ЛЕЙБ-ГВАРДИЯ значение
Т.Ф. Ефремова Новый словарь русского языка. Толково- словообразовательный
лейб-гвардия
Значение:
лейб-гва́рдия
ж.
Привилегированное войско в ряде монархических государств (первоначально — личная охрана монарха).
Современный толковый словарь изд. «Большая Советская Энциклопедия»
ЛЕЙБ-ГВАРДИЯ
Значение:
личная охрана монарха и почетное наименование отборных воинских частей в некоторых странах с монархической формой правления. В России учреждена в кон. 17 в. Петром I. Позднее лейб-гвардией называли многие гвардейские части российской армии. Частица «лейб» прибавлялась также к названию некоторых армейских полков.
Словарь иностранных слов
ЛЕЙБ-ГВАРДИЯ
Значение:
лейб-гвардии, ж., ист.
В России до1917аг. и в некоторых других монархических государствах: особо привилегированные гвар-дейские войска, одной из задач которых была охрана императора и его семьи. Лейб-гвардеец — воен-нослужащий лейб-гвардии. Лейб-гвардейский — относящийся к лейб-гвардии, лейб-гвардейцам.
Малый академический словарь русского языка
лейб-гвардия
Значение:
-и, ж.
Привилегированное войско в ряде монархических государств (первоначально — личная охрана монарха).
{Дед} поступил вольноопределяющимся в лейб-гвардии Преображенский полк, был зачислен в 1-ю, так называемую «цареву», роту. Игнатьев, Пятьдесят лет в строю.
Сборный словарь иностранных слов русского языка
лейб-гвардия
Значение:
ЛЕЙБ-ГВАРДИЯ
(нем.-фр.). Гвардия, охраняющая особу императора.
(Источник: «Словарь иностранных слов, вошедших в состав русского языка». Чудинов А.Н., 1910)
ЛЕЙБ-ГВАРДИЯ
нем.-франц. Гвардия, охраняющая особу императора.
(Источник: «Объяснение 25000 иностранных слов, вошедших в употребление в русский язык, с означением их корней». Михельсон А.Д., 1865)
ЛЕЙБ-ГВАРДИЯ
придворная гвардия.
(Источник: «Полный словарь иностранных слов, вошедших в употребление в русском языке». Попов М., 1907)
ЛЕЙБ-ГВАРДИЯ синонимы
Словарь русских синонимов
лейб-гвардия
Синонимы:
гвардия, йоменри, охрана
Словарь русских синонимов 4
лейб-гвардия
Синонимы:
гвардия, йоменри, охрана
ЛЕЙБ-ГВАРДИЯ ударение, формы слова
Полная акцентуированная парадигма по А. А. Зализняку
лейб-гвардия
Ударение, формы слова, парадигма:
ле́йб-гва́рдия,
ле́йб-гва́рдии,
ле́йб-гва́рдии,
ле́йб-гва́рдий,
ле́йб-гва́рдии,
ле́йб-гва́рдиям,
ле́йб-гва́рдию,
ле́йб-гва́рдии,
ле́йб-гва́рдией,
ле́йб-гва́рдиею,
ле́йб-гва́рдиями,
ле́йб-гва́рдии,
ле́йб-гва́рдиях
лейб-гвардия
- лейб-гвардия
-
лейб-гвардия, лейб-гвардии
Слитно или раздельно? Орфографический словарь-справочник. — М.: Русский язык.
.
1998.
Синонимы:
Смотреть что такое «лейб-гвардия» в других словарях:
-
ЛЕЙБ-ГВАРДИЯ — (нем. фр.). Гвардия, охраняющая особу императора. Словарь иностранных слов, вошедших в состав русского языка. Чудинов А.Н., 1910. ЛЕЙБ ГВАРДИЯ нем. франц. Гвардия, охраняющая особу императора. Объяснение 25000 иностранных слов, вошедших в… … Словарь иностранных слов русского языка
-
лейб-гвардия — и; ж. Привилегированное войско в ряде монархических государств (первоначально личная охрана монарха). Служить в лейб гвардии. Лейб гвардии Преображенский полк. ◁ Лейб гвардейский, ая, ое. Л. полк. Л. офицер. * * * лейб гвардия личная охрана… … Энциклопедический словарь
-
лейб-гвардия — гвардия, йоменри, охрана Словарь русских синонимов. лейб гвардия сущ., кол во синонимов: 3 • гвардия (3) • … Словарь синонимов
-
ЛЕЙБ-ГВАРДИЯ — ЛЕЙБ ГВАРДИЯ, лейб гвардии, жен. (воен. дорев.). Привилегированное войско (первонач. отряд телохранителей монарха). см. лейб . Толковый словарь Ушакова. Д.Н. Ушаков. 1935 1940 … Толковый словарь Ушакова
-
ЛЕЙБ-ГВАРДИЯ — личная охрана монарха и почетное наименование отборных воинских частей в некоторых странах с монархической формой правления. В России учреждена в кон. 17 в. Петром I. Позднее лейб гвардией называли многие гвардейские части российской армии.… … Большой Энциклопедический словарь
-
ЛЕЙБ-ГВАРДИЯ — (от немецкого Leib тело), личная охрана монарха и почётное наименование отборных воинских частей. В России учреждена в конце 17 в. Петром I. Позднее Л. г. назывались многие гвардейские части российской армии. Источник: Энциклопедия Отечество … Русская история
-
Лейб-гвардия — Форма Лейб Гвардии Конного полка в 1848 года … Википедия
-
лейб-гвардия — лейб гва/рдия, лейб гва/рдии … Слитно. Раздельно. Через дефис.
-
Лейб-гвардия — ж. Привилегированное войско в ряде монархических государств (первоначально личная охрана монарха). Толковый словарь Ефремовой. Т. Ф. Ефремова. 2000 … Современный толковый словарь русского языка Ефремовой
-
лейб-гвардия — лейб гв ардия, и … Русский орфографический словарь
Всего найдено: 4
Добрый день! Подскажите, пожалуйста, нужно ли писать с прописной название полков: лейб-гвардии Конногвардейский, Семеновский и т.д.
Ответ справочной службы русского языка
Слова лейб-гвардии и полк пишутся строчными, а название полка с прописной: лейб-гвардии Конногвардейский полк, лейб-гвардии Семеновский полк.
Здравствуйте!
конфликт правил на вашем сайте (?):
§ 174. Посредством ТИРЕ выделяются:
[…]
3. Стоящая в середине предложения группа однородных членов, например:
Обычно из верховых станиц – Еланской, Вешенской, Мигулинской и Казанской – брали казаков в 11-12-й армейские казачьи полки и в лейб-гвардии Атаманский.§ 159. ДВОЕТОЧИЕ ставится перед перечислением […]
в чем дело-то?
Ответ справочной службы русского языка
Это разные случаи. В первом случае перечислению однородных членов (определений) не предшествует обобщающее слово (определение с обобщающим значением). Второй случай связан с наличием перед перчислением обобщающего слова или специальных слов (как то, например, а именно). Кстати, 174-й параграф корректнее сопоставлять со 160-м.
В каких случаях в названиях воинских подразделений армии Российской Империи употребляются прописные буквы, например «Кавалергарды, Конная Гвардия, Лейб-гусары, Императорские Стрелки и Преображенцы»?
Ответ справочной службы русского языка
С прописной буквы пишутся первые слова в названиях полков, например: Кавалергардский полк, Преображенский полк, лейб-гвардии Гусарский полк, лейб-гвардии Кирасирский полк и т. п. Слова кавалергарды, преображенцы, лейб-гусары, конная гвардия, императорские стрелки и т. п. пишутся строчными буквами. Обратите внимание: слово империя в названии Российская империя тоже пишется со строчной.
Лейб-гвардии Драгунский полк — необходимо уточнить парвильность использования заглавных букв в названии полка, спасибо
Ответ справочной службы русского языка
Верно: _лейб-гвардии Драгунский полк_.
Как правильно пишется слово «лейб-гвардия»
лейб-гва́рдия
лейб-гва́рдия, -и
Источник: Орфографический
академический ресурс «Академос» Института русского языка им. В.В. Виноградова РАН (словарная база
2020)
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Вопрос: искромётно — это что-то нейтральное, положительное или отрицательное?
Синонимы к слову «лейб-гвардия»
Предложения со словом «лейб-гвардия»
- К этому можно добавить, что поручик лейб-гвардии имел острый ум, был невероятно интересным собеседником и разговаривал на десяти европейских языках практически без акцента.
- В 1818 году, когда было написано стихотворение, он служил в лейб-гвардии гусарском полку, позже стал известным философом и публицистом.
- На протяжении двух веков город был местом постоянной дислокации элиты армии – Императорской лейб-гвардии.
- (все предложения)
Цитаты из русской классики со словом «лейб-гвардия»
- Эти генерал и офицер были: граф Алексей Андреевич Аракчеев и капитан лейб-гвардии гренадерского полка Петр Андреевич Клейнмихель, крестник графа Аракчеева, часто сопутствовавший ему в его прогулках, заменяя адъютанта, назначение которым состоялось в 1812 году, по переводе его в Преображенский полк.
- Шервинский. Ее императорского величества лейб-гвардии уланского полка и личный адъютант гетмана поручик Шервинский.
- Указом 12 января 1737 года повелевалось командировать к армии Миниха, расположенной на Украине, с каждого гвардейского полка по батальону, а начальником всего гвардейского отряда, к составу которого были причислены три роты конной гвардии, назначен генерал-майор лейб-гвардии Измайловского полка подполковник и генерал-адъютант Густав Бирон. Счастье и успех сопровождали его в войне с турками, он только один раз приезжал в Петербург, но вскоре возвратился обратно на театр военных действий.
- (все
цитаты из русской классики)
Какой бывает «лейб-гвардия»
Значение слова «лейб-гвардия»
-
ЛЕЙБ-ГВА́РДИЯ, -и, ж. Привилегированное войско в ряде монархических государств (первоначально — личная охрана монарха). (Малый академический словарь, МАС)
Все значения слова ЛЕЙБ-ГВАРДИЯ
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Дополнительно
«Old Guard (Russia)» redirects here. For the Bolshevik faction, see Bolshevik old guard.
| Imperial Guard Лейб-гвардия |
|
|---|---|
Leib Guards reception at the Constantine Palace |
|
| Active | 1683–1917 |
| Country |  Russian Empire |
| Allegiance |  Emperor of Russia Russian Empire |
| Branch | Imperial Russian Army |
| Type | Artillery Cavalry Horse artillery Imperial guard Infantry |
| Size | Division |
The Russian Imperial Guard, officially known as the Leib Guard (Russian: Лейб-гвардия Leyb-gvardiya, from German Leib «body»; cf. Life Guards / Bodyguard) were military units serving as personal guards of the Emperor of Russia. Peter the Great founded the first such units following the Prussian practice in 1683, to replace the politically motivated Streltsy. The Imperial Guard subsequently increased in size and diversity to become an elite corps of all branches within the Imperial Army rather than Household troops in direct attendance on the Tsar. Numerous links were however maintained with the Imperial family and the bulk of the regiments of the Imperial Guard were stationed in and around Saint Petersburg in peacetime. The Imperial Guard was disbanded in 1917 following the Russian Revolution.
History[edit]
Peter the Great first established the two senior units of the eventual Imperial Guard, the Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky infantry regiments. Peter formed these two regiments as part of his professionalization of the Russian army after its disastrous defeat by the Swedes at the Battle of Narva, during the early phases of Great Northern War. He was influenced, too, by his distrust of the Streltsy, who had risen against him repeatedly, both during his childhood (which traumatised him) and during his reign.
Later, Empress Anna formed the Izmailovsky Regiment, recruited from her native Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, out of distrust of the other guard regiments (especially the Preobrazhensky) as a result of her paranoia of losing power. The Izmaylovsky Regiment became the official palace guards during Anna’s reign.
But the term «leib» was not used until the reign of Empress Elizabeth during her formation of the Leib Company made up of the grenadiers (especially the Preobrazhensky) who helped put her on the throne.[1]
Revolution of 1905[edit]
The Imperial Guard played a key role in suppressing the 1905 Revolution, most particularly at Saint Petersburg on Sunday, 22 (O.S. 9) January 1905 (Bloody Sunday). The Semyonovsky Regiment subsequently repressed widespread disturbances in Moscow. However, a full battalion of the Preobrazhensky Regiment mutinied in June 1906.[2]
Russian Revolution of 1917[edit]
During the February Revolution of 1917, the garrison of Saint Petersburg included 99,000 soldiers of the Imperial Guard. These were reserve battalions, made up of a mixture of new recruits and veterans from the regiments of the Imperial Guard serving at the front. While generally still recruited from rural districts, the rank and file of the Guards were no longer the reliable instruments of Tsarist autocracy that their predecessors had been during the abortive revolution of 1905. About 90 percent of the officers of these reserve units were wartime commissioned, often militarily inexperienced and sometimes sympathetic towards the need for political reform.[3] The overall morale and leadership of the Saint Petersburg troops was poor, although they still enjoyed the status of the historic regiments they represented.
During the early days of rioting in Saint Petersburg, the Semyonovsky, Pavlovsky, and Volinsky Regiments obeyed their officers and fired on the crowds of demonstrators. But on 27 February, first the Volhynsky, then the Semyonovsky, Moskovsky, and Izmailovsky Regiments defected in large numbers to what had now become a revolution. Some officers were killed. An estimated 66,700 guardsmen in the capital had deserted or defected within about two days.[4] This mass defection from units of the Imperial Guard marked the end of the Tsarist regime.
During the October Revolution, the Pavlovsky Regiment, though celebrated for its actions during the Napoleonic Wars, was one of the first regiments to mutiny and join the Bolsheviks; it then participated in the storming of the Winter Palace.[5] Much of the former Imperial Guard was still extant in October 1917, retaining their historic titles, though now their role was that of politicised republican soldiers. In addition to the Pavlovsky, the Semenovsky and Ismailovsky Regiments rallied to the Bolsheviks at a crucial stage in the revolution.[6]
In December 1917, as the Bolsheviks consolidated their power, the remnants of the Imperial Guard were disbanded and integrated into the Red Army. As such they saw combat in the Polish-Soviet War in 1920.
Organization[edit]
The final composition of the Russian Imperial Guard at the beginning of 1914 was:
His Majesty’s Life-Guards Hussar Regiment, 1914
Guards Corps St. Petersburg District.
Headquarters, St. Petersburg, Millionaya. (Guards units not part of the Guards Corps were the Guards Replacement Cavalry Regiment and Guards Field Gendarme Squadron.)
- 1st Guards Infantry Division. Headquarters, St. Petersburg, Fontanka
- 1st Brigade: Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment, Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment
- 2nd Brigade: Izmailovsky Life Guards Regiment, Egersky Life Guards Regiment
- 1st Life-Guards Artillery Brigade
- 2nd Guards Infantry Division. Headquarters, St. Petersburg, Fontanka
- 1st Brigade: Moscow Life Guards Regiment, Grenadier Life Guards Regiment
- 2nd Brigade: Pavlovsky Life Guards Regiment, Finliandsky Life Guards Regiment
- 2nd Life-Guards Artillery Brigade
- 3rd Guards Infantry Division. Headquarters, Warsaw.
- 1st Brigade: Life-Guards Lithuanian Regiment, Emperor of Austria’s Life-Guards Kexgolmsky Regiment
- 2nd Brigade: King Frederick-William III’s Life-Guards St.-Petersburg/Petrograd Regiment, Volinsky Life Guards Regiment
- 3rd Life-Guards Artillery Brigade
- 2nd Infantry Division
- Separate Guards Cavalry Brigade: His Majesty’s Lancers, Grodno Hussars
- 3rd Battery of Life-Guards Horse Artillery
- 23rd Howitzer Artillery Battalion
- 9th Sapper Battalion
Officers and soldiers of the Volinsky Life Guards Regiment in Warsaw, 1864
- 1st Guards Cavalry Division. Headquarters, St. Petersburg, Fontanka
- 1st Brigade: Her Sovereign Majesty Empress Maria Theodorovna’s Chevalier Guard Regiment, Life Guard Horse Regiment
- 2nd Brigade: His Majesty’s Life-Guards Cuirassier Regiment, Her Majesty Empress Maria Theodorovna’s Life-Guards Cuirassier Regiment
- 3rd Brigade: His Majesty’s Life-Guards Cossack Regiment, His Imperial Highness the Sovereign Heir and Tsesarevich’s Life-Guards Ataman Regiment, Life-Guards Combined Cossack Regiment, 1st His Majesty’s Ural Sotnia, 2nd Orenburg Sotnia, 3rd Combined Sotnia, 4th Amur Sotnia
- 1st Division of Life-Guards Horse-Artillery Brigade
- 2nd Guards Cavalry Division. Headquarters, St. Petersburg, Fontanka
- 1st Brigade: Life-Guards Horse-Grenadier Regiment, Her Majesty Empress Alexandra Theodorovna’s Life-Guards Lancer Regiment
- 2nd Brigade: Life-Guards Dragoon Regiment, His Majesty’s Life-Guards Hussar Regiment,
- 2nd Division of Life-Guards Horse-Artillery Brigade
- Guards Rifle Brigade. Headquarters, St. Petersburg, Fontanka
- Life-Guards 1st His Majesty’s Rifle Regiment
- Life-Guards 2nd Tsarskoe-Selo Rifle Regiment
- Life-Guards 3rd His Majesty’s Rifle Regiment
- Life-Guards 4th The Imperial Family’s Rifle Regiment
- Guards Rifle Artillery Battalion
- Life-Guards Horse Artillery
- Guards Howitzer Artillery Battalion
- Life-Guards Sapper Battalion
- Guards Aviation Company
Guard units of direct subordination as of 1917:
- Palace Grenadiers Company
- Guards Replacement Cavalry Regiment
- Guards Field Gendarme Squadron
- His Majesty’s Own Cossack Escort
- His Majesty’s Railway Regiment
Plus the following were part of the 23rd Army Corps, Warsaw Military District. Headquarters, Warsaw, Poland.
- 3rd Guards Infantry Division. Headquarters, Warsaw
- Division HQ
- 1st Brigade: Life-Guards Lithuania Regiment, Emperor of Austria’s Life-Guards Kexholm Regiment
- 2nd Brigade: King Frederick-William III’s Life-Guards St.-Petersburg Regiment, Volynski Life Guards Regiment
- 3rd Life-Guards Artillery Brigade
- Independent Guards Cavalry Brigade
- 3rd Battery of Life-Guards Horse Artillery
Ranks[edit]
Every soldier and officer of the Guard had the style of the Leib Guard (Лейб-гвардии…), for example: Colonel of the Leib Guard (Лейб-гвардии полковник). It is a misconception that the monarch himself functioned as the commander of the Leib Guard regiments, so only he and some members of the imperial family could hold a title of Colonel (Polkovnik) of the Guards. In fact, there were many guards officers in the rank of colonel.[specify]
Commissioned officers enjoyed a two-grade elevation in the Table of Ranks over regular army officers; this later changed to a one-grade elevation—first for the New Guards then for the rest of the Leib Guard. Following the abolition of the rank of Major in 1884, most grades below VII shifted one position upwards, effectively returning to those of the Old Guards.
| Grade, Old Guards | Grade, New Guards | Category | Infantry | Cavalry, Cossacks until 1891 | Cossacks (since 1891) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IV | V | Staff Officers | Colonel (Полковник) | ||
| V | VI | Lieutenant colonel (Подполковник) (until 1798) | |||
| VI | VII | Premier Major, Second Major (Премьер-майор, секунд-майор) (until 1798) | |||
| VII | VIII | Ober-Officers | Captain (Капитан) | Rittmeister (Ротмистр) | Yesaul (Есаул) |
| VIII | IX | Staff Captain(Штабс-капитан) | Staff-Rittmeister (Штабс-ротмистр) | Junior Yesaul (Подъесаул) | |
| IX | X | Poruchik/Lieutenant (Поручик) | Sotnik (Сотник) | ||
| X | XI | Junior Poruchik/Sub-lieutenant (Подпоручик) | Khorunzhiy (Хорунжий) | ||
| XI | XII | Praporshchik (Прапорщик) | Cornet (Корнет) | ||
| XII | XIII | Under-Officers | Feldwebel (Фельдфебель) | ||
| XIII | XIV | Sergeant (Сержант) (1800-1884) | Wachtmeister (Вахмистр) | Junior Khorunzhiy (Подхорунжий) | |
| XIV | |||||
| Junior Praporshchik (Подпрапорщик); Senior Unteroffizier (Старший унтер-офицер) since 1800 | Wachtmeister (Вахмистр) | ||||
| Unteroffizier (Унтер-офицер) | Uryadnik (Урядник) | ||||
| Gefreiter (Ефрейтор) | Prikazny (Приказный) | ||||
| Privates | Musketeer, Fusilier, Grenadier etc. (Мушкетер, фузилер, гренадер и т.д.) | Dragoon, Hussar, Cuirassier, Cossack etc. (Драгун, гусар, кирасир, казак и т.д.) | Cossack (Казак) |
Basis of selection[edit]
From the 18th century onwards the rank and file of the Imperial Guard were picked from each annual intake of conscripts. In peacetime most regiments had a selection criteria based on features of physical appearance such as height, hair-colour etc. The purpose of this tradition was to enhance the uniform appearance of each unit when on parade. As an example, the Semyonovsky Regiment conscripts were picked for their height (tallest of the Guard Infantry), light brown hair and being clean-shaven.[7]
See also[edit]
- Imperial guard
- Table of Ranks
- History of Russian military ranks
- Toy army of Peter the Great
References[edit]
- ^ Chantreau (1794). «Philosophical, Political, and Literary Travels in Russia, During the Years 1788 & 1789».
- ^ de Gmeline, Patrick (1986). La Garden Imperiale Russe. pp. 334–336. ISBN 9-782702-501412.
- ^ Mansel, Philip (1984). Pillars of Monarchy. p. 136. ISBN 0-7043-2424-5.
- ^ Mansel, Philip (1984). Pillars of Monarchy. pp. 136–137. ISBN 0-7043-2424-5.
- ^ Barrack of the Pavlovsky Regiment
- ^ Mansel, Philip (1984). Pillars of Monarchy. p. 137. ISBN 0-7043-2424-5.
- ^ Patrick de Gmeline, pages 36-37 «La Garde Imperiale Russe 1896-1914», publisher Charles-Lavauzelle Paris 1986
External links[edit]
- Russian Imperial Guard During the Napoleonic Wars
- THE RUSSIAN ARMY, 1914 by Mark Conrad, 2001. Divisions.[dead link]
«Old Guard (Russia)» redirects here. For the Bolshevik faction, see Bolshevik old guard.
| Imperial Guard Лейб-гвардия |
|
|---|---|
|
Leib Guards reception at the Constantine Palace |
|
| Active | 1683–1917 |
| Country | Russian Empire |
| Allegiance | Emperor of Russia Russian Empire |
| Branch | Imperial Russian Army |
| Type | Artillery Cavalry Horse artillery Imperial guard Infantry |
| Size | Division |
The Russian Imperial Guard, officially known as the Leib Guard (Russian: Лейб-гвардия Leyb-gvardiya, from German Leib «body»; cf. Life Guards / Bodyguard) were military units serving as personal guards of the Emperor of Russia. Peter the Great founded the first such units following the Prussian practice in 1683, to replace the politically motivated Streltsy. The Imperial Guard subsequently increased in size and diversity to become an elite corps of all branches within the Imperial Army rather than Household troops in direct attendance on the Tsar. Numerous links were however maintained with the Imperial family and the bulk of the regiments of the Imperial Guard were stationed in and around Saint Petersburg in peacetime. The Imperial Guard was disbanded in 1917 following the Russian Revolution.
History[edit]
Peter the Great first established the two senior units of the eventual Imperial Guard, the Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky infantry regiments. Peter formed these two regiments as part of his professionalization of the Russian army after its disastrous defeat by the Swedes at the Battle of Narva, during the early phases of Great Northern War. He was influenced, too, by his distrust of the Streltsy, who had risen against him repeatedly, both during his childhood (which traumatised him) and during his reign.
Later, Empress Anna formed the Izmailovsky Regiment, recruited from her native Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, out of distrust of the other guard regiments (especially the Preobrazhensky) as a result of her paranoia of losing power. The Izmaylovsky Regiment became the official palace guards during Anna’s reign.
But the term «leib» was not used until the reign of Empress Elizabeth during her formation of the Leib Company made up of the grenadiers (especially the Preobrazhensky) who helped put her on the throne.[1]
Revolution of 1905[edit]
The Imperial Guard played a key role in suppressing the 1905 Revolution, most particularly at Saint Petersburg on Sunday, 22 (O.S. 9) January 1905 (Bloody Sunday). The Semyonovsky Regiment subsequently repressed widespread disturbances in Moscow. However, a full battalion of the Preobrazhensky Regiment mutinied in June 1906.[2]
Russian Revolution of 1917[edit]
During the February Revolution of 1917, the garrison of Saint Petersburg included 99,000 soldiers of the Imperial Guard. These were reserve battalions, made up of a mixture of new recruits and veterans from the regiments of the Imperial Guard serving at the front. While generally still recruited from rural districts, the rank and file of the Guards were no longer the reliable instruments of Tsarist autocracy that their predecessors had been during the abortive revolution of 1905. About 90 percent of the officers of these reserve units were wartime commissioned, often militarily inexperienced and sometimes sympathetic towards the need for political reform.[3] The overall morale and leadership of the Saint Petersburg troops was poor, although they still enjoyed the status of the historic regiments they represented.
During the early days of rioting in Saint Petersburg, the Semyonovsky, Pavlovsky, and Volinsky Regiments obeyed their officers and fired on the crowds of demonstrators. But on 27 February, first the Volhynsky, then the Semyonovsky, Moskovsky, and Izmailovsky Regiments defected in large numbers to what had now become a revolution. Some officers were killed. An estimated 66,700 guardsmen in the capital had deserted or defected within about two days.[4] This mass defection from units of the Imperial Guard marked the end of the Tsarist regime.
During the October Revolution, the Pavlovsky Regiment, though celebrated for its actions during the Napoleonic Wars, was one of the first regiments to mutiny and join the Bolsheviks; it then participated in the storming of the Winter Palace.[5] Much of the former Imperial Guard was still extant in October 1917, retaining their historic titles, though now their role was that of politicised republican soldiers. In addition to the Pavlovsky, the Semenovsky and Ismailovsky Regiments rallied to the Bolsheviks at a crucial stage in the revolution.[6]
In December 1917, as the Bolsheviks consolidated their power, the remnants of the Imperial Guard were disbanded and integrated into the Red Army. As such they saw combat in the Polish-Soviet War in 1920.
Organization[edit]
The final composition of the Russian Imperial Guard at the beginning of 1914 was:
His Majesty’s Life-Guards Hussar Regiment, 1914
Guards Corps St. Petersburg District.
Headquarters, St. Petersburg, Millionaya. (Guards units not part of the Guards Corps were the Guards Replacement Cavalry Regiment and Guards Field Gendarme Squadron.)
- 1st Guards Infantry Division. Headquarters, St. Petersburg, Fontanka
- 1st Brigade: Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment, Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment
- 2nd Brigade: Izmailovsky Life Guards Regiment, Egersky Life Guards Regiment
- 1st Life-Guards Artillery Brigade
- 2nd Guards Infantry Division. Headquarters, St. Petersburg, Fontanka
- 1st Brigade: Moscow Life Guards Regiment, Grenadier Life Guards Regiment
- 2nd Brigade: Pavlovsky Life Guards Regiment, Finliandsky Life Guards Regiment
- 2nd Life-Guards Artillery Brigade
- 3rd Guards Infantry Division. Headquarters, Warsaw.
- 1st Brigade: Life-Guards Lithuanian Regiment, Emperor of Austria’s Life-Guards Kexgolmsky Regiment
- 2nd Brigade: King Frederick-William III’s Life-Guards St.-Petersburg/Petrograd Regiment, Volinsky Life Guards Regiment
- 3rd Life-Guards Artillery Brigade
- 2nd Infantry Division
- Separate Guards Cavalry Brigade: His Majesty’s Lancers, Grodno Hussars
- 3rd Battery of Life-Guards Horse Artillery
- 23rd Howitzer Artillery Battalion
- 9th Sapper Battalion
Officers and soldiers of the Volinsky Life Guards Regiment in Warsaw, 1864
- 1st Guards Cavalry Division. Headquarters, St. Petersburg, Fontanka
- 1st Brigade: Her Sovereign Majesty Empress Maria Theodorovna’s Chevalier Guard Regiment, Life Guard Horse Regiment
- 2nd Brigade: His Majesty’s Life-Guards Cuirassier Regiment, Her Majesty Empress Maria Theodorovna’s Life-Guards Cuirassier Regiment
- 3rd Brigade: His Majesty’s Life-Guards Cossack Regiment, His Imperial Highness the Sovereign Heir and Tsesarevich’s Life-Guards Ataman Regiment, Life-Guards Combined Cossack Regiment, 1st His Majesty’s Ural Sotnia, 2nd Orenburg Sotnia, 3rd Combined Sotnia, 4th Amur Sotnia
- 1st Division of Life-Guards Horse-Artillery Brigade
- 2nd Guards Cavalry Division. Headquarters, St. Petersburg, Fontanka
- 1st Brigade: Life-Guards Horse-Grenadier Regiment, Her Majesty Empress Alexandra Theodorovna’s Life-Guards Lancer Regiment
- 2nd Brigade: Life-Guards Dragoon Regiment, His Majesty’s Life-Guards Hussar Regiment,
- 2nd Division of Life-Guards Horse-Artillery Brigade
- Guards Rifle Brigade. Headquarters, St. Petersburg, Fontanka
- Life-Guards 1st His Majesty’s Rifle Regiment
- Life-Guards 2nd Tsarskoe-Selo Rifle Regiment
- Life-Guards 3rd His Majesty’s Rifle Regiment
- Life-Guards 4th The Imperial Family’s Rifle Regiment
- Guards Rifle Artillery Battalion
- Life-Guards Horse Artillery
- Guards Howitzer Artillery Battalion
- Life-Guards Sapper Battalion
- Guards Aviation Company
Guard units of direct subordination as of 1917:
- Palace Grenadiers Company
- Guards Replacement Cavalry Regiment
- Guards Field Gendarme Squadron
- His Majesty’s Own Cossack Escort
- His Majesty’s Railway Regiment
Plus the following were part of the 23rd Army Corps, Warsaw Military District. Headquarters, Warsaw, Poland.
- 3rd Guards Infantry Division. Headquarters, Warsaw
- Division HQ
- 1st Brigade: Life-Guards Lithuania Regiment, Emperor of Austria’s Life-Guards Kexholm Regiment
- 2nd Brigade: King Frederick-William III’s Life-Guards St.-Petersburg Regiment, Volynski Life Guards Regiment
- 3rd Life-Guards Artillery Brigade
- Independent Guards Cavalry Brigade
- 3rd Battery of Life-Guards Horse Artillery
Ranks[edit]
Every soldier and officer of the Guard had the style of the Leib Guard (Лейб-гвардии…), for example: Colonel of the Leib Guard (Лейб-гвардии полковник). It is a misconception that the monarch himself functioned as the commander of the Leib Guard regiments, so only he and some members of the imperial family could hold a title of Colonel (Polkovnik) of the Guards. In fact, there were many guards officers in the rank of colonel.[specify]
Commissioned officers enjoyed a two-grade elevation in the Table of Ranks over regular army officers; this later changed to a one-grade elevation—first for the New Guards then for the rest of the Leib Guard. Following the abolition of the rank of Major in 1884, most grades below VII shifted one position upwards, effectively returning to those of the Old Guards.
| Grade, Old Guards | Grade, New Guards | Category | Infantry | Cavalry, Cossacks until 1891 | Cossacks (since 1891) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IV | V | Staff Officers | Colonel (Полковник) | ||
| V | VI | Lieutenant colonel (Подполковник) (until 1798) | |||
| VI | VII | Premier Major, Second Major (Премьер-майор, секунд-майор) (until 1798) | |||
| VII | VIII | Ober-Officers | Captain (Капитан) | Rittmeister (Ротмистр) | Yesaul (Есаул) |
| VIII | IX | Staff Captain(Штабс-капитан) | Staff-Rittmeister (Штабс-ротмистр) | Junior Yesaul (Подъесаул) | |
| IX | X | Poruchik/Lieutenant (Поручик) | Sotnik (Сотник) | ||
| X | XI | Junior Poruchik/Sub-lieutenant (Подпоручик) | Khorunzhiy (Хорунжий) | ||
| XI | XII | Praporshchik (Прапорщик) | Cornet (Корнет) | ||
| XII | XIII | Under-Officers | Feldwebel (Фельдфебель) | ||
| XIII | XIV | Sergeant (Сержант) (1800-1884) | Wachtmeister (Вахмистр) | Junior Khorunzhiy (Подхорунжий) | |
| XIV | |||||
| Junior Praporshchik (Подпрапорщик); Senior Unteroffizier (Старший унтер-офицер) since 1800 | Wachtmeister (Вахмистр) | ||||
| Unteroffizier (Унтер-офицер) | Uryadnik (Урядник) | ||||
| Gefreiter (Ефрейтор) | Prikazny (Приказный) | ||||
| Privates | Musketeer, Fusilier, Grenadier etc. (Мушкетер, фузилер, гренадер и т.д.) | Dragoon, Hussar, Cuirassier, Cossack etc. (Драгун, гусар, кирасир, казак и т.д.) | Cossack (Казак) |
Basis of selection[edit]
From the 18th century onwards the rank and file of the Imperial Guard were picked from each annual intake of conscripts. In peacetime most regiments had a selection criteria based on features of physical appearance such as height, hair-colour etc. The purpose of this tradition was to enhance the uniform appearance of each unit when on parade. As an example, the Semyonovsky Regiment conscripts were picked for their height (tallest of the Guard Infantry), light brown hair and being clean-shaven.[7]
See also[edit]
- Imperial guard
- Table of Ranks
- History of Russian military ranks
- Toy army of Peter the Great
References[edit]
- ^ Chantreau (1794). «Philosophical, Political, and Literary Travels in Russia, During the Years 1788 & 1789».
- ^ de Gmeline, Patrick (1986). La Garden Imperiale Russe. pp. 334–336. ISBN 9-782702-501412.
- ^ Mansel, Philip (1984). Pillars of Monarchy. p. 136. ISBN 0-7043-2424-5.
- ^ Mansel, Philip (1984). Pillars of Monarchy. pp. 136–137. ISBN 0-7043-2424-5.
- ^ Barrack of the Pavlovsky Regiment
- ^ Mansel, Philip (1984). Pillars of Monarchy. p. 137. ISBN 0-7043-2424-5.
- ^ Patrick de Gmeline, pages 36-37 «La Garde Imperiale Russe 1896-1914», publisher Charles-Lavauzelle Paris 1986
External links[edit]
- Russian Imperial Guard During the Napoleonic Wars
- THE RUSSIAN ARMY, 1914 by Mark Conrad, 2001. Divisions.[dead link]