Кто пишет русские народные сказки

Когда российские детишки достигают определённого возраста, им начинают читать русские народные сказки, например, «Курочка ряба», «Репка», «Колобок», «Лиса и заяц», «Петушок — золотой гребешок», «Сестрица Алёнушка и братец Иванушка», «Гуси-лебеди», «Мальчик с пальчик», «Царевна-лягушка», «Иван-царевич и серый волк», и многие другие.
И всем понятно — если сказки «русские народные», значит, написал их русский народ. Однако сразу весь народ писательством заниматься не может. Значит, у сказок должны быть конкретные авторы, или даже один автор. И такой автор есть.

Автором тех сказок, которые с начала 1940-х годов издавались в СССР и издаются сейчас в России и странах СНГ как «русские народные», был русский советский писатель Алексей Николаевич Толстой, более известный как автор таких романов, как «Пётр Первый», «Аэлита», «Гиперболоид инженера Гарина».

Если говорить более точно, граф Алексей Толстой был автором не сюжетов этих сказок, а их общепринятых в настоящее время текстов, их окончательной, «канонической» редакции.

Начиная со второй половины 1850-х годов отдельные энтузиасты из числа русских дворян и разночинцев стали записывать те сказки, которые рассказывали по деревням разные бабки и дедки, и впоследствии многие из этих записей издавались в виде сборников.

В 1860-х — 1930-х годах в Российской империи и в СССР были изданы такие сборники, как «Великорусские сказки» И.А. Худякова (1860-1862), «Народные русские сказки» А.Н. Афанасьева (1864), «Сказки и предания Самарского края» Д.Н. Садовникова (1884), «Красноярский сборник» (1902), «Северные сказки» Н.Е. Ончукова (1908), «Великорусские сказки Вятской губернии» Д.К. Зеленина (1914), «Великорусские сказки Пермской губернии» того же Д.К. Зеленина (1915), «Сборник великорусских сказок Архива русского географического общества» А.М. Смирнова (1917), «Сказки Верхнеленского края» М.К. Азадовского (1925), «Пятиречие» О.З. Озаровской, «Сказки и предания Северного края» И.В. Карнаухова (1934), «Сказки Куприянихи» (1937), «Сказки Саратовской области» (1937), «Сказки» М.М. Коргуева (1939).

Общий принцип построения всех русских народных сказок одинаков и понятен — добро побеждает зло, а вот сюжеты и даже интерпретации одного и того же сюжета в разных сборниках были совершенно разные. Даже простенькая 3-страничная сказка «Кот и лиса» была записана в десятках разных вариантов.

Поэтому издательства и даже профессиональные литературоведы и исследователи фольклора постоянно путались в этом множестве разных текстов об одном и том же, и нередко возникали споры и сомнения, какой же вариант сказки издавать.

В конце 1930-х годов А.Н. Толстой решил разобраться в этом хаотическом нагромождении записей русского фольклора, и подготовить для советских издательств единообразные, стандартные тексты русских народных сказок.

Каким методом он это делал? Вот что сам Алексей Николаевич Толстой написал об этом:

«Я поступаю так: из многочисленных вариантов народной сказки выбираю наиболее интересный, коренной, и обогащаю его из других вариантов яркими языковыми оборотами и сюжетными подробностями. Разумеется, мне приходится при таком собирании сказки из отдельных частей, или «реставрации» ее, дописывать кое-что самому, кое-что видоизменять, дополнять недостающее, но делаю я это в том же стиле».

А.Н. Толстой внимательно изучил все вышеперечисленные сборники русских сказок, а также неопубликованные записи из старых архивов; кроме того, он лично встречался с некоторыми народными сказителями, и записывал их варианты сказок.

На каждую сказку Алексей Толстой завёл специальную картотеку, в которой фиксировались достоинства и недостатки различных вариантов их текстов.

В конечном итоге все сказки ему пришлось писать заново, методом «собирания сказки из отдельных частей», то есть компиляции фрагментов, и при этом фрагменты сказок очень серьёзно редактировались и дополнялись текстами собственного сочинения.

В комментариях А.Н. Нечаева к 8-му тому Собрания сочинений А.Н. Толстого в десяти томах (М.: Государственное издательство художественной литературы, 1960, с. 537-562) приводятся конкретные примеры, как Алексей Николаевич Толстой очень существенно видоизменял «исходники» русских народных сказок, и как его авторские тексты довольно серьёзно отличаются от первоначальных вариантов соответствующих сказок в других сборниках.

Итогом авторской переработки А.Н. Толстым русских народных сказок стали два сборника, выпущенных в свет в 1940 и 1944 годах. В 1945 году писатель умер, поэтому некоторые сказки были опубликованы по рукописям уже посмертно, в 1953 году.

С тех пор почти во всех случаях, когда русские народные сказки издавались в СССР, а затем и в странах СНГ, они печатались по авторским текстам Алексея Толстого.

Как уже говорилось, от «народных» вариантов сказок авторская обработка А.Н. Толстого отличалась очень сильно.

Хорошо это или плохо? Безусловно, хорошо!

Алексей Толстой был непревзойдённым мастером художественного слова, на мой взгляд, это был самый лучший русский писатель первой половины XX века, и своим талантом он мог «довести до ума» даже очень слабые тексты.

Наиболее характерный и общеизвестный пример:

Алексей Николаевич Толстой взял весьма посредственную книжку итальянского писателя Карло Коллоди «Пиноккио, или Похождения деревянной куклы», и на базе этого сюжета написал совершенно гениальную сказку «Золотой ключик, или Приключения Буратино», которая оказалась многократно интереснее и увлекательнее оригинала.

Многие образы из «Приключений Буратино» прочно вошли в повседневную жизнь, в русский фольклор, и в русское массовое сознание. Вспомните, например, классическую поговорку «Работаю, как папа Карло», или телепередачу «Поле чудес» (а Поле чудес в сказе про Буратино, между прочим, было в Стране дураков), существует масса анекдотов про Буратино, словом, Алексею Толстому удалось превратить итальянский сюжет в подлинно русский, и любимый народом на протяжении многих поколений.

Точно так же и авторский вариант русских народных сказок А.Н. Толстого оказался значительно удачнее, чем варианты действительно «народные».

Ссылка.

A Russian fairy tale or folktale (Russian: ска́зка; skazka; «story»; plural Russian: ска́зки, romanized: skazki) is a fairy tale from Russia.

Various sub-genres of skazka exist. A volshebnaya skazka [волше́бная ска́зка] (literally «magical tale») is considered a magical tale.^{[1][need quotation to verify]} Skazki o zhivotnykh are tales about animals and bytovye skazki are tales about household life. These variations of skazki give the term more depth and detail different types of folktales.

Similarly to Western European traditions, especially the German-language collection published by the Brothers Grimm, Russian folklore was first collected by scholars and systematically studied in the 19th century. Russian fairy tales and folk tales were cataloged (compiled, grouped, numbered and published) by Alexander Afanasyev in his 1850s Narodnye russkie skazki. Scholars of folklore still refer to his collected texts when citing the number of a skazka plot. An exhaustive analysis of the stories, describing the stages of their plots and the classification of the characters based on their functions, was developed later, in the first half of the 20th century, by Vladimir Propp (1895-1970).

History[edit]

Appearing in the latter half of the eighteenth century, fairy tales became widely popular as they spread throughout the country. Literature was considered an important factor in the education of Russian children who were meant to grow from the moral lessons in the tales. During the 18th Century Romanticism period, poets such as Alexander Pushkin and Pyotr Yershov began to define the Russian folk spirit with their stories. Throughout the 1860s, despite the rise of Realism, fairy tales still remained a beloved source of literature which drew inspiration from writers such as Hans Christian Andersen.^[2] The messages in the fairy tales began to take a different shape once Joseph Stalin rose to power under the Communist movement.^[3]

Effects of Communism[edit]

Fairy tales were thought to have a strong influence over children which is why Joseph Stalin decided to place restrictions upon the literature distributed under his rule. The tales created in the mid 1900s were used to impose Socialist beliefs and values as seen in numerous popular stories.^[3] In comparison to stories from past centuries, fairy tales in the USSR had taken a more modern spin as seen in tales such as in Anatoliy Mityaev’s Grishka and the Astronaut. Past tales such as Alexander Afanasyev’s The Midnight Dance involved nobility and focused on romance.^[4] Grishka and the Astronaut, though, examines modern Russian’s passion to travel through space as seen in reality with the Space Race between Russia and the United States.^[5] The new tales included a focus on innovations and inventions that could help characters in place of magic which was often used as a device in past stories.

Influences[edit]

In Russia, the fairy tale is one sub-genre of folklore and is usually told in the form of a short story. They are used to express different aspects of the Russian culture. In Russia, fairy tales were propagated almost exclusively orally, until the 17th century, as written literature was reserved for religious purposes.^[6] In their oral form, fairy tales allowed the freedom to explore the different methods of narration. The separation from written forms led Russians to develop techniques that were effective at creating dramatic and interesting stories. Such techniques have developed into consistent elements now found in popular literary works; They distinguish the genre of Russian fairy tales. Fairy tales were not confined to a particular socio-economic class and appealed to mass audiences, which resulted in them becoming a trademark of Russian culture.^[7]

Cultural influences on Russian fairy tales have been unique and based on imagination. Isaac Bashevis Singer, a Polish-American author and Nobel Prize winner, claims that, “You don’t ask questions about a tale, and this is true for the folktales of all nations. They were not told as fact or history but as a means to entertain the listener, whether he was a child or an adult. Some contain a moral, others seem amoral or even antimoral, Some constitute fables on man’s follies and mistakes, others appear pointless.» They were created to entertain the reader.^[8]

Russian fairy tales are extremely popular and are still used to inspire artistic works today. The Sleeping Beauty is still played in New York at the American Ballet Theater and has roots to original Russian fairy tales from 1890. Mr. Ratmansky’s, the artist-in-residence for the play, gained inspiration for the play’s choreography from its Russian background.^[9]

Formalism[edit]

From the 1910s through the 1930s, a wave of literary criticism emerged in Russia, called Russian formalism by critics of the new school of thought.^[10]

Analysis[edit]

Many different approaches of analyzing the morphology of the fairy tale have appeared in scholarly works. Differences in analyses can arise between synchronic and diachronic approaches.^[11][12] Other differences can come from the relationship between story elements. After elements are identified, a structuralist can propose relationships between those elements. A paradigmatic relationship between elements is associative in nature whereas a syntagmatic relationship refers to the order and position of the elements relative to the other elements.^[12]

Motif[edit]

Before the period of Russian formalism, beginning in 1910, Alexander Veselovksky called the motif the «simplest narrative unit.»^[13] Veselovsky proposed that the different plots of a folktale arise from the unique combinations of motifs.

Motif analysis was also part of Stith Thompson’s approach to folkloristics.^[14] Thompson’s research into the motifs of folklore culminated in the publication of the Motif-Index of Folk Literature.^[15]

Structural[edit]

In 1919, Viktor Shklovsky published his essay titled «The Relationship Between Devices of Plot Construction and General Devices of Style».^[13] As a major proponent during Russian formalism,^[16] Shklovsky was one of the first scholars to criticize the failing methods of literary analysis and report on a syntagmatic approach to folktales. In his essay he claims, «It is my purpose to stress not so much the similarity of motifs, which I consider of little significance, as the similarity in the plot schemata.»^[13]

Syntagmatic analysis, championed by Vladimir Propp, is the approach in which the elements of the fairy tale are analyzed in the order that they appear in the story. Wanting to overcome what he thought was arbitrary and subjective analysis of folklore by motif,^[17] Propp published his book Morphology of the Folktale in 1928.^[16] The book specifically states that Propp finds a dilemma in Veselovsky’s definition of a motif; it fails because it can be broken down into smaller units, contradicting its definition.^[7] In response, Propp pioneered a specific breakdown that can be applied to most Aarne-Thompson type tales classified with numbers 300-749.^[7][18] This methodology gives rise to Propp’s 31 functions, or actions, of the fairy tale.^[18] Propp proposes that the functions are the fundamental units the story and that there are exactly 31 distinct functions. He observed in his analysis of 100 Russian fairy tales that tales almost always adhere to the order of the functions. The traits of the characters, or dramatis personae, involved in the actions are second to the action actually being carried out. This also follows his finding that while some functions may be missing between different stories, the order is kept the same for all the Russian fairy tales he analyzed.^[7]

Alexander Nikiforov, like Shklovsky and Propp, was a folklorist in 1920s Soviet Russia. His early work also identified the benefits of a syntagmatic analysis of fairy tale elements. In his 1926 paper titled «The Morphological Study of Folklore», Nikiforov states that «Only the functions of the character, which constitute his dramatic role in the folk tale, are invariable.»^[13] Since Nikiforov’s essay was written almost 2 years before Propp’s publication of Morphology of the Folktale^[19], scholars have speculated that the idea of the function, widely attributed to Propp, could have first been recognized by Nikiforov.^[20] One source claims that Nikiforov’s work was «not developed into a systematic analysis of syntagmatics» and failed to «keep apart structural principles and atomistic concepts».^[17] Nikiforov’s work on folklore morphology was never pursued beyond his paper.^[19]

Writers and collectors[edit]

Alexander Afanasyev[edit]

Alexander Afanasyev began writing fairy tales at a time when folklore was viewed as simple entertainment. His interest in folklore stemmed from his interest in ancient Slavic mythology. During the 1850s, Afanasyev began to record part of his collection from tales dating to Boguchar, his birthplace. More of his collection came from the work of Vladimir Dhal and the Russian Geographical Society who collected tales from all around the Russian Empire.^[21] Afanasyev was a part of the few who attempted to create a written collection of Russian folklore. This lack in collections of folklore was due to the control that the Church Slavonic had on printed literature in Russia, which allowed for only religious texts to be spread. To this, Afanasyev replied, “There is a million times more morality, truth and human love in my folk legends than in the sanctimonious sermons delivered by Your Holiness!”^[22]

Between 1855 and 1863, Afanasyev edited Popular Russian Tales[Narodnye russkie skazki], which had been modeled after the Grimm’s Tales. This publication had a vast cultural impact over Russian scholars by establishing a desire for folklore studies in Russia. The rediscovery of Russian folklore through written text led to a generation of great Russian authors to come forth. Some of these authors include Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Folktales were quickly produced in written text and adapted. Since the production of this collection, Russian tales remain understood and recognized all over Russia.^[21]

Alexander Pushkin[edit]

Alexander Pushkin is known as one of Russia’s leading writers and poets.^[23] He is known for popularizing fairy tales in Russia and changed Russian literature by writing stories no one before him could.^[24] Pushkin is considered Russia’s Shakespeare as, during a time when most of the Russian population was illiterate, he gave Russian’s the ability to desire in a less-strict Christian and a more pagan way through his fairy tales.^[25]

Pushkin gained his love for Russian fairy tales from his childhood nurse, Ariana Rodionovna, who told him stories from her village when he was young.^[26] His stories served importance to Russians past his death in 1837, especially during times political turmoil during the start of the 20th century, in which, “Pushkin’s verses gave children the Russian language in its most perfect magnificence, a language which they may never hear or speak again, but which will remain with them as an eternal treasure.”^[27]

The value of his fairy tales was established a hundred years after Pushkin’s death when the Soviet Union declared him a national poet. Pushkin’s work was previously banned during the Czarist rule. During the Soviet Union, his tales were seen acceptable for education, since Pushkin’s fairy tales spoke of the poor class and had anti-clerical tones.^[28]

Corpus[edit]

According to scholarship, some of «most popular or most significant» types of Russian Magic Tales (or Wonder Tales) are the following:^[a][30]

Footnotes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

A Russian fairy tale or folktale (Russian: ска́зка; skazka; «story»; plural Russian: ска́зки, romanized: skazki) is a fairy tale from Russia.

Various sub-genres of skazka exist. A volshebnaya skazka [волше́бная ска́зка] (literally «magical tale») is considered a magical tale.^{[1][need quotation to verify]} Skazki o zhivotnykh are tales about animals and bytovye skazki are tales about household life. These variations of skazki give the term more depth and detail different types of folktales.

Similarly to Western European traditions, especially the German-language collection published by the Brothers Grimm, Russian folklore was first collected by scholars and systematically studied in the 19th century. Russian fairy tales and folk tales were cataloged (compiled, grouped, numbered and published) by Alexander Afanasyev in his 1850s Narodnye russkie skazki. Scholars of folklore still refer to his collected texts when citing the number of a skazka plot. An exhaustive analysis of the stories, describing the stages of their plots and the classification of the characters based on their functions, was developed later, in the first half of the 20th century, by Vladimir Propp (1895-1970).

History[edit]

Appearing in the latter half of the eighteenth century, fairy tales became widely popular as they spread throughout the country. Literature was considered an important factor in the education of Russian children who were meant to grow from the moral lessons in the tales. During the 18th Century Romanticism period, poets such as Alexander Pushkin and Pyotr Yershov began to define the Russian folk spirit with their stories. Throughout the 1860s, despite the rise of Realism, fairy tales still remained a beloved source of literature which drew inspiration from writers such as Hans Christian Andersen.^[2] The messages in the fairy tales began to take a different shape once Joseph Stalin rose to power under the Communist movement.^[3]

Effects of Communism[edit]

Fairy tales were thought to have a strong influence over children which is why Joseph Stalin decided to place restrictions upon the literature distributed under his rule. The tales created in the mid 1900s were used to impose Socialist beliefs and values as seen in numerous popular stories.^[3] In comparison to stories from past centuries, fairy tales in the USSR had taken a more modern spin as seen in tales such as in Anatoliy Mityaev’s Grishka and the Astronaut. Past tales such as Alexander Afanasyev’s The Midnight Dance involved nobility and focused on romance.^[4] Grishka and the Astronaut, though, examines modern Russian’s passion to travel through space as seen in reality with the Space Race between Russia and the United States.^[5] The new tales included a focus on innovations and inventions that could help characters in place of magic which was often used as a device in past stories.

Influences[edit]

In Russia, the fairy tale is one sub-genre of folklore and is usually told in the form of a short story. They are used to express different aspects of the Russian culture. In Russia, fairy tales were propagated almost exclusively orally, until the 17th century, as written literature was reserved for religious purposes.^[6] In their oral form, fairy tales allowed the freedom to explore the different methods of narration. The separation from written forms led Russians to develop techniques that were effective at creating dramatic and interesting stories. Such techniques have developed into consistent elements now found in popular literary works; They distinguish the genre of Russian fairy tales. Fairy tales were not confined to a particular socio-economic class and appealed to mass audiences, which resulted in them becoming a trademark of Russian culture.^[7]

Cultural influences on Russian fairy tales have been unique and based on imagination. Isaac Bashevis Singer, a Polish-American author and Nobel Prize winner, claims that, “You don’t ask questions about a tale, and this is true for the folktales of all nations. They were not told as fact or history but as a means to entertain the listener, whether he was a child or an adult. Some contain a moral, others seem amoral or even antimoral, Some constitute fables on man’s follies and mistakes, others appear pointless.» They were created to entertain the reader.^[8]

Russian fairy tales are extremely popular and are still used to inspire artistic works today. The Sleeping Beauty is still played in New York at the American Ballet Theater and has roots to original Russian fairy tales from 1890. Mr. Ratmansky’s, the artist-in-residence for the play, gained inspiration for the play’s choreography from its Russian background.^[9]

Formalism[edit]

From the 1910s through the 1930s, a wave of literary criticism emerged in Russia, called Russian formalism by critics of the new school of thought.^[10]

Analysis[edit]

Many different approaches of analyzing the morphology of the fairy tale have appeared in scholarly works. Differences in analyses can arise between synchronic and diachronic approaches.^[11][12] Other differences can come from the relationship between story elements. After elements are identified, a structuralist can propose relationships between those elements. A paradigmatic relationship between elements is associative in nature whereas a syntagmatic relationship refers to the order and position of the elements relative to the other elements.^[12]

Motif[edit]

Before the period of Russian formalism, beginning in 1910, Alexander Veselovksky called the motif the «simplest narrative unit.»^[13] Veselovsky proposed that the different plots of a folktale arise from the unique combinations of motifs.

Motif analysis was also part of Stith Thompson’s approach to folkloristics.^[14] Thompson’s research into the motifs of folklore culminated in the publication of the Motif-Index of Folk Literature.^[15]

Structural[edit]

In 1919, Viktor Shklovsky published his essay titled «The Relationship Between Devices of Plot Construction and General Devices of Style».^[13] As a major proponent during Russian formalism,^[16] Shklovsky was one of the first scholars to criticize the failing methods of literary analysis and report on a syntagmatic approach to folktales. In his essay he claims, «It is my purpose to stress not so much the similarity of motifs, which I consider of little significance, as the similarity in the plot schemata.»^[13]

Syntagmatic analysis, championed by Vladimir Propp, is the approach in which the elements of the fairy tale are analyzed in the order that they appear in the story. Wanting to overcome what he thought was arbitrary and subjective analysis of folklore by motif,^[17] Propp published his book Morphology of the Folktale in 1928.^[16] The book specifically states that Propp finds a dilemma in Veselovsky’s definition of a motif; it fails because it can be broken down into smaller units, contradicting its definition.^[7] In response, Propp pioneered a specific breakdown that can be applied to most Aarne-Thompson type tales classified with numbers 300-749.^[7][18] This methodology gives rise to Propp’s 31 functions, or actions, of the fairy tale.^[18] Propp proposes that the functions are the fundamental units the story and that there are exactly 31 distinct functions. He observed in his analysis of 100 Russian fairy tales that tales almost always adhere to the order of the functions. The traits of the characters, or dramatis personae, involved in the actions are second to the action actually being carried out. This also follows his finding that while some functions may be missing between different stories, the order is kept the same for all the Russian fairy tales he analyzed.^[7]

Alexander Nikiforov, like Shklovsky and Propp, was a folklorist in 1920s Soviet Russia. His early work also identified the benefits of a syntagmatic analysis of fairy tale elements. In his 1926 paper titled «The Morphological Study of Folklore», Nikiforov states that «Only the functions of the character, which constitute his dramatic role in the folk tale, are invariable.»^[13] Since Nikiforov’s essay was written almost 2 years before Propp’s publication of Morphology of the Folktale^[19], scholars have speculated that the idea of the function, widely attributed to Propp, could have first been recognized by Nikiforov.^[20] One source claims that Nikiforov’s work was «not developed into a systematic analysis of syntagmatics» and failed to «keep apart structural principles and atomistic concepts».^[17] Nikiforov’s work on folklore morphology was never pursued beyond his paper.^[19]

Writers and collectors[edit]

Alexander Afanasyev[edit]

Alexander Afanasyev began writing fairy tales at a time when folklore was viewed as simple entertainment. His interest in folklore stemmed from his interest in ancient Slavic mythology. During the 1850s, Afanasyev began to record part of his collection from tales dating to Boguchar, his birthplace. More of his collection came from the work of Vladimir Dhal and the Russian Geographical Society who collected tales from all around the Russian Empire.^[21] Afanasyev was a part of the few who attempted to create a written collection of Russian folklore. This lack in collections of folklore was due to the control that the Church Slavonic had on printed literature in Russia, which allowed for only religious texts to be spread. To this, Afanasyev replied, “There is a million times more morality, truth and human love in my folk legends than in the sanctimonious sermons delivered by Your Holiness!”^[22]

Between 1855 and 1863, Afanasyev edited Popular Russian Tales[Narodnye russkie skazki], which had been modeled after the Grimm’s Tales. This publication had a vast cultural impact over Russian scholars by establishing a desire for folklore studies in Russia. The rediscovery of Russian folklore through written text led to a generation of great Russian authors to come forth. Some of these authors include Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Folktales were quickly produced in written text and adapted. Since the production of this collection, Russian tales remain understood and recognized all over Russia.^[21]

Alexander Pushkin[edit]

Alexander Pushkin is known as one of Russia’s leading writers and poets.^[23] He is known for popularizing fairy tales in Russia and changed Russian literature by writing stories no one before him could.^[24] Pushkin is considered Russia’s Shakespeare as, during a time when most of the Russian population was illiterate, he gave Russian’s the ability to desire in a less-strict Christian and a more pagan way through his fairy tales.^[25]

Pushkin gained his love for Russian fairy tales from his childhood nurse, Ariana Rodionovna, who told him stories from her village when he was young.^[26] His stories served importance to Russians past his death in 1837, especially during times political turmoil during the start of the 20th century, in which, “Pushkin’s verses gave children the Russian language in its most perfect magnificence, a language which they may never hear or speak again, but which will remain with them as an eternal treasure.”^[27]

The value of his fairy tales was established a hundred years after Pushkin’s death when the Soviet Union declared him a national poet. Pushkin’s work was previously banned during the Czarist rule. During the Soviet Union, his tales were seen acceptable for education, since Pushkin’s fairy tales spoke of the poor class and had anti-clerical tones.^[28]

Corpus[edit]

According to scholarship, some of «most popular or most significant» types of Russian Magic Tales (or Wonder Tales) are the following:^[a][30]

Footnotes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Русские литературные сказки

Василий Андреевич Жуковский (1783–1852) стал одним из родоначальников русской авторской сказки.
В сказках А.С.Пушкина (1799–1837) отразилось знакомство с разнообразными текстами, от народных сказок из собрания братьев Гримм до высокой литературы. Несомненное влияние на пушкинские сказки оказало и знакомство автора с русским фольклором.

Одна из лучших русских авторских сказок Черная курица, или Подземные жители. Волшебная повесть для детей (1829) написана Антонием Погорельским (настоящие имя и фамилия – Алексей Алексеевич Перовский, 1787–1836). 
Заметную роль в становлении русской литературной и авторской сказки сыграли Владимир Иванович Даль со своими вариациями на темы русской фольклорной сказки, Петр Павлович Ершов (1815–1869), автор стихотворной сказки Конек-Горбунок (1834), Михаил Евграфович Салтыков-Щедрин (1862–1889), создатель многочисленных сатирических сказок.

Корней Иванович Чуковский (настоящие имя и фамилия – Николай Васильевич Корнейчуков, 1882–1969). создал ряд сказок, ставших классическими – Мойдодыр (1923), Тараканище (1923), Муха-цокотуха (1924), Бармалей (1925), Айболит (1929). 

Интересный авторские сказки в русле народной устной традиции создали отлично знавшие северный фольклор Борис Викторович Шергин (1896–1973,и Степан Григорьевич Писахов (1879–1960).
Этапной в развитии авторской сказки стала книга Юрия Карловича Олеши (1899–1960) Три толстяка (1924, выход в свет – 1928), его единственный опыт в детской литературе. 

Произведения Евгения Львовича Шварца (1896–1958)  Дракон (1944), Обыкновенное чудо (1954), демонстрируют прекрасное знание западноевропейской сказки, но являются неотъемлемой частью художественного мира драматурга.

Популярной стала Алексея Николаевича Толстого (1883–1945) Золотой ключик, или Приключения Буратино (1936)., где рассказывается о похождениях деревянного мальчика Буратино.

Лазарь Ильич Лагин (настоящая фамилия – Гинзбург, 1903–1979), создавая повесть Старик Хоттабыч (1938) строит повествование, описывая сказочное волшебство в социалистической стране, выработавшей новый тип человека..

С пересказа книги американского писателя Л.Ф.Баума «Мудрец из страны Оз»  начинал Александр Мелентьевич Волков (1891–1977), написавший  повесть «Волшебник Изумрудного города» (первое издание – 1939).  Вышедшие впоследствии Урфин Джюс и его деревянные солдаты, Семь подземных королей, Огненный бог Марранов, Желтый туман и Тайна Заброшенного Замка – оригинальные сочинения автора.

Переходный между литературной и авторской сказкой жанр представлен в сборниках Финист – Ясный Сокол (1947) и Волшебное кольцо (1949), собранных Андреем Платоновичем Платоновым (1899–1951). Русские народные сказки преображены настолько, что вряд ли верно называть это «обработкой».

В 50-х годах большую известность получили книги Виталия Георгиевича Губарева (1912–1981) Королевство кривых зеркал (1951), В Тридевятом царстве (1956), Трое на острове (1959). Подлинную популярность книге принес одноименный кинофильм режиссера А.А.Роу, вышедший на экран в 1963.

Триология Николая Николаевича Носова (1908–1976) Приключения Незнайки и его друзей (отдельное издание – 1954), Незнайка в Солнечном городе (отдельное издание – 1958) и Незнайка на Луне (отдельное издание – 1971) соединила  в себе различные стили, от утопии до памфлета.

Валерий Владимирович Медведев (род. 1923) в повести Баранкин, будь человеком! (1962) близок к жанру научной фантастики. Превосходную авторскую сказку Шел по городу волшебник…(1963) написал ленинградский прозаик Юрий Геннадьевич Томин (настоящая фамилия – Кокош, р. 1929).

Эдуард Николаевич Успенский (род. 1937). в книге «Крокодил Гена и его друзья» (1966) создает непривычную систему персонажей, делая главным героем изобретенное им существо. Его книга Вниз по волшебной реке (1979) построена на игре с формами и стереотипами народной сказки,  в данном случае фольклорное произведение приобретает черты авторской.сказки

▤ Дополняющие материалы: 100 лучших сказок мира. Гид по сказкам

70 лучших сказок русских и советских писателей

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Русские народные сказки

Фольклористы обычно выделяют 3 основных вида русских народных сказок: сказки о животных, бытовые, и волшебные сказки.
Среди русских народных сказок присутствует достаточно много сказок о животных («Лиса и Журавль», «Лиса и волк», «Теремок» и т. п.), у которых обычно простая мораль, и они отражают чаще всего отношения, существующие между людьми. Затем идут бытовые сказки, в которых прослеживаются реальные черты народной жизни («Кашица из топора», «Жена-спорщица» и т. п). Наконец, самые интересные – волшебные сказки, с необычными сюжетами, героями, превращениями и всевозможными чудесами («Марья Моревна», «Сивка-бурка» и т. п.).

Всем хорошо известны традиционные персонажи русских сказок: Баба-яга, Василиса Премудрая, Иван-царевич, волшебные помощники (утка, заяц, медведь и другие).
В народных сказках с незапамятных времен идет яростная борьба между Добром и Злом: юный Иван-царевич храбро сражается со Змеем Горынычем и побеждает его, простой крестьянин ловко одурачивает жадного попа и чертей, а Василиса Прекрасная берет верх над жестокой Бабой-ягой.
В русских сказках частым персонажем оказываются волшебные животные, которые могут разговаривать и помогать главному герою. Иногда такими животными оказываются заколдованные люди, которых необходимо освободить от власти злых чар. Наиболее часто в русских сказках присутствуют следующие животные: лягушки (Царевна-Лягушка), птицы (Гуси-лебеди, Жар-Птица), лисы (Лиса Патрикеевна), медведи (Мишка Косолапый), кошки (Кот-Баюн), волки (Серый Волк), козы (Коза-дереза), лошади (Сивка-Бурка).
Нередко персонажами становятся демонические существа (Баба-Яга, Кощей Бессмертный, Чудо-юдо, Змей-Горыныч).
Люди представлены либо мужскими (Иван-дурак, Иван-царевич, Емеля, Солдат), либо женскими (Марья Искусница, Василиса Премудрая, Елена Прекрасная, Василиса Прекрасная) вымышленными персонажами.
Также персонажами могут стать ожившие артефакты (Терёшечка, Глиняный парень, Колобок).

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