020. www.wipo.int. World IP Indicators (WIPI). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). doi:10.34667/tind.42184. ISBN 9789280532012. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  89. ^ «Volkswagen AutoMuseum :: About us». Automuseum.volkswagen.de. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  90. ^ Ruddick, Graham (18 November 2016). «Volkswagen to axe 30,000 jobs worldwide». The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  91. ^ Whittall, M.; Lucio, M. M.; Mustchin, S.; Telljohann, V.; Sánchez, F. R. «Workplace trade union engagement with European Works Councils and transnational agreements: the case of Volkswagen Europe».
  92. ^ Rahn, Cornelius (23 December 2011), «Volkswagen Employees Wary of Burnout Win Reprieve From BlackBerry Messages», Bloomberg.com, Bloomberg L.P., archived from the original on 29 May 2014, retrieved 12 March 2017
  93. ^ «Porsche wants 20% Volkswagen deal | 26 September 2005». BBC News. 26 September 2005. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  94. ^ Commission of the European Communities. «Action brought on 4 March 2005 by the Commission of the European Communities against the Federal Republic of Germany». European Court of Justice. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  95. ^ «Top EU court finds against VW law». BBC News. 13 February 2007. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  96. ^ «Porsche triggers VW takeover bid». BBC News. 26 March 2007. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  97. ^ Landler, Mark (23 October 2007). «Court Strikes Down ‘Volkswagen Law’«. The New York Times. Germany. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  98. ^ European Court of Justice. «Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) in Case C-112/05». European Court of Justice. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  99. ^ «THE VOLKSWAGEN LAW RESTRICTS THE FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL» (PDF). COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. 23 October 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  100. ^ «‘Volkswagen law’ is ruled illegal». BBC. 23 October 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  101. ^ «EU To Sue Germany Again Over ‘Volkswagen Law’«. The Wall Street Journal. 24 November 2011. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  102. ^ Ramsey (27 November 2011). «Germany in court again over «VW Law,» could face fines of nearly $375,000/day». Autoblog. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  103. ^ «Germany sued for second time over ‘Volkswagen law’«. The Parliament. 25 November 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2013.[permanent dead link]
  104. ^ Bloomberg (22 October 2013). «Germany Wins EU Court Battle Over VW Law, Escapes Fines». Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  105. ^ «Financial Times | Porsche plans to raise VW stake to 75%». Financial Times. 26 October 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  106. ^ «VW vies for title of world’s biggest company». Financial Times. 28 October 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  107. ^ «Porsche takes majority VW stake». BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  108. ^ «Volkswagen to take a 42.0 percent stake in Porsche AG». Taume News. 14 August 2009. Archived from the original on 18 August 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
  109. ^ «VW to buy half of Porsche by 2010». BBC News. 20 October 2009. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  110. ^ «VW purchase Porsche Holding Salzburg (PHS)». IndustryWeek. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
  111. ^ Higgins, Tim (22 January 2020). «Tesla Tops Volkswagen to Become Second-Most-Valuable Auto Maker». The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  112. ^ «The best selling cars in Europe in 2020 so far». Autocar. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  113. ^ Barfield, Allison (17 June 2020). «Why is the Volkswagen Golf so Popular?». MotorBiscuit. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  114. ^ Almeida, Danillo (15 April 2020). «Golf’s sales decline shows how much the market is changing». Medium. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  115. ^ Ltd, Motionlab Marketing (14 March 2020). «Global demand of sedans and hatchbacks drops in 2019». JATO. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  116. ^ «Volkswagen SUVs: product onslaught begins at Geneva». Motoring Research. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  117. ^ «Meet The New Tayron X, VW’s Latest Coupe SUV Designed Specifically For China». Carscoops. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  118. ^ «2021 Volkswagen Tiguan X coupe SUV revealed in pre-release images | CarAdvice». CarAdvice.com. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  119. ^ «SUV offensive: How we are strengthening the core business». Volkswagen Newsroom. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  120. ^ Desk, HT Auto (20 August 2020). «Volkswagen begins series production of ID.4, steps up electric offensive». Hindustan Times. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  121. ^ Panait, Mircea (27 March 2020). «Another MPV Discontinued Because European Demand Shifts Towards Crossovers, SUVs». autoevolution. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  122. ^ «China region». Volkswagen Newsroom. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  123. ^ «Market overview: Compact notchback models are one of Volkswagen’s key segments in China». Volkswagen Newsroom. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  124. ^ «6 sedans that Volkswagen builds for China, where Jetta is its own brand». www.iol.co.za. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  125. ^ Tudose, Sergiu (9 April 2020). «Meet Volkswagen’s Chinese Army of Four-Door Sedans». Carscoops. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  126. ^ «What makes China VW’s ‘most important market’? | Autovista Group». autovistagroup.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  127. ^ «Volkswagen launches model offensive in China». www.volkswagenag.com. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  128. ^ «VW Phideon GTE Is The Large Hybrid Sedan Only China Will Get». Motor1.com. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  129. ^ Ramey, Jay (29 April 2020). «The Volkswagen Viloran Is the MPV-Class Galleon That Will Pass Us by». Autoweek. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  130. ^ a b «A Stray Branch of Volkswagen Evolution Found in Brazil». dyler.com. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  131. ^ a b «Great comeback in Brazil». Volkswagen Newsroom. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  132. ^ Redzepovic, Alen (3 December 2019). «Meet the amazing Volkswagens from Brazil». DriveTribe. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  133. ^ «Volkswagen Models You Never Knew Existed». CarBuzz. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  134. ^ «Here are the best parallel-dimension VW models built in Brazil». CarsGuide. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  135. ^ a b c Milton Briquet Bastos (20 June 2007). «Brazil’s Ethanol Program – An Insider’s View». Energy Tribune. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
  136. ^ a b Revista Veja (13 June 1979). «O petróleo da cana» (in Portuguese). Editora Abril. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
  137. ^ a b Marla Dickerson (17 June 2005). «Brazil’s ethanol effort helping lead to oil self-sufficiency». The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
  138. ^ William Lemos (5 February 2007). «The Brazilian ethanol model». ICIS news. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
  139. ^ Revista Veja (24 May 1989). «Um sonho corroído» (in Portuguese). Editora Abril. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
  140. ^ Goettemoeller, Jeffrey; Adrian Goettemoeller (2007). Sustainable Ethanol: Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-Fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville, Missouri. pp. 56–61. ISBN 978-0-9786293-0-4.
  141. ^ a b «Volkswagen to stop making gas-only cars for Brazil». Automotive News. 23 March 2006. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
  142. ^ «A Nova Volkswagen» (in Portuguese). Volkswagen do Brasil. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
  143. ^ «Volkswagen lança Golf Total Flex 1.6» (in Portuguese). ParanaOnline. 30 March 2006. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
  144. ^ Roberta Scrivano (7 October 2008). «Margem estreita não intimida pequenas» (in Portuguese). Gazeta Mercantil. Retrieved 26 November 2008.[permanent dead link]
  145. ^ «Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2005» (PDF) (in Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2009. See Table 08 for flex-fuel sales and Table 07 for gasoline sales.
  146. ^ «Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2007» (PDF) (in Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2009. See Table 08 for flex-fuel sales and Table 07 for gasoline sales.
  147. ^ «Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2008» (PDF) (in Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2009. See Table 08.
  148. ^ «VW completa 55 anos como maior montadora do País» (in Portuguese). Norpave VW. 25 March 2008. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  149. ^ «VW: dois milhões de carros flex» (in Portuguese). Auto Brasil. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
  150. ^ «Volkswagen atinge 2 milhões de carros Flex produzidos no Brasil» (in Portuguese). Noticias Automotivas. 24 March 2009. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  151. ^ «Volkswagen and Sanyo Team Up To Develop Hybrid Battery Systems». Theautochannel.com. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  152. ^ ««Volkswagen Hybrid: Runaway Winner». Eco-Friendly Hybrid Cars, 2 May 2008″. Green-hybrid-cars.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  153. ^ «Compact Hybrid Coming From Volkswagen». Edmunds.com. 22 January 2009. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  154. ^ «2007 Frankfurt Auto Show: Volkswagen Up!». Edmunds.com. 11 September 2007. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  155. ^ «Report: All Volkswagen models to have hybrid option». eGMCarTech. 24 September 2007. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  156. ^ Nick Kurczewski (5 March 2010). «Geneva Auto Show: 2011 VW Touareg and 2012 Touareg Hybrid». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  157. ^ Scott Evans (March 2010). «First Drive: 2011 Volkswagen Touareg». Motor Trend. Archived from the original on 22 March 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  158. ^ «VW to launch hybrid Jetta in 2012». Parker’s. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  159. ^ Motor Authority (17 March 2010). «VW To Focus on Several Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Launches Including Golf, Jetta, Passat and More». All Cars Electric. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  160. ^ «Volkswagen Hires New Electric Vehicle Chief – Automotive News & Car Rumors at Automobile Magazine». Rumors.automobilemag.com. 12 November 2009. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
  161. ^ «Audi’s PHEV Concept; Volkswagen Research Chief Criticizes Fuel Cells». Calcars.org. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  162. ^ «Fuel cell cars won’t save the world». Autocar. 6 November 2007. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  163. ^ a b c Hetzner, Christiaan (29 May 2016). «VW goal: 1 million electrified vehicles by 2025». Automotive News. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  164. ^ Henning Kroghhkrogh (9 October 2013). «Vergabe der Kleinstserie: VW lenkt XL-1-Fans auf Zielgerade» [Allocation of micro series: VW XL1 draws fans to finish line]. Automobilwoche (in German). Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  165. ^ Michael Harley (1 October 2012). «2014 Porsche 918 Spyder». Autoblog.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  166. ^ «News». Archived from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  167. ^ «VW HR chief says expects five-digit number of job cuts: FAZ». Reuters. 29 October 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  168. ^ Germis, Carsten (28 October 2016). «VW-Personalchef: Elektromobilität wird Zehntausende Jobs kosten». Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  169. ^ Germis, Carsten (18 October 2016). «Osterloh besteht auf Bau einer Batteriefabrik». Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  170. ^ «Volkswagen is exploring flying vehicles in China». 9 February 2021.
  171. ^ Cobb, James G. (24 December 1999). «This Just In: Model T Gets Award». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  172. ^ Mike Millikin (13 November 2014). «Volkswagen Golf family named ‘2015 Motor Trend Car of the Year’«. Green Car Congress. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  173. ^ «South African Formula Vee History». Formulaveesa.org.za. 17 May 2009. Archived from the original on 22 December 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  174. ^ Walton, Jeremy (January 1977). «Lola Super Vee». MotorSport Magazine. 18-20 Rosemont Road, London NW3: MotorSport Archive. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2019. SuperVee, which amounted to building a much more recognisable racing car, without the inclusion of so many standard VW parts, had its first Championship year in 1971, both America and Europe organising lucrative series with VW backing.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  175. ^ Davis, Brett (1 August 2011). «Volkswagen in Formula 1 by 2018?». Drive. Australia. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  176. ^ Gitlin, Jonathan M. (2 May 2022). «Porsche and Audi are both going to enter Formula 1 in 2026». Ars Technica. Advance Publications. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022. «VW Group to F1» rumors have circulated for years, but now it’s true.
  177. ^ «Scirocco Trans Am Article/Advert». Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  178. ^ «Twenty two drivers qualify for 2010 Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup final driver selection event». VW.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
  179. ^ «Sport 2000 Tour 2000 standings». Driver Database. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  180. ^ «Sport 2000 Tour 2001 standings». Driver Database. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  181. ^ «Sport 2000 Tour 2002 standings». Driver Database. Retrieved 18 May 2022.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volkswagen.

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Volkswagen.com Volkswagen Cars Worldwide portal
  • Volkswagen Classic (in German)
  • Volkswagen Cars Technical Information

Как пишется фольксваген

Этимология слова

Чтобы лучше понять значение слова и запомнить правильное написание, нужно немного углубиться в историю его происхождения.

Это название марки автомобилей, принадлежащих немецкому концерну Volkswagen AG. Идея их создания была заключена в производстве недорогих и доступных для простых немецких граждан машин, то есть это должен был быть личный транспорт для народа. Дословно Volkswagen так и переводится, или ещё его называют «народный автомобиль».

Само слово немецкое и создано оно было из двух: der Wagen — в переводе на русский означает «машина, повозка» и Volk — «народ». Последнее используется в качестве прилагательного Volks, к которому добавляется wagen — так и получается Volkswagen.

Именно поэтому это название можно написать сокращённо — VW, как аббревиатуру из начальных букв.

Как пишется на английском языке

Английский алфавит, как и немецкий основан на латинице. Правильное написание и в немецком, и в английском вариантах будет одинаково — Volkswagen. Так как это официальное название автомобильного бренда, его не принято переписывать какими-либо другими буквами, добавлять их или убирать.

Фольксваген как пишется на английском

А вот с названиями моделей автомобилей всё немного по-другому. Например, немецкий Volkswagen Käfer, известный как Фольксваген Жук, на английском будет звучать и отображаться на письме как Volkswagen Beetle (Битл). По сути, название модели — имя нарицательное, присвоенное ей из-за округлых форм кузова и схожести с одноимённым насекомым, поэтому оно переводится на другие языки.

Названия других наиболее распространённых моделей Фольксваген пишутся на английском так же, как и на немецком — Passat (Пассат), Jetta (Джетта), Golf (Гольф), Polo (Поло).

Volkswagen в русской речи

Как правило, русское написание немецких слов соответствует их произношению. Буква V [фау] в большинстве случаев произносится, как «ф», соответственно, писать её на русском следует так же. Исключения могут составлять заимствованные слова, где эта буква будет звучать, как «в».

Фольксваген как пишется

Стоящие рядом буквы -k- и -s- точно так же переносятся в русское написание: -к- и -с-. Произносятся они двумя звуками. Ни в коем случае не заменяется буквой и звуком «ц», так как такого сочетания в немецком языке не существует. Чтобы не ошибиться, нужно помнить, что начало этого слова — Volk (народ), которое видоизменилось в прилагательное с помощью добавления окончания s, а буква «л» мягкая, соответственно, в конечном счёте на русском языке оно пишется и произносится как «фолькс».

Вторая часть -wagen начинается с буквы w [вэ], которая соответствует русской букве «в» как в звучании, так и в написании. Следующая «сложная» буква g в немецком алфавите читается и пишется, как «г». В отдельном слове der Wagen буква «е» произносится как на немецком, так и на русском в качестве звука «э», но писать её следует как обычную «е».

Из всего этого следует, что Volkswagen на русском языке правильно пишется «Фольксваген».

Неправильные варианты написания

В связи с тем, что не все знают правильное звучание и написание иностранных слов, допускается очень много ошибок со словом «Фольксваген». Можно выделить следующие распространённые версии неправильного употребления этого названия:

  • Вольксваген;
  • Вольцваген;
  • Вольсваген;
  • Фольцваген;
  • Фольскваген;
  • Фольсваген.

Такие формы написания недопустимы.

Употребление в контексте

Фольксваген является транскрипцией иностранного слова-аналога. Обычно не принято склонять или изменять по числам названия брендов, чаще всего это практикуется в разговорной речи. Но всё же отказываться от склонения будет неправильно, только делать это нужно грамотно. В русском написании Фольксваген не склоняется, если ему предшествует этнологический термин. Например:

 как правильно пишется фольксваген

  • Теперь у него в гараже вместо Фольксвагена стоит новая Мазда.
  • Сообщается, что отзыву подлежат 105 автомобилей Фольксваген из-за неисправности подушки безопасности.
  • А вы знаете, в чём сходства автомобилей Фольксваген и Шкода?

А вот на языке оригинала в письменной форме его изменять ни по каким принципам нельзя: У Volkswagen появилась новая модель.

Правила несложные, а их соблюдение позволит избежать ошибок как в устной речи, так в письменной.

Для многих правописание и произношение Фольксваген при знакомстве с ним покажется действительно сложным. Но необязательно быть знатоком немецкого языка, чтобы справиться со словом. Достаточно просто разобраться в его происхождении и составе, и все буквы и звуки сразу встанут на свои места.

  • 1
    Volkswagen

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Volkswagen

  • 2
    Volkswagen, A. G.

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Volkswagen, A. G.

  • 3
    VolksWagen Beetle

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > VolksWagen Beetle

  • 4
    VolksWagen Gallery

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > VolksWagen Gallery

  • 5
    Volkswagen Audi Group

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Volkswagen Audi Group

  • 6
    Volkswagen Club

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Volkswagen Club

  • 7
    Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles

  • 8
    Volkswagen Drivers of Connecticut

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Volkswagen Drivers of Connecticut

  • 9
    Volkswagen Quality

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Volkswagen Quality

  • 10
    Volkswagen Rabbit

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Volkswagen Rabbit

  • 11
    Volkswagen do Brasil, Ltda.

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Volkswagen do Brasil, Ltda.

  • 12
    Volkswagen, Фольксваген

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Volkswagen, Фольксваген

  • 13
    Volkswagen/ European Antenna adapter

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Volkswagen/ European Antenna adapter

  • 14
    Houston Volkswagen Club

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Houston Volkswagen Club

  • 15
    North Houston Volkswagen Club

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > North Houston Volkswagen Club

  • 16
    Performance Volkswagen magazine

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Performance Volkswagen magazine

  • 17
    Pickering Volkswagen, Inc., Pickering, Ontario

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Pickering Volkswagen, Inc., Pickering, Ontario

  • 18
    Фольксваген

    Новый русско-английский словарь > Фольксваген

  • 19
    фольксваген

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > фольксваген

  • 20
    компания с ограниченной ответственностью «ФОЛЬКСВАГЕН Груп Рус»

    1. VOLKSWAGEN Group Rus limited liability company

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > компания с ограниченной ответственностью «ФОЛЬКСВАГЕН Груп Рус»

См. также в других словарях:

  • Volkswagen up! — Fabricante Volkswagen Empresa matriz …   Wikipedia Español

  • Volkswagen — Markenzeichen Volkswagen ist die Stammmarke der Volkswagen AG für Personenkraftwagen. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Zulassungen …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Volkswagen AG — Volkswagen Group Год основания 1937 Основатели Германская автомобильная ассоциация Ключевые фигуры Мартин Уинтеркорн (председатель правления) …   Википедия

  • Volkswagen — Lema Das Auto (El automóvil) Fundación 28 de mayo de 1937 por la Asociación Automovilística Alemana …   Wikipedia Español

  • Volkswagen SP — Fabricante Volkswagen Período 1972 1976 …   Wikipedia Español

  • Volkswagen R — GmbH Rechtsform GmbH Gründung 16. März 2010 Sitz Wolfsburg Leitung Ulrich Riestenpatt Mitarbeiter 350 Branche …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Volkswagen AG —  Ne doit pas être confondu avec Volkswagen. Logo de VW PORSCHE AG Création …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Volkswagen LT — Volkswagen LT …   Википедия

  • Volkswagen T1 — Volkswagen T1 …   Википедия

  • Volkswagen Up! — La Volkswagen Up! au Salon de Francfort 2007. Constructeur …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Volkswagen L1 — VW L1.JPG Fabricante Volkswagen. Empresa matriz Volkswagen. Período 2009 …   Wikipedia Español


3

Как правильно пишется Фольксваген на английском языке?

10 ответов:



1



0

На английском языке слово Фольксваген пишется — Volkswagen и это марка автомобиля, на котором ездить считается престижно у автолюбителей, особенно если нулёвая и без пробега. Немецкий язык, по сравнению с английским, немного проще по произношению.

текст при наведении



1



0

Чтобы узнать, как пишется слово Фольксваген на английском языке (общепринятое название), можно посмотреть это на их официальном сайте. Там написано Volkswagen.

Для нахождения их сайта достаточно ввести слово Фольксваген в Гугле.

Вот как написано это на официальном сайте:

текст при наведении



1



0

Марка автомобиля Фольскваген на английском надо писать Volkswagen.

Автомобиль из Германии.

Самая успешная модель немецкого автогиганта и самая продаваемая в мире, самая безопасная машина.

Сейчас в Калуге построили завод по производству автомобилей Volkswagen и Skoda.



0



0

Если Вы имеете ввиду немецкий концерн или марку автомобиля, то в английском языке это слово пишется точно также, как и в немецком, Volkswagen. В языках с единым письмом, в данном случае с латинским шрифтом, не принято переводить на свой язык национальные названия концернов, корпораций, торговых брендов и так далее. Русский язык отличается кириллической письменностью, а потому у нас это слово пишется как Фольксваген, но также не переводится! Иначе название концерна могло бы звучать, как концерн «Народная телега»))



0



0



0



0

<h1>VolksWagen</h1>

По-английски правильно писать следует именно так, впрочем переводчик Яндекс его переводит также.

Хотя на русском языке он начинается с буквы Ф и произносится, но на английском следует писать V.



0



0

Н знаю, почему периодически возникает такой вопрос, но наименования торговых марок, а также фамилии и имена, пишущиеся на латинице, не меняются. Это значит, что название финской, эстонской или венгерской фирмы будет писаться на английском точно так же, как и на родных языках. А концерн Volkswagen пишется в немецком написании не только «на английском», но и испанском, французском, финском и других языках с латинским алфавитом.



0



0

Правильно пишется Volkswagen. Это официальное название автомобильной марки. Правильно определить правописание брендов и марок транскрипция или транслитерация не поможет, необходимо обратиться к официальным источникам, которые подтвердят точное правописание бренда или марки. Я так обычно перевожу.



0



0

У многих почему-то вызывает затруднение написание марки автомобиля Фольксваген по-английски, но ведь если разобраться, ничего сложного в этом нет.

Да и к тому же, название самой марки слишком часто мелькает по ТВ и в газетах, чтобы его не запомнить.=)

Volkswagen — именно так марка пишется по-английски.



0



0

Фольскваген на английском следует писать так: «Volkswagen».Volkswagen — это марка известного немецкого автмобиля. В Германии этот автомобиль считается «народным» и бюджетным и воспринимается, как наш знаменитый автомобиль москвич.

Читайте также

Зато в английском на всю-всю грамматику всего три окончания: s, ing, ed. И времена не самые сложные и не уникальные и образуются, словно из кубиков — аналитическим способом.А сколько окончаний в русском? Море из-за разнообразия склонений, спряжений, глагольных классов. А в английском практически нет падежей у существительных, совсем нет у прилагательных и всего два у личных местоимений. У артиклей всего по две формы, а в немецком те же определенный и неопределенный артикли имеют каждый по три рода, четыре падежа и два числа. В немецком зато читать проще — почти всё по правилам. И древнеанглийский, и язык древних славян были куда более сложными, и об этом вы можете прочесть в учебниках истории английского языка и истории русского языка. В языке славян было 4 прошедших времени: аорист, перфект, имперфект, плюсквамперфект. Немецкий не напоминает? Родня, как и латынь с греческим — родственные индоевропейские языки, и даже персидский и санскрит доказанные родственники. Учебники для языковых вузов и филологических факультетов и факультетов иностранных языков. Плюс популярные книги и видеолекции в интернете таких лингвистов, как недавно ушедший академик А.А.Зализняк и живые московские профессора Владимир Плунгян (книга «Почему языки такие разные») и Александр Пиперски на Постнаука.Ру

Здесь возможны варианты:

Самый распространённый вариант ‘a smile’,

‘Your smile is gorgeous!’ or ‘Oh my goodness, she has the absolutely beautiful smile!’

Так-же можно использовать выражение ‘smiley face’ — кторое можно перевест на русский как улыбочка. Представим ситуациию, рота, 120 молодух ребят, со звериным аппетитом, ждут команду на построение к ужину, представьте их лица, и вот звучит: — «Рота! Стройся!» Именно в тот момент уместно крикнут:

Okay guys, smiley face, — it’s dinner time. Let’s go to eat!

Ещё интересный момент, smile — это ни только существительное улыбка, но и глагол улыбаться, например:

Come on. Smile, please! — Давай. Улыбнись, пожалуйста!

To smile you should have a good mood. — Чтобы улыбнуться, у вас должно быть хорошее настроение.

поэтому возможно создание следующей конструкции

smile + ing = smiling

Различия, между Герундием и отглагольном существительном, по ссылке:

http://www.study.ru­<wbr />/lessons/upperint2-7.­<wbr />html

They’re the ones who can’t stop smiling. — Они те, кто не может перестать улыбаться.

Ещё можно употрблять существительное ‘а grin’ чтобы описать усмешку, ухмылку, даже оскал.

When I see his grin, I understand why men feel bad. — Когда я вижу его усмешку, я понимаю, почему люди плохо себя чувствуют.

Это не является правилом. Просто иногда чисто в эстетических целях графические дизайнеры (а титры в фильме создают специальные люди) используют исключительно строчные или исключительно прописные буквы. Это не мода и не необходимость, это просто такой художественный приём.

Фильм, кстати, вполне смотрибелен, если смотреть его именно как художественное произведение, а не как учебник по природоведению, и признавать за авторами право на вымысел.

У меня подруга постоянно проживает за границей. Она по отчеству ЮРЬЕВНА. Пишет своё отчество по-английски так: Yuiryevna. Поскольку имя ЮРИЙ по-английски пишется как Yuiry.

В русском языке в технических терминах, связанных с магнитом, присутствует как буква е (магнетик, магнетизм, магнето, магнетрон), так и буква и (магнитогидродинамич­<wbr />еский, мегнитола, магнитометр, магнитострикция и др.). В «Грамматическом словаре русского языка» Зализняка (1977 год) по соседству присутствуют оба написания. А вот в «Орфоэпическом словаре русского языка» Аванесова (1989 год) есть только слово магнитометр. Так же пишется этот термин в соответствии с «Новым словарем иностранных слов» (2007 год). В Википедии — магнитометр, в Гугле с буквой и — 258 тысяч ссылок (хотя немало ссылок и на магнетометр). На портале http://gramota.ru — только магнитометр, а слово «магнетометр» указано как неправильное.

Я ему: «Учту».

В общем, сейчас у него этот странный период «я — владелец ‘Фольксвагена‘, и чёрт знает, хочу ли я дальше

— — Значит…

You and Jen could sleep under us.» I’m like, «I’d be up for that.»

So he’s in this weird kind of «I’ve got a VW van» headspace «and I don’t know if I wanna keep making movies for Miramax.»

If that makes any sense.

Менеджер спросил: » -Что вы хотите изучить?» Manager said: » -What do you want studied?»

-Узнайте, кто покупает ‘Фольксвагены‘. I said: » -Find out who’s buying Volkswagens.

«Все говорят, что это не очень хороший автомобиль. «Everybody says it’s a no-good car.

Manager said, «What do you want studied?»

I said, » Find out who’s buying Volkswagens.

Everybody says it’s a no-good car.

Но что они знали?

— Где твой фольксваген?

— Продал.

But what did they know?

— Where’s your VW?

— Sold it.

— Где?

Спасибо, «Фольксваген«!

Ну-ка, доставайте билетики!

— I’d like to thank Bay City Volkswagen… for donating seven brand-new cars to our annual fundraising raffle.

Thank you, Bay City Volkswagen.

Okay, everybody. Go ahead, pull out your ticket stubs.

Да, первая ночь меня немного разочаровала. Когда для нас не нашлось комнаты. Нам пришлось спасть в твоем старом рамблере.

Это был фольксваген.

Дорогой, вот фотография.

I’ll admit the first night was a little disappointing… when they didn’t have a room for us… and we had to sleep out in your old rambler.

It was a Volkswagen.

Darling, here’s a picture.

Если подумать, то клоун, если вокруг него нет цирка это очень раздражающая личность.

В смысле, вы на заднем сидении Фольксвагена этого человека…

«Что, ты подбираешь кого-то ещё?»

If you think about it, a clown, if there isn’t a circus around them is really just a very annoying person.

I mean, you’re in the back seat of this guy’s Volkswagen-

«What, you’re picking somebody else up? Oh, man.»

Положись на меня.

Моя молодость прошла на сиденьях Фольксвагена.

О, чёрт!

You can trust me.

I grew up in a Volkswagen.

Oh, shit!

Мяч стрелка улетает в толпу зрителей, в то время как мяч счастливчика Гилмора находит около телемачты…

В которую въехал сумасшедший на автомобиле Фольксваген.

Извините, я ищу свой мяч, разойдитесь.

Shooter’s ball is in the woods.

Happy’s on the 18th green, where a car driven by a crazed fan… rammed the TV tower.

Let me through… I’m looking for my ball.

— Что это?

— Двухсотлетний Фольксваген.

Они на совесть делали эти вещи. Не так ли?

— What is it?

— It’s a 200-year-old Volkswagen.

They really built these things.

Капиталист — ублюдок!

А если это Фольксваген ?

Нацист — ублюдок.

Capitalist bastard!

What if it had been a Volkswagen?

Nazi bastard.

Я не была…

Мой фольксваген там.

Какой толчок.

I wasn’t…

I got this VW out there.

What a jerk.

Берегись, Вегас!

Машина 47 преследует оранжевый Фольксваген, номер YCU799.

(Звучит как: «Почему вижу тебя» — прим.)

We’re coming in.

Car 47 in pursuit of Volkswagen, orange,

License number YCU799.

Я работал над Проектом Сатана — беспощадной машиной, собранной из самых злобных частей самых злобных машин в мире.

Руль из машины Гитлера, поворотник из Фольксвагена Чарльза Менсона…

— Дворники от Рыцаря Дорог.

I was working on Project Satan a savage car built from the evil parts of the world’s most evil cars.

The steering wheel from Hitler’s car, the signal from Charles Manson ‘s VW.

-Knight Rider’s windshield wipers.

Короче: «Стоит КАДИЛАК на перекрестке, водитель играется джойстиком бортового компьютера и сам себя спрашивает: «Так за сколько я:купил этот кадилак?»

Фольксваген ЖУК в зад ему втыкается.

Смачный такой чпок. ЧПОКИЩЕ! И все вокруг это видят.

So, this snail is standing in front of the Cadillac salesman, see, and says, «How much is that Cadillac?»

The snail says, «I want a big ‘S’ put on each door

«and on top of the car, I want a big ‘S’ so everybody can see it.»

Майкл, да!

Ему нравятся Фольксвагены.

Тогда я сказал журналисту «Боже, неужели я пишу такое?»

Michael, yes!

He’s eating Volkswagens.

And I said to his press agent «How do I review a piece like that?»

Достаточно нормальный, чтобы стибрить чемодан.

Не знаешь, чей это «Фольксваген«?

Я его раньше не видел.

He was witted enough to nick the case.

Any idea who’s Volkswagen this is?

I haven’t seen it before. Exactly.

Сегодня утром я видела самый большой в мире клубок из ниток, а днем — самый большой в мире помидор сорта «бычье сердце».

Он был размером с Фольксваген.

Конечно, клубок, а не помидор.

I saw the world’s largest ball of string this morning, and the world’s largest beefsteak tomato this afternoon.

It was the size of a Volkswagen.

The string, not the tomato.

Как же, Тед.

А оживший фольксваген?

Как он разъезжал везде, словно спятил?

Come on, Ted.

A Volkswagen with a mind of its own?

Driving all over and going mad?

Он обещал ей «мерседес».

Значит, мне достанется ее «фольксваген«.

Жизнь прекрасна.

He promised her a Mercedes.

Which means I get the Rabbit.

Don’t you just love life?

Кажется Порш.

Ты купил Порш через Фольксваген.

Вагон для людей.

This would be a Porsche.

A Porsche that you bought at a Volkswagen dealership.

Volkswagen.

Внимание всем патрульным.

Угнан Фольксваген 89 года, серебристого цвета, модель — кролик, калифорнийский номер. Повторяю…,

Угнан Фольксваген, калифорнийский номер

All units, code 503.

1989 silver Volkswagen Rabbit, California plate number boy-uncle-seven 9-9-6.

Stolen vehicle. ’89 Volkswagen Rabbit. Silver.

Угнан Фольксваген 89 года, серебристого цвета, модель — кролик, калифорнийский номер. Повторяю…,

Угнан Фольксваген, калифорнийский номер

— БЭ-Ю — 7996, прием.

1989 silver Volkswagen Rabbit, California plate number boy-uncle-seven 9-9-6.

Stolen vehicle. ’89 Volkswagen Rabbit. Silver.

Boy-uncle-seven 9-9-6.

Сейчас у него странный период…

Он пошёл и купил фургон «Фольксваген». А Моужер…

Вы его не знаете, вам сходу не понять, …но Моужер дорогих вещей не покупает.

He’s afraid of puppets.

So he’s in this weird headspace where he bought a VW conversion van.

And Mosier… You don’t know him so it’s not gonna play as well but Mosier doesn’t buy extravagant things.

— Вообще.

Парень из рекламы «Фольксвагена«.

Где коп требует с него штраф за превышение скорости?

— Whenever.

Well, I’d say it’s the guy who did the Volkswagen ad.

The one where the cop is giving the speeding ticket to a guy in a Bug.

Я не знаю.

Наверное, от Фольксваген феи?

Не большое дело.

I don’t know.

Must be from the Volkswagen fairy.

No biggie.

А когда ты обрежешь все с этого Nissan, ты обнаружишь гоночную машину.

А когда ты отрежешь все ненужное от Bentley, обнаружишь Фольксваген.

Если убрать от тебя все лишнее, мы найдем тот же скелет, какой есть у гонщика.

And when you strip everything off this Nissan, you find underneath a racing car.

When you strip all the stuff off of that Bentley, underneath it is a VW.

If we strip all the stuff off you, we’d find underneath the same basic skeleton as you would find in a racing driver.

Мы отправились в садовый центр, и по пути я постарался решить назойливую проблему.

В прошлом году 10,5 тысяч человек купили Фольксваген Тигуан.

3000 купили Mazda CX-5.

‘..we set off for the garden centre, and on the way, ‘I tried to solve a knotty problem.’

Last year, in Britain, 10,500 people bought a Volkswagen Tiguan.

3,000 bought a Mazda CX-5.

Но проведя день как караванеры, мы знали как будем тестировать наши машины.

Мы посадили Стига в Фольксваген, прицели дом на колесах и попросили его установить время круга.

Три, два, один, вперед!

‘But having spent the day as caravanners, ‘we did at least know how we SHOULD be testing our cars.’

‘So, we put the Stig into the VW, ‘hitched it up to a caravan ‘and asked him to set a lap time.’

Three, two, one, go!

Скраббл

Мы должны объяснить, у Фольксвагена непостоянный полный привод который включится, как только сенсоры

Возможно, он там

Scrabble.

We should explain, the Volkswagen has a part-time four-wheel drive system which will cut in should sensors detect he’s about to lose control.

He probably is there.

Ох-х-х-х!

Хорошо, а теперь мы должны иметь в виду, у Мазды на 10 л.с. больше, чем у Фольксвагена.

у нее на 30 или 40 больше крутящего момента.

Oh-h-h-h!

Right, now, we should bear in mind the Mazda has ten more horse powers than the Volkswagen.

It has 30 or 40 more torques.

Показать еще

  • Как правильно пишется флюорография или флюрография
  • Как правильно пишется флюорограмма
  • Как правильно пишется флеш накопитель
  • Как правильно пишется флеш карта или флэш карта
  • Как правильно пишется фламинго