Представлено сочинение на английском языке Традиции в России/ Traditions In Russia с переводом на русский язык.
| Traditions In Russia | Традиции в России |
| Every nation has its own culture and traditions. Russia is a unique country with a centuries-old history and long-established national customs. Although, it’s a well-developed country with a high level of culture, most holidays and traditions date back to pagan times. | Каждый народ имеет свою культуру и традиции. Россия является уникальной страной с многовековой историей и устоявшимися национальными обычаями. Несмотря на то, что это хорошо развитая страна с высоким уровнем культуры, большинство праздников и традиций восходят к языческим временам. |
| For example, Easter, Christmastide, the Kupala Night, the Shrovetide — all these events have pagan roots. I’d like to say a few words about these holidays and traditions of their celebration. | Например, Пасха, Святки, ночь Купалы, Масленица — все эти события имеют языческие корни. Я хотела бы сказать несколько слов об этих праздниках и традициях их празднования. |
| Easter in Russia is a glorious feast of Christ’s resurrection. It came from Byzantium at the end of the 10th century. Since then, this holiday is widely celebrated throughout the country with beautiful and solemn rites, such as eggs’ colouring, kulich baking, paschal greeting, etc. | Пасха в России является светлым праздником воскресения Христа. Она пришла из Византии в конце 10-го века. С тех пор, этот праздник широко отмечается по всей стране красивыми и торжественными обрядами, например, окраской яиц, выпечкой кулича, пасхальным приветствием и т.д. |
| There are many interesting events during the Christmastide. Traditionally Russians have kept a 40-day fast before Christmas. On Christmas Eve they’ve prepared a delicious meal known as “kutia”. It’s a porridge made of wheat or barley and mixed with honey. Today, people use rice and dried fruits to cook this dish. On the night of Christmas it was habitual to visit the relatives and neighbours, to eat kutia and sing carols. Young girls would also arrange fortune-telling nights. Most devout people have spent days at the church. | Довольно много интересных событий во время святок. Традиционно россияне держали 40-дневный пост перед Рождеством. В канун Рождества они готовили вкусное блюдо под названием «кутья». Это каша из пшеницы или ячменя, смешанная с медом. Сегодня люди для приготовления этого блюда используют рис и сухофрукты. В ночь на Рождество было принято посещать родственников и соседей, кушать кутью и петь колядки. Молодые девушки также устраивали ночные гадания. Большинство набожных людей все эти дни проводили в церкви. |
| On the Ivana Kupala, which falls on midsummer night, people arrange posh celebrations. On this day young girls wear flower wreaths on their heads and sing songs, referencing to love and marriage. | На праздник Ивана Купала, который приходится на середину лета, люди устраивают шикарные торжества. В этот день молодые девушки надевают на голову венки и поют песни о любви и браке. |
| The Shrovetide used to be a holiday of commemoration of the dead. Today, Russians associate this day with the end of winter. They burn a scarecrow and other unnecessary things on this day. They also cook lots of pancakes and organize costumed performances. | Масленицу раньше праздновали в честь поминовения усопших. Сегодня россияне ассоциируют этот день с окончанием зимы. В этот день они сжигают чучело и другие ненужные вещи. Они также пекут много блинов и организовывают костюмированные представления. |
| There are many other traditions in Russia, connected with christening, wedding, funerals, etc. But if you want to get a better understanding of this country, you should visit it during the main religious holidays. | В России есть много и других традиций, связанных с крещением, венчанием, похоронами и т.д. Но для лучшего понимания страны, следует посетить ее во время основных религиозных праздников. |
Предложения интернет-магазинов
- Категория: Топики по английскому языку
Russia is a country with long-standing cultural traditions dating back to the pagan times. It is the homeland of many world-famous artists, writers, poets, architects, sculptors, musicians and dancers. Russian contribution to the world culture is hard to overestimate.
Russia is famous for its icon painting, which it inherited from Byzantium. The art of icon painting started in Russia in the 8th and 9th centuries. But only in the 14th century icon painting in Russia took on a much greater degree of personal expression. The most famous figure in this change was Andrey Rublyov, whose works can be viewed in both the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow and the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg.
Russia is proud of its famous artists, whose pictures one can see in different picture galleries. They are Levitan, Repin, Surikov, Serov, Vasnetsov and a lot of others, who lived in the past and who are working nowadays.
Russia is proud of its writers and poets. Alexander Pushkin is one of them. He created a new linguistic synthesis that is still in use. In his later years he moved towards the realism that dominated in the 19th-century literature.
The poet and novelist Mikhail Lermontov succeeded Aklexander Pushkin. His descriptions, in both lyric and narrative poems are unique for their power and depth.
The novelist and philosopher, Leo Tolstoy was a man of wide interests. And in his novels he tried to discover truth about the nature of human existence and human behaviour.
There are many other prominent writers and poets, and one of them is Fyodor Dostoyevsky. He tried to find out the nature in extremes of human behaviour, such as crime and rebellion.
Anton Chekhov tried to understand the particular circumstances of common human lives. He describes his characters with irony, pity or disgust.
The poet and novelist Ivan Bunin, was the first Russian writer to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature (1933). He worked primarily in short prose form.
Russia is proud of its famous musicians and composers. There are many outstanding Russian composers who wrote classical music, such as A Schnitke, A Skryabin, S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, S. Rachmaninov, P. Tchaikovsky, A. Borodin, I. Stravinsky and many others. There is a tendency to speak about classical music with particular reference to the music of the past to the 19 th century. However, the term also includes music being written now, and we may speak of modern classical music.
Russia is proud of its ballet, which is one of the famous in the world.
There is still a lot to say about Russian culture, as this theme is inexhaustible when we speak about Russia. Russia’s cultural heritage is enormous and priceless indeed. And Russian people keep it up and are very proud of it.
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Russian culture has a long and rich cultural history, steeped in literature, ballet, painting and classical music. While outsiders may see the country as drab, Russia has a very visual cultural past, from its colorful folk costumes to its ornate religious symbols. Here is a brief overview of Russian customs and traditions.
The Homeland
Russian culture places a high value on the homeland and on family, according to Talia Wagner, a marriage and family therapist with a specialty in cultural dynamics. «The Soviet rule left its impression on the culture, creating a fundamental fear and mistrust of those outside the family, extended family and other close familial connections,» she told Live Science. The Communist Party ruled Russia and neighboring territories for more than 70 years, uniting them into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The Soviet Union broke up in 1991.
«The challenges families faced under communism left individuals highly dependent on family support, which oftentimes required the combining of resources to survive,» Wagner continued. «This created a culture that highly values extended family and maintaining close friendships.»
When many people think of Russia, they think of vast, frozen tundra. That’s not all there is to the country’s geography. There are plains, taigas, steppes, plains and mountains. [Russia from Above: A Glimpse at a Vast Landscape]
For example, in 2017 the Russian volcano called Kambalny erupted after nearly 250 years of dormancy. The eruption was a surprise and the plume of smoke could be seen from space.
«Nothing pointed to a possible eruption of the Kambalny,» Olga Girina, head of KVERT, told Russian news agency TASS, according to Russia Beyond the Headlines. «It is a pure surprise for us. We continue the monitoring and will analyze possible threats as data come in.»
Another amazing feature of Russia’s geography is Lake Baikal. It is the world’s largest lake and holds 20 percent of the world’s supply of fresh water. It is also the world’s oldest lake.
«Lake Baikal is the oldest lake in the world. It is home to approximately 1,700 to 1,800 endemic plant and animal species,» said Jennifer Castner of Pacific Environment’s Russia program.
Population and ethnic makeup
Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of territory, with a total area of 6,601,668 square miles (17,098,242 square kilometers). By comparison, the United States comprises 3,794,100 square miles (9,826,675 square km).
According to 2016 data by The World Bank, the population of Russia is more than 144,000,000, a decline since its peak of 148,689,000 in 1992.
Russia is home to at least 190 ethnic groups, according to the BBC. The Central Intelligence Agency (opens in new tab) (CIA) reports that 77.7 percent of Russians are of Russian descent. The rest of the population consists of 3.7 percent Tatar, 1.4 percent Ukrainian, 1.1 percent Bashkir, 1 percent Chuvash, 1 percent Chechen and 10.2 percent other, while 3.9 percent are unspecified.
Languages
While Russian is the official language, many Russians also speak English as a second language. More than 100 minority languages are spoken in Russia today, according to the BBC. The most popular is Dolgang, spoken by more than 5.3 percent of the country’s population, according to the CIA. Other minority languages include Tartar, Ukrainian, Chuvash, Bashir, Mordvin and Chechen. Although these minority populations account for a small percentage of the overall Russian population, these languages are prominent in regional areas.
Religions
«Religion has always been a primary component of Russian life, even during times of oppression,» Wagner said.
There are nearly 5,000 registered religious associations in Russia. More than half follow the Russian Orthodox Church, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Islam is the second largest religion; about 10 percent to 15 percent of Russians practice Islam, according to the CIA World Factbook.
«The third most popular religion in Russia after Christianity and Islam is Tengrism, a form of pagan, animistic and shamanic religion,» said Christina de Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London. Tengrism originates from the Turk and Mongol populations of Central Asia and has enjoyed a revival in parts of Russia as it is seen as part of a certain Central Asian ethnic identity by some regional independence movements.
Arts, literature and architecture
Ballet is a popular notable art form coming out of Russia. Founded in 1776, the Bolshoi Ballet is a classical ballet company based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow and known throughout the world. The Mariinsky Ballet in Saint Petersburg is another famous ballet company in Russia.
Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, a 19th-century Russian composer, is world renowned for «Swan Lake» and the «1812 Overture,» among other pieces. There are several museums, including his childhood home, showcasing his personal belongings and musical artifacts.
Russian literature has also had a worldwide impact, with writers such as Leon Tolstoy («Anna Karenina» and «War and Peace») and Fyodor Dostoevsky («Crime and Punishment» and «The Brothers Karamazov») still being read around the world.
Russian nesting dolls are well-known symbols of the country. These sets of dolls, known as matrioshka dolls, consist of a wooden figure that can be pulled apart to reveal another smaller version of the same image inside, and so on, often with six or more dolls nested inside one another. The painting of each doll, which can be extremely elaborate, usually symbolizes a Russian peasant girl in traditional costume.
Colorfully painted onion domes first appeared during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, according to Lonely Planet. They are commonplace in Russian architecture and are predominant atop church structures. It has been speculated that they represent burning candles or vaults to heaven and often appear in groups of three representing the Holy Trinity.
Russian food and drink
One of the most well-known traditional Russian foods that may seem strange to an outsider is borshch, also spelled borscht. This is a beet soup that is full of vegetables and meat and is typically served with a dollop of sour cream, a staple of many Russian dishes.
Pirozhkis are small baked buns that can be filled with potatoes, meat, cabbage or cheese. (They should not be confused with pierogis, which are Polish dumplings, boiled and then fried and stuffed with meat, cheese, potatoes or sauerkraut.)
Caviar, or ikra, traditionally made from the eggs of sturgeon found in the Black Sea or Caspian Sea, is often served on dark, crusty bread or with blini, which are similar to pancakes or crepes. Blini are also served rolled up with a variety of fillings, ranging from jam to cheese and onions, or even chocolate syrup.
Vodka is a popular alcoholic drink traditionally made from the distillation of fermented potatoes. Beer and tea are also widely consumed.
Folklore & holidays
Russia has a rich tradition of folk tales that derive from a number of Slavic myths and traditions, according to de Rossi. Russian folk characters are very colorful, and they also betray ancient pagan roots: for example, the Baba Yaga is a witch-like old woman who lives in the forest in a house that rests on chicken legs and is surrounded by skulls and bones. Another tale tells of the Fire Bird, an enchanted creature with fiery plumage that is very difficult to catch, therefore its capture or that of one of its feathers is often the challenge facing the hero.
Both the Baba Yaga and the Fire Bird can either be good or bad, terrifying or benevolent, and they can bestow favorable or hostile enchantments, de Rossi said. Above all, they must never be antagonized!
Some Russians observe Christmas on Jan. 7 as a public holiday, according to the Julian calendar used by the Russian Orthodox Church, while others celebrate on Dec. 25.
Russia Day is celebrated on June 12. This marks the day in 1990 that the Russian parliament formally declared Russian sovereignty from the USSR, according to the School of Russian and Asian Studies. Initially, it was named Russian Independence Day, but was renamed to Russia Day, a name offered by Boris Yeltsin, in 2002.
Additional resources
- Mariinsky Ballet Website
- The Canopy over the Holy Sepulchre: On the Origin of Onion-Shaped Domes
- Passport to Trade: Business Meeting Protocol and Etiquette in Russia
Alina Bradford is a contributing writer for Live Science. Over the past 16 years, Alina has covered everything from Ebola to androids while writing health, science and tech articles for major publications. She has multiple health, safety and lifesaving certifications from Oklahoma State University. Alina’s goal in life is to try as many experiences as possible. To date, she has been a volunteer firefighter, a dispatcher, substitute teacher, artist, janitor, children’s book author, pizza maker, event coordinator and much more.
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«Swan Lake» ballet by P. Tchaikovsky
Russian culture is an invaluable piece of the country’s intangible heritage, combining traditions from Russia’s various ethnic groups, sub-cultures and worldviews while reflecting its complex history and diverse geographical features.
Certain elements of present-day Russian culture have their roots in pagan times. Genres of folklore, selected holiday rituals and even details of traditional embroidery, for example, can be traced back to the country’s pre-Christian era.
Over the centuries, the development of Russian culture was heavily influenced by its geographical location between East and West. Its seemingly limitless and diverse landscape is conveyed in both artistic and literary works as artists and writers sought to portray the reality of Russia, a reality that could vary greatly depending on the region. Thanks to its vast territory and the evolution of its civilizations over time, Russia has become the homeland for diverse nationalities whose traditions meshed with the existing culture, gradually reshaping and transforming it. All of this, in turn, has contributed to the development of modern-day Russia’s cultural richness.
Today, the far-reaching influence of Russian culture can be seen, among other areas, in its overwhelming contribution to the arts. The names of prominent Russian cultural figures — Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Tchaikovsky, Glinka, Pushkin, Akhmatova – have become household names the world over. The works of numerous Russian writers have been translated into countless languages, and Swan Lake and The Nutcracker are the most popular ballets of all time.
Russian Painting
For a long time, Russian painting was limited to religious icons. Each of the famous masters had his own style – the icons of Andrei Rublev were very different from those created by Theophanes the Greek, for example. During Peter the Great’s reign, western techniques entered Russia and Russian artists started to paint landscapes, portraits, and still lifes. By the beginning of the 20th century, Russian landscape paintings conveyed not only the beauty of nature, but also the artist’s state of mind. In the early 20th century, the trends of modernism and avant-garde flourished. For example, the avant-garde artist Kazimir Malevich created a new style of abstract art – Suprematism – that focused on simple shapes and colours rather than depicting a scene, landscape, or person. This new style was reflected in Malevich’s iconic painting, “Black Square”.
Russian Literature
An important part of Russian culture is the country’s literary heritage. The works of Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Lermontov, Pushkin, and Griboyedov have been translated into many different languages. Characteristic features of Russian literature include in-depth descriptions of heroes’ emotional experiences, picturesque and evocative descriptions of natural landscapes, and studies of the inner worlds of human beings. The “silver age” of Russian poetry in the late 19th century and early 20th century yielded beautiful works by poets such as Anna Akhmatova, Sergei Yesenin, Marina Tsvetaeva, Alexander Blok, and Valery Bryusov. Literary works produced during the Soviet era have also had an enduring impact on Russian culture, with writers such as Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, Vladimir Vysotsky, and Yevgeny Yevtushenko known across the world.
Russian Theatre
Russia is world-famous for its ballet, a unique school of dance art that has become the hallmark of the country. It’s not surprising that so many visitors to Russia want to attend a ballet performance. Yet few people know that the history of Russian theatre originates in festivities and performances in public squares, with clowns/jesters having founded Russia’s theatrical culture.
Russian Sculpture
The genre of sculpture developed unevenly in Russia. The Slavs carved wooden and stone idols that symbolised different elements or spirits. After the advent of Christianity, the art of creating such sculptures almost died out due to the ban on idolatry in Orthodox Russian culture. However, the genre developed in the form of bas-reliefs and the design of building façades. The practice of sculpture took off again in earnest during the reforms of Peter the Great, when much was adopted from the Western European style. Significant attention was paid to sculpture in the Soviet era, with leaders and public figures honoured and immortalised in marble, stone, bronze, or plaster.
Russian Music
Russian music has evolved from simple folk songs to complex symphonic compositions. Russian classical music combines volume, artistic depth, lightness, and dramatic character. The works of the great Russian composers Glinka, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov are regularly performed in major theatres around the world. Compositions from Tchaikovsky’s ballets “The Nutcracker” or “Swan Lake” are immediately recognisable.
Russian Cinema
Russia’s modern cinematic culture is often guided by Western films. At the same time, cult Russian films are distinguished by their unique style, storylines, and acting. Despite the strained relationship between the Soviet Union and the West, some films from the Soviet school of cinematography won prestigious awards at international competitions.
Traditional Russian Men’s Clothing
The clothes of the Slavs, like those of many ancient peoples, protected the wearer in both a physical sense (from the elements) and a symbolic sense (for example, from the evil eye). Traditional men’s clothing was simpler than women’s, consisting of a loose linen shirt, canvas trousers, and a belt. In Russian culture, the belt was an indispensable attribute of “human” clothing. According to the Slavs, only evil spirits and the dead did not wear a belt. To protect a man from evil spirits and give him courage and clarity, various amulets were embroidered on clothes. The embroidery was usually on the collar and, of course, the belt.
Traditional Russian Women’s Clothing
From looking at the clothes worn by a Slavic woman, it was possible to determine her geographic origin, marital status, and age. Each element had a hidden meaning. For example, a girl of marriageable age wore two braids, a married woman wore one braid, and a widow could wear her hair loose and her head uncovered. Women’s clothing consisted of multiple layers. The sarafan, or pinafore dress, played a special role. The cut of this traditional garment varied depending on the region.
History of Russian Culture
The evolution of Russian culture can be divided into five stages: the culture of Ancient Rus, the culture of the 13-17th centuries, the culture of the Russian Empire, Soviet culture and, in fact, modern culture.
The development of Russian culture was greatly influenced by the arrival of Christianity in Kievan Rus; architecture, traditions and writing changed.
The invasion of Khan Batu drew back the influence of Byzantine culture. The stage of Muscovite Rus united the endless lands around the capital, the white-stone Moscow Kremlin was built, the painting of churches with frescoes was revived, and the painters again began to focus on the Byzantine canons. By the way, it was at that time that the famous icon painter Andrei Rublev worked.
Through the reforms of Peter I, Russian culture was reoriented towards Western European values. During this period, the foundations of the Russian literary language were formed and world-famous works of Russian classics were written.
The Soviet period strongly influenced culture, the coming of the Bolsheviks to power forced the creative and scientific figures of tsarist Russia to emigrate to Europe. However, at this time a new generation of the Soviet elite grew up, theater and cinema developed.
- 13.11.2018
Тема по английскому языку: Русские традиции
Топик по английскому языку: Русские традиции (Russian traditions). Данный текст может быть использован в качестве презентации, проекта, рассказа, эссе, сочинения или сообщения на тему.
Древние традиции
Россия – уникальная страна, которая сохраняет национальные традиции, уходящие корнями не только в христианскую религию, но и в язычество. Христианство дало России такие великие праздники как Пасха и Рождество. А язычество – Масленицу. Древние традиции передаются от поколения к поколению.
Новый Год в России
Новый Год – самый большой праздник для русских. Считается, что как встретишь Новый Год, так его и проведешь. В канун Нового Года накрывают большой стол с изобилием блюд.
Пасха
Пасха – это воскрешение Христа. Главная традиция Пасхи – покраска вареных яиц. Преобладающий цвет – красный, так как он означает новую жизнь. На Пасху русские обмениваются яйцами и теплыми пожеланиями.
Рождество
Рождество – это праздник рождения Иисуса Христа, который отмечается 7 января. Перед Рождеством люди обычно убирают свои дома. Праздничный стол для Рождества готовится за несколько дней с индейкой, фаршированной свининой, пирогами, кондитерскими изделиями и сладостями для детей.
Масленица
Масленица – один из самых веселых праздников в России. Он знаменует конец зимы и открытие новых весенних фестивалей и торжеств. Масленица празднуется в течение недели, предшествующей посту. Каждый день Масленицы посвящен особым ритуалам.
Семейные традиции
Существуют различные интересные семейные традиции. Например, когда рождается ребенок, отец должен посадить дерево и пожелать ребенку вырасти сильным и здоровым.
Благословление
Среди традиций, связанных с бракосочетанием есть такая как благословление. Когда невеста и жених готовы поехать в церковь, старейший член семьи берет со стены икону. Пока невеста и жених стоят на коленях, он крестит их этой иконой, благословляет их союз и желает долгого и счастливого брака. На церемонии бракосочетания муж и жена берут большой каравай хлеба и одновременно кусают его. Считается, что тот, у кого окажется кусок больше, будет главным в семье.
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Russian traditions
Old traditions
Russia is a unique country, which preserves the national traditions deeply rooted not only in the Orthodox religion but also in paganism. Christianity gave Russians such great holidays as Easter and Christmas, and Paganism – Maslenitsa, which means Pancake Day. Old traditions are passed on from generation to generation.
New Years day in Russia
New Years day is the biggest celebration for Russians. It is believed that the way you celebrate the New Year indicates how your year will be. On New Year’s eve, a huge meal is prepared with an abundance of dishes.
Easter
Easter is the day of the resurrection of Christ. The main tradition at Easter time is the painting of hard-boiled eggs. Red is the predominant colour, as it signifies new life. Russians exchange eggs and kind wishes for the Easter celebration.
Christmas
Christmas is the holiday of the birth of Jesus Christ, which is celebrated on the 7th of January. Before Christmas Eve, people tidy their houses. The food for Christmas is prepared some days in advance, with turkey, stuffed pork, pies, pastries and sweets for children.
Maslenitsa
Maslenitsa is one of the most cheerful holidays in Russia. It marks the end of the winter and the opening of new spring festivals and ceremonies. Maslenitsa is celebrated during the week preceding the Lent. Every day of Maslenitsa is devoted to special rituals.
Family traditions
There are some interesting family traditions. For example, when a new baby is born, the father should plant a tree, wishing the child to grow up strong and healthy.
Blessing
Among the traditions connected with wedding is blessing. When a bride and groom are ready to go to the church, the oldest member in their family takes a religious icon from the wall. While the bride and groom kneel, the family member crosses them both with the icon, blesses their union, and wishes them a long and happy marriage. At the wedding reception, the husband and wife take a big loaf of bread and bite it at the same time, without the use of their hands. Whoever gets the larger piece, it is said that they will be the leader of their family.
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Almost every nation and country has a reputation of some kind. The Englishmen are reputed to be cold, reserved, easy-going and fond of sport. They are the nation of stay-at-homes. «There is no place like home», they say. The English man’s home is his castle is a saying known all over the world. They prefer a small house built for one family, with a small garden are a fire in the centre of the house. They like animals very much and follow the traditions concerning food and meals. We know much about English traditions and customs but now I’d like to say a few words about the traditions of my native land — Russia.
To my mind, the main traits of their characters which differ them from other people are hospitality, their «open heart», «golden hands», wise Russian fairytales reflect this wisdom. Our people are hardworking, patient, never loosing hope for better life. The Russians are the talented nation. Russia gave the world beautiful names of Pushkin and Lermontov, Chaikovsky and Repin, thousands of names of world famous poets, writers, composers, scientists. All of them are the pride of the nation because they sand the beauty of our nature and people.
Besides these great names in literature and music, our country is famous for Russian traditional specific crafts its skilled craftsmen. Painted boxes of Palekh, coloured shawls of Pavlov Posad, clay toys of Dymkovo, laces of Vologda are known all over the world. The names of Gzhel and Khokhloma are considered to be the symbols of Russia as well as matryoshkas and samovars. The history of khokhloma goes back into the 17th century Producing of tableware-dishes, spoons, mugs was begun at that time in the villages of Suomino and Khokhloma in the Nizhniy Novgorod Province. On the banks of the great Russian river Volga. Many carpenters, painters have been working since then reviving traditions of old masters. The Khokhloma style is characterized by using plant elements in painting the tableware. The prevailing colours are black, yellow, golden, green and red. And nowadays this craft is sure to be saved, it will be developed and brought into the future by the new generation of painters. The reviving of old crafts is connected with the reviving of the traditional arts of all peoples inhabiting our big country. There are 100 of them. They revive their culture, costumes, dances and language. It is the revival of our souls. Now we celebrate the forgotten holidays — Troisa, Maslenitsa, Easter. We again sing Russian folk songs and chastushki, dance Barinya and perform khorovods, ride in troikas.
Traditional Russian cooking is world-famous for such dishes as okroshka, shi, pelmeny, kurnik, kvas.
We begin to build and reconstruct churches as well. The example of it is the building of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow. It is the symbol of reviving human feelings, national pride and patriotism.
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Другие топики по теме:
- Thanksgiving Day (2)
- July 4 th — Independence Day
- My Favourite Holiday
- Sorochinsky Fair
- Thanksgiving Day
- American Food and Drinks
- English Traditions
- Christmas
- The English Year
- Cultures and national stereotypes
- Весь список
Russian and other languages
The most common language in Russia is the Russian language. However, the number of speakers of eight more languages exceeds one million people each. Republics as parts of the Russian Federation can have their own state languages and, as a rule, they use this right.
Despite the efforts to preserve and develop local languages, there is still a trend for a linguistic shift, when in fact the native language of non-Russian citizens is Russian, while a superficial knowledge of the mother language (the language of one’s ethnic group) becomes nothing more than a marker of ethnicity.
Russian literature
Russian literature reflected not only aesthetic, moral and spiritual values and ideas. According to leading Russian thinkers, literature has also become the philosophy of Russia.
Until the 18th century, secular literature in Russia practically did not exist. There are several monuments of ancient Russian literature of religious or chronicle character: The Tale of Bygone Years, The Tale of Igor’s Campaign, The Prayer of Daniel the Exile, The Life of Alexander Nevsky. Folk art of that period is represented by fairy tales.
In the 18th century, a lot of secular writers and poets appeared in Russia: poets Vasily Trediakovsky, Antioch Cantemir, Gabriel Derzhavin, Mikhail Lomonosov; writers Nikolai Karamzin, Alexander Radishchev; playwrights Alexander Sumarokov and Denis Fonvizin.
The most famous poets of Russia are Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Aleksandr Blok, Sergey Yesenin, Anna Akhmatova, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and many others.
The most famous writers of Russia are Fedor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Ivan Bunin, Vladimir Nabokov, Ivan Turgenev, Anton Chekhov, and many others.
Russian painting
The first realistic portraits appear in Russia in the 17th century. In the middle — the end of the 18th century, such painters as Levitsky and Borovikovsky appeared in Russia. Outstanding artists of the first half of the 19th century: Kiprensky, Bryullov, Ivanov.
In the second half of the 19th century, the creative association of Russian artists “Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions” (“Peredvizhniki”) was founded, which included such great artists as Vasnetsov, Kramskoy, Shishkin, Kuindzhi, Surikov, Repin, Savrasov.
At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the association “World of Art” operated. Its members or artists close to the movement were Mikhail Vrubel, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Nikolai Roerich, Isaak Levitan.
In the late 19th — early 20th century, Russia became one of the centers of avant-garde art: Vasily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Marc Chagall, Pavel Filonov.
Today, there are a lot of art museums and galleries in Russia. The most famous are the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, the State Hermitage and the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg.
Other features of Russian culture
Russian classical music is known for the heritage of such great composers as Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Mikhail Glinka, Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai Andreevich, the commonwealth of the composers “The Mighty Bunch”, Sergei Rachmaninov, Igor Stravinsky. The most known Soviet composers are Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich, Aram Khachaturian, Alfred Schnittke.
Russian theater art is one of the most promising in the world. In Russia, there are theaters with world fame, such as the Mariinsky Theater, the Bolshoi and Maly theaters.
In Russia, circus art is developed and popular. Among the famous circus performers are clowns Yuri Nikulin, Oleg Popov; illusionists Emil Kio and Igor Kio, trainers Vladimir Durov, brothers Edgard and Askold Zapashnye.
Movies produced in Russia and the predecessor countries are laureates of major international film festivals such as Berlin, Cannes, Venice, Moscow.
Soviet animation is known all over the world. At the most famous studios of the USSR and Russia (Soyuzmultfilm, Tsentrnauchfilm, Kievnauchfilm) thousands of cartoons were filmed. In 2003, in Tokyo, the cartoon “Hedgehog in the Fog” by Yuri Norshtein was recognized as the best cartoon of all time.
We should also mention such a symbol of Russian culture as “matryoshka” — a Russian wooden toy in the form of a painted doll, inside which there are similar dolls of smaller size.
Russian cuisine
The cuisine of Russia, like the culture of Russia, is a two-part entity. The first and most significant part of it — Russian cuisine, based on the Slavic traditions, as well as traditions borrowed from other nations that eventually joined the Russian state.
The second part of the cuisine of Russia refers to the national traditions of peoples and nationalities living in the country. The cuisine of each people has its own unique dishes and methods of their preparation, based on local products and made with the help of original kitchen utensils.
The most famous dishes of the cuisine of Russia are borscht, vinaigrette, pies, pancakes, cabbage soup, kvas, mors, and others.
Очень часто при общении или переписке с иностранцами мы рассказываем о своей культуре, природе, традициях, природных особенностях — в общем, о нашей Родине. Поэтому для нас важно знать, что и как рассказать о России, чтобы зарубежным друзьям было понятно и интересно слушать или читать.
В этом посте мы рассмотрим особенности составления текста, соберем необходимую лексику (слова и выражения), а также приведем примеры текстов и сочинений для разных уровней владения английским языком.
О чем можно рассказать, говоря о России на английском?
Конечно, наша необъятная страна обладает настолько многочисленными особенностями, что выбор темы для обычного человека может быть довольно сложным.
Например, можно составить рассказ про географические особенности:
- указать площадь государства и численность населения;
- перечислить главные города; назвать соседние страны;
- рассказать про великие реки, озера и моря.
Это будет энциклопедическая статья про нашу Родину.
Второй вариант сочинения про Россию — это рассказ о менталитете, традициях и обычаях, праздниках и даже народных приметах. Зарубежным друзьям будет очень интересно узнать, чем живет русский человек.
Сочинение о достопримечательностях — хороший вариант рассказа. В нашей стране много уникальных памятников архитектуры, искусства и культуры. Недостатка в «материале» точно не будет.
Кроме того, можно составить рассказ на английском по истории России.
Можно описать:
- масштабные исторические события;
- особенности правления русских царей или знаменитых политических деятелей;
- вспомнить интересные личности науки, искусства или спорта; порассуждать на тему роли России в мировой истории;
- или просто рассказать про историю своей малой Родины (история города, области, края).
Как видите, вариантов довольно много. Можно даже объединить несколько тем для своего сочинения или рассказа.
Полезный словарь по теме «Россия»
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- The Russian Federation — Российская Федерация
- the Russians — русские (люди, нация)
- homeland, motherland — родная страна, родина, отчизна
- vast — обширный, просторный, огромный
- to be washed by — омываться
- landscapes — пейзажи
- the Russian culture — русская культура
- national traditions — национальные традиции
- national customs — национальные обычаи
- multinational country — многонациональная страна
- numerous places of interest — множество интересных мест
- great cultural heritage — великое культурное наследие
- achievements — достижения
- highly industrialized — высокоразвитая промышленность
- official – официальный
- populated – населенный
- population – население
- architectural – архитектурный
- monument – памятник
- (it is) considered – (он, это) считается
- cultural – культурный
- located – расположенный
- Eurasia – Евразия
- Natural resources – природные ресурсы
- producer – производитель
- oil – нефть
- classical literature – классическая литература
- railway – железная дорога
- metro, underground – метро
- be washed by — омываться
- cover — зд. занимать
- double headed eagle — двуглавый орел
- heavy traffic — интенсивное движение
- iron — железо
- law — закон
- merits — достоинство, заслуга
- mountain chain — цепь гор
- noisy — шумный
- numerous — бесчисленный
- parliamentary — парламентская
- republic — республика
- plain — равнина
- population — население
- state emblem — эмблема государства
- steppe — степь
- total area — общая площадь
- varied — разнообразный
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С таким словарным запасом уже можно попробовать написать сочинение по английскому языку на тему «Россия». Тем более что для наглядного примера в следующем разделе приведено сразу несколько готовых образцов разного уровня сложности.
Примеры текстов о России на английском
Ниже представлены несколько вариантов рассказов о нашей стране с переводами на русский разного уровня сложности.
Сочинение для младшей школы
Особенности родной страны дети изучают с малых лет, причем в том числе и на уроках английского. Конечно, в силу возраста учащихся, топики очень краткие и содержат лишь основные факты. В принципе, таким же будет на английском языке и детское сочинение на тему «Россия»: приведем образец с переводом.
1) My country
I am from Russia. It is the biggest country in the world. The capital of Russia is Moscow city. About 12 million people live in Moscow. It is one of the biggest cities of the world.
I live in the city of Sochi. My city is located on the coast of the Black Sea. In summer, my friends and I go to swim and sunbathe almost every day. I love my city and my country. And I am very proud of the fact Sochi was the location for the Winter Olympic Games in 2014.
Перевод: Моя страна
Я из России. Это самая большая страна в мире. Столица России – город Москва. Более 12 миллионов людей живут в Москве. Это один из крупнейших городов мира.
Я живу в городе Сочи. Мой город расположен на побережье Черного моря. Летом я с друзьями хожу плавать и загорать чуть ли не каждый день. Я люблю свой город и свою страну. И еще я очень горд тем фактом, что Сочи был местом проведения зимних Олимпийских игр 2014 года.
2) Russia
I live in Russia. My country is very large. There are a lot of cities, towns and villages in it. The nature of my country is beautiful. There are rivers, lakes, mountains and forests in Russia. Summer is hot in my country. Winter is cold and there is much snow. I love my country very much.
Перевод: Россия
Я живу в России. Моя страна огромная. В России много больших и маленьких городов и деревень. Природа моей страны красива. В России есть реки, озёра, горы и леса. Лето в моей стране очень жаркое. Зимой холодно и очень много снега. Я очень люблю свою страну.
Рассказ про Россию ученикам 5-7 классов
Для учеников среднего звена лучше составить тексты также из общих фактов, только описать чуть более подробно, поскольку дети уже лучше владеют как словарем, так и устной речью. Рассмотрим примеры ниже.
3) My country Russia
Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It occupies a big part of dry land. The country is known as a Legend Empire, because it has been suffering from foreign invasion and dominance by outsiders from times immemorial, but still strong and alive.
The country is divided by Ural mountain range in two big parts. People who live closer to Europe are not the same with Russians from the other side of the Ural. Russia is rich in such natural treasures as coal, oil, nickel, copper, natural gas and even diamonds.
The oversize of the territory determines a big variety of climates: from arctic to subtropical one. In the centre of the country there is a temperate climate. One of the main sources of pride in Russia is unique nature from East to West.
The country is rich in numerous lakes, rivers and woods.
The head of the state is a president. The capital of the Russia is Moscow with population of about 10 million people and it increases every day.
Russia is a big political, scientific, cultural and industrial centre now.
Перевод: Моя страна Россия
Россия – одна из самых больших стран мира. Она занимает большую часть суши. Страна известна как легендарная империя, потому что с незапамятных времен страдает от иноземных захватчиков и давления с внешней стороны, однако все еще сильна и жива.
Огромные размеры территории определяют местное климатическое разнообразие: от арктического до субтропического. В центре страны климат умеренный. Один из главных периодов для гордости в стране – ее уникальная природа с Востока до Запада.
Страна богата многочисленными озерами, реками и лесами.
Главой государства является президент. Столица страны – город Москва с населением около 10 миллионов человек и каждый день оно растет.
Россия является на сегодняшний день крупным политическим, научным, культурным и промышленным центром.
4) The Russian Federation
Russia is well-known as the largest country in the world. Russian area covers a big part of Europe and Asia. Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Novosibirsk are the biggest cities.
The Coat of arms is represented by the double-headed eagle with the mounted figure slaying the black dragon in the center of it. The black dragon can be a symbol of enemies.
The Russian flag consists of three horizontal fields – white, blue and red.
The humid continental climate is prevalent on the most part of the area.
There are seven public holidays. The biggest is New Year. People celebrate New Year on the 31st of December. They buy New Year trees and exchange gifts.
The most known Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday.
Speaking about the symbols of Russia I want to mention Matryoshka doll which is very recognizable.
Перевод: Российская Федерация
Россия хорошо известна как самая большая страна в мире. Российская территория занимает большую часть в Европе и Азии. Москва, Санкт-Петербург и Новосибирск являются самыми большими городами.
Герб представляет собой двухголового орла с фигурой всадника, убивающего дракона в центре герба. Чёрный дракон может быть символом врагов.
Российский флаг состоит из трёх горизонтальных полей – белого, синего и красного.
Континентальный климат с равномерным увлажнением превалирует на большей части территории.
Есть семь государственных праздников. Самый большой из них – Новый год. Люди празднуют Новый год 31 декабря. Они покупают новогоднюю ёлку и обмениваются подарками.
Самыми известными христианскими праздниками являются Пасха и Троица.
Говоря российских символах, я хочу отметить матрёшку, как самый узнаваемый.
Эссе про Россию для старшеклассников и студентов
Для старшеклассников и студентов в сочинениях модно выражать свое мнение и отношение; сам текст выглядит, как рассуждение на заданную тему.
5) Russia is my Motherland
My motherland is Russia. Every person knows that it is a great country. There are many different reasons to call it that.
The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It extends over two continents: Europe and Asia. From north to south the country stretches for over 4,000 km; from west to east – for almost 10,000 km. Its area is more than 17 million square km. Fourteen countries shares a border with Russia. Among these countries there are China, Georgia, Norway, Poland, Estonia, Kazakhstan and others.
Russia is the seventh largest in the world in terms of population. Its current population is about 145 million people. The Russian Federation is a multinational country; over 160 nationalities live in here. Russian is the official language but there are many other languages used in various parts of the country. Most of the Russian population lives in the western parts of the country. Here are the majority of the largest Russian cities such as Moscow, St Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Samara and Omsk.
There are many different reasons for travelling to Russia. The country is famous for its numerous places of interest. One of the Russian national feature is the beauty of its nature. There are many rivers, lakes, mountains, national parks and forests in Russia. Apart from nature, the country has a lot of unique architectural sights. Red Square, the Moscow Kremlin, Saint Basil’s Cathedral, the Winter Palace, the Peter and Paul Fortress, the Hermitage Museum are the most famous Russian attractions.
Moreover, my motherland is the country with interesting history and the greatest cultural heritage. The merits of Russia are great in such areas as science, culture, art and sports. The Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man to master outer space! Speaking of Russian history, it should be noted the role of Russian rulers in the world order. At all times, Russian rulers were respected for their determination and strong character.
So, my motherland is one of the leading powers in the world. I’m very proud to be living in such a great country.
Перевод: Россия – моя родина
Моя родина – Россия. Каждому в мире известно, что это великая страна. Есть множество разных причин на то, чтобы так ее называть.
Российская Федерация – крупнейшая в мире страна. Она простирается на два континента: Европу и Азию. С севера на юг ее протяженность насчитывает более 4 тыс. км; с запада на восток – почти 10 тыс. км. Площадь страны составляет более 17 миллионов квадратных километров. 14 стран делят границу с Россией. Среди них Китай, Грузия, Норвегия, Польша, Эстония, Казахстан и другие страны.
Россия – седьмая в мире по численности населения. Текущая численность ее населения составляет около 145 млн человек. Российская Федерация – многонациональная страна; более 160 национальностей живут здесь. Русский – официальный язык, но есть еще и другие языки, используемые в различных регионах страны. Большая часть населения России проживает на западе страны. Здесь находится большинство крупнейших городов России, таких как, Москва, Санкт-Петербург, Екатеринбург, Самара и Омск.
Есть много разных причин для путешествия в Россию. Эта страна известна множеством интересных мест. Одна из национальных особенностей России – красота ее природы. В России много рек, озер, горных цепей, национальных парков и лесов. Помимо природы, страна имеет много уникальных архитектурных достопримечательностей. Красная площадь, Московский Кремль, Собор Василия Блаженного, Зимний Дворец, Петропавловская крепость и Эрмитаж – самые известные русские достопримечательности.
Кроме того, моя родина – это страна с интересной историей и величайшим культурным наследием. Велики заслуги России в таких областях, как наука, культура, искусство и спорт. Русский космонавт Юрий Гагарин стал первым человеком, покорившим космос! Говоря об истории России, следует отметить роль русских правителей в мировом порядке. Во все времена правителей России уважали за их решительность и сильный характер.
Так что, моя родина – одна из главнейших мировых сил. Для меня большая гордость жить в такой великой стране.
6) Welcome to Russia
Every year millions of tourists visit Russia. There are many different reasons for travelling to Russia. First of all, it is the largest country in the world. Secondly, it is full of historical, architectural and natural wonders. Thirdly, Russia is a hospitable country, where visitors can easily feel at home. According to national traditions guests are always welcomed with bread and salt.
With the population over 140 million people, Russia spans eleven time zones and two continents. The culture of the country contains western and eastern features. A visit to Russia can become a fascinating adventure.
The cities that one should definitely visit include Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Sochi, Rostov-on-Don, and, of course, the “Golden Ring” towns. These places will help to learn more about rich Russian history. There are lots of museums, art galleries, historical monuments, ancient cathedrals, palaces of the czars.
Apart from that, there are unique landscapes, endless forests, several mountain ranges and crystal-clear water reservoirs. Everyone can find something enjoyable to do in Russia.
People, who like beach vacation, can visit the Black sea coast.
People, who are fond of old architecture, prefer spending time in such cities as Vladimir, Suzdal, Murom, Ivanovo.
Those, who like picturesque views, chose to visit Altai. To understand better the nature of Russian nation one should know its festivals and celebrations. One of the most favourite holidays in the country is Shrovetide, Maslenitsa in Russian. On this day people bake lots of pancakes and treat each other. It’s very fun outthere on this day!
Перевод: Добро пожаловать в Россию
Каждый год миллионы туристов посещают Россию. Есть множество причин для посещения России. Во-первых, это самая большая страна в мире. Во-вторых, она полна исторических, архитектурных и природных достопримечательностей. В-третьих, Россия – гостеприимная страна, где посетители с легкостью чувствуют себя как дома. В соответствии с национальными традициями гостей всегда встречают хлебом и солью.
С населением свыше 140 миллионов человек, Россия охватывает одиннадцать часовых поясов и два континента. Культура страны вобрала в себя западные и восточные черты. Посещение России может стать увлекательным приключением.
К городам, которые нужно обязательно посетить, относятся Москва, Санкт-Петербург, Казань, Екатеринбург, Сочи, Ростов-на-Дону, и, конечно же, города «Золотого кольца». Эти места помогут узнать больше о богатой истории России. Там расположено множество музеев, художественных галерей, исторических памятников, древних соборов, царских дворцов.
Помимо этого, там открываются уникальные пейзажи, бесконечные леса, несколько горных хребтов и кристально чистые водоемы. Каждый может занятие по душе в России.
Люди, которые любят пляжный отдых, могут посетить побережье Черного моря.
Люди, которые любят старинную архитектуру, предпочитают проводить время в таких городах, как Владимир, Суздаль, Муром, Иваново.
Те, кто любит живописные пейзажи, выбирают Алтай. Чтобы лучше понять природу русского народа, надо знать его фестивали и праздники. Одним из самых любимых праздников в стране является масленичная неделя, по-русски Масленица. В этот день люди пекут много блинов и угощают друг друга. В этот день очень весело!
Almost every nation and country has a reputation of some kind. The English are reputed to be cold, reserved, easy-going and fond of sport. They are a nation of homebodies. «There is no place like home», they say. The British likewise heartily abide by the saying known all over the world, ”My home is my castle” .They prefer a small house built for one family, with a small garden and a fireplace in the centre of the house. They like animals very much and follow tradition concerning food and meals. We know much about English traditions and customs but now I’d like to say a few words about the traditions of my native land, Russia.
First, about the Russian people. In my opinion, our main character traits which distinguish us from other people are Russian hospitality, our «open heart» and «golden hands». Wise Russian fairytales reflect this wisdom.
Our people are hardworking, patient, never losing hope for a better life. Russia is a talented nation. Russia gave the world the magnificent names of Pushkin and Lermontov, Chaikovsky and Repin, thousands of names of world famous poets, writers, composers, scientists. All of them are the pride of the nation because they elevate the beauty of our land and people.
Besides these great names in literature and music, our country is famous for Russian traditional folkart, with our skilled craftsmen and women making painted boxes of Palekh, coloured shawls of Pavlov Posad, clay toys of Dymkovo, laces of Vologda, all of which are known all over the world.
Gzhel and Khokhloma are considered to be national cultural symbols of Russia as well as matryoshkas and samovars. The history of khokhloma goes back to the 17th century The production of tableware-dishes, spoons, mugs began at that time in the villages of Suomino and Khokhloma in Nizhniy Novgorod Province, on the banks of the great Russian river Volga. Many carpenters, and painters have been working since then reviving the traditions of old masters. The Khokhloma style is characterized by using plant elements in painting the tableware. The prevailing colours are black, yellow, gold, green and red. And nowadays this craft will hopefully be preserved, to be developed and brought into the future by new generations of painters.
The revival of old crafts and folkart is connected with the current cultural renewal of the traditional arts in Russia, of all peoples inhabiting our big country. There are 100 different native ethnic groups. They are proud of their culture, costumes, dances and language. It is the revival of our souls. Now we recelebrate the forgotten holidays of the past, Troisa, Maslenitsa, and Easter.
Once again we sing Russian folk songs and chastushki, dance Barinya, spring round dances, perform khorovods, and ride in troikas.
Traditional Russian cooking is world-famous for such dishes as okroshka, shi, pelmeni, kurnik, and the beverage kvass.
We have begun to build, rebuild and repair churches, that sadly fell into disrepair during the Soviet era, following the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. One shining example of this reconstruction is the rebuilding of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in the center of Moscow. It is truly a divine symbol of reviving human feelings, national pride and patriotism.
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