Как правильно пишется йокогама

This article is about the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture. For other uses, see Yokohama (disambiguation).

Yokohama 横浜市
Designated city
City of Yokohama
From top, left to right: Minato Mirai 21 at dusk, Nippon Maru Memorial Park, Yokohama Chinatown, Motomachi Shopping Street, Sankei-en, Harbor View Park, Yokohama Marine Tower viewed from Yamashita Park and Ōsanbashi Pier
Flag Emblem
Interactive map outlining Yokohama
Location of Yokohama in Kanagawa Prefecture
Yokohama
Coordinates: 35°26′39″N 139°38′17″E / 35.44417°N 139.63806°ECoordinates: 35°26′39″N 139°38′17″E / 35.44417°N 139.63806°E
Country	Japan
Region	Kantō
Prefecture	Kanagawa Prefecture
Government
• Mayor	Takeharu Yamanaka
Area
• Total	437.38 km2 (168.87 sq mi)
Population  (October 1, 2022)
• Total	3,771,961
• Density	8,600/km2 (22,000/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)
– Tree	Camellia, Chinquapin, Sangoju Sasanqua, Ginkgo, Zelkova
– Flower	Dahlia Rose
Address	1-1 Minato-chō, Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken 231-0017
Website	www.city.yokohama.lg.jp

Yokohama
«Yokohama» in new-style (shinjitai) kanji
Japanese name
Hiragana	よこはま
Katakana	ヨコハマ
Kyūjitai	橫濱
Shinjitai	横浜
Transcriptions Romanization Yokohama

Yokohama (Japanese: 横浜, pronounced [jokohama] (listen)) is the second-largest city in Japan by population^[1] and the most populous municipality of Japan. It is the capital city and the most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a 2020 population of 3.8 million. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu. Yokohama is also the major economic, cultural, and commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area along the Keihin Industrial Zone.

Yokohama was one of the cities to open for trade with the West following the 1859 end of the policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan port city, after Kobe opened in 1853. Yokohama is the home of many Japan’s firsts in the Meiji period, including the first foreign trading port and Chinatown (1859), European-style sport venues (1860s), English-language newspaper (1861), confectionery and beer manufacturing (1865), daily newspaper (1870), gas-powered street lamps (1870s), railway station (1872), and power plant (1882). Yokohama developed rapidly as Japan’s prominent port city following the end of Japan’s relative isolation in the mid-19th century and is today one of its major ports along with Kobe, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, Tokyo and Chiba. Yokohama is classified as a Large-Port Metropolis.^[2]

Yokohama is the largest port city and high tech industrial hub in the Greater Tokyo Area and the Kantō region. The city proper is headquarters to companies such as Isuzu, Nissan, JVCKenwood, Keikyu, Koei Tecmo, Sotetsu, Salesforce Japan and Bank of Yokohama. Famous landmarks in Yokohama include Minato Mirai 21, Nippon Maru Memorial Park, Yokohama Chinatown, Motomachi Shopping Street, Yokohama Marine Tower, Yamashita Park, and Ōsanbashi Pier.

Etymology[edit]

Yokohama (横浜) means «horizontal beach».^[3] The current area surrounded by Maita Park, the Ōoka River and the Nakamura River have been a gulf divided by a sandbar from the open sea. This sandbar was the original Yokohama fishing village. Since the sandbar protruded perpendicularly from the land, or horizontally when viewed from the sea, it was called a «horizontal beach».^[4]

History[edit]

Opening of the Treaty Port (1859–1868)[edit]

Before the Western foreigners arrived, Yokohama was a small fishing village up to the end of the feudal Edo period, when Japan held a policy of national seclusion, having little contact with foreigners.^[5] A major turning point in Japanese history happened in 1853–54, when Commodore Matthew Perry arrived just south of Yokohama with a fleet of American warships, demanding that Japan open several ports for commerce, and the Tokugawa shogunate agreed by signing the Treaty of Peace and Amity.^[6]

It was initially agreed that one of the ports to be opened to foreign ships would be the bustling town of Kanagawa-juku (in what is now Kanagawa Ward) on the Tōkaidō, a strategic highway that linked Edo to Kyoto and Osaka. However, the Tokugawa shogunate decided that Kanagawa-juku was too close to the Tōkaidō for comfort, and port facilities were instead built across the inlet in the sleepy fishing village of Yokohama. The Port of Yokohama was officially opened on June 2, 1859.^[7]

Yokohama quickly became the base of foreign trade in Japan. Foreigners initially occupied the low-lying district of the city called Kannai, residential districts later expanding as the settlement grew to incorporate much of the elevated Yamate district overlooking the city, commonly referred to by English speaking residents as The Bluff.

Kannai, the foreign trade and commercial district (literally, inside the barrier), was surrounded by a moat, foreign residents enjoying extraterritorial status both within and outside the compound. Interactions with the local population, particularly young samurai, outside the settlement inevitably caused problems; the Namamugi Incident, one of the events that preceded the downfall of the shogunate, took place in what is now Tsurumi Ward in 1862, and prompted the Bombardment of Kagoshima in 1863.

To protect British commercial and diplomatic interests in Yokohama a military garrison was established in 1862. With the growth in trade increasing numbers of Chinese also came to settle in the city.^[8] Yokohama was the scene of many notable firsts for Japan including the growing acceptance of western fashion, photography by pioneers such as Felice Beato, Japan’s first English language newspaper, the Japan Herald published in 1861 and in 1865 the first ice cream confectionery and beer to be produced in Japan.^[9] Recreational sports introduced to Japan by foreign residents in Yokohama included European style horse racing in 1862, cricket in 1863^[10] and rugby union in 1866. A great fire destroyed much of the foreign settlement on November 26, 1866, and smallpox was a recurrent public health hazard, but the city continued to grow rapidly – attracting foreigners and Japanese alike.

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  Landing of Commodore Perry and men to meet the Imperial commissioners at Yokohama, 14 July 1853

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  Foreign ships in Yokohama harbor in 1861

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  A foreign trading house in Yokohama in 1861

Meiji and Taisho Periods (1868–1923)[edit]

After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the port was developed for trading silk, the main trading partner being Great Britain. Western influence and technological transfer contributed to the establishment of Japan’s first daily newspaper (1870), first gas-powered street lamps (1872) and Japan’s first railway constructed in the same year to connect Yokohama to Shinagawa and Shinbashi in Tokyo. In 1872 Jules Verne portrayed Yokohama, which he had never visited, in an episode of his widely read novel Around the World in Eighty Days, capturing the atmosphere of the fast-developing, internationally oriented Japanese city.

In 1887, a British merchant, Samuel Cocking, built the city’s first power plant. At first for his own use, this coal power plant became the basis for the Yokohama Cooperative Electric Light Company. The city was officially incorporated on April 1, 1889.^[11] By the time the extraterritoriality of foreigner areas was abolished in 1899, Yokohama was the most international city in Japan, with foreigner areas stretching from Kannai to the Bluff area and the large Yokohama Chinatown.

The early 20th century was marked by rapid growth of industry. Entrepreneurs built factories along reclaimed land to the north of the city toward Kawasaki, which eventually grew to be the Keihin Industrial Area. The growth of Japanese industry brought affluence, and many wealthy trading families constructed sprawling residences there, while the rapid influx of population from Japan and Korea also led to the formation of Kojiki-Yato, then the largest slum in Japan.

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  Street scene c. 1880

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  Yokohama c. 1880

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Great Kantō earthquake and the Second World War (1923–1945)[edit]

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  View of Yokohama after the bombing in 1945

Much of Yokohama was destroyed on September 1, 1923, by the Great Kantō earthquake. The Yokohama police reported casualties at 30,771 dead and 47,908 injured, out of a pre-earthquake population of 434,170.^[12] Fuelled by rumors of rebellion and sabotage, vigilante mobs thereupon murdered many Koreans in the Kojiki-yato slum.^[13] Many people believed that Koreans used black magic to cause the earthquake. Martial law was in place until November 19. Rubble from the quake was used to reclaim land for parks, the most famous being the Yamashita Park on the waterfront which opened in 1930.

Yokohama was rebuilt, only to be destroyed again by U.S. air raids during World War II. The first bombing was in the April 18, 1942 Doolittle Raid. An estimated 7,000–8,000 people were killed in a single morning on May 29, 1945, in what is now known as the Great Yokohama Air Raid, when B-29s firebombed the city and in just one hour and nine minutes, reducing 42% of it to rubble.^[11]

Postwar growth and development[edit]

During the American occupation, Yokohama was a major transshipment base for American supplies and personnel, especially during the Korean War. After the occupation, most local U.S. naval activity moved from Yokohama to an American base in nearby Yokosuka.

Four years after the Treaty of San Francisco signed, the city was designated by government ordinance on September 1, 1956.^{[citation needed]} The city’s tram and trolleybus system was abolished in 1972, the same year as the opening of the first line of Yokohama Municipal Subway. Construction of Minato Mirai 21 («Port Future 21»), a major urban development project on reclaimed land started in 1983, nicknamed the «Philadelphia and Boston of the Orient» was compared to Center City, Philadelphia and Downtown Boston located in the East Coast of the United States. Minato Mirai 21 hosted the Yokohama Exotic Showcase in 1989, which saw the first public operation of maglev trains in Japan and the opening of Cosmo Clock 21, then the tallest Ferris wheel in the world. The 860-metre-long (2,820 ft) Yokohama Bay Bridge opened in the same year. In 1993, Minato Mirai 21 saw the opening of the Yokohama Landmark Tower, the third-tallest building in Japan.

The 2002 FIFA World Cup final was held in June at the International Stadium Yokohama. In 2009, the city marked the 150th anniversary of the opening of the port and the 120th anniversary of the commencement of the City Administration. An early part in the commemoration project incorporated the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV), which was held in Yokohama in May 2008. In November 2010, Yokohama hosted the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting.

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Geography[edit]

Topography[edit]

Yokohama has a total area of 437.38 km² (168.87 sq mi) at an elevation of 5 metres (16 ft) above sea level. It is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture, bordered to the east by Tokyo Bay and located in the middle of the Kantō plain. The city is surrounded by hills and the characteristic mountain system of the island of Honshū, so its growth has been limited and it has had to gain ground from the sea. This also affects the population density, one of the highest in Japan with 8,500 inhabitants per km².

The highest points within the urban boundary are Omaruyama (156 m [512 ft]) and Mount Enkaizan (153 m [502 ft]). The main river is the Tsurumi River, which begins in the Tama Hills and empties into the Pacific Ocean.^[14]

These municipalities surround Yokohama: Kawasaki, Yokosuka, Zushi, Kamakura, Fujisawa, Yamato, Machida.

Geology[edit]

The city is very prone to natural phenomena such as earthquakes and tropical cyclones because the island of Honshū has a high level of seismic activity, being in the middle of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Most seismic movements are of low intensity and are generally not perceived by people. However, Yokohama has experienced two major tremors that reflect the evolution of Earthquake engineering: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake devastated the city and caused more than 100,000 fatalities throughout the region,^[15] while the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, with its epicenter on the east coast, was felt in the locality but only material damage was lamented because most buildings were already prepared to withstand them.^[16]

Climate[edit]

Yokohama features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with hot, humid summers and chilly winters.^[17] Weatherwise, Yokohama has a pattern of rain, clouds and sun, although in winter, it is surprisingly sunny, more so than Southern Spain. Winter temperatures rarely drop below freezing, while summer can seem quite warm, because of the effects of humidity.^[18] The coldest temperature was on 24 January 1927 when −8.2 °C (17.2 °F) was reached, whilst the hottest day was 11 August 2013 at 37.4 °C (99.3 °F). The highest monthly rainfall was in October 2004 with 761.5 millimetres (30.0 in), closely followed by July 1941 with 753.4 millimetres (29.66 in), whilst December and January have recorded no measurable precipitation three times each.

Cityscape[edit]

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  Yokohama night view (2014)

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  View from Mosaic Mall Kohoku (2015)

Demographics[edit]

Population[edit]

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1870	64,602[20]	—
1880	72,630	+12.4%
1890	132,627	+82.6%
1900	196,653	+48.3%
1910	403,303	+105.1%
1920	422,942	+4.9%
1925	405,888	−4.0%
1930	620,306	+52.8%
1935	704,290	+13.5%
1940	968,091	+37.5%
1945	814,379	−15.9%
1950	951,188	+16.8%
1955	1,143,687	+20.2%
1960	1,375,710	+20.3%
1965	1,788,915	+30.0%
1970	2,238,264	+25.1%
1975	2,621,771	+17.1%
1980	2,773,674	+5.8%
1985	2,992,926	+7.9%
1990	3,220,331	+7.6%
1995	3,307,136	+2.7%
2000	3,426,651	+3.6%
2005	3,579,133	+4.4%
2010	3,670,669	+2.6%
2015	3,710,824	+1.1%
2020	3,760,157	+1.3%

Yokohama’s foreign population of 92,139 includes Chinese, Koreans, Filipinos, and Vietnamese.^[21]

Wards[edit]

Yokohama has 18 wards (ku):

Wards of Yokohama
	Place Name				Map of Yokohama
Rōmaji	Kanji	Population	Land area in km2	Pop. density per km2
1	Aoba-ku	青葉区	302,643	35.14	8,610
2	Asahi-ku	旭区	249,045	32.77	7,600
3	Hodogaya-ku	保土ヶ谷区	205,887	21.81	9,400
4	Isogo-ku	磯子区	163,406	19.17	8,520
5	Izumi-ku	泉区	155,674	23.51	6,620
6	Kanagawa-ku	神奈川区	230,401	23.88	9,650
7	Kanazawa-ku	金沢区	209,565	31.01	6,760
8	Kōhoku-ku	港北区	332,488	31.40	10,588
9	Kōnan-ku	港南区	221,536	19.87	11,500
10	Midori-ku	緑区	176,038	25.42	6,900
11	Minami-ku	南区	197,019	12.67	15,500
12	Naka-ku (administrative center)	中区	146,563	20.86	7,030
13	Nishi-ku	西区	93,210	7.04	13,210
14	Sakae-ku	栄区	124,845	18.55	6,750
15	Seya-ku	瀬谷区	126,839	17.11	7,390
16	Totsuka-ku	戸塚区	274,783	35.70	7,697
17	Tsurumi-ku	鶴見区	270,433	33.23	8,140
18	Tsuzuki-ku	都筑区	211,455	27.93	7,535

Government and politics[edit]

The Yokohama City Council consists of 86 members elected from a total of 18 Wards. The LDP has minority control with 36 seats. The incumbent mayor is Takeharu Yamanaka, who defeated Fumiko Hayashi in the 2021 Yokohama mayoral election.

List of mayors (from 1889)[edit]

Culture and sights[edit]

Yokohama’s cultural and tourist sights include:

Museums[edit]

There are 42 museums in the city area, including.^[23]

Gallery[edit]

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  Yokohama World Porters

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  Mitsui Outlet Park Yokohama Bayside

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  Yokohama Municipal Kanazawa Zoo

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  Yokohama Foreign General Cemetery

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  Iseyama Kotai Shrine

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Excursion destinations[edit]

In 2016, 46,017,157 tourists visited the city, 13.1% of whom were overnight guests.^[23]

• Kodomo no kuni: Means «Children’s country». A nice destination to spend an eventful day with the family. Lots of space for walking and playing. There is also a petting zoo.
• Nogeyama Zoo: One of the few zoos that do not charge admission. It has a large number of animals and a petting zoo where children can play with small animals.
• Zoorasia: Nice zoo with lots of play options for children. However, in this zoo admission costs.
• Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise: A large park with an aquarium. Otherwise rides, shops, restaurants, etc.
• Since 2020, after six years of development, a giant robot named Gundam, which is 18 meters high and weighs 25 tons, has been watching over the port area as a tourist attraction. The giant robot, in which there is a cockpit and whose hands are each two meters long, is based as a figure on a science fiction television series, can move and sink to its knees.^[24] The giant robot was manufactured by the company «Gundam Factory Yokohama» under Managing Director Shin Sasaki.
• Kamonyama Park

In popular media[edit]

• Yukio Mishima’s novel The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea is set mainly in Yokohama. Mishima describes the city’s port and its houses, and the Western influences that shaped them.
• From Up on Poppy Hill is a 2011 Studio Ghibli animated drama film directed by Gorō Miyazaki set in the Yamate district of Yokohama. The film is based on the serialized Japanese comic book of the same name.
• The main setting of James Clavell’s book Gai-Jin is in historical Yokohama.
• Vermillion City in the Kanto region from the Pokémon franchise is based on Yokohama.
• One of the Pretty Cure crossover movies takes place in Yokohama. In the fourth movie of the series, Pretty Cure All Stars New Stage: Friends of the Future, the Pretty Cure appear standing on top of the Cosmo Clock 21 in Minato Mirai.
• The main setting of the Japanese visual novel series Muv-Luv, first a school and then, in an alternate history, a military base is built in Yokohama with the objective of carrying out the Alternative IV Plan meant to save humanity.
• In Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3, Yokohama is under siege by the Soviet Union and Allied Nations to stop the Empire of The Rising Sun. The player must defend Yokohama and then lead a counterattack as the Empire.
• The manga Bungo Stray Dogs is set in Yokohama.
• The Japanese mixed-media project, Hamatora takes place in Yokohama.
• The final battle in Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack takes place in Yokohama.
• In My Hero Academia, it is the location of the Nomu Warehouse where they created artificial Humans (a.k.a. Nomus).
• Sumaru City in Persona 2: Innocent Sin and Eternal Punishment is based on Yokohama.
• Miyabi City in The Caligula Effect is based on Yokohama, including depictions of landmarks such as an unfinished Landmark Tower and Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise (referred to in game as Sea Paraiso).
• The video game Yakuza: Like a Dragon is set in Isezaki Ijincho, a fictional district in Yokohama based on Isezakichō.
• Yokohama is also represented in the multimedia project by King Records, Hypnosis Mic: Division Rap Battle
• Yokohama is the main setting of Japanese manga and anime series Komi Can’t Communicate. Multiple of the cities’ landmarks are featured on the manga, most notably in the more recently released chapters.
• Yokohama is the setting of the anime After the Rain as well as manga series with the same title by Jun Mayuzuki.
• In April 2022, The Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau announced the launch of a new interactive website to aid in the tourism and MICE elements of the city.^[25]

Sports[edit]

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• Baseball: Yokohama DeNA BayStars
• Football: Yokohama F. Marinos (J.League Division 1), Yokohama FC (J.League Division 1), YSCC Yokohama (J.League Division 3), NHK Yokohama FC Seagulls (Nadeshiko League Div.2)
• Velodrome: Kagetsu-en Velodrome
• Basketball: Yokohama B-Corsairs
• Rugby Union: Yokohama Eagles
• Tennis: Ai Sugiyama
• American football: Yokohama Harbors
• Ice Hockey: Yokohama Grits

Economy and infrastructure[edit]

The city has a strong economic base, especially in the shipping, biotechnology, and semiconductor industries. Nissan moved its headquarters to Yokohama from Chūō, Tokyo in 2010.^[26]
Yokohama’s GDP per capita (Nominal) was $30,625 ($1=¥120.13).^[27][28]

As of 2016, the total production in Yokohama city reached ¥13.56 billion. It is located between Shizuoka and Hiroshima Prefectures compared to domestic prefectures.^[29] It is located between Hungary, which ranks 26th, and New Zealand, which ranks 27th compared to OECD countries. Generally, the primary industry is 0.1%, the secondary industry is 21.7%, and the tertiary industry is 82.3%. The ratio of the primary industry is low, and the ratio of the secondary industry and the tertiary industry is high. Compared to other ordinance-designated cities, it is about 60% of the size of Osaka, which is almost the same as Nagoya. As shown in the attached table, there are not a few head office companies, but the major inferiority to Osaka is the traditional difference, the strong bed.^{[clarification needed]} In connection with this, the absence of large block-type companies (JR, NTT, electric power, gas, major commercial broadcasters, etc.) has had an impact.

The breakdown is ¥11.9 million yen (0.1%) for the primary industry, ¥2.75 billion (21.7%) for the secondary industry, and ¥10.44 billion yen (82.3%) for the tertiary industry. Compared to other government-designated cities, the amount of the primary industry, the ratio of the construction industry of the secondary industry, and the ratio of the real estate industry of the tertiary industry are large, and the finance, insurance, wholesale, and retail of the tertiary industry The ratio of industry and service industry is small, but the tertiary industry is almost the same as Nagoya.

Major companies headquartered[edit]

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  Isuzu headquarters in Nishi-ku

Transport[edit]

Yokohama is serviced by the Tōkaidō Shinkansen, a high-speed rail line with a stop at Shin-Yokohama Station. Yokohama Station is also a major station, with two million passengers daily. The Yokohama Municipal Subway, Minatomirai Line and Kanazawa Seaside Line provide metro services.

Maritime transport[edit]

Yokohama is the world’s 31st largest seaport in terms of total cargo volume, at 121,326 freight tons as of 2011, and is ranked 37th in terms of TEUs (Twenty-foot equivalent units).^[30]

In 2013, APM Terminals Yokohama facility was recognized as the most productive container terminal in the world averaging 163 crane moves per hour, per ship between the vessel’s arrival and departure at the berth.^[31]

Rail transport[edit]

Railway stations[edit]

■ East Japan Railway Company (JR East)

■ Tōkaidō Main Line

• – Yokohama – Totsuka –

■ Yokosuka Line

• – Yokohama – Hodogaya – Higashi-Totsuka – Totsuka –

■ Keihin-Tōhoku Line

• – Tsurumi – Shin-Koyasu – Higashi-Kanagawa – Yokohama

■ Negishi Line

• Yokohama – Sakuragichō – Kannai – Ishikawachō – Yamate – Negishi – Isogo – Shin-Sugita – Yōkōdai – Kōnandai – Hongōdai –

■ Yokohama Line

• Higashi-Kanagawa – Ōguchi – Kikuna – Shin-Yokohama – Kozukue – Kamoi – Nakayama – Tōkaichiba – Nagatsuta –

■ Nambu Line

• – Yakō –

■ Tsurumi Line

• Main Line : Tsurumi – Kokudō – Tsurumi-Ono – Bentembashi – Asano – Anzen –
• Umi-Shibaura Branch : Asano – Shin-Shibaura – Umi-Shibaura

■ Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central)

■ Tōkaidō Shinkansen

• – Shin-Yokohama –

■ Keikyu

■ Keikyu Main Line

• – Tsurumi-Ichiba – Keikyū Tsurumi – Kagetsuen-mae – Namamugi – Keikyū Shin-Koyasu – Koyasu – Kanagawa-Shinmachi – Naka-Kido – Kanagawa – Yokohama – Tobe – Hinodechō – Koganechō – Minami-Ōta – Idogaya – Gumyōji – Kami-Ōoka – Byōbugaura – Sugita – Keikyū Tomioka – Nōkendai – Kanazawa-Bunko – Kanazawa-Hakkei –

■ Keikyu Zushi Line

• Kanazawa-Hakkei – Mutsuura –

■ Tokyu Railways

■ Tōyoko Line

• – Hiyoshi – Tsunashima – Ōkurayama – Kikuna – Myōrenji – Hakuraku – Higashi-Hakuraku – Tammachi – Yokohama

■ Meguro Line

• – Hiyoshi

■ Den-en-toshi Line

• – Tama-Plaza – Azamino – Eda – Ichigao – Fujigaoka – Aobadai – Tana – Nagatsuta –

■ Kodomonokuni Line

• Nagatsuta – Onda – Kodomonokuni

■ Sagami Railway

■ Sagami Railway Main Line

• Yokohama – Hiranumabashi – Nishi-Yokohama – Tennōchō – Hoshikawa – Wadamachi – Kamihoshikawa – Nishiya – Tsurugamine – Futamatagawa – Kibōgaoka – Mitsukyō – Seya –

■ Izumino Line

• Futamatagawa – Minami-Makigahara – Ryokuentoshi – Yayoidai – Izumino – Izumi-chūō – Yumegaoka

■ Yokohama Minatomirai Railway

■ Minatomirai Line

• Yokohama – Shin-Takashima – Minato Mirai – Bashamichi – Nihon-ōdōri – Motomachi-Chūkagai

■ Yokohama City Transportation Bureau (Yokohama Municipal Subway)

■ Blue Line

• – Shimoiida – Tateba – Nakada – Odoriba – Totsuka – Maioka – Shimonagaya – Kaminagaya – Kōnan-Chūō – Kami-Ōoka – Gumyōji – Maita – Yoshinochō – Bandōbashi – Isezakichōjamachi – Kannai – Sakuragichō – Takashimachō – Yokohama – Mitsuzawa-shimochō – Mitsuzawa-kamichō – Katakurachō – Kishine-kōen – Shin-Yokohama – Kita Shin-Yokohama – Nippa – Nakamachidai – Center Minami – Center Kita – Nakagawa – Azamino

■ Green Line

• Nakayama – Kawawachō – Tsuzuki-Fureai-no-Oka – Center Minami – Center Kita – Kita-Yamata – Higashi-Yamata – Takata – Hiyoshi-Honchō – Hiyoshi

■ Yokohama New Transit

■ Kanazawa Seaside Line

• Shin-Sugita – Nambu-Shijō – Torihama – Namiki-Kita – Namiki-Chūō – Sachiura – Sangyō-Shinkō-Center – Fukuura – Shidai-Igakubu – Hakkeijima – Uminokōen-Shibaguchi – Uminokōen-Minamiguchi – Nojimakōen – Kanazawa-Hakkei

Education[edit]

Public elementary and middle schools are operated by the Yokohama Municipal Board of Education [ja]. There are nine public high schools which are operated by the Yokohama City Board of Education,^[32] and a number of public high schools which are operated by the Kanagawa Prefectural Board of Education. Yokohama National University is a leading university in Yokohama which is also one of the highest ranking national universities in Japan.

• 46,388 children attend the 260 kindergartens.
• Almost 386,000 students are taught in 351 primary schools.
• There are 16 universities including Yokohama National University. The number of students is around 83,000.
• 19 public libraries had 9.5 million loans in 2016.^[23]

International relations[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Yokohama is twinned with:^[33]

Partner cities[edit]

Sister ports[edit]

Notable people[edit]

• Toru Furuya, singer and seiyū
• Yuma Kagiyama, figure skater
• Teiko Kiwa, Japanese-Dutch opera singer in the 1920s and 1930s
• Miki Koyama, racing driver
• Takehito Koyasu, singer and seiyū
• Ryuji Kumita, racing driver and CEO of B-Max Racing
• Keisuke Kunimoto, racing driver
• Yuji Kunimoto, racing driver
• Minoru Suzuki, professional wrestler
• Yuta Watanabe, NBA player for the Toronto Raptors.

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

• Official Website (in Japanese)
• Yokohama Tourism Website (in English)
• Geographic data related to Yokohama at OpenStreetMap

This article is about the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture. For other uses, see Yokohama (disambiguation).

Yokohama 横浜市
Designated city
City of Yokohama
From top, left to right: Minato Mirai 21 at dusk, Nippon Maru Memorial Park, Yokohama Chinatown, Motomachi Shopping Street, Sankei-en, Harbor View Park, Yokohama Marine Tower viewed from Yamashita Park and Ōsanbashi Pier
Flag Emblem
Interactive map outlining Yokohama
Location of Yokohama in Kanagawa Prefecture
Yokohama
Coordinates: 35°26′39″N 139°38′17″E / 35.44417°N 139.63806°ECoordinates: 35°26′39″N 139°38′17″E / 35.44417°N 139.63806°E
Country	Japan
Region	Kantō
Prefecture	Kanagawa Prefecture
Government
• Mayor	Takeharu Yamanaka
Area
• Total	437.38 km2 (168.87 sq mi)
Population  (October 1, 2022)
• Total	3,771,961
• Density	8,600/km2 (22,000/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)
– Tree	Camellia, Chinquapin, Sangoju Sasanqua, Ginkgo, Zelkova
– Flower	Dahlia Rose
Address	1-1 Minato-chō, Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken 231-0017
Website	www.city.yokohama.lg.jp

Yokohama
«Yokohama» in new-style (shinjitai) kanji
Japanese name
Hiragana	よこはま
Katakana	ヨコハマ
Kyūjitai	橫濱
Shinjitai	横浜
Transcriptions Romanization Yokohama

Yokohama (Japanese: 横浜, pronounced [jokohama] (listen)) is the second-largest city in Japan by population^[1] and the most populous municipality of Japan. It is the capital city and the most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a 2020 population of 3.8 million. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu. Yokohama is also the major economic, cultural, and commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area along the Keihin Industrial Zone.

Yokohama was one of the cities to open for trade with the West following the 1859 end of the policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan port city, after Kobe opened in 1853. Yokohama is the home of many Japan’s firsts in the Meiji period, including the first foreign trading port and Chinatown (1859), European-style sport venues (1860s), English-language newspaper (1861), confectionery and beer manufacturing (1865), daily newspaper (1870), gas-powered street lamps (1870s), railway station (1872), and power plant (1882). Yokohama developed rapidly as Japan’s prominent port city following the end of Japan’s relative isolation in the mid-19th century and is today one of its major ports along with Kobe, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, Tokyo and Chiba. Yokohama is classified as a Large-Port Metropolis.^[2]

Yokohama is the largest port city and high tech industrial hub in the Greater Tokyo Area and the Kantō region. The city proper is headquarters to companies such as Isuzu, Nissan, JVCKenwood, Keikyu, Koei Tecmo, Sotetsu, Salesforce Japan and Bank of Yokohama. Famous landmarks in Yokohama include Minato Mirai 21, Nippon Maru Memorial Park, Yokohama Chinatown, Motomachi Shopping Street, Yokohama Marine Tower, Yamashita Park, and Ōsanbashi Pier.

Etymology[edit]

Yokohama (横浜) means «horizontal beach».^[3] The current area surrounded by Maita Park, the Ōoka River and the Nakamura River have been a gulf divided by a sandbar from the open sea. This sandbar was the original Yokohama fishing village. Since the sandbar protruded perpendicularly from the land, or horizontally when viewed from the sea, it was called a «horizontal beach».^[4]

History[edit]

Opening of the Treaty Port (1859–1868)[edit]

Before the Western foreigners arrived, Yokohama was a small fishing village up to the end of the feudal Edo period, when Japan held a policy of national seclusion, having little contact with foreigners.^[5] A major turning point in Japanese history happened in 1853–54, when Commodore Matthew Perry arrived just south of Yokohama with a fleet of American warships, demanding that Japan open several ports for commerce, and the Tokugawa shogunate agreed by signing the Treaty of Peace and Amity.^[6]

It was initially agreed that one of the ports to be opened to foreign ships would be the bustling town of Kanagawa-juku (in what is now Kanagawa Ward) on the Tōkaidō, a strategic highway that linked Edo to Kyoto and Osaka. However, the Tokugawa shogunate decided that Kanagawa-juku was too close to the Tōkaidō for comfort, and port facilities were instead built across the inlet in the sleepy fishing village of Yokohama. The Port of Yokohama was officially opened on June 2, 1859.^[7]

Yokohama quickly became the base of foreign trade in Japan. Foreigners initially occupied the low-lying district of the city called Kannai, residential districts later expanding as the settlement grew to incorporate much of the elevated Yamate district overlooking the city, commonly referred to by English speaking residents as The Bluff.

Kannai, the foreign trade and commercial district (literally, inside the barrier), was surrounded by a moat, foreign residents enjoying extraterritorial status both within and outside the compound. Interactions with the local population, particularly young samurai, outside the settlement inevitably caused problems; the Namamugi Incident, one of the events that preceded the downfall of the shogunate, took place in what is now Tsurumi Ward in 1862, and prompted the Bombardment of Kagoshima in 1863.

To protect British commercial and diplomatic interests in Yokohama a military garrison was established in 1862. With the growth in trade increasing numbers of Chinese also came to settle in the city.^[8] Yokohama was the scene of many notable firsts for Japan including the growing acceptance of western fashion, photography by pioneers such as Felice Beato, Japan’s first English language newspaper, the Japan Herald published in 1861 and in 1865 the first ice cream confectionery and beer to be produced in Japan.^[9] Recreational sports introduced to Japan by foreign residents in Yokohama included European style horse racing in 1862, cricket in 1863^[10] and rugby union in 1866. A great fire destroyed much of the foreign settlement on November 26, 1866, and smallpox was a recurrent public health hazard, but the city continued to grow rapidly – attracting foreigners and Japanese alike.

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  Landing of Commodore Perry and men to meet the Imperial commissioners at Yokohama, 14 July 1853

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  Foreign ships in Yokohama harbor in 1861

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  A foreign trading house in Yokohama in 1861

Meiji and Taisho Periods (1868–1923)[edit]

After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the port was developed for trading silk, the main trading partner being Great Britain. Western influence and technological transfer contributed to the establishment of Japan’s first daily newspaper (1870), first gas-powered street lamps (1872) and Japan’s first railway constructed in the same year to connect Yokohama to Shinagawa and Shinbashi in Tokyo. In 1872 Jules Verne portrayed Yokohama, which he had never visited, in an episode of his widely read novel Around the World in Eighty Days, capturing the atmosphere of the fast-developing, internationally oriented Japanese city.

In 1887, a British merchant, Samuel Cocking, built the city’s first power plant. At first for his own use, this coal power plant became the basis for the Yokohama Cooperative Electric Light Company. The city was officially incorporated on April 1, 1889.^[11] By the time the extraterritoriality of foreigner areas was abolished in 1899, Yokohama was the most international city in Japan, with foreigner areas stretching from Kannai to the Bluff area and the large Yokohama Chinatown.

The early 20th century was marked by rapid growth of industry. Entrepreneurs built factories along reclaimed land to the north of the city toward Kawasaki, which eventually grew to be the Keihin Industrial Area. The growth of Japanese industry brought affluence, and many wealthy trading families constructed sprawling residences there, while the rapid influx of population from Japan and Korea also led to the formation of Kojiki-Yato, then the largest slum in Japan.

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  Street scene c. 1880

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  Yokohama c. 1880

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Great Kantō earthquake and the Second World War (1923–1945)[edit]

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  View of Yokohama after the bombing in 1945

Much of Yokohama was destroyed on September 1, 1923, by the Great Kantō earthquake. The Yokohama police reported casualties at 30,771 dead and 47,908 injured, out of a pre-earthquake population of 434,170.^[12] Fuelled by rumors of rebellion and sabotage, vigilante mobs thereupon murdered many Koreans in the Kojiki-yato slum.^[13] Many people believed that Koreans used black magic to cause the earthquake. Martial law was in place until November 19. Rubble from the quake was used to reclaim land for parks, the most famous being the Yamashita Park on the waterfront which opened in 1930.

Yokohama was rebuilt, only to be destroyed again by U.S. air raids during World War II. The first bombing was in the April 18, 1942 Doolittle Raid. An estimated 7,000–8,000 people were killed in a single morning on May 29, 1945, in what is now known as the Great Yokohama Air Raid, when B-29s firebombed the city and in just one hour and nine minutes, reducing 42% of it to rubble.^[11]

Postwar growth and development[edit]

During the American occupation, Yokohama was a major transshipment base for American supplies and personnel, especially during the Korean War. After the occupation, most local U.S. naval activity moved from Yokohama to an American base in nearby Yokosuka.

Four years after the Treaty of San Francisco signed, the city was designated by government ordinance on September 1, 1956.^{[citation needed]} The city’s tram and trolleybus system was abolished in 1972, the same year as the opening of the first line of Yokohama Municipal Subway. Construction of Minato Mirai 21 («Port Future 21»), a major urban development project on reclaimed land started in 1983, nicknamed the «Philadelphia and Boston of the Orient» was compared to Center City, Philadelphia and Downtown Boston located in the East Coast of the United States. Minato Mirai 21 hosted the Yokohama Exotic Showcase in 1989, which saw the first public operation of maglev trains in Japan and the opening of Cosmo Clock 21, then the tallest Ferris wheel in the world. The 860-metre-long (2,820 ft) Yokohama Bay Bridge opened in the same year. In 1993, Minato Mirai 21 saw the opening of the Yokohama Landmark Tower, the third-tallest building in Japan.

The 2002 FIFA World Cup final was held in June at the International Stadium Yokohama. In 2009, the city marked the 150th anniversary of the opening of the port and the 120th anniversary of the commencement of the City Administration. An early part in the commemoration project incorporated the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV), which was held in Yokohama in May 2008. In November 2010, Yokohama hosted the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting.

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Geography[edit]

Topography[edit]

Yokohama has a total area of 437.38 km² (168.87 sq mi) at an elevation of 5 metres (16 ft) above sea level. It is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture, bordered to the east by Tokyo Bay and located in the middle of the Kantō plain. The city is surrounded by hills and the characteristic mountain system of the island of Honshū, so its growth has been limited and it has had to gain ground from the sea. This also affects the population density, one of the highest in Japan with 8,500 inhabitants per km².

The highest points within the urban boundary are Omaruyama (156 m [512 ft]) and Mount Enkaizan (153 m [502 ft]). The main river is the Tsurumi River, which begins in the Tama Hills and empties into the Pacific Ocean.^[14]

These municipalities surround Yokohama: Kawasaki, Yokosuka, Zushi, Kamakura, Fujisawa, Yamato, Machida.

Geology[edit]

The city is very prone to natural phenomena such as earthquakes and tropical cyclones because the island of Honshū has a high level of seismic activity, being in the middle of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Most seismic movements are of low intensity and are generally not perceived by people. However, Yokohama has experienced two major tremors that reflect the evolution of Earthquake engineering: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake devastated the city and caused more than 100,000 fatalities throughout the region,^[15] while the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, with its epicenter on the east coast, was felt in the locality but only material damage was lamented because most buildings were already prepared to withstand them.^[16]

Climate[edit]

Yokohama features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with hot, humid summers and chilly winters.^[17] Weatherwise, Yokohama has a pattern of rain, clouds and sun, although in winter, it is surprisingly sunny, more so than Southern Spain. Winter temperatures rarely drop below freezing, while summer can seem quite warm, because of the effects of humidity.^[18] The coldest temperature was on 24 January 1927 when −8.2 °C (17.2 °F) was reached, whilst the hottest day was 11 August 2013 at 37.4 °C (99.3 °F). The highest monthly rainfall was in October 2004 with 761.5 millimetres (30.0 in), closely followed by July 1941 with 753.4 millimetres (29.66 in), whilst December and January have recorded no measurable precipitation three times each.

Cityscape[edit]

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  Yokohama night view (2014)

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  View from Mosaic Mall Kohoku (2015)

Demographics[edit]

Population[edit]

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1870	64,602[20]	—
1880	72,630	+12.4%
1890	132,627	+82.6%
1900	196,653	+48.3%
1910	403,303	+105.1%
1920	422,942	+4.9%
1925	405,888	−4.0%
1930	620,306	+52.8%
1935	704,290	+13.5%
1940	968,091	+37.5%
1945	814,379	−15.9%
1950	951,188	+16.8%
1955	1,143,687	+20.2%
1960	1,375,710	+20.3%
1965	1,788,915	+30.0%
1970	2,238,264	+25.1%
1975	2,621,771	+17.1%
1980	2,773,674	+5.8%
1985	2,992,926	+7.9%
1990	3,220,331	+7.6%
1995	3,307,136	+2.7%
2000	3,426,651	+3.6%
2005	3,579,133	+4.4%
2010	3,670,669	+2.6%
2015	3,710,824	+1.1%
2020	3,760,157	+1.3%

Yokohama’s foreign population of 92,139 includes Chinese, Koreans, Filipinos, and Vietnamese.^[21]

Wards[edit]

Yokohama has 18 wards (ku):

Wards of Yokohama
	Place Name				Map of Yokohama
Rōmaji	Kanji	Population	Land area in km2	Pop. density per km2
1	Aoba-ku	青葉区	302,643	35.14	8,610
2	Asahi-ku	旭区	249,045	32.77	7,600
3	Hodogaya-ku	保土ヶ谷区	205,887	21.81	9,400
4	Isogo-ku	磯子区	163,406	19.17	8,520
5	Izumi-ku	泉区	155,674	23.51	6,620
6	Kanagawa-ku	神奈川区	230,401	23.88	9,650
7	Kanazawa-ku	金沢区	209,565	31.01	6,760
8	Kōhoku-ku	港北区	332,488	31.40	10,588
9	Kōnan-ku	港南区	221,536	19.87	11,500
10	Midori-ku	緑区	176,038	25.42	6,900
11	Minami-ku	南区	197,019	12.67	15,500
12	Naka-ku (administrative center)	中区	146,563	20.86	7,030
13	Nishi-ku	西区	93,210	7.04	13,210
14	Sakae-ku	栄区	124,845	18.55	6,750
15	Seya-ku	瀬谷区	126,839	17.11	7,390
16	Totsuka-ku	戸塚区	274,783	35.70	7,697
17	Tsurumi-ku	鶴見区	270,433	33.23	8,140
18	Tsuzuki-ku	都筑区	211,455	27.93	7,535

Government and politics[edit]

The Yokohama City Council consists of 86 members elected from a total of 18 Wards. The LDP has minority control with 36 seats. The incumbent mayor is Takeharu Yamanaka, who defeated Fumiko Hayashi in the 2021 Yokohama mayoral election.

List of mayors (from 1889)[edit]

Culture and sights[edit]

Yokohama’s cultural and tourist sights include:

Museums[edit]

There are 42 museums in the city area, including.^[23]

Gallery[edit]

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  Yokohama World Porters

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  Mitsui Outlet Park Yokohama Bayside

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  Yokohama Municipal Kanazawa Zoo

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  Yokohama Foreign General Cemetery

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  Iseyama Kotai Shrine

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Excursion destinations[edit]

In 2016, 46,017,157 tourists visited the city, 13.1% of whom were overnight guests.^[23]

• Kodomo no kuni: Means «Children’s country». A nice destination to spend an eventful day with the family. Lots of space for walking and playing. There is also a petting zoo.
• Nogeyama Zoo: One of the few zoos that do not charge admission. It has a large number of animals and a petting zoo where children can play with small animals.
• Zoorasia: Nice zoo with lots of play options for children. However, in this zoo admission costs.
• Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise: A large park with an aquarium. Otherwise rides, shops, restaurants, etc.
• Since 2020, after six years of development, a giant robot named Gundam, which is 18 meters high and weighs 25 tons, has been watching over the port area as a tourist attraction. The giant robot, in which there is a cockpit and whose hands are each two meters long, is based as a figure on a science fiction television series, can move and sink to its knees.^[24] The giant robot was manufactured by the company «Gundam Factory Yokohama» under Managing Director Shin Sasaki.
• Kamonyama Park

In popular media[edit]

• Yukio Mishima’s novel The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea is set mainly in Yokohama. Mishima describes the city’s port and its houses, and the Western influences that shaped them.
• From Up on Poppy Hill is a 2011 Studio Ghibli animated drama film directed by Gorō Miyazaki set in the Yamate district of Yokohama. The film is based on the serialized Japanese comic book of the same name.
• The main setting of James Clavell’s book Gai-Jin is in historical Yokohama.
• Vermillion City in the Kanto region from the Pokémon franchise is based on Yokohama.
• One of the Pretty Cure crossover movies takes place in Yokohama. In the fourth movie of the series, Pretty Cure All Stars New Stage: Friends of the Future, the Pretty Cure appear standing on top of the Cosmo Clock 21 in Minato Mirai.
• The main setting of the Japanese visual novel series Muv-Luv, first a school and then, in an alternate history, a military base is built in Yokohama with the objective of carrying out the Alternative IV Plan meant to save humanity.
• In Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3, Yokohama is under siege by the Soviet Union and Allied Nations to stop the Empire of The Rising Sun. The player must defend Yokohama and then lead a counterattack as the Empire.
• The manga Bungo Stray Dogs is set in Yokohama.
• The Japanese mixed-media project, Hamatora takes place in Yokohama.
• The final battle in Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack takes place in Yokohama.
• In My Hero Academia, it is the location of the Nomu Warehouse where they created artificial Humans (a.k.a. Nomus).
• Sumaru City in Persona 2: Innocent Sin and Eternal Punishment is based on Yokohama.
• Miyabi City in The Caligula Effect is based on Yokohama, including depictions of landmarks such as an unfinished Landmark Tower and Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise (referred to in game as Sea Paraiso).
• The video game Yakuza: Like a Dragon is set in Isezaki Ijincho, a fictional district in Yokohama based on Isezakichō.
• Yokohama is also represented in the multimedia project by King Records, Hypnosis Mic: Division Rap Battle
• Yokohama is the main setting of Japanese manga and anime series Komi Can’t Communicate. Multiple of the cities’ landmarks are featured on the manga, most notably in the more recently released chapters.
• Yokohama is the setting of the anime After the Rain as well as manga series with the same title by Jun Mayuzuki.
• In April 2022, The Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau announced the launch of a new interactive website to aid in the tourism and MICE elements of the city.^[25]

Sports[edit]

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• Baseball: Yokohama DeNA BayStars
• Football: Yokohama F. Marinos (J.League Division 1), Yokohama FC (J.League Division 1), YSCC Yokohama (J.League Division 3), NHK Yokohama FC Seagulls (Nadeshiko League Div.2)
• Velodrome: Kagetsu-en Velodrome
• Basketball: Yokohama B-Corsairs
• Rugby Union: Yokohama Eagles
• Tennis: Ai Sugiyama
• American football: Yokohama Harbors
• Ice Hockey: Yokohama Grits

Economy and infrastructure[edit]

The city has a strong economic base, especially in the shipping, biotechnology, and semiconductor industries. Nissan moved its headquarters to Yokohama from Chūō, Tokyo in 2010.^[26]
Yokohama’s GDP per capita (Nominal) was $30,625 ($1=¥120.13).^[27][28]

As of 2016, the total production in Yokohama city reached ¥13.56 billion. It is located between Shizuoka and Hiroshima Prefectures compared to domestic prefectures.^[29] It is located between Hungary, which ranks 26th, and New Zealand, which ranks 27th compared to OECD countries. Generally, the primary industry is 0.1%, the secondary industry is 21.7%, and the tertiary industry is 82.3%. The ratio of the primary industry is low, and the ratio of the secondary industry and the tertiary industry is high. Compared to other ordinance-designated cities, it is about 60% of the size of Osaka, which is almost the same as Nagoya. As shown in the attached table, there are not a few head office companies, but the major inferiority to Osaka is the traditional difference, the strong bed.^{[clarification needed]} In connection with this, the absence of large block-type companies (JR, NTT, electric power, gas, major commercial broadcasters, etc.) has had an impact.

The breakdown is ¥11.9 million yen (0.1%) for the primary industry, ¥2.75 billion (21.7%) for the secondary industry, and ¥10.44 billion yen (82.3%) for the tertiary industry. Compared to other government-designated cities, the amount of the primary industry, the ratio of the construction industry of the secondary industry, and the ratio of the real estate industry of the tertiary industry are large, and the finance, insurance, wholesale, and retail of the tertiary industry The ratio of industry and service industry is small, but the tertiary industry is almost the same as Nagoya.

Major companies headquartered[edit]

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  Isuzu headquarters in Nishi-ku

Transport[edit]

Yokohama is serviced by the Tōkaidō Shinkansen, a high-speed rail line with a stop at Shin-Yokohama Station. Yokohama Station is also a major station, with two million passengers daily. The Yokohama Municipal Subway, Minatomirai Line and Kanazawa Seaside Line provide metro services.

Maritime transport[edit]

Yokohama is the world’s 31st largest seaport in terms of total cargo volume, at 121,326 freight tons as of 2011, and is ranked 37th in terms of TEUs (Twenty-foot equivalent units).^[30]

In 2013, APM Terminals Yokohama facility was recognized as the most productive container terminal in the world averaging 163 crane moves per hour, per ship between the vessel’s arrival and departure at the berth.^[31]

Rail transport[edit]

Railway stations[edit]

■ East Japan Railway Company (JR East)

■ Tōkaidō Main Line

• – Yokohama – Totsuka –

■ Yokosuka Line

• – Yokohama – Hodogaya – Higashi-Totsuka – Totsuka –

■ Keihin-Tōhoku Line

• – Tsurumi – Shin-Koyasu – Higashi-Kanagawa – Yokohama

■ Negishi Line

• Yokohama – Sakuragichō – Kannai – Ishikawachō – Yamate – Negishi – Isogo – Shin-Sugita – Yōkōdai – Kōnandai – Hongōdai –

■ Yokohama Line

• Higashi-Kanagawa – Ōguchi – Kikuna – Shin-Yokohama – Kozukue – Kamoi – Nakayama – Tōkaichiba – Nagatsuta –

■ Nambu Line

• – Yakō –

■ Tsurumi Line

• Main Line : Tsurumi – Kokudō – Tsurumi-Ono – Bentembashi – Asano – Anzen –
• Umi-Shibaura Branch : Asano – Shin-Shibaura – Umi-Shibaura

■ Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central)

■ Tōkaidō Shinkansen

• – Shin-Yokohama –

■ Keikyu

■ Keikyu Main Line

• – Tsurumi-Ichiba – Keikyū Tsurumi – Kagetsuen-mae – Namamugi – Keikyū Shin-Koyasu – Koyasu – Kanagawa-Shinmachi – Naka-Kido – Kanagawa – Yokohama – Tobe – Hinodechō – Koganechō – Minami-Ōta – Idogaya – Gumyōji – Kami-Ōoka – Byōbugaura – Sugita – Keikyū Tomioka – Nōkendai – Kanazawa-Bunko – Kanazawa-Hakkei –

■ Keikyu Zushi Line

• Kanazawa-Hakkei – Mutsuura –

■ Tokyu Railways

■ Tōyoko Line

• – Hiyoshi – Tsunashima – Ōkurayama – Kikuna – Myōrenji – Hakuraku – Higashi-Hakuraku – Tammachi – Yokohama

■ Meguro Line

• – Hiyoshi

■ Den-en-toshi Line

• – Tama-Plaza – Azamino – Eda – Ichigao – Fujigaoka – Aobadai – Tana – Nagatsuta –

■ Kodomonokuni Line

• Nagatsuta – Onda – Kodomonokuni

■ Sagami Railway

■ Sagami Railway Main Line

• Yokohama – Hiranumabashi – Nishi-Yokohama – Tennōchō – Hoshikawa – Wadamachi – Kamihoshikawa – Nishiya – Tsurugamine – Futamatagawa – Kibōgaoka – Mitsukyō – Seya –

■ Izumino Line

• Futamatagawa – Minami-Makigahara – Ryokuentoshi – Yayoidai – Izumino – Izumi-chūō – Yumegaoka

■ Yokohama Minatomirai Railway

■ Minatomirai Line

• Yokohama – Shin-Takashima – Minato Mirai – Bashamichi – Nihon-ōdōri – Motomachi-Chūkagai

■ Yokohama City Transportation Bureau (Yokohama Municipal Subway)

■ Blue Line

• – Shimoiida – Tateba – Nakada – Odoriba – Totsuka – Maioka – Shimonagaya – Kaminagaya – Kōnan-Chūō – Kami-Ōoka – Gumyōji – Maita – Yoshinochō – Bandōbashi – Isezakichōjamachi – Kannai – Sakuragichō – Takashimachō – Yokohama – Mitsuzawa-shimochō – Mitsuzawa-kamichō – Katakurachō – Kishine-kōen – Shin-Yokohama – Kita Shin-Yokohama – Nippa – Nakamachidai – Center Minami – Center Kita – Nakagawa – Azamino

■ Green Line

• Nakayama – Kawawachō – Tsuzuki-Fureai-no-Oka – Center Minami – Center Kita – Kita-Yamata – Higashi-Yamata – Takata – Hiyoshi-Honchō – Hiyoshi

■ Yokohama New Transit

■ Kanazawa Seaside Line

• Shin-Sugita – Nambu-Shijō – Torihama – Namiki-Kita – Namiki-Chūō – Sachiura – Sangyō-Shinkō-Center – Fukuura – Shidai-Igakubu – Hakkeijima – Uminokōen-Shibaguchi – Uminokōen-Minamiguchi – Nojimakōen – Kanazawa-Hakkei

Education[edit]

Public elementary and middle schools are operated by the Yokohama Municipal Board of Education [ja]. There are nine public high schools which are operated by the Yokohama City Board of Education,^[32] and a number of public high schools which are operated by the Kanagawa Prefectural Board of Education. Yokohama National University is a leading university in Yokohama which is also one of the highest ranking national universities in Japan.

• 46,388 children attend the 260 kindergartens.
• Almost 386,000 students are taught in 351 primary schools.
• There are 16 universities including Yokohama National University. The number of students is around 83,000.
• 19 public libraries had 9.5 million loans in 2016.^[23]

International relations[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Yokohama is twinned with:^[33]

Partner cities[edit]

Sister ports[edit]

Notable people[edit]

• Toru Furuya, singer and seiyū
• Yuma Kagiyama, figure skater
• Teiko Kiwa, Japanese-Dutch opera singer in the 1920s and 1930s
• Miki Koyama, racing driver
• Takehito Koyasu, singer and seiyū
• Ryuji Kumita, racing driver and CEO of B-Max Racing
• Keisuke Kunimoto, racing driver
• Yuji Kunimoto, racing driver
• Minoru Suzuki, professional wrestler
• Yuta Watanabe, NBA player for the Toronto Raptors.

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

• Official Website (in Japanese)
• Yokohama Tourism Website (in English)
• Geographic data related to Yokohama at OpenStreetMap

2 ответа:

Читайте также

Иокога́ма или Йокогама (яп. 横浜市 Ёкохама-си^?) — крупнейший портовый город Японии, административный центр префектуры Канагава. Площадь города составляет 437,38 км²^[1], население — 3 681 279 человек (1 июня 2010)^[2], плотность населения — 8416,66 чел./км².

Город расположен в 30 километрах к юго-западу от Токио. Имеет сильную экономическую базу, представленную в основном морским транспортом, а также биотехнологической и полупроводниковой индустриями.

История

Город был основан в 1858 г., путем объединения двух небольших деревень — Иокогама и Канагава, жители которой занимались сельским хозяйством и рыболовством. Затем началось строительство порта, способного принять иностранные коммерческие суда.

В течение следующих двух десятилетий Иокогама стала одним из крупнейших портов японских островов, и в 1889 ее численность достигла 122 тысяч жителей. Значительным успехом в развитии городской инфраструктуры стало строительство водопровода (1887) и электрификация города (1890). Одним из самых драматических событий за всю историю города было мощное землетрясение в 1923 году, во время которого погибли около 20 тысяч. человек, лежало в руинах или сожжено 60 тысяч. зданий. Благодаря большим усилиям властей и жителей город был восстановлен к концу 1929 г.

В 1931 г., проводились работы по привозу сухой земли в устье реки Цуруми, на которой были построены впоследствии многие промышленные объекты. Город пережил драматический период во время американской бомбардировки в 1945, когда погибло более 14 тысяч человек и было разрушено около 80 тысяч. зданий.

3 апреля 1934 года в Иокогаме был подписан Протокол № 1 между лидером Российской фашистской партии К. В. Родзаевским и лидером Всероссийской фашистской организации А. А. Вонсяцким в котором провозглашалось слияние Р.Ф.П. и В.Ф.О. и создание Всероссийской фашистской партии (В.Ф.П.).

Население

Население

Год переписи	Население	Место среди городов Японии
1920	422 942	6
1925	405 888	6
1930	620 306	6
1935	704 290	6
1940	968 091	5
1945	814 379	4
1950	951 189	4
1955	1 143 687	4
1960	1 375 710	3
1965	1 788 915	3
1970	2 238 264	3
1975	2 621 771	2
1980	2 773 674	2
1985	2 992 926	2
1990	3 220 331	2
1995	3 307 136	2
2000	3 426 651	2
2005	3 579 133	2
2009	3 670 669	2

География

Иокогама расположена на западном берегу Токийского залива, в 30-ти километрах от Токио, с которым она связана железными и шоссейными дорогами, а также улицами города Кавасаки.

Климат

Климат субтропический океанический, мягкий благодаря прибрежному расположению города. Средняя температура года 16-17 ° C; средняя температура в январе и августе, соответственно, 5,6 ° С и 26,4 ° С. Годовое количество осадков достигает 1 630 мм, а максимум приходится на июнь и сентябрь (соответственно 190 и 230 мм)^[3].

Образование и наука

Национальный университет Иокогамы учреждён в 1949.

Города побратимы

Администрация

• Адрес: г. Иокогама, район Нака, Минато-тё 1-1
• Телефон: 045—671-2121

Примечания

См. также

• Йокогамский женский марафон

Ссылки

• На Викискладе есть медиафайлы по теме Иокогама
• Официальный сайт (яп.)
• ИОКОГАМА // Япония от А до Я. Популярная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. (CD-ROM). — М.: Directmedia Publishing, «Япония сегодня», 2008. — ISBN 978-5-94865-190-3

Йокогама

1 Йокогама

2 Йокогама

3 Йокогама

4 Йокогама

См. также в других словарях:

йокогама — сущ., кол во синонимов: 2 • город (2765) • порт (361) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 … Словарь синонимов

Йокогама — Город Иокогама яп. 横浜市 Флаг … Википедия

Йокогама — іменник жіночого роду місто в Японії … Орфографічний словник української мови

Йокогама — Йокохама, Иокогама (Yokohama), город и порт в Японии, на острове Хонсю, на побережье Токийского залива, в 30 км к юго западу от… … Города мира

Йокогама Ф. Маринос — Йокогама Ф.Маринос Основан 1972 Стадион Ниссан Вместимость 72 327 … Википедия

Йокогама Ф. Маринос (футбольный клуб) — Йокогама Ф.Маринос Основан 1972 Стадион Ниссан Вместимость … Википедия

Йокогама Ф.Маринос — Основан 1972 Стадион Ниссан Вместимость … Википедия

Йокогама Флюгелс — Йокогама Ф.Маринос Основан 1972 Стадион Ниссан Вместимость … Википедия

Международный стадион (Йокогама) — Координаты: 35°30′36.16″ с. ш. 139°36′22.49″ в. д. / 35.510044° с. ш. 139.606247° в. д. … Википедия

Международный стадион Йокогама — Координаты: 35°30′36.16″ с. ш. 139°36′22.49″ в. д. / 35.510044° с. ш. 139.606247° в. д. … Википедия

Ниссан Йокогама (футбольный клуб) — Йокогама Ф.Маринос Основан 1972 Стадион Ниссан Вместимость … Википедия

Источник

Йокогама

1 Yokohama

См. также в других словарях:

йокогама — сущ., кол во синонимов: 2 • город (2765) • порт (361) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 … Словарь синонимов

Йокогама — Город Иокогама яп. 横浜市 Флаг … Википедия

Йокогама — іменник жіночого роду місто в Японії … Орфографічний словник української мови

Йокогама — Йокохама, Иокогама (Yokohama), город и порт в Японии, на острове Хонсю, на побережье Токийского залива, в 30 км к юго западу от… … Города мира

Йокогама Ф. Маринос — Йокогама Ф.Маринос Основан 1972 Стадион Ниссан Вместимость 72 327 … Википедия

Йокогама Ф. Маринос (футбольный клуб) — Йокогама Ф.Маринос Основан 1972 Стадион Ниссан Вместимость … Википедия

Йокогама Ф.Маринос — Основан 1972 Стадион Ниссан Вместимость … Википедия

Йокогама Флюгелс — Йокогама Ф.Маринос Основан 1972 Стадион Ниссан Вместимость … Википедия

Международный стадион (Йокогама) — Координаты: 35°30′36.16″ с. ш. 139°36′22.49″ в. д. / 35.510044° с. ш. 139.606247° в. д. … Википедия

Международный стадион Йокогама — Координаты: 35°30′36.16″ с. ш. 139°36′22.49″ в. д. / 35.510044° с. ш. 139.606247° в. д. … Википедия

Ниссан Йокогама (футбольный клуб) — Йокогама Ф.Маринос Основан 1972 Стадион Ниссан Вместимость … Википедия

Источник

Иокога́ма, Йокоха́ма^[4] (яп. 横浜市 Ёкохама-си) — крупнейший портовый город Японии, административный центр префектуры Канагава. Площадь города составляет 437,38 км²^[5], население — 3 709 686 человек (1 августа 2014)^[6], плотность населения — 8481,61 чел./км².

Название

Иокогама (横 浜) буквально означает «горизонтальный пляж»^[7]. Нынешняя территория, окруженная парком Майта, рекой Зока и рекой Накамура, была заливом, отделённым песчаной отмелью от открытого моря. Эта песчаная отмель была рыбацкой деревней Иокогама. Так как песчаная полоса выступала перпендикулярно от земли, или горизонтально, если смотреть с моря, она называлась «горизонтальный пляж»^[8].

Географическое положение

Иокогама расположена на западном берегу Токийского залива, в 30 километрах к юго-западу от Токио, с которым она связана железными и шоссейными дорогами, а также улицами города Кавасаки.

Климат

Климат субтропический океанический, мягкий благодаря прибрежному расположению города. Средняя температура года 16-17 °C; средняя температура в январе и августе соответственно 5,6 °С и 26,4 °С. Годовое количество осадков достигает 1630 мм, а максимум приходится на июнь и сентябрь (соответственно 190 и 230 мм)^[9].

Для погодных условий Иокогамы характерны дожди, облака и солнце, хотя зимой на удивление солнечно. Зимние температуры редко опускаются ниже нуля, а лето может показаться довольно теплым из-за воздействия влажности^[10]. Самая холодная температура была зафиксирована 24 января 1927 года, когда была достигнута температура −8,2 °C, тогда как в самый жаркий день (11 августа 2013 года) температура достигла 37,4 °C. Наибольшее месячное количество осадков было зафиксировано в октябре 2004 года — 761,5 мм.

История

Город был основан в 1858 году путём объединения двух небольших деревень — Иокогама и Канагава, жители которой занимались сельским хозяйством и рыболовством. Затем началось строительство порта, способного принять иностранные коммерческие суда. Здесь возникло «международное поселение», где на правах экстерриториальности жили иностранцы. Оно располагалось в районах Каннай и Яматэ. Здесь даже сформировался своего рода контактный язык — иокогамско-японский пиджин (также известный, как «иокогамский диалект»), служивший для общения между иностранцами и японцами (исчез к 1910-м годам).

Благодаря тому, что Иокогама стала важнейшей точкой контактов между Японией и внешним миром, здесь впервые в Японии появились многие нововведения. В частности, в Иокогаме впервые в Японии стали выпекать хлеб (первоначально — для жителей «иностранного поселения»), в 1865 году здесь открылось первое в Японии кафе-мороженое, а в 1872 году Иокогама стала первым городом Японии, получившим газовое уличное освещение^[11]. Также в 1872 году начала действовать первая в Японии железная дорога Токио-Иокогама.

В 1880 году здесь был создан банк «Yokohama Specie Bank» (в дальнейшем ставший одним из крупнейших банков Японской империи).

В течение следующих двух десятилетий Иокогама стала одним из крупнейших портов японских островов, и в 1889 году её численность достигла 122 тысяч жителей. Значительным успехом в развитии городской инфраструктуры стало строительство водопровода (1887) и электрификация города (1890). Одним из самых драматических событий за всю историю города было мощное землетрясение в 1923 году, во время которого погибли около 20 тысяч человек, лежало в руинах или сожжено 60 тысяч зданий. Три башни Иокогамы чудом уцелели. Благодаря большим усилиям властей и жителей город был восстановлен к концу 1929 года.

В 1931 году проводились работы по привозу сухой земли в устье реки Цуруми, на которой были построены впоследствии многие промышленные объекты.

3 апреля 1934 года в Иокогаме был подписан Протокол № 1 между лидером Российской фашистской партии К. В. Родзаевским и лидером Всероссийской фашистской организации А. А. Вонсяцким, в котором провозглашалось слияние Р. Ф. П. и В. Ф. О. и создание Всероссийской фашистской партии (В. Ф. П.).

Во время Второй мировой войны 18 апреля 1942 года в ходе «рейда Дулиттла» два бомбардировщика Б-25 ВВС США сбросили на Иокогаму первые бомбы, в 1945 году США осуществили несколько массированных бомбардировок Иокогамы, в результате которых город серьёзно пострадал^[12], тогда погибло более 14 тысяч человек и было разрушено около 80 тысяч зданий.

В 1998 году здесь был открыт международный стадион, принявший в 2002 году финал чемпионата мира по футболу.

С 2009 года здесь проходит Иокогамский женский марафон.

Экономика

Иокогама является крупным торговым центром района Большого Токио. Город имеет сильную экономическую базу, представленную в основном морским транспортом, а также биотехнологической и полупроводниковой индустриями.

Является крупным центром судостроения, здесь находятся два крупных судостроительных предприятия, выполняющих военные заказы и принадлежащих компании Japan Marine United (JMU, «Джапан Марин Юнайтед»): «Цуруми кодзё» и «Исого кодзё»^[13].

Образование и наука

Иокогамский государственный университет учреждён в 1949 году.

Государственные начальные и средние школы находятся в ведении города Иокогама. Существует девять государственных средних школ, которые находятся в ведении Совета по образованию города Иокогама^[14], и ряд государственных средних школ, которые находятся в ведении Совета по образованию префектуры Канагава.

Культура и достопримечательности

В Иокогаме сохранилось довольно много памятников архитектуры «европейского типа» начала XX века, являющихся свидетельством эпохи модернизации Японии и ее контактов с внешним миром. В бывшем «иностранным поселении» Яматэ сохранилось несколько особняков европейского типа (открыты для посещения), иностранное кладбище и две церкви, римско-католический Собор Святейшего Сердца Иисуса и англиканская Церковь Христа.

В центре города расположен Мемориальный зал открытия порта Иокогамы, построенный в европейском стиле в память о пятидесятилетии открытия порта Иокогамы. В районе старого порта, преобразованного в общественное пространство, сохранились так называемые «краснокирпичный склады» — портовые пакгаузы начала XX века.

Популярной достопримечательностью также является чайнатаун, который считается одним из самых больших чайнатаунов в мире. Несмотря на молодость города, в Иокогаме есть и традиционный японский сад Санкей-эн (основан в 1906 году).

В конце XX века в Иокогаме был создан деловой и туристический район Минато-Мирай 21, главной достопримечательностью которого является башня Yokohama Landmark Tower.

Важнейшие музеи города — Музей искусств Иокогамы и Префектурный музей культурной истории Канагавы. Помимо них в городе есть большое количество специализированных музеев, включая музей трамваев, музей шёлка, музей рамэна и другие. Исторический архив Иокогамы также имеет музейную экспозицию. В Иокогаме на вечную стоянку установлено два корабля-музея, учебный парусник Ниппон Мару и лайне Хикава-мару.

Население

Иокогама является вторым по величине городом в Японии по численности населения^[15] и самым густонаселенным муниципалитетом Японии. Население города составляет 3 709 686 человек (1 августа 2014), а плотность — 8481,61 чел./км². Изменение численности населения с 1980 по 2005 годы^[16]:

Население

Год переписи	Население	Место среди городов Японии
1920	422 942	6
1925	405 888	6
1930	620 306	6
1935	704 290	6
1940	968 091	5
1945	814 379	4
1950	951 189	4
1955	1 143 687	4
1960	1 375 710	3
1965	1 788 915	3
1970	2 238 264	3
1975	2 621 771	2
1980	2 773 674	2
1985	2 992 926	2
1990	3 220 331	2
1995	3 307 136	2
2000	3 426 651	2
2005	3 579 133	2
2009	3 670 669	2
2013	3 702 551[17]	2

Иностранное население Иокогамы, насчитывающее 92 139 человек, включает китайцев, корейцев, филиппинцев и вьетнамцев^[18].

Города-побратимы

Примечания

Ссылки

• На Викискладе есть медиафайлы по теме Иокогама
• Официальный сайт (яп.)
• Иокогама // Япония от А до Я. Популярная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. (CD-ROM). — М.: Directmedia Publishing, «Япония сегодня», 2008. — ISBN 978-5-94865-190-3.

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