Майя плисецкая рассказ на английском

Maya Plisetskaya Майя Плисецкая
Plisetskaya in 2011
Born	Maya Mikhailovna Plisetskaya 20 November 1925 Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Died	2 May 2015 (aged 89) Munich, Germany
Occupations	Ballerina choreographer ballet director actress
Spouse	Rodion Shchedrin ​ (m. 1958)​
Awards	Full cavalier of the Order «For Merit to the Fatherland»
Former groups	Bolshoi Ballet
Dances	Ballet, modern
Website	www.shchedrin.de

Maya Mikhailovna Plisetskaya (Russian: Майя Михайловна Плисецкая; 20 November 1925 – 2 May 2015) was a Soviet and Russian ballet dancer, choreographer, ballet director, and actress. In post-Soviet times, she held both Lithuanian and Spanish citizenship.^[1][2][3] She danced during the Soviet era at the Bolshoi Theatre under the directorships of Leonid Lavrovsky, then of Yury Grigorovich; later she moved into direct confrontation with him.^{[citation needed]} In 1960, when famed Russian ballerina Galina Ulanova retired, Plisetskaya became prima ballerina assoluta of the company.

Her early years were marked by political repression and loss.^[4] Her father, Mikhail Plisetski, a Soviet official, was arrested in 1937 and executed in 1938, during the Great Purge. Her mother, actress Rachel Messerer, was arrested in 1938 and imprisoned for a few years, then held in a concentration camp together with her infant son, Azari ^[ru]. The older children were faced with the threat of being put in an orphanage but were cared for by maternal relatives. Maya was adopted by their aunt Sulamith Messerer, and Alexander was taken into the family of their uncle Asaf Messerer; both Alexander and Azary eventually became solo dancers of the Bolshoi.

Plisetskaya studied ballet at The Bolshoi Ballet School from age nine, and she first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre when she was eleven. She studied ballet under the direction of Elizaveta Gerdt and also her aunt, Sulamith Messerer. Graduating in 1943 at the age of eighteen, she joined the Bolshoi Ballet company, quickly rising to become their leading soloist. In 1959, during the Thaw Time, she started to tour outside the country with the Bolshoi, then on her own. Her fame as a national ballerina was used to project the Soviet Union’s achievements during the Cold War. Premier Nikita Khrushchev considered her to be «not only the best ballerina in the Soviet Union, but the best in the world».^[5]

As an artist, Plisetskaya had an inexhaustible interest in new roles and dance styles, and she liked to experiment on stage. As a member of the Bolshoi until 1990, she had international exposure and her skills as a dancer changed the world of ballet. She set a higher standard for ballerinas, both in terms of technical brilliance and dramatic presence. As a soloist, Plisetskaya created a number of leading roles, including Juliet in Lavrovsky’s Romeo and Juliet; Phrygia in Yakobson’s Spartacus (1958); in Grigorovich’s ballets : Mistress of the Copper Mountain in The Stone Flower (1959); Aurora in The Sleeping Beauty (1963); Mahmene Banu in The Legend of Love ^[ru] (1965); Alberto Alonso’s Carmen Suite (1967), choreographed especially for her; and Maurice Bejart’s Isadora (1976). Among her most acclaimed roles were Kitri in Don Quixote, Odette-Odile in Swan Lake, and The Dying Swan, first danced as a pre-graduate student under the guidance of Sulamith Messerer. A fellow dancer said that her dramatic portrayal of Carmen, reportedly her favorite role, «helped confirm her as a legend, and the ballet soon took its place as a landmark in the Bolshoi repertoire». Her husband, composer Rodion Shchedrin, wrote the scores to a number of her ballets.

Having become «an international superstar» and a continuous «box office hit throughout the world», Plisetskaya was treated by the Soviet Union as a favored cultural emissary. Although she toured extensively during the same years that other prominent dancers defected, including Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova, and Mikhail Baryshnikov, Plisetskaya always refused to defect. In 1991, she published her autobiography, I, Maya Plisetskaya.^[6]

Early life[edit]

Plisetskaya was born on 20 November 1925 in Moscow,^[7] into a prominent family of Lithuanian Jewish descent,^[8] most of whom were involved in the theater or film. Her mother, Rachel Messerer, was a silent-film actress. Bolshoi Ballet principal dancer Asaf Messerer was a maternal uncle and Bolshoi prima ballerina Sulamith Messerer was a maternal aunt. Her father, Mikhail Plisetski (Misha), was a diplomat, engineer and mine director; he was not involved in the arts, although he was a fan of ballet.^[9] Her brothers Alexander Plisetski and Azari Plisetski became renowned ballet masters, and her niece Anna Plisetskaya would also become a ballerina. She was the cousin of theater artist Boris Messerer.

In 1938, her father was arrested and later executed during the Stalinist purges, during which thousands of people were murdered.^[4] According to ballet scholar Jennifer Homans, her father was a committed Communist, and had earlier been «proclaimed a national hero for his work on behalf of the Soviet coal industry».^[10] Soviet leader Vyacheslav Molotov presented him with one of the Soviet Union’s first manufactured cars. Her mother was arrested soon after and together with her seven-month-old baby Azary sent to a labor camp (Gulag) in Kazakhstan for the next three years.^[11][12] Maya was taken in by their maternal aunt, ballerina Sulamith Messerer, until her mother was released in 1941.^[13]

During the years without her parents, while barely a teenager, Plisetskaya «faced terror, war, and dislocation», writes Homans. As a result, «Maya took refuge in ballet and the Bolshoi Theater.»^[10] As her father was stationed at Spitzbergen to supervise the coalmines in Barentsburg, she had stayed there for four years with her family, from 1932 to 1936.^[14] She subsequently studied at the Bolshoi School under the ex-ballerina of the Mariinsky imperial ballet, the great Elizaveta Gerdt. Maya first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre when she was eleven. In 1943, at the age of eighteen, Plisetskaya graduated from the Bolshoi School. She joined the Bolshoi Ballet, where she performed until 1990.^[13]

Career[edit]

Performing in the Soviet Union[edit]

From the beginning, Plisetskaya was a different kind of ballerina. She spent a very short time in the corps de ballet after graduation and was quickly named a soloist. Her bright red hair and striking looks made her a glamorous figure on and off the stage. «She was a remarkably fluid dancer but also a very powerful one», according to The Oxford Dictionary of Dance.^[15] «The robust theatricality and passion she brought to her roles made her an ideal Soviet ballerina.» Her interpretation of The Dying Swan, a short showcase piece made famous by Anna Pavlova, became her calling card. Plisetskaya was known for the height of her jumps, her extremely flexible back, the technical strength of her dancing, and her charisma. She excelled both in adagio and allegro, which is very unusual in dancers.^[15]

Despite her acclaim, Plisetskaya was not treated well by the Bolshoi management. She was Jewish at a time of Soviet anti-Zionist campaigns combined with other oppression of suspected dissidents.^[8] Her family had been purged during the Stalinist era, and she had a defiant personality. As a result, Plisetskaya was not allowed to tour outside the country for sixteen years after she had become a member of the Bolshoi.^[11]

The Soviet Union used the artistry of such dancers as Plisetskaya to project its achievements during the Cold War period with United States. Historian Christina Ezrahi notes, «In a quest for cultural legitimacy, the Soviet ballet was shown off to foreign leaders and nations.» Plisetskaya recalls that foreigners «were all taken to the ballet. And almost always, Swan Lake … Khrushchev was always with the high guests in the loge», including Mao Zedong and Stalin.^[4][16]

Ezrahi writes, «the intrinsic paranoia of the Soviet regime made it ban Plisetskaya, one of the most celebrated dancers, from the Bolshoi Ballet’s first major international tour», as she was considered «politically suspect» and was «non-exportable».^[10] In 1948, the Zhdanov Doctrine took effect, and with her family history, and being Jewish, she became a «natural target . . . publicly humiliated and excoriated for not attending political meetings».^[10] As a result, dancing roles were continually denied her and for sixteen years she could tour only within the Eastern Bloc. She became a «provincial artist, consigned to grimy, unrewarding bus tours, exclusively for local consumption», writes Homans.^[10]

In 1958, Plisetskaya received the title of the People’s Artist of the USSR. That same year, she married the young composer Rodion Shchedrin, whose subsequent fame she shared. Wanting to dance internationally, she rebelled and defied Soviet expectations. On one occasion, to gain the attention and respect from some of the country’s leaders, she gave one of the most powerful performances of her career, in Swan Lake, for her 1956 concert in Moscow. Homans describes that «extraordinary performance»:

We can feel the steely contempt and defiance taking hold of her dancing. When the curtain came down on the first act, the crowd exploded. KGB toughs muffled the audience’s applauding hands and dragged people out of the theater kicking, screaming, and scratching. By the end of the evening the government thugs had retreated, unable (or unwilling) to contain the public enthusiasm. Plisetskaya had won.^[10]

International tours[edit]

Soviet leader Khrushchev was still concerned, writes historian David Caute, that «her defection would have been useful for the West as anti-Soviet propaganda». She wrote him «a long and forthright expression of her patriotism and her indignation that it should be doubted».^[5] Subsequently, the travel ban was lifted in 1959 on Khrushchev’s personal intercession, as it became clear to him that striking Plisetskaya from the Bolshoi’s participants could have serious consequences for the tour’s success.^[16] In his memoirs, Khrushchev writes that Plisetskaya «was not only the best ballerina in the Soviet Union, but the best in the world».^[5][17]

Able to travel the world as a member of the Bolshoi, Plisetskaya changed the world of ballet by her skills and technique, setting a higher standard for ballerinas both in terms of technical brilliance and dramatic presence. Having allowed her to tour in New York, Khrushchev was immensely satisfied upon reading the reviews of her performances. «He embraced her upon her return: ‘Good girl, coming back. Not making me look like a fool. You didn’t let me down.'»^[10]

Within a few years, Plisetskaya was recognized as «an international superstar» and a continuous «box office hit throughout the world».^[10] The Soviet Union treated her as a favored cultural emissary, as «the dancer who did not defect».^[10] Although she toured extensively during the same years that other dancers defected, including Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova and Mikhail Baryshnikov, «Plisetskaya always returned to Russia», wrote historian Tim Scholl.^[13]: xiii

Plisetskaya explains that for her generation, and her family in particular, defecting was a moral issue: «He who runs to the enemy’s side is a traitor.» She had once asked her mother why their family didn’t leave the Soviet Union when they had the chance, at the time living in Norway. Her mother said that her father «would have abandoned [her] with the children instantly» for even asking. «Misha would never have been a traitor.»^[13]: 239

Style[edit]

Although she lacked the first-rate training and coaching of her contemporaries, Plisetskaya «compensated» by «developing an individual, iconoclastic style that capitalized on her electrifying stage presence», writes historian Tim Scholl. She had a «daring rarely seen on ballet stages today, and a jump of almost masculine power».^[13]

Her very personal style was angular, dramatic, and theatrical, exploiting the gifts that everyone in her mother’s family seemed to possess…. Those who saw Plisetskaya’s first performances in the West still speak of her ability to wrap the theater in her gaze, to convey powerful emotions in terse gestures.^[13]: xii

Critic and dance historian Vadim Gaevsky said of her influence on ballet that «she began by creating her own style and ended up creating her own theater.»^[18] Among her most notable performances was a 1975 free-form dance, in a modern style, set to Ravel’s Boléro. In it, she dances a solo piece on an elevated round stage, surrounded and accompanied by 40 male dancers. One reviewer wrote, «Words cannot compare to the majesty and raw beauty of Plisetskaya’s performance»:^[19]

What makes the piece so compelling is that although Plisetskaya may be accompanied by dozens of other dancers mirroring her movement, the first and only focus is on the prima ballerina herself. Her continual rocking and swaying at certain points, rhythmically timed to the syncopation of the orchestra, create a mesmerizing effect that demonstrated an absolute control over every nuance of her body, from the smallest toe to her fingertips, to the top of her head.^[19]

Performances[edit]

Plisetskaya created a number of leading roles, including ones in Lavrovsky’s Stone Flower (1954), Moiseyev’s Spartacus (1958), Grigorovich’s Moscow version of The Stone Flower (1959), Aurora in Grigorovich’s staging The Sleeping Beauty (1963), Grigorovich’s Moscow version of The Legend of Love (1965), the title role in Alberto Alonso’s Carmen Suite (1967), Petit’s La Rose malade (Paris, 1973), Bejart’s Isadora (Monte Carlo, 1976) and his Moscow staging of Leda (1979), Granero’s Maria Estuardo (Madrid, 1988), and Julio Lopez’s El Reñidero (Buenos Aires, 1990).^[15]

After performing in Spartacus during her 1959 U.S. debut tour, Life magazine, in its issue featuring the Bolshoi, rated her second only to Galina Ulanova.^[21] Spartacus became a significant ballet for the Bolshoi, with one critic describing their «rage to perform», personified by Plisetskaya as ballerina, «that defined the Bolshoi».^[10] During her travels, she also appeared as guest artist with the Paris Opera Ballet, Ballet National de Marseilles, and Ballet of the 20th Century in Brussels.^[15]

By 1962, following Ulanova’s retirement, Plisetskaya embarked on another three-month world tour. As a performer, notes Homans, she «excelled in the hard-edged, technically demanding roles that Ulanova eschewed, including Raymonda, the black swan in Swan Lake, and Kitri in Don Quixote«.^[10] In her performances, Plisetskaya was «unpretentious, refreshing, direct. She did not hold back.»^[10] Ulanova added that Plisetskaya’s «artistic temperament, bubbling optimism of youth reveal themselves in this ballet with full force».^[20] World-famous impresario Sol Hurok said that Plisetskaya was the only ballerina after Pavlova who gave him «a shock of electricity» when she came on stage.^[20] Rudolf Nureyev watched her debut as Kitri in Don Quixote and told her afterwards, «I sobbed from happiness. You set the stage on fire.»^[4][22]

At the conclusion of one performance at the Metropolitan Opera, she received a half-hour ovation. Choreographer Jerome Robbins, who had just finished the Broadway play, West Side Story, told her that he «wanted to create a ballet especially for her».^[5]

Plisetskaya’s most acclaimed roles included Odette-Odile in Swan Lake (1947) and Aurora in Sleeping Beauty (1961). Her dancing partner in Swan Lake states that for twenty years, he and Plisetskaya shared the world stage with that ballet, with her performance consistently producing «the most powerful impression on the audience».^[23]

Equally notable were her ballets as The Dying Swan. Critic Walter Terry described one performance: «What she did was to discard her own identity as a ballerina and even as a human and to assume the characteristics of a magical creature. The audience became hysterical, and she had to perform an encore.»^[20] She danced that particular ballet until her late 60s, giving one of her last performances of it in the Philippines, where similarly, the applause wouldn’t stop until she came out and performed an encore.^[24]

Novelist Truman Capote remembered a similar performance in Moscow, seeing «grown men crying in the aisles and worshiping girls holding crumpled bouquets for her». He saw her as «a white spectre leaping in smooth rainbow arcs», with «a royal head». She said of her style that «the secret of the ballerina is to make the audience say, ‘Yes, I believe.'»^[20]

Fashion designers Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Cardin considered Plisetskaya one of their inspirations, with Cardin alone having traveled to Moscow over 30 times just to see Plisetskaya perform.^[24][25] She credits Cardin’s costume designs for the success and recognition she received for her ballets of Anna Karenina, The Seagull, and Lady with the Dog. She recalls his reaction when she initially suggested he design one of her costumes: «Cardin’s eyes lit up like batteries. As if an electrical current passed through them.»^[13]: 170 Within a week, he had created a design for Anna Karenina, and over the course of her career he created ten different costumes for just Karenina.^[26]

In 1967, she performed as Carmen in the Carmen Suite, choreographed specifically for her by Cuban choreographer Alberto Alonso. The music was re-scored from Bizet’s original by her husband, Rodion Shchedrin, and its themes were re-worked into a «modernist and almost abstract narrative».^[28] Dancer Olympia Dowd, who performed alongside her, writes that Plisetskaya’s dramatic portrayal of Carmen, her favorite role, made her a legend, and soon became a «landmark» in the Bolshoi’s repertoire.^[29] Her Carmen, however, at first «rattled the Soviet establishment», which was «shaken with her Latin sensuality».^[30] She was aware that her dance style was radical and new, saying that «every gesture, every look, every movement had meaning, was different from all other ballets… The Soviet Union was not ready for this sort of choreography. It was war, they accused me of betraying classical dance.»^[31]

Some critics outside of Russia saw her departure from classical styles as necessary to the Bolshoi’s success in the West. New York Times critic Anna Kisselgoff observed, «Without her presence, their poverty of movement invention would make them untenable in performance. It is a tragedy of Soviet ballet that a dancer of her singular genius was never extended creatively.»^[18] A Russian news commentator wrote, she «was never afraid to bring ardor and vehemence onto the stage», contributing to her becoming a «true queen of the Bolshoi».^[30] Her life and work was described by the French ballet critic André Philippe Hersin as «genius, audacity and avant-garde».^[32]

Acting and choreography[edit]

After Galina Ulanova left the stage in 1960, Maya Plisetskaya was proclaimed the prima ballerina assoluta of the Bolshoi Theatre. In 1971, her husband Shchedrin wrote a ballet on the same subject, where she would play the leading role. Anna Karenina was also her first attempt at choreography.^[33] Other choreographers who created ballets for her include Yury Grigorovich, Roland Petit, Alberto Alonso, and Maurice Béjart with «Isadora». She created The Seagull and Lady with a Lapdog. She starred in the 1961 film, The Humpbacked Horse, and appeared as a straight actress in several films, including the Soviet version of Anna Karenina (1968), which featured music by Shchedrin later reused in his ballet score. Her own ballet of the same name was filmed in 1974.^{[citation needed]}

While on tour in the United States in 1987, Plisetskaya gave master classes at the David Howard Dance Center. A review in New York magazine noted that although she was 61 when giving the classes, «she displayed the suppleness and power of a performer in her physical prime».^[34] In October that year, she performed with Rudolf Nureyev and Mikhail Baryshnikov for the opening night of the season with the Martha Graham Dance Company in New York.^[35]

Plisetskaya’s husband, composer Rodion Shchedrin, wrote the score to a number of her ballets, including Anna Karenina, The Sea Gull, Carmen, and Lady with a Small Dog. In the 1980s, he was considered the successor to Shostakovich, and became the Soviet Union’s leading composer.^[36] Plisetskaya and Shchedrin spent time abroad, where she worked as the artistic director of the Rome Opera Ballet from 1984 to 85, then the Spanish National Dance Company from 1987 to 1989. She retired as a soloist for the Bolshoi at age 65 in 1990 and on her 70th birthday, she debuted in Maurice Béjart’s piece choreographed for her, «Ave Maya». Since 1994, she has presided over the annual international ballet competitions, called Maya, and in 1996 she was named President of the Imperial Russian Ballet.^[37] After the Soviet Union collapsed Plisetskaya and her husband lived mostly in Germany spending summers in their house in Lithuania and occasionally visiting Moscow and St. Petersburg.

She was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts in 2005 with the ballerina Tamara Rojo also. She was awarded the Spanish Gold Medal of Fine Art. In 1996, she danced the Dying Swan, her signature role, at a gala in her honor in St. Petersburg.^[15]

On her 80th birthday, the Financial Times wrote:

«She was, and still is, a star, ballet’s monstre sacre, the final statement about theatrical glamour, a flaring, flaming beacon in a world of dimly twinkling talents, a beauty in the world of prettiness.»^[38]

In 2006, Emperor Akihito of Japan presented her with the Praemium Imperiale.

Death[edit]

Plisetskaya died in Munich, Germany, on 2 May 2015 from a heart attack.^[39][18] According to her last will and testament, she was to be cremated, and after the death of her widower, Rodion Shchedrin, who is also to be cremated, their ashes are to be combined and spread over Russia.^[40]

Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed his condolences, and Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said that «a whole era of ballet was gone» with Plisetskaya.^[41] Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko extended condolences to her family and friends:

The passing of great Maya Mikhailovna [Plisetskaya] whose creative work embodied the whole cultural era is an irretrievable loss for Russian and world art. Her brilliant choreography and wonderful grace, fantastic power of dramatic identification and outstanding mastery dazzled the audience. Thanks to her selfless service to art and commitment to the stage, she was respected all over the world.^[42]

Tributes[edit]

• Brazilian mural artist Eduardo Kobra painted a 12-meter (39 ft) tall mural of Plisetskaya in 2013, located in Moscow’s central theater district, near the Bolshoi Theatre.^[43]
• Conductor and artistic director Valery Gergiev, who was a close friend of Plisetskya, gave a concert in Moscow on 18 November 2015, dedicated to her memory.^[44]
• On 20 November 2015, the government of Russia named a square in her honor in central Moscow, on Ulitsa Bolshaya Dmitrovka, near the Bolshoi Theatre. A bronze plaque affixed at the square included an engraving: «Maya Plisetskaya Square is named after the outstanding Russian ballerina. Opened 20 November 2015.»^[45]
• In St. Petersburg, the Mariinsky Theater Symphony Orchestra paid homage to Plisetskaya’s memory with a concert on 27 December 2015. It was conducted by Valery Gergiev and included a performance with ballet dancer Diana Vishneva.^[44] The Mariinsky Ballet later performed a four-program «Tribute of Maya Plisetskaya» at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in February 2016.^[46]
• The Bolshoi Theater performed a concert in memory of Plisetskaya at the London Coliseum on 6 March 2016.^[47]
• A monument to Maya Plisetskaya was unveiled in the center of Moscow, on Bolshaya Dmitrovka, in the square named after her. The opening took place on 20 November 2016, the date of her birth, and shows her in a pose from Carmen.^[48][49] Describing the monument, one observer commented about sculpturist Viktor Mitroshin and the statue’s design:

In choosing Carmen, Mitroshin emphasized not only Plisetskaya’s physical prowess, grace and beauty, he put a big exclamation point after character… Look at those gorgeous arms, hands, legs. Look at the sassy sway of the dress. Look at the dark, hard eyes and the tight, determined mouth. Look at the sway of the back. Look at that crazy flower on her head. Look at how all of it strains upward into the sky. I’m telling you, the whole thing is beautiful.^[50]

Personal life[edit]

Career friendships[edit]

Plisetskaya’s tour manager, Maxim Gershunoff, who also helped promote the Soviet/American Cultural Exchange Program, describes her as «not only a great artist, but also very realistic and earthy … with a very open and honest outlook on life».^[51]

During Plisetskaya’s tours abroad, she became friends with a number of other theater and music artists, including composer and pianist Leonard Bernstein, with whom she remained friends until his death. Pianist Arthur Rubinstein, also a friend, was able to converse with her in Russian. She visited him after his concert performance in Russia.^[13]: 202 Novelist John Steinbeck, while at their home in Moscow, listened to her stories of the hardship of becoming a ballerina, and told her that the backstage side of ballet could make for a «most interesting novel».^[13]: 203

In 1962, the Bolshoi was invited to perform at the White House by president John F. Kennedy, and Plisetskaya recalled that first lady Jacqueline Kennedy greeted her by saying «You’re just like Anna Karenina.»^[13]: 222

While in France in 1965, Plisetskaya was invited to the home of Russian artist Marc Chagall and his wife. Chagall had moved to France to study art in 1910. He asked her if she wouldn’t mind creating some ballet poses to help him with his current project, a mural for the new Metropolitan Opera House in New York, which would show various images representing the arts. She danced and posed in various positions as he sketched, and her images were used on the mural, «at the top left corner, a colorful flock of ballerinas».^[13]: 250

Plisetskaya made friends with a number of celebrities and notable politicians who greatly admired and followed her work. She met Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman, then living in the U.S., after a performance of Anna Karenina. Bergman told her that both their photographs, taken by noted photographer Richard Avedon, appeared on the same page in Vogue magazine. Bergman suggested she «flee Communism», recalled Plisetskaya, telling her «I will help you.»^[13]: 222

Actress Shirley MacLaine once held a party for her and the other members of the Bolshoi. She remembered seeing her perform in Argentina when Plisetskaya was sixty-five, and writes «how humiliating it was that Plisetskaya had to dance on a vaudeville stage in South America to make ends meet».^[52] Dancer Daniel Nagrin noted that she was a dancer who «went on to perform to the joy of audiences everywhere while simultaneously defying the myth of early retirement».^[53]

MacLaine’s brother, actor Warren Beatty, is said to have been inspired by their friendship, which led him to write and produce his 1981 film Reds, about the Russian Revolution. He directed the film and costarred with Diane Keaton. He first met Plisetskaya at a reception in Beverly Hills, and, notes Beatty’s biographer Peter Biskind, «he was smitten» by her «classic dancer’s» beauty.^[54]

Plisetskaya became friends with film star Natalie Wood and her sister, actress Lana Wood. Wood, whose parents immigrated from Russia, greatly admired Plisetskaya, and once had an expensive custom wig made for her to use in the Spartacus ballet. They enjoyed socializing together on Wood’s yacht.^[51]

Friendship with Robert F. Kennedy[edit]

U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, the younger brother to president John F. Kennedy, befriended Plisetskaya, with whom he shared the birth date of 20 November 1925. She was invited to gatherings with Kennedy and his family at their estate on Cape Cod in 1962. They later named their sailboat Maya, in her honor.^[51]

As the Cuban Missile Crisis had ended a few weeks earlier, at the end of October 1962, U.S. and Soviet relations were at a low point. Diplomats of both countries considered her friendship with Kennedy to be a great benefit to warmer relations, after weeks of worrisome military confrontation. Years later, when they met in 1968, he was then campaigning for the presidency, and diplomats again suggested that their friendship would continue to help relations between the two countries. Plisetskaya summarizes Soviet thoughts on the matter:

Maya Plisetskaya should bring the candidate presents worthy of the great moment. Stun the future president with Russian generosity to continue and deepen contacts and friendship.^[13]: 265

Of their friendship, Plisetskaya wrote in her autobiography:

With me Robert Kennedy was romantic, elevated, noble, and completely pure. No seductions, no passes.^[13]: 265

Robert Kennedy was assassinated just days before he was to see Plisetskaya again in New York. Gershunoff, Plisetskaya’s manager at the time, recalls that on the day of the funeral, most of the theaters and concert halls in New York City went «dark», closed in mourning and respect. The Bolshoi likewise planned to cancel their performance, but they decided instead to do a different ballet than planned, one dedicated to Kennedy. Gershunoff describes that evening:

The most appropriate way to open such an evening would be for the great Plisetskaya to perform The Dying Swan, which normally would close an evening’s program to thunderous applause with stamping feet, and clamors for an encore…. This assignment created an emotional burden for Maya. She really did not want to dance that work that night … I thought it was best for me to remain backstage in the wings. That turned out to be one of the most poignant moments I have ever experienced. Replacing the usual thunderous audience applause at the conclusion, there was complete silence betokening the feelings of a mourning nation in the packed, cavernous Metropolitan Opera House. Maya came off the stage in tears, looked at me, raised her beautiful arms and looked upward. Then disappeared into her dressing room.^[51]

Awards and honors[edit]

Plisetskaya was honored on numerous occasions for her skills:^[37]

Russia[edit]

• Order of Merit for the Fatherland
  • 1st class (20 November 2005) – for outstanding contribution to the development of domestic and international choreographic art, many years of creative activity^[55]
  • 2nd class (18 November 2000) – for outstanding contribution to the development of choreographic art^[56]
  • 3rd class (21 November 1995) – for outstanding contributions to national culture and a significant contribution to contemporary choreographic art^[57]
  • 4th class (9 November 2010) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national culture and choreography, many years of creative activity^[58]
• Made an honorary professor at Moscow State University in 1993.^[59]

Soviet Union[edit]

• Hero of Socialist Labour (1985)
• Three Orders of Lenin (1967, 1976, 1985)
• Lenin Prize (1964)
• People’s Artist of USSR (1959)
• People’s Artist of RSFSR (1956)
• Honoured Artist of the RSFSR (1951)

Other decorations[edit]

• Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters (France, 1984)^[59]
• Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain)^{[citation needed]}
• Commander of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas^{[citation needed]}
• Great Commander’s Cross of the Order for Merits to Lithuania (2003)^{[citation needed]}
• Gold Medal of Gloria Artis (Poland, 2008)^[60]
• Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class (Japan, 2011)^{[citation needed]}
• Officer of the Légion d’honneur (France, 2012; Knight: 1986)

Awards[edit]

• First prize, Budapest International Competition (1949)
• Anna Pavlova Prize, Paris Academy of Dance (1962)
• Gold Prize, Slovenia, 2000.
• «Doctor of the Sorbonne» in 1985.^[59]
• Gold Medal of Fine Arts of Spain (1991)^[59]
• Triumph Prize, 2000.
• Premium «Russian National Olympus» (2000)^{[citation needed]}
• Prince of Asturias Award (2005, Spain)
• Imperial Prize of Japan (2006)^[59]

See also[edit]

• List of dancers
• List of Russian ballet dancers

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Maya Plisetskaya at IMDb
• «Maya Plisetskaya Dances Ballet, biographical documentary, 1964» on YouTube, 1 hr. 11 min.
• «Legendary performances: Maya Plisetskaya» on YouTube, documentary biography, 1 hr. 20 min.
• Maya Plisetskaya – «Swan» on YouTube, 3 1/2 min.
• Maya Plisetskaya and Alexander Godunov in «Carmen», at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow
• «Maya Plisetskaya in ‘Spartacus'» on YouTube, 2 1/2 min.
• «Maya Plisetskaya – Bolero, by Ravel», video, 20 min.
• Video: Excerpt from Maya’s «Dance Studies» on YouTube

Инфоурок

›

Другое

›Презентации›Презентация по английскому языку на тему » Человек, оставивший след в истории. Майя Плисецкая.»

Презентация по английскому языку на тему » Человек, оставивший след в истории. Майя Плисецкая.»

Другие языки

Maya Mikhailovna Plisetskaya (Майя Михайловна Плисецкая, scientific transliteration: Majja Michajlovna Pliseckaja), born is a Russian ballet dancer, frequently cited as one of the greatest ballerinas of the 20th century. Maya danced during the Soviet era at the same time as the great Galina Ulanova, and took over from her as prima ballerina assoluta of the Bolshoi in 1960. Maya Plisetskaya is a naturalized Spanish and Lithuanian citizen.

Early life

Maya Plisetskaya was born in Moscow into a prominent Jewish family. She went to school in Spitsbergen, where her father worked as an engineer and mine director.

In 1938, her father, Michael Plisetski was executed during the Stalinist purges, possibly because he had hired a friend who had been a secretary to Leon Trotsky. Her mother Rachel Messerer-Plisetskaya (aka Ra Messerer), a silent-film actress, was arrested and sent to a labor camp (Gulag) in Kazakhstan, together with Maya’s seven-month old baby brother. Thereupon Maya was adopted by her maternal aunt, the ballerina Sulamith Messerer, until her mother was released in 1941.

Maya studied under the great ballerina of imperial school, Elizaveta Gerdt. She first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre when she had just turned 11 years of age. In 1943, she graduated from the choreographic school and joined the Bolshoi Ballet, where she would perform until 1990.

Career

From the beginning, Maya was a different kind of ballerina. She spent very short time in the corps de ballet after graduation and was quickly named a soloist. Her bright red hair and striking looks made her a glamorous figure on and off the stage. Her long arms had a fluidity that to this day remains unmatched; her interpretation of The Dying Swan, a short showcase piece made famous by Anna Pavlova, became Maya’s calling card. Maya was known for the height of her jumps, her extremely flexible back, the technical strength of her dancing, and her charisma. She excelled both in adagio and allegro, which is very unusual in dancers.

Despite her acclaim, Maya was not treated well by the Bolshoi management. She was Jewish in an anti-Semitic climate, her family had been purged during the Stalinist era and her personality was defiant, so she was not allowed to tour outside the country for six years after joining the Bolshoi. It wasn’t until 1959 that Nikita Khrushchev permitted her to travel abroad, and Plisetskaya could tour internationally. Her ability changed the world of ballet, setting a higher standard for ballerinas both in terms of technical brilliance and dramatic presence.

Maya’s most acclaimed roles included Odette-Odile in Swan Lake (1947) and Aurora in Sleeping Beauty (1961). In 1958, she was honoured with the title of the People’s Artist of the USSR and married the young composer Rodion Shchedrin, in whose subsequent fame she shared.

After Galina Ulanova left the stage in 1960, Maya Plisetskaya was proclaimed the prima ballerina assoluta of the Bolshoi Theatre. In the Soviet screen version of Anna Karenina, she played Princess Tverskaya. In 1971, her husband the composer Rodion Shchedrin wrote a ballet on the same subject, where she would play the leading role. Anna Karenina was also her first attempt at choreography. Other choreographers who created ballets for her include Yury Grigorovich, Roland Petit, Alberto Alonso, and Maurice Béjart with «Isadora».

In the 1980s, Plisetskaya and Shchedrin spent much time abroad, where she worked as the artistic director of the Rome Opera Ballet in 1984–5, then the Spanish National Ballet of Madrid from 1987–9. At the age of 65, she finally retired from the Bolshoi as a soloist. On her 70th birthday, she debuted in Béjart’s piece choreographed for her and entitled «Ave Maya». Since 1994, she has been presiding over the annual international ballet competitions called Maya. In 1996 she was named President of the Imperial Russian Ballet.

She was forced to be member of the Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public by being threatened with having her passport revoked. When she traveled abroad in the 1960s, the Soviet secret police requested that she encourage the interest of Robert Kennedy, which she declined.

On her 80th birthday, the Financial Times summed up current opinion about Maya in the following words: «She was, and still is, a star, ballet’s monstre sacre, the final statement about theatrical glamour, a flaring, flaming beacon in a world of dimly twinkling talents, a beauty in the world of prettiness.» The following year, Emperor Akihito presented to her the Praemium Imperiale, informally considered a Nobel Prize for Art.

Later in life while touring in the United States she joined the fight for women’s rights.

Awards and honors

Maya Plisetskaya has been honored on numerous occasions for her skills:

• First prize, Budapest International Competition, 1949.
• People’s Artist of the RSFSR, 1951.
• People’s Artist of the USSR, 1959.
• Anna Pavlova Prize, 1962.
• Lenin Prize, 1964.
• Hero of Socialist Labour, 1985.
• Chevalier de la Légion d’honneur, 1986.
• Triumph Prize, 2000.
• Praemium Imperiale (in Hornor of Prince Takamatsu, Japan), 2006.

External links

• Official site of the Plisetskaya-Shchedrin Foundation
• The Washington Post’s tribute to Maya’s 80th birthday
• Video: Excerpt from Maya’s «Dance Studies»
• Stellar ballerina’s birthday 20 November 2010

• The Ballerina Gallery — Maya Plisetskaya
• le Gala des étoiles — Maya Plisetskaya
• A national treasure — Maya Plisetskaya

---

---

This information is published under GNU Free Document License (GFDL).

You should be logged in, in order to edit this article.

Maya Mikhaylovna Plisetskaya (Russian: Ма́йя Миха́йловна Плисе́цкая; 20 November 1925 — 2 May 2015) was a Russian ballet dancer, choreographer, ballet director, and actress, and is considered one of the greatest ballerinas of the 20th century. She danced during the Soviet era at the same time as the great Galina Ulanova, and in 1960 took over Ulanova’s title as prima ballerina assoluta of the Bolshoi.

Plisetskaya studied ballet from age nine and first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre when she was eleven. She joined the Bolshoi Ballet company when she was eighteen, quickly rising to become their leading soloist. Her early years were also marked by political repression, however, partly because her family was Jewish, and she was not allowed to tour outside the country for sixteen years after joining the Bolshoi. During those years, her fame as a national ballerina was nevertheless used to project the Soviet Union’s achievements during the Cold War. Premier Nikita Khrushchev, who lifted her travel ban in 1959, considered her «not only the best ballerina in the Soviet Union, but the best in the world.»

As a member of the Bolshoi until 1990, her skill as a dancer changed the world of ballet, setting a higher standard for ballerinas both in terms of technical brilliance and dramatic presence. As a soloist, Plisetskaya created a number of leading roles, including Moiseyev’s Spartacus (1958), Grigorovich’s The Stone Flower (1959), Aurora in Grigorovich’s The Sleeping Beauty (1963), Alberto Alonso’s Carmen Suite (1967), written especially for her, and Bejart’s Isadora (1976). Also among her most acclaimed roles was Odette-Odile in Swan Lake (1947). A fellow dancer stated that her dramatic portrayal of Carmen, reportedly her favorite role, «helped confirm her as a legend, and the ballet soon took its place as a landmark in the Bolshoi repertoire.» Her husband, composer Rodion Shchedrin, wrote the score to a number of her ballets.

Having become “an international superstar” and a continuous “box office hit throughout the world,” the Soviet Union treated her as a favored cultural emissary. Although she toured extensively during the same years that other dancers defected, including Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova and Mikhail Baryshnikov, Plisetskaya always refused to defect. Beginning in 1994, she presided over the annual international ballet competitions, called Maya, and in 1996 she was named President of the Imperial Russian Ballet.

Early life

Maya Plisetskaya was born on November 20, 1925, in Moscow, into a prominent Jewish family, most of whom were involved in the theater or film. Her mother, Rachel Messerer-Plisetskaya (aka Ra Messerer), was a silent-film actress. One of her uncles was dancer Asaf Messerer and an aunt was Bolshoi ballerina Sulamith Messerer. Her father, Mikhail Plisetski (Misha), was an engineer and mine director, and not involved in the arts, although he was a fan of ballet.

In 1938, her father was arrested and later executed during the Stalinist purges. According to ballet scholar Jennifer Homans, her father was a committed Communist, and «proclaimed a national hero for his work on behalf of the Soviet coal industry.» Soviet leader Vyacheslav Molotov presented him with one of the Soviet Union’s first manufactured cars. Her mother was arrested soon after and, with Maya’s seven-month-old baby brother, sent to a labor camp (Gulag) in Kazakhstan for the next three years. Plisetskaya was taken in by her maternal aunt, ballerina Sulamith Messerer, until her mother was released in 1941.

During the years without her parents, and barely a teenager, Plisetskaya «faced terror, war, and dislocation,» writes Homans. As a result, “Maya took refuge in ballet and the Bolshoi Theater.” She went to school in Spitzbergen, and then studied under the great ballerina of imperial school, Elizaveta Gerdt. She first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre when she was eleven. In 1943, at the age of eighteen, she graduated from the choreographic school and joined the Bolshoi Ballet, where she performed until 1990.

Career

Performing in the Soviet Union

From the beginning, Maya Plisetskaya was a different kind of ballerina. She spent a very short time in the corps de ballet after graduation and was quickly named a soloist. Her bright red hair and striking looks made her a glamorous figure on and off the stage. “She was a remarkably fluid dancer but also a very powerful one,” according to The Oxford Dictionary of Dance. “The robust theatricality and passion she brought to her roles made her an ideal Soviet ballerina.” Her interpretation of The Dying Swan, a short showcase piece made famous by Anna Pavlova, became her calling card. Plisetskaya was known for the height of her jumps, her extremely flexible back, the technical strength of her dancing, and her charisma. She excelled both in adagio and allegro, which is very unusual in dancers.

Despite her acclaim, she was not treated well by the Bolshoi management. She was Jewish in a climate of Soviet anti-Zionist campaigns, her family had been purged during the Stalinist era and her personality was defiant, so she was not allowed to tour outside the country for sixteen years after joining the Bolshoi.

Her dancing was used, however, to project the Soviet Union’s achievements during the Cold War period with United States. Historian Christina Ezrahi notes, “In a quest for cultural legitimacy, the Soviet ballet was shown off to foreign leaders and nations.” Plisetskaya herself recalls that “they were all taken to the ballet. And almost always, Swan Lake . . . Khrushchev was always with the high guests in the loge.”

However, adds Ezrahi, “the intrinsic paranoia of the Soviet regime made it ban Plisetskaya, one of the most celebrated dancers, from the Bolshoi Ballet’s first major international tour,” as she was considered “politically suspect” and was therefore “non-exportable.” In 1948 the Zhdanov Doctrine took effect, and with her family history, and being Jewish, she became a «natural target . . . publicly humiliated and excoriated for not attending political meetings.» As a result, dancing roles were continually denied her and for sixteen years she could tour only within the Soviet bloc. She became a «provincial artist, consigned to grimy, unrewarding bus tours, exclusively for local consumption,” writes Homans.

Nevertheless, in 1958 she received the title of the People’s Artist of the USSR. That same year married the young composer Rodion Shchedrin, in whose subsequent fame she later shared. Still, wanting to dance internationally, she rebelled and defied Soviet expectations. On one occasion, to gain the attention and respect from some of the country’s leaders, she gave one of the most powerful performances of her career, in Swan Lake, for her 1956 concert in Moscow. Homans describes that «extraordinary performance:»

We can feel the steely contempt and defiance taking hold of her dancing. When the curtain came down on the first act, the crowd exploded. KGB toughs muffled the audience’s applauding hands and dragged people out of the theater kicking, screaming, and scratching. By the end of the evening the government thugs had retreated, unable (or unwilling) to contain the public enthusiasm. Plisetskaya had won.

International tours

«Plisetskaya was not only the best ballerina in the Soviet Union, but the best in the world.»
Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet leader Khrushchev was still concerned, writes historian David Caute, that “her defection would have been useful for the West as anti-Soviet propaganda.” She wrote him “a long and forthright expression of her patriotism and her indignation that it should be doubted.” Subsequently the travel ban was lifted in 1959 on Khrushchev’s personal intercession, as it became clear to him that striking Plisetskaya from the Bolshoi’s participants could have serious consequences for the tour’s success. In his memoirs, Khrushchev writes that Plisetskaya “was not only the best ballerina in the Soviet Union, but the best in the world.”

Able to travel the world as a member of the Bolshoi, her skill as a dancer changed the world of ballet, setting a higher standard for ballerinas both in terms of technical brilliance and dramatic presence. Khrushchev allowed her to participate in the Bolshoi tour in New York and he was immensely satisfied upon reading the reviews of her performances. “He embraced her upon her return: ‘Good girl, coming back. Not making me look like a fool. You didn’t let me down.’”

Within a few years, she was recognized as “an international superstar” and a continuous “box office hit throughout the world.” The Soviet Union treated her as a favored cultural emissary, as “the dancer who did not defect.” Although she toured extensively during the same years that other dancers defected, including Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova and Mikhail Baryshnikov, “Plisetskaya always returned to Russia,” writes historian Tim Scholl.

Plisetskaya explains that for her generation, and her family in particular, defecting was a moral issue: “He who runs to the enemy’s side is a traitor.” She had once asked her mother why their family didn’t leave the Soviet Union when they had the chance, at the time living in Norway. Her mother said that her father “would have abandoned me with the children instantly” for even asking. “Misha would never have been a traitor.”

Style

Although she lacked the first-rate training and coaching of her contemporaries, Plisetskaya “compensated” by “developing an individual, iconoclastic style that capitalized on her electrifying stage presence,” writes historian Tim Scholl, adding that it amounted to a “daring rarely seen on ballet stages today, and a jump of almost masculine power.”

Her very personal style was angular, dramatic, and theatrical, exploiting the gifts that everyone in her mother’s family seemed to possess. . . . Those who saw Plisetskaya’s first performances in the West still speak of her ability to wrap the theater in her gaze, to convey powerful emotions in terse gestures.

Among her most notable performances was a 1975 free-form dance, in a modern style, set to Ravel’s Boléro. In it, she dances a solo piece on an elevated round stage, surrounded and accompanied by 40 male dancers. One reviewer writes, “Words cannot compare to the majesty and raw beauty of Plisetskaya’s performance:”

What makes the piece so compelling is that although Plisetskaya may be accompanied by dozens of other dancers mirroring her movement, the first and only focus is on the prima ballerina herself. Her continual rocking and swaying at certain points, rhythmically timed to the syncopation of the orchestra, create a mesmerizing effect that demonstrated an absolute control over every nuance of her body, from the smallest toe to her fingertips, to the top of her head.

Performances

«She burst like a flame on the American scene in 1959. Instantly she became a darling to the public and a miracle to the critics. She was compared to Maria Callas, Theda Bara and Greta Garbo.»
Sarah Montague

Plisetskaya created a number of leading roles, including ones in Lavrovsky’s Stone Flower (1954), Moiseyev’s Spartacus (1958), Grigorovich’s Moscow version of The Stone Flower (1959), Aurora in Grigorovich’s staging The Sleeping Beauty (1963), Grigorovich’s Moscow version of The Legend of Love (1965), the title role in Alberto Alonso’s Carmen Suite (1967), Petit’s La Rose malade (Paris, 1973), Bejart’s Isadora (Monte Carlo, 1976) and his Moscow staging of Leda(1979), Granero’s Maria Estuardo (madrid, 1988), and Lopez’s El Renedero (Buenos Aires, 1990).

After performing in Spartacus during her 1959 U.S. debut tour, Life magazine, in their issue focused on the Bolshoi, rated her second only to Galina Ulanova. Spartacus became a significant ballet for the Bolshoi, with one critic describing their “rage to perform,” personified by Plisetskaya as ballerina, “that defined the Bolshoi.” During her travels she also appeared as guest artist with the Paris Opera Ballet, Ballet National de Marseilles, and Ballet of the 20th Century in Brussels.

By 1962, following Ulanova’s retirement, Plisetskaya embarked on another three-month world tour. As a performer, notes Homans, she “excelled in the hard-edged, technically demanding roles that Ulanova eschewed, including Raymonda, the black swan in Swan Lake, and Kitri in Don Quixote. In her performances, Plisetskaya “was unpretentious, refreshing, direct. She did not hold back.” Ulanova added that Plisetskaya’s «artistic temperament, bubbling optimism of youth reveal themselves in this ballet with full force.» World-famous impresario Sol Hurok said that Plisetskaya was the only ballerina after Pavlova who gave him «a shock of electricity» when she came on stage.

At the conclusion of one performance at the Metropolitan Opera, she received a half-hour ovation. Choreographer Jerome Robbins, who had just finished the Broadway play, West Side Story, told her that he “wanted to create a ballet especially for her.”

Plisetskaya’s most acclaimed roles included Odette-Odile in Swan Lake (1947) and Aurora in Sleeping Beauty (1961). Her dancing partner in Swan Lake states that for twenty years, he and Plisetskaya shared the world stage with that ballet, with her performance consistently producing «the most powerful impression on the audience.»

Equally notable were her ballets as The Dying Swan. Critic Walter Terry described one performance: «What she did was to discard her own identity as a ballerina and even as a human and to assume the characteristics of a magical creature. The audience became hysterical, and she had to perform an encore.»

Novelist Truman Capote remembered a similar performance in Moscow, seeing «grown men crying in the aisles and worshiping girls holding crumpled bouquets for her.» He saw her as «a white spectre leaping in smooth rainbow arcs,» with «a royal head.» Plistetskaya said of her style that «the secret of the ballerina is to make the audience say «Yes, I believe.»

In 1967, she performed as “Carmen” in the Carmen Suite, choreographed specifically for her by Cuban choreographer Alberto Alonso. The music was re-scored from Bizet’s original by her husband, Rodion Shchedrin, and its themes were re-worked into a “modernist and almost abstract narrative.” Dancer Olympia Dowd, who performed alongside her, writes that Plisetskaya’s “dramatic portrayal of Carmen, reportedly her favorite role, helped confirm her as a legend and the ballet soon took its place as a landmark in the Bolshoi repertoire.» Her Carmen, however, at first «rattled the Soviet establishment,» which was «shaken with her Latin sensuality.» A Russian news commentator notes that Plistetskaya «was never afraid to bring ardor and vehemence onto the stage,» contributing to her becoming a «true queen of the Bolshoi.»

Acting and choreography

After Galina Ulanova left the stage in 1960, Maya Plisetskaya was proclaimed the prima ballerina assoluta of the Bolshoi Theatre. In 1971, her husband Shchedrin wrote a ballet on the same subject, where she would play the leading role. Anna Karenina was also her first attempt at choreography. Other choreographers who created ballets for her include Yury Grigorovich, Roland Petit, Alberto Alonso, and Maurice Béjart with «Isadora». She created The Seagull and Lady with a Lapdog. She starred in the 1961 film, The Humpbacked Horse, and appeared as a straight actress in several films, including the Soviet version of Anna Karenina (1968). Her own ballet of the same name was filmed in 1974.

While on tour in the U.S. in 1987 she gave master classes at the David Howard Dance Center. A review in New York magazine notes that although she was 61 when giving the classes, “she displayed the suppleness and power of a performer in her physical prime.” In October that year she performed with Rudolf Nureyev and Mikhail Baryshnikov for the opening night of the season with the Martha Graham Dance Company in New York.

Her husband, composer Rodion Shchedrin, wrote the score to a number of her ballets, including Anna Karenina, The Sea Gull, Carmen, and Lady with a Small Dog. In the 1980s, he was considered the successor to Shostakovich, and became the Soviet Union’s leading composer.

Plisetskaya and Shchedrin spent time abroad, where she worked as the artistic director of the Rome Opera Ballet in 1984–5, then the Spanish National Ballet of Madrid from 1987–9. She retired as a soloist for the Bolshoi at age 65, and on her 70th birthday, she debuted in Maurice Béjart’s piece choreographed for her, «Ave Maya». Since 1994, she has presided over the annual international ballet competitions, called Maya. And in 1996 she was named President of the Imperial Russian Ballet.

She was ballet director of the Rome Opera (1983-1984), and artistic director of Ballet del Teatro Lirico Nacional in Madrid (1987-1990). In 1996 she danced the Dying Swan, her signature role, at a gala in her honor in St. Petersburg.

On her 80th birthday, the Financial Times wrote:

She was, and still is, a star, ballet’s monstre sacre, the final statement about theatrical glamour, a flaring, flaming beacon in a world of dimly twinkling talents, a beauty in the world of prettiness.»

In 2006, Emperor Akihito of Japan presented her with the Praemium Imperiale, informally considered a Nobel Prize for Art.

Death

Plisetskaya died in Germany on 2 May 2015 from heart attack, despite medical efforts to save her.

Personal life

Career friendships

Plisetskaya’s tour manager, Maxim Gershunoff, who also helped promote the Soviet/American Cultural Exchange Program, describes her as “not only a great artist, but also very realistic and earthy . . . . with a very open and honest outlook on life.”

During her tours abroad she became friends with a number of other theater and music artists, including composer and pianist Leonard Bernstein, with whom she remained friends until his death. Pianist Arthur Rubenstein, also a friend, was able to converse with her in in Russian. She visited him after his concert performance in Russia. Novelist John Steinbeck, while at their home in Moscow, listened to stories of hardship becoming a ballerina, told her that the backstage side of ballet could make for a “most interesting novel.”

In 1962, the Bolshoi was invited to perform at the White House by president John F. Kennedy, and she recalls that first lady Jacqueline Kennedy greeted her by saying “You’re just like Anna Karenina.”

While in France in 1965, she was invited to the home of Russian artist Marc Chagall and his wife. Chagall had moved to France to study art in 1910. He asked her if she wouldn’t mind creating some ballet poses to help him with his current project, a mural for the new Metropolitan Opera House in New York, which would show various images representing the arts. She danced and posed in various positions as he sketched, and her images were used on the mural, “at the top left corner, a colorful flock of ballerinas.”

Plisetskaya also made friends with a number of celebrities and notable politicians who greatly admired and followed her work. She met Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman, then living in the U.S., after a performance of Anna Karenina Bergman told her that both their photographs, taken by noted photographer Richard Avedon, appeared on the same page in Vogue magazine. Bergman suggested she “flee Communism,” recalls Plisetskaya, telling her “I will help you.”

Actress Shirley MacLaine once held a party for her and the other members of the Bolshoi. She remembered seeing her perform in Argentina when Plisetskaya was sixty-five, and writes “how humiliating it was that Plisetskaya had to dance on a vaudeville stage in South America to make ends meet.” Dancer Daniel Nagrin notes that Plisetskaya was among those dancers who “went on to perform to the joy of audiences everywhere while simultaneously defying the myth of early retirement.”

MacLaine’s brother, actor Warren Beatty, also got to know Plisetskaya during that period, and is said to have been inspired by their friendship, which led him to write and produce his 1981 film Reds, about the Russian Revolution. He directed the film and costarred with Diane Keaton. He first met Plisetskaya at a reception in Beverly Hills, and, notes Beatty’s biographer Peter Biskind, “he was smitten” by her “classic dancer’s” beauty.

She also became friends with film star Natalie Wood and her sister, actress Lana Wood. Wood, whose parents immigrated from Russia, greatly admired Plisetskaya, and once had an expensive custom wig made for her to use in the Spartacus ballet. They enjoyed socializing together on Wood’s yacht.

Friendship with Robert F. Kennedy

U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, the younger brother to president John F. Kennedy, befriended Plisetskaya, with whom he coincidentally shared the same birth date. She was invited to gatherings with Kennedy and his family at their estate on Cape Cod in 1962. They later named their sailboat “Maya”, in her honor.

As the Cuban Missile Crisis had ended a few weeks earlier, at the end of October, 1962, U.S. and Soviet relations were at a low point. Diplomats of both countries considered her friendship with Kennedy to be a great benefit to warmer relations, after weeks of worrisome military confrontation. Years later, when they met in 1968, he was then campaigning for the presidency, and diplomats again suggested that their friendship would continue to help relations between the two countries. Plisetskaya summarizes Soviet thoughts on the matter:

Maya Plisetskaya should bring the candidate presents worthy of the great moment. Stun the future president with Russian generosity to continue and deepen contacts and friendship.

Of their friendship, Plisetskaya writes in her autobiography:

With me Robert Kennedy was romantic, elevated, noble, and completely pure. No seductions, no passes.

Robert Kennedy was assassinated just days before he was to see Plisetskaya again in New York. Gershunoff, Plisetskaya’s manager at the time, recalls that on the day of the funeral, most of the theaters and concert halls in New York City went “dark,” closed in mourning and respect. The Bolshoi likewise planned to cancel their performance, but they decided instead to do a different ballet than planned, one dedicated to Kennedy. Gershunoff describes that evening:

The most appropriate way to open such an evening would be for the great Plisetskaya to perform The Dying Swan, which normally would close an evening’s program to thunderous applause with stamping feet, and clamors for an encore. . . . This assignment created an emotional burden for Maya. She really did not want to dance that work that night. . . I thought it was best for me to remain backstage in the wings. That turned out to be one of the most poignant moments I have ever experienced. Replacing the usual thunderous audience applause at the conclusion, there was complete silence betokening the feelings of a mourning nation in the packed, cavernous Metropolitan Opera House. Maya came off the stage in tears, looked at me, raised her beautiful arms and looked upward. Then disappeared into her dressing room.

Awards and honors

Maya Plisetskaya has been honored on numerous occasions for her skills:

• First prize, Budapest International Competition (1949)
• Anna Pavlova Prize, Paris Academy of Dance (1962)
• Lenin Prize (1964)
• Hero of Socialist Labour (1985)
• Chevalier de la Légion d’honneur (France, 1986)
• Triumph Prize, 2000.
• Praemium Imperiale (Japan, 2006)
• Order of Merit for the Fatherland;
  • 1st class (20 November 2005) – for outstanding contribution to the development of domestic and international choreographic art, many years of creative activity
  • 2nd class (18 November 2000) – for outstanding contribution to the development of choreographic art
  • 3rd class (21 November 1995) – for outstanding contributions to national culture and a significant contribution to contemporary choreographic art
  • 4th class (9 November 2010) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national culture and choreography, many years of creative activity
• Three Orders of Lenin (1967, 1976, 1985)
• Honoured Artist of the RSFSR (1951)
• People’s Artist of RSFSR (1956)
• People’s Artist of USSR (1959)
• Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters (France, 1984)
• Great Commander’s Cross of the Order for Merits to Lithuania (2003)
• Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain)
• Commander of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas
• Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class (Japan, 2011)
• Premium «Russian National Olympus» (2000)
• Prince of Asturias Award (2005, Spain)