Микимаус на английском как пишется

Mickey Mouse
First appearance	Steamboat Willie (1928)
Created by	Walt Disney Ub Iwerks
Designed by	Walt Disney Ub Iwerks (original, 1928 design) Fred Moore (1938 redesign)
Voiced by	Walt Disney (1928–1947, 1955–1962) Carl W. Stalling (1929) Jimmy MacDonald (1947–1978) Wayne Allwine (1977–2009)[1] Bret Iwan (2009–present) Chris Diamantopoulos (2013–present) (see voice actors)
Developed by	Les Clark Fred Moore Floyd Gottfredson Romano Scarpa
In-universe information
Full name	Mickey Mouse
Alias	Sorcerer Mickey Bob Cratchit King Mickey
Species	Mouse
Gender	Male
Family	Mickey Mouse family
Significant other	Minnie Mouse
Pets	Pluto (dog)

Mickey Mouse is an animated cartoon character co-created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. The longtime mascot of The Walt Disney Company, Mickey is an anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves. Taking inspiration from silent film personalities such as Charlie Chaplin’s Tramp, Mickey is traditionally characterized as a sympathetic underdog who gets by on pluck and ingenuity.^[2] The character’s status as a small mouse was personified through his diminutive stature and falsetto voice, the latter of which was originally provided by Disney. Mickey is one of the world’s most recognizable and universally acclaimed fictional characters of all time.

Created as a replacement for a prior Disney character, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Mickey first appeared in the short Plane Crazy, debuting publicly in the short film Steamboat Willie (1928), one of the first sound cartoons. The character was originally to be named “Mortimer Mouse”, until Lillian Disney instead suggested “Mickey” during a train ride. The character went on to appear in over 130 films, including The Band Concert (1935), Brave Little Tailor (1938), and Fantasia (1940). Mickey appeared primarily in short films, but also occasionally in feature-length films. Ten of Mickey’s cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, one of which, Lend a Paw, won the award in 1941. In 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Beginning in 1930, Mickey has also been featured extensively in comic strips and comic books. The Mickey Mouse comic strip, drawn primarily by Floyd Gottfredson, ran for 45 years. Mickey has also appeared in comic books such as Mickey Mouse, Disney Italy’s Topolino and MM – Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine, and Wizards of Mickey. Mickey also features in television series such as The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1996) and others. He appears in other media such as video games as well as merchandising and is a meetable character at the Disney parks.

Mickey generally appears alongside his girlfriend Minnie Mouse, his pet dog Pluto, his friends Donald Duck and Goofy, and his nemesis Pete, among others (see Mickey Mouse universe). Though originally characterized as a cheeky lovable rogue, Mickey was rebranded over time as a nice guy, usually seen as an honest and bodacious hero. In 2009, Disney began to rebrand the character again by putting less emphasis on his friendly, well-meaning persona and reintroducing the more adventurous and stubborn sides of his personality, beginning with the video game Epic Mickey.^[3]

History

Film

Origin

Mickey Mouse was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, an earlier cartoon character that was created by the Disney studio but owned by Universal Pictures.^[4] Charles Mintz served as a middleman producer between Disney and Universal through his company, Winkler Pictures, for the series of cartoons starring Oswald. Ongoing conflicts between Disney and Mintz and the revelation that several animators from the Disney studio would eventually leave to work for Mintz’s company ultimately resulted in Disney cutting ties with Oswald. Among the few people who stayed at the Disney studio were animator Ub Iwerks, apprentice artist Les Clark, and Wilfred Jackson. On his train ride home from New York, Walt brainstormed ideas for a new cartoon character.

Mickey Mouse was conceived in secret while Disney produced the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz. Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A female cow and male horse were also rejected. (They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar.) A male frog was also rejected, which later showed up in Iwerks’ own Flip the Frog series.^[5] Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from a tame mouse at his desk at Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City, Missouri.^[6] In 1925, Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney. These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney.^[5] «Mortimer Mouse» had been Disney’s original name for the character before his wife, Lillian, convinced him to change it, and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be.^[7][8] The actor Mickey Rooney claimed that, during his Mickey McGuire days, he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio, and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him.^[9] This claim, however, has been debunked by Disney historian Jim Korkis, since at the time of Mickey Mouse’s development, Disney Studios had been located on Hyperion Avenue for several years, and Walt Disney never kept an office or other working space at Warner Brothers, having no professional relationship with Warner Brothers.^[10][11] Over the years, the name Mortimer Mouse was eventually given to several different characters in the Mickey Mouse universe : Minnie Mouse’s uncle, who appears in several comics stories, one of Mickey’s antagonists who competes for Minnie’s affections in various cartoons and comics, and one of Mickey’s nephews, named Morty.

Debut (1928)

Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short Plane Crazy, on May 15, 1928, but it failed to impress the audience and Walt could not find a distributor for the short.^[12] Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short, The Gallopin’ Gaucho, which was also not released for lack of a distributor.

Steamboat Willie was first released on November 18, 1928, in New York. It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark, Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy. This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton’s Steamboat Bill, Jr., first released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus is considered by The Disney Company as Mickey’s debut. Willie featured changes to Mickey’s appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to large dots) that established his look for later cartoons and in numerous Walt Disney films.^{[citation needed]}

The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios, headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer, had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For Willie, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the «Turkey in the Straw» sequence when Mickey’s actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film’s original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie and would remain the source of Mickey’s voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons. Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946, but Walt provided Mickey’s voice again from 1955 to 1959 for The Mickey Mouse Club television series on ABC.^{[citation needed]}

Audiences at the time of Steamboat Willie‘s release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic purposes. Sound films or «talkies» were still considered innovative. The first feature-length movie with dialogue sequences, The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson, was released on October 6, 1927. Within a year of its success, most United States movie theaters had installed sound film equipment. Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and, arguably, managed to succeed. Most other cartoon studios were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively act as competition to Disney. As a result, Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time. Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both Plane Crazy and The Gallopin’ Gaucho (which had originally been silent releases) and their new release added to Mickey’s success and popularity. A fourth Mickey short, The Barn Dance, was also put into production; however, Mickey does not actually speak until The Karnival Kid in 1929 (see below). After Steamboat Willie was released, Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat, and his popularity would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons. By 1929, Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences, and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result.^[13] Unfortunately, audiences did not respond well to Felix’s transition to sound and by 1930, Felix had faded from the screen.^[14]

Black and white films (1929–1935)

In Mickey’s early films he was often characterized not as a hero, but as an ineffective young suitor to Minnie Mouse. The Barn Dance (March 14, 1929) is the first time in which Mickey is turned down by Minnie in favor of Pete. The Opry House (March 28, 1929) was the first time in which Mickey wore his white gloves. Mickey wears them in almost all of his subsequent appearances and many other characters followed suit. The three lines on the back of Mickey’s gloves represent darts in the gloves’ fabric extending from between the digits of the hand, typical of glove design of the era.

When the Cat’s Away (April 18, 1929), essentially a remake of the Alice Comedy, «Alice Rattled by Rats», was an unusual appearance for Mickey. Although Mickey and Minnie still maintained their anthropomorphic characteristics, they were depicted as the size of regular mice and living with a community of many other mice as pests in a home. Mickey and Minnie would later appear the size of regular humans in their own setting. In appearances with real humans, Mickey has been shown to be about two to three feet high.^[15] The next Mickey short was also unusual. The Barnyard Battle (April 25, 1929) was the only film to depict Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place him in combat. The Karnival Kid (1929) was the first time Mickey spoke. Before this he had only whistled, laughed, and grunted. His first words were «Hot dogs! Hot dogs!» said while trying to sell hot dogs at a carnival. Mickey’s Follies (1929) introduced the song «Minnie’s Yoo-Hoo» which would become the theme song for Mickey Mouse films for the next several years. The same song sequence was also later reused with different background animation as its own special short shown only at the commencement of 1930s theater-based Mickey Mouse Clubs.^[16][17] Mickey’s dog Pluto first appeared as Mickey’s pet in The Moose Hunt (1931) after previously appearing as Minnie’s dog «Rover» in The Picnic (1930).

The Cactus Kid (April 11, 1930) was the last film to be animated by Ub Iwerks at Disney. Shortly before the release of the film, Iwerks left to start his own studio, bankrolled by Disney’s then-distributor Pat Powers. Powers and Disney had a falling out over money due Disney from the distribution deal. It was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney’s cartoons that Powers made the deal with Iwerks, who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio. The departure is considered a turning point in Mickey’s career, as well as that of Walt Disney. Walt lost the man who served as his closest colleague and confidant since 1919. Mickey lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction or animation of several of the shorts released till this point. Advertising for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons credited them as «A Walt Disney Comic, drawn by Ub Iwerks». Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt Disney alone.

Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey’s popularity would rise, and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members.^[18] At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932, Mickey received his first Academy Award nomination, received for Mickey’s Orphans (1931). Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse. Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphony short the Three Little Pigs in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye was more popular than Mickey.^[19][20][21] By 1934, Mickey merchandise had earned $600,000 a year.^[22] In 1935, Disney began to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems.^[23]

About this time, story artists at Disney were finding it increasingly difficult to write material for Mickey. As he had developed into a role model for children, they were limited in the types of gags they could present. This led to Mickey taking more of a secondary role in some of his next films, allowing for more emphasis on other characters. In Orphan’s Benefit (1934), Mickey first appeared with Donald Duck who had been introduced earlier that year in the Silly Symphony series. The tempestuous duck would provide Disney with seemingly endless story ideas and would remain a recurring character in Mickey’s cartoons.

Color films (1935–1953)

Mickey first appeared animated in color in Parade of the Award Nominees in 1932; however, the film strip was created for the 5th Academy Awards ceremony and was not released to the public. Mickey’s official first color film came in 1935 with The Band Concert. The Technicolor film process was used in the film production. Here Mickey conducted the William Tell Overture, but the band is swept up by a tornado. It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that, upon first seeing it, he asked the projectionist to run it again. In 1994, The Band Concert was voted the third-greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals. By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey, Walt would put Mickey back on top once again, and Mickey would reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal.^[24] Also in 1935, Walt would receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey.

However, by 1938, the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey, resulting in a redesign of the mouse between 1938 and 1940 that put Mickey at the peak of his popularity.^[24] The second half of the 1930s saw the character Goofy reintroduced as a series regular. Together, Mickey, Donald Duck, and Goofy would go on several adventures together. Several of the films by the comic trio are some of Mickey’s most critically acclaimed films, including Mickey’s Fire Brigade (1935), Moose Hunters (1937), Clock Cleaners (1937), Lonesome Ghosts (1937), Boat Builders (1938), and Mickey’s Trailer (1938). Also during this era, Mickey would star in Brave Little Tailor (1938), an adaptation of The Valiant Little Tailor, which was nominated for an Academy Award.

Mickey was redesigned by animator Fred Moore which was first seen in The Pointer (1939). Instead of having solid black eyes, Mickey was given white eyes with pupils, a Caucasian skin colored face, and a pear-shaped body. In the 1940s, he changed once more in The Little Whirlwind, where he used his trademark pants for the last time in decades, lost his tail, got more realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body anatomy. But this change would only last for a short period of time before returning to the one in «The Pointer«, with the exception of his pants. In his final theatrical cartoons in the 1950s, he was given eyebrows, which were removed in the more recent cartoons.

In 1940, Mickey appeared in his first feature-length film, Fantasia. His screen role as The Sorcerer’s Apprentice, set to the symphonic poem of the same name by Paul Dukas, is perhaps the most famous segment of the film and one of Mickey’s most iconic roles. The apprentice (Mickey), not willing to do his chores, puts on the sorcerer’s magic hat after the sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom, which causes the broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore—filling up a deep well using two buckets of water. When the well eventually overflows, Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom, leading to a near-flood. After the segment ends, Mickey is seen in silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski, who conducts all the music heard in Fantasia. Mickey has often been pictured in the red robe and blue sorcerer’s hat in merchandising. It was also featured into the climax of Fantasmic!, an attraction at the Disney theme parks.

After 1940, Mickey’s popularity would decline until his 1955 re-emergence as a daily children’s television personality.^[25] Despite this, the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 (winning his only competitive Academy Award—with canine companion Pluto—for a short subject, Lend a Paw) and again from 1946 to 1952. In these later cartoons, Mickey was often just a supporting character in his own shorts, where Pluto would be the main character.

The last regular installment of the Mickey Mouse film series came in 1953 with The Simple Things in which Mickey and Pluto go fishing and are pestered by a flock of seagulls.

Television and later films

In the 1950s, Mickey became more known for his appearances on television, particularly with The Mickey Mouse Club. Many of his theatrical cartoon shorts were rereleased on television series such as Ink & Paint Club, various forms of the Walt Disney anthology television series, and on home video. Mickey returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with Mickey’s Christmas Carol, an adaptation of Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol in which Mickey played Bob Cratchit. This was followed up in 1990 with The Prince and the Pauper.

Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros.’ Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis Disney/Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character had the same amount of screen time in the scene.

Similar to his animated inclusion into a live-action film in Roger Rabbit, Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World where he met Kermit the Frog. The two are established in the story as having been old friends, although they have not made any other appearance together outside of this.

His most recent theatrical cartoon short was 2013’s Get a Horse! which was preceded by 1995’s Runaway Brain, while from 1999 to 2004, he appeared in direct-to-video features like Mickey’s Once Upon a Christmas, Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers and the computer-animated Mickey’s Twice Upon a Christmas.

Many television series have centered on Mickey, such as the ABC shows Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000), Disney’s House of Mouse (2001–2003), Disney Channel’s Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016), Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (2017–2021) and Mickey Mouse Funhouse (2021–).^[26] Prior to all these, Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the Bonkers episode «You Oughta Be In Toons».

In 2013, Disney Channel started airing new 3-minute Mickey Mouse shorts, with animator Paul Rudish at the helm, incorporating elements of Mickey’s late twenties-early thirties look with a contemporary twist.^[27] The creative team behind the 2017 DuckTales reboot had hoped to have Mickey Mouse in the series, but this idea was rejected by Disney executives.^[28] However, this did not stop them from including a watermelon shaped like Mickey Mouse that Donald Duck made and used like a ventriloquist dummy (to the point where he had perfectly replicated his voice (supplied by Chris Diamantopoulos)) while he was stranded on a deserted island during the season two finale.^[29] On November 10, 2020, the series was revived as The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse and premiered on Disney+^[30]

In August 2018, ABC television announced a two-hour prime time special, Mickey’s 90th Spectacular, in honor of Mickey’s 90th birthday. The program featured never-before-seen short videos and several other celebrities who wanted to share their memories about Mickey Mouse and performed some of the Disney songs to impress Mickey. The show took place at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles and was produced and directed by Don Mischer on November 4, 2018.^[31][32] On November 18, 2018, a 90th anniversary event for the character was celebrated around the world.^[33] In December 2019, both Mickey and Minnie served as special co-hosts of Wheel of Fortune for two weeks while Vanna White served as the main host during Pat Sajak’s absence.^[34]

Mickey is the subject of the 2022 documentary film Mickey: The Story of a Mouse, directed by Jeff Malmberg. Debuting at the South by Southwest film festival prior to its premiere on the Disney+ streaming service, the documentary examines the history and cultural impact of Mickey Mouse across. The feature is accompanied by an original, hand-drawn animated short film starring Mickey titled Mickey in a Minute.^[35]

Comics

Mickey first appeared in comics after he had appeared in 15 commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public. Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip. Disney accepted and Mickey Mouse made its first appearance on January 13, 1930.^[36] The comical plot was credited to Disney himself, art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith. The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of «Plane Crazy«. Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast. The strips first released between January 13, 1930, and March 31, 1930, has been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title «Lost on a Desert Island«. Animation historian Jim Korkis notes «After the eighteenth strip, Iwerks left and his inker, Win Smith, continued drawing the gag-a-day format.»^[37]

In early 1930, after Iwerks’ departure, Disney was at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip, assigning the art to Win Smith. However, Disney’s focus had always been in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well. Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script, draw, and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden resignation.

Disney then searched for a replacement among the remaining staff of the Studio. He selected Floyd Gottfredson, a recently hired employee. At the time Gottfredson was reportedly eager to work in animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment. Disney had to assure him the assignment was only temporary and that he would eventually return to animation. Gottfredson accepted and ended up holding this «temporary» assignment from May 5, 1930, to November 15, 1975.

Walt Disney’s last script for the strip appeared May 17, 1930.^[37] Gottfredson’s first task was to finish the storyline Disney had started on April 1, 1930. The storyline was completed on September 20, 1930, and later reprinted in comic book form as Mickey Mouse in Death Valley. This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which to this point only included Mickey and Minnie. Among the characters who had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar, and Black Pete as well as the debuts of corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie’s uncle Mortimer Mouse. The Death Valley narrative was followed by Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers, first printed between September 22 and December 26, 1930, which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie’s parents.

Starting with these two early comic strip stories, Mickey’s versions in animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other. While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy, the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure. This adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century.

Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as Mickey Mouse Joins the Foreign Legion (1936) and The Gleam (1942). He also created the Phantom Blot, Eega Beeva, Morty and Ferdie, Captain Churchmouse, and Butch. Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman Arambula, Rick Hoover, Manuel Gonzales, Carson Van Osten, Jim Engel, Bill Wright, Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes; writers included Ted Osborne, Merrill De Maris, Bill Walsh, Dick Shaw, Roy Williams, Del Connell, and Floyd Norman.

The next artist to leave his mark on the character was Paul Murry in Dell Comics. His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950 but Mickey did not become a specialty until Murry’s first serial for Walt Disney’s Comics and Stories in 1953 («The Last Resort»). In the same period, Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine Topolino began to revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep-Bleep. While the stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes, in the modern era several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures. This renaissance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson, David Gerstein, Noel Van Horn, Michael T. Gilbert and César Ferioli.

In Europe, Mickey Mouse became the main attraction of a number of comics magazines, the most famous being Topolino in Italy from 1932 onward, Le Journal de Mickey in France from 1934 onward, Don Miki in Spain and the Greek Miky Maous.

Mickey was the main character for the series MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine, published in Italy from 1999 to 2001.

In 2006, he appeared in the Italian fantasy comic saga Wizards of Mickey.

In 1958, Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through another comic book called “Sameer”. He became very popular in Egypt and got a comic book with his name. Mickey’s comics in Egypt are licensed by Disney and were published since 1959 by “Dar Al-Hilal” and they were successful, however Dar Al-Hilal stopped the publication in 2003 because of problems with Disney. The comics were re-released by «Nahdat Masr» in 2004 and the first issues were sold out in less than 8 hours.^[38]

Portrayal

Design

Throughout the earlier years, Mickey’s design bore heavy resemblance to Oswald, save for the ears, nose, and tail.^[39][40][41] Ub Iwerks designed Mickey’s body out of circles in order to make the character simple to animate. Disney employees John Hench and Marc Davis believed that this design was part of Mickey’s success as it made him more dynamic and appealing to audiences.

Mickey’s circular design is most noticeable in his ears. In animation in the 1940s, Mickey’s ears were animated in a more realistic perspective. Later, they were drawn to always appear circular no matter which way Mickey was facing. This made Mickey easily recognizable to audiences and made his ears an unofficial personal trademark. The circular rule later created a dilemma for toy creators who had to recreate a three-dimensional Mickey.

In 1938, animator Fred Moore redesigned Mickey’s body away from its circular design to a pear-shaped design. Colleague Ward Kimball praised Moore for being the first animator to break from Mickey’s «rubber hose, round circle» design. Although Moore himself was nervous at first about changing Mickey, Walt Disney liked the new design and told Moore «that’s the way I want Mickey to be drawn from now on.»

Each of Mickey’s hands has only three fingers and a thumb. Disney said that this was both an artistic and financial decision, explaining, «Artistically five digits are too many for a mouse. His hand would look like a bunch of bananas. Financially, not having an extra finger in each of 45,000 drawings that make up a six and one-half minute short has saved the Studio millions.» In the film The Opry House (1929), Mickey was first given white gloves as a way of contrasting his naturally black hands against his black body. The use of white gloves would prove to be an influential design for cartoon characters, particularly with later Disney characters, but also with non-Disney characters such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Mighty Mouse, Mario, and Sonic The Hedgehog.

Mickey’s eyes, as drawn in Plane Crazy and The Gallopin’ Gaucho, were large and white with black outlines. In Steamboat Willie, the bottom portion of the black outlines was removed, although the upper edges still contrasted with his head. Mickey’s eyes were later re-imagined as only consisting of the small black dots which were originally his pupils, while what were the upper edges of his eyes became a hairline. This is evident only when Mickey blinks. Fred Moore later redesigned the eyes to be small white eyes with pupils and gave his face a Caucasian skin tone instead of plain white. This new Mickey first appeared in 1938 on the cover of a party program, and in animation the following year with the release of The Pointer.^[42] Mickey is sometimes given eyebrows as seen in The Simple Things (1953) and in the comic strip, although he does not have eyebrows in his subsequent appearances.^{[citation needed]}

Originally characters had black hands, but Frank Thomas said this was changed for visibility reasons.^[43] According to Disney’s Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life, written by former Disney animators Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston, «The characters were in black and white with no shades of grey to soften the contrast or delineate a form. Mickey’s body was black, his arms and his hands- all black. There was no way to stage an action except in silhouette. How else could there be any clarity? A hand in front of a chest would simply disappear.»^[44]

Multiple sources state that Mickey’s characteristics, particularly the black body combined with the large white eyes, white mouth, and the white gloves, evolved from blackface caricatures used in minstrel shows.^{[45][46][47][48][49]}

Besides Mickey’s gloves and shoes, he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front. Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animation, Mickey’s shorts were either red or a dull blue-green. With the advent of Mickey’s color films, the shorts were always red. When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts, he is often still wearing red clothing such as a red bandmaster coat (The Band Concert, The Mickey Mouse Club), red overalls (Clock Cleaners, Boat Builders), a red cloak (Fantasia, Fun and Fancy Free), a red coat (Squatter’s Rights, Mickey’s Christmas Carol), or a red shirt (Mickey Down Under, The Simple Things).

Voice actors

A large part of Mickey’s screen persona is his famously shy, falsetto voice. From 1928 onward, Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself, a task in which Disney took great personal pride. Composer Carl W. Stalling was the first person to provide lines for Mickey in the 1929 shorts The Karnival Kid and Wild Waves,^[50][51] and J. Donald Wilson and Joe Twerp provided the voice in some 1938 broadcasts of The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air,^[52] although Disney remained Mickey’s official voice during this period. However, by 1946, Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work which meant he could not do Mickey’s voice on a regular basis anymore. It is also speculated that his cigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years.^[53] After recording the Mickey and the Beanstalk section of Fun and Fancy Free, Mickey’s voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jimmy MacDonald. Walt would reprise Mickey’s voice occasionally until his passing in 1966, such as in the introductions to the original 1955–1959 run of The Mickey Mouse Club TV series, the «Fourth Anniversary Show» episode of the Walt Disney’s Disneyland TV series that aired on September 11, 1957, and the Disneyland USA at Radio City Music Hall show from 1962.^[54]

MacDonald voiced Mickey in most of the remaining theatrical shorts and for various television and publicity projects up until his retirement in 1976.^[55] However, other actors would occasionally play the role during this era. Clarence Nash, the voice of Donald Duck, provided the voice in three of Mickey’s theatrical shorts, The Dognapper, R’coon Dawg, and Pluto’s Party.^[56] Stan Freberg voiced Mickey in the Freberg-produced record Mickey Mouse’s Birthday Party.

Alan Young voiced Mickey in the Disneyland record album An Adaptation of Dickens’ Christmas Carol, Performed by The Walt Disney Players in 1974.^[57][58]

The 1983 short film Mickey’s Christmas Carol marked the theatrical debut of Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse, who was the official voice of Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009,^[59] although MacDonald returned to voice Mickey for an appearance at the 50th Academy Awards in 1978.^[60] Allwine once recounted something MacDonald had told him about voicing Mickey: «The main piece of advice that Jim gave me about Mickey helped me keep things in perspective. He said, ‘Just remember kid, you’re only filling in for the boss.’ And that’s the way he treated doing Mickey for years and years. From Walt, and now from Jimmy.»^[61] In 1991, Allwine married Russi Taylor, the voice of Minnie Mouse from 1986 until her death in 2019.

Les Perkins did the voice of Mickey in two TV specials, «Down and Out with Donald Duck» and «DTV Valentine», in the mid-1980s. Peter Renaday voiced Mickey in the 1980s Disney albums Yankee Doodle Mickey and Mickey Mouse Splashdance.^[62][63] He also provided his voice for The Talking Mickey Mouse toy in 1986.^[64][65] Quinton Flynn briefly filled in for Allwine as the voice of Mickey in a few episodes of the first season of Mickey Mouse Works whenever Allwine was unavailable to record.^[66]

Bret Iwan, a former Hallmark greeting card artist, is one of the current voices of Mickey. Iwan was originally cast as an understudy for Allwine due to the latter’s declining health, but Allwine died before Iwan could get a chance to meet him and Iwan became the new official voice of the character at the time. Iwan’s early recordings in 2009 included work for the Disney Cruise Line, Mickey toys, the Disney theme parks and the Disney on Ice: Celebrations! ice show.^[67] He directly replaced Allwine as Mickey for the Kingdom Hearts video game series and the TV series Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. His first video game voice-over of Mickey Mouse can be heard in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep. Iwan also became the first voice actor to portray Mickey during Disney’s rebranding of the character, providing the vocal effects of Mickey in Epic Mickey as well as his voice in Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two and the remake of Castle of Illusion.

Chris Diamantopoulos is the first voice of Mickey Mouse to be nominated for two Emmy Awards and two Annie Awards, in the award-winning Mickey Mouse 2013 animated series^[68] developed by Paul Rudish, and the 2017 DuckTales reboot (in the form of a watermelon that Donald uses as a ventriloquist dummy), as the producers were looking for a voice closer to Walt Disney’s portrayal of the character in order to match the vintage look of that series.^[69]

Diamantopoulos also speaks and sings for Mickey Mouse in the Walt Disney World attraction Mickey and Minnie’s Runaway Railway. Songs featuring Diamantopoulos as Mickey Mouse from that attraction, as well as soundtrack songs from the recent Disney+ series The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse streaming on various platforms.^[70]

Merchandising

Since his early years, Mickey Mouse has been licensed by Disney to appear on many different kinds of merchandise. Mickey was produced as plush toys and figurines, and Mickey’s image has graced almost everything from T-shirts to lunchboxes. Largely responsible for early Disney merchandising was Kay Kamen, Disney’s head of merchandise and licensing from 1932 until his death in 1949, who was called a «stickler for quality.» Kamen was recognized by The Walt Disney Company as having a significant part in Mickey’s rise to stardom and was named a Disney Legend in 1998.^[71] At the time of his 80th-anniversary celebration in 2008, Time declared Mickey Mouse one of the world’s most recognized characters, even when compared against Santa Claus.^[72] Disney officials have stated that 98% of children aged 3–11 around the world are at least aware of the character.^[72]

Disney parks

As the official Walt Disney mascot, Mickey has played a central role in the Disney parks since the opening of Disneyland in 1955. As with other characters, Mickey is often portrayed by a non-speaking costumed actor. In this form, he has participated in ceremonies and countless parades, and poses for photographs with guests. As of the presidency of Barack Obama (who jokingly referred to him as «a world leader who has bigger ears than me»)^[73] Mickey has met every U.S. president since Harry Truman, with the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson.^[41]

Mickey also features in several specific attractions at the Disney parks. Mickey’s Toontown (Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland) is a themed land which is a recreation of Mickey’s neighborhood. Buildings are built in a cartoon style and guests can visit Mickey or Minnie’s houses, Donald Duck’s boat, or Goofy’s garage. This is a common place to meet the characters.^[74]

Mickey’s PhilharMagic (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland) is a 4D film which features Mickey in the familiar role of symphony conductor. At Main Street Cinema several of Mickey’s short films are shown on a rotating basis; the sixth film is always Steamboat Willie. Mickey plays a central role in Fantasmic! (Disneyland Resort, Disney’s Hollywood Studios) a live nighttime show which famously features Mickey in his role as the Sorcerer’s Apprentice. Mickey was also a central character in the now-defunct Mickey Mouse Revue (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland) which was an indoor show featuring animatronic characters. Mickey’s face formerly graced the Mickey’s Fun Wheel (now Pixar Pal-A-Round) at Disney California Adventure Park, where a figure of him also stands on top of Silly Symphony Swings.

Mickey & Minnie’s Runaway Railway at Disney’s Hollywood Studios is a trackless dark ride themed to Mickey Mouse.^[75]

In addition to Mickey’s overt presence in the parks, numerous images of him are also subtly included in sometimes unexpected places. This phenomenon is known as «Hidden Mickeys», involving hidden images in Disney films, theme parks, and merchandise.^[76]

Video games

Like many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games, including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System, Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse, Mickey’s Ultimate Challenge, and Disney’s Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse on the Mega Drive/Genesis, Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands! on the Game Boy, and many others. In the 2000s, the Disney’s Magical Quest series were ported to the Game Boy Advance, while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney’s Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse, a GameCube title aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays a major role in the Kingdom Hearts series, as the king of Disney Castle and aided to the protagonist, Sora and his friends. King Mickey wields the Keyblade, a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness. Epic Mickey, featuring a darker version of the Disney universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii. The game is part of an effort by The Walt Disney Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality.^[3]

Watches and clock

Mickey was most famously featured on wristwatches and alarm clocks, typically utilizing his hands as the actual hands on the face of the clock. The first Mickey Mouse watches were manufactured in 1933 by the Ingersoll Watch Company. The seconds were indicated by a turning disk below Mickey. The first Mickey watch was sold at the Century of Progress in Chicago, 1933 for $3.75 (equivalent to $78 in 2021). Mickey Mouse watches have been sold by other companies and designers throughout the years, including Timex, Elgin, Helbros, Bradley, Lorus, and Gérald Genta.^[77] The fictional character Robert Langdon from Dan Brown’s novels was said to wear a Mickey Mouse watch as a reminder «to stay young at heart.»^[78]

Other products

In 1989, Milton Bradley released the electronic talking game titled Mickey Says, with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host. Mickey also appeared in other toys and games, including the Worlds of Wonder released The Talking Mickey Mouse.

Fisher-Price has produced a line of talking animatronic Mickey dolls including «Dance Star Mickey» (2010)^[79] and «Rock Star Mickey» (2011).^[80]

In total, approximately 40% of Disney’s revenues for consumer products are derived from Mickey Mouse merchandise, with revenues peaking in 1997.^[72]

Use in politics

In the United States, protest votes are often made in order to indicate dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular ballot or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting procedure. Since most states’ electoral systems do not provide for blank balloting or a choice of «None of the Above», most protest votes take the form of a clearly non-serious candidate’s name entered as a write-in vote. Mickey Mouse is often selected for this purpose.^[81][82] As an election supervisor in Georgia observed, «If Mickey Mouse doesn’t get votes in our election, it’s a bad election.»^[83] The earliest known mention of Mickey Mouse as a write-in candidate dates back to the 1932 New York City mayoral elections.^[84]

Mickey Mouse’s name has also been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists, such as in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election.^[85][86]

Pejorative use of Mickey’s name

«Mickey Mouse» is a slang expression meaning small-time, amateurish or trivial. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it also means poor quality or counterfeit.^[87] In Poland the phrase «mały Miki», which translates to «small Mickey», means something very simple and trivial — usually used in the comparison between two things.^[88] However, in parts of Australia it can mean excellent or very good (rhyming slang for «grouse»).^[89] Examples of the negative usages include the following:

• In The Godfather Part II, Fredo’s justification of betraying Michael is that his orders in the family usually were «Send Fredo off to do this, send Fredo off to do that! Let Fredo take care of some Mickey Mouse nightclub somewhere!» as opposed to more meaningful tasks.
• In an early episode of the 1978–82 sitcom Mork & Mindy, Mork stated that Pluto was «a Mickey Mouse planet», referring to the future dwarf planet having the same name as Mickey’s pet dog Pluto.
• On November 19, 1983, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky’s Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13–4, Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter, «Well, it’s time they got their act together, they’re ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice». Reacting to Gretzky’s comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey on January 15, 1984, despite a 5–4 Devils loss.^[90]
• In the 1996 Warner Bros. film Space Jam, Bugs Bunny derogatorily comments on Daffy Duck’s idea for the name of their basketball team, asking: «What kind of Mickey Mouse organization would name a team ‘The Ducks?'» (This also referenced the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, an NHL team that was then owned by Disney, as well as the Disney-made The Mighty Ducks movie franchise. This was referencing the Disney/Warner Brothers rivalry.)
• In schools a «Mickey Mouse course», «Mickey Mouse major», or «Mickey Mouse degree» is a class, college major, or degree where very little effort is necessary in order to attain a good grade (especially an A) or one where the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the labor market.^[91]
• Musicians often refer to a film score that directly follows each action on screen, sometimes pejoratively, as Mickey Mousing (also mickey-mousing and mickeymousing).^[92]
• In the beginning of the 1980s, then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament a «Mickey Mouse parliament», meaning a discussion club without influence.^[93]

Parodies and criticism

Mickey Mouse’s global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and of the United States itself. For this reason, Mickey has been used frequently in anti-American satire, such as the infamous underground cartoon «Mickey Mouse in Vietnam» (1969). There have been numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse, such as the two-page parody «Mickey Rodent» by Will Elder (published in Mad #19, 1955) in which the mouse walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the duck’s larger popularity.^[94] The Simpsons would later become Disney property as its distributor Fox was acquired by Disney. On the Comedy Central series South Park, Mickey is depicted as the sadistic, greedy, foul-mouthed boss of The Walt Disney Company, only interested in money. He also appears briefly with Donald Duck in the comic Squeak the Mouse by the Italian cartoonist Massimo Mattioli. Horst Rosenthal created a comic book, Mickey au Camp de Gurs (Mickey Mouse in the Gurs Internment Camp) while detained in the Gurs internment camp during the Second World War; he added «Publié Sans Autorisation de Walt Disney» («Published without Walt Disney’s Permission») to the front cover.^[95]

In the 1969 parody novel Bored of the Rings, Mickey Mouse is satirized as Dickey Dragon.

In the fifth episode of the Japanese anime, Pop Team Epic, Popuko, one of the main characters, attempts an impression of Mickey, but does so poorly.

Legal issues

Like all major Disney characters, Mickey Mouse is not only copyrighted but also trademarked, which lasts in perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner. So, whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public domain, the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without authorization.

Because of the Copyright Term Extension Act of the United States (sometimes called the ‘Mickey Mouse Protection Act’ because of extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation) and similar legislation within the European Union and other jurisdictions where copyright terms have been extended, works such as the early Mickey Mouse cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2024. However, some copyright scholars argue that Disney’s copyright on the earliest version of the character may be invalid due to ambiguity in the copyright notice for Steamboat Willie.^[96]

The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character—whose likeness is closely associated with the company—with particular zeal. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in the Orlando, Florida region (where Walt Disney World is a dominant employer) for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls. The characters were removed, and the newly opened rival Universal Studios Florida allowed the centers to use their own cartoon characters with their blessing, to build community goodwill.^[97]

Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates

In 1971, a group of underground cartoonists calling themselves the Air Pirates, after a group of villains from early Mickey Mouse films, produced a comic called Air Pirates Funnies. In the first issue, cartoonist Dan O’Neill depicted Mickey and Minnie Mouse engaging in explicit sexual behavior and consuming drugs. As O’Neill explained, «The air pirates were…some sort of bizarre concept to steal the air, pirate the air, steal the media….Since we were cartoonists, the logical thing was Disney.»^[98] Rather than change the appearance or name of the character, which O’Neill felt would dilute the parody, the mouse depicted in Air Pirates Funnies looks like and is named «Mickey Mouse». Disney sued for copyright infringement, and after a series of appeals, O’Neill eventually lost and was ordered to pay Disney $1.9 million. The outcome of the case remains controversial among free-speech advocates. New York Law School professor Edward Samuels said, «The Air Pirates set parody back twenty years.»^{[99][better source needed]}

Copyright status

There have been multiple attempts to argue that certain versions of Mickey Mouse are in fact in the public domain. In the 1980s, archivist George S. Brown attempted to recreate and sell cels from the 1933 short «The Mad Doctor», on the theory that they were in the public domain because Disney had failed to renew the copyright as required by current law.^[100] However, Disney successfully sued Brown to prevent such sale, arguing that the lapse in copyright for «The Mad Doctor» did not put Mickey Mouse in the public domain because of the copyright in the earlier films.^[100] Brown attempted to appeal, noting imperfections in the earlier copyright claims, but the court dismissed his argument as untimely.^[100]

In 1999, Lauren Vanpelt, a law student at Arizona State University, wrote a paper making a similar argument.^[100][101] Vanpelt points out that copyright law at the time required a copyright notice specify the year of the copyright and the copyright owner’s name. The title cards to early Mickey Mouse films «Steamboat Willie», «Plane Crazy», and «Gallopin’ Gaucho» do not clearly identify the copyright owner, and also misidentify the copyright year. However, Vanpelt notes that copyright cards in other early films may have been done correctly, which could make Mickey Mouse «protected as a component part of the larger copyrighted films».^[101]

A 2003 article by Douglas A. Hedenkamp in the Virginia Sports and Entertainment Law Journal analyzed Vanpelt’s arguments, and concluded that she is likely correct.^[100][102] Hedenkamp provided additional arguments, and identified some errors in Vanpelt’s paper, but still found that due to imperfections in the copyright notice on the title cards, Walt Disney forfeited his copyright in Mickey Mouse. He concluded: «The forfeiture occurred at the moment of publication, and the law of that time was clear: publication without proper notice irrevocably forfeited copyright protection.»^[102]

Disney threatened to sue Hedenkamp for slander of title, but did not follow through.^[100] The claims in Vanpelt and Hedenkamp’s articles have not been tested in court.^{[citation needed]}

Censorship

In 1930, the German Board of Film Censors prohibited any presentations of the 1929 Mickey Mouse cartoon The Barnyard Battle. The animated short, which features the mouse as a kepi-wearing soldier fighting cat enemies in German-style helmets, was viewed by censors as a negative portrayal of Germany.^[103] It was claimed by the board that the film would «reawaken the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War».^[104] The Barnyard Battle incident did not incite wider anti-Mickey sentiment in Germany in 1930; however, after Adolf Hitler came to power several years later, the Nazi regime unambiguously propagandized against Disney. A mid-1930s German newspaper article read:

Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed. Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filth-covered vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, cannot be the ideal type of animal. Away with Jewish brutalization of the people! Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika Cross!^{[105][106][107]}

American cartoonist and writer Art Spiegelman would later use this quote on the opening page of the second volume of his graphic novel Maus.

In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be «scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre».^[108] In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture’s recommendation that a reform was necessary «to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution», the Italian Government banned foreign children’s literature^[109] except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the «acknowledged artistic merit» of Disney’s work.^[110] Actually, Mussolini’s children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible.^[111] In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey’s stories were replaced by the adventures of Tuffolino, a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy’s fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.

Filmography

Selected short films

Full-length films

(Note: DTV means Direct-to-video)

Television series

Awards and honors

Mickey Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. These are Mickey’s Orphans (1931), Building a Building (1933), Brave Little Tailor (1938), The Pointer (1939), Lend a Paw (1941), Squatter’s Rights (1946), Mickey and the Seal (1948), Mickey’s Christmas Carol (1983), Runaway Brain (1995), and Get a Horse! (2013). Among these, Lend a Paw was the only film to actually win the award. Additionally, in 1932 Walt Disney received an honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey’s creation and popularity.

In 1994, four of Mickey’s cartoons were included in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons which listed the greatest cartoons of all time as voted by members of the animation field. The films were The Band Concert (#3), Steamboat Willie (#13), Brave Little Tailor (#26), and Clock Cleaners (#27).

On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd.

Melbourne (Australia) runs the annual Moomba festival street procession and appointed Mickey Mouse as their King of Moomba (1977).^{[112]: 17–22} Although immensely popular with children, there was controversy with the appointment: some Melburnians wanted a ‘home-grown’ choice, e.g. Blinky Bill; when it was revealed that Patricia O’Carroll (from Disneyland’s Disney on Parade show) was performing the mouse, Australian newspapers reported «Mickey Mouse is really a girl!»^{[112]: 19–20}

Mickey was the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year’s Day 2005. He was the first cartoon character to receive the honor and only the second fictional character after Kermit the Frog in 1996.

See also

• Mickey Mouse Adventures, a short-lived comic starring Mickey Mouse as the protagonist
• Mouse Museum, a Russian museum featuring artifacts and memorabilia relating to Mickey Mouse
• Walt Disney (2015 PBS film)

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

• Korkis, Jim (2012). Who Is Afraid of the Song of the South?: And Other Forbidden Disney Stories. Orlando, Fla.: Theme Park Press. ISBN 978-0984341559. OCLC 823179800.

External links

• Disney’s Mickey Mouse character page
• Mickey Mouse at Inducks
• Mickey Mouse on IMDb
• Mickey Mouse’s Campaign Website (as archived on August 3, 2008)
• Wayne Allwine – Daily Telegraph obituary
• Mickey Mouse comic strip reprints at Creators Syndicate
• Mickey Mouse at Don Markstein’s Toonopedia.

Mickey Mouse
First appearance	Steamboat Willie (1928)
Created by	Walt Disney Ub Iwerks
Designed by	Walt Disney Ub Iwerks (original, 1928 design) Fred Moore (1938 redesign)
Voiced by	Walt Disney (1928–1947, 1955–1962) Carl W. Stalling (1929) Jimmy MacDonald (1947–1978) Wayne Allwine (1977–2009)[1] Bret Iwan (2009–present) Chris Diamantopoulos (2013–present) (see voice actors)
Developed by	Les Clark Fred Moore Floyd Gottfredson Romano Scarpa
In-universe information
Full name	Mickey Mouse
Alias	Sorcerer Mickey Bob Cratchit King Mickey
Species	Mouse
Gender	Male
Family	Mickey Mouse family
Significant other	Minnie Mouse
Pets	Pluto (dog)

Mickey Mouse is an animated cartoon character co-created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. The longtime mascot of The Walt Disney Company, Mickey is an anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves. Taking inspiration from silent film personalities such as Charlie Chaplin’s Tramp, Mickey is traditionally characterized as a sympathetic underdog who gets by on pluck and ingenuity.^[2] The character’s status as a small mouse was personified through his diminutive stature and falsetto voice, the latter of which was originally provided by Disney. Mickey is one of the world’s most recognizable and universally acclaimed fictional characters of all time.

Created as a replacement for a prior Disney character, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Mickey first appeared in the short Plane Crazy, debuting publicly in the short film Steamboat Willie (1928), one of the first sound cartoons. The character was originally to be named “Mortimer Mouse”, until Lillian Disney instead suggested “Mickey” during a train ride. The character went on to appear in over 130 films, including The Band Concert (1935), Brave Little Tailor (1938), and Fantasia (1940). Mickey appeared primarily in short films, but also occasionally in feature-length films. Ten of Mickey’s cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, one of which, Lend a Paw, won the award in 1941. In 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Beginning in 1930, Mickey has also been featured extensively in comic strips and comic books. The Mickey Mouse comic strip, drawn primarily by Floyd Gottfredson, ran for 45 years. Mickey has also appeared in comic books such as Mickey Mouse, Disney Italy’s Topolino and MM – Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine, and Wizards of Mickey. Mickey also features in television series such as The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1996) and others. He appears in other media such as video games as well as merchandising and is a meetable character at the Disney parks.

Mickey generally appears alongside his girlfriend Minnie Mouse, his pet dog Pluto, his friends Donald Duck and Goofy, and his nemesis Pete, among others (see Mickey Mouse universe). Though originally characterized as a cheeky lovable rogue, Mickey was rebranded over time as a nice guy, usually seen as an honest and bodacious hero. In 2009, Disney began to rebrand the character again by putting less emphasis on his friendly, well-meaning persona and reintroducing the more adventurous and stubborn sides of his personality, beginning with the video game Epic Mickey.^[3]

History

Film

Origin

Mickey Mouse was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, an earlier cartoon character that was created by the Disney studio but owned by Universal Pictures.^[4] Charles Mintz served as a middleman producer between Disney and Universal through his company, Winkler Pictures, for the series of cartoons starring Oswald. Ongoing conflicts between Disney and Mintz and the revelation that several animators from the Disney studio would eventually leave to work for Mintz’s company ultimately resulted in Disney cutting ties with Oswald. Among the few people who stayed at the Disney studio were animator Ub Iwerks, apprentice artist Les Clark, and Wilfred Jackson. On his train ride home from New York, Walt brainstormed ideas for a new cartoon character.

Mickey Mouse was conceived in secret while Disney produced the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz. Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A female cow and male horse were also rejected. (They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar.) A male frog was also rejected, which later showed up in Iwerks’ own Flip the Frog series.^[5] Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from a tame mouse at his desk at Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City, Missouri.^[6] In 1925, Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney. These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney.^[5] «Mortimer Mouse» had been Disney’s original name for the character before his wife, Lillian, convinced him to change it, and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be.^[7][8] The actor Mickey Rooney claimed that, during his Mickey McGuire days, he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio, and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him.^[9] This claim, however, has been debunked by Disney historian Jim Korkis, since at the time of Mickey Mouse’s development, Disney Studios had been located on Hyperion Avenue for several years, and Walt Disney never kept an office or other working space at Warner Brothers, having no professional relationship with Warner Brothers.^[10][11] Over the years, the name Mortimer Mouse was eventually given to several different characters in the Mickey Mouse universe : Minnie Mouse’s uncle, who appears in several comics stories, one of Mickey’s antagonists who competes for Minnie’s affections in various cartoons and comics, and one of Mickey’s nephews, named Morty.

Debut (1928)

Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short Plane Crazy, on May 15, 1928, but it failed to impress the audience and Walt could not find a distributor for the short.^[12] Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short, The Gallopin’ Gaucho, which was also not released for lack of a distributor.

Steamboat Willie was first released on November 18, 1928, in New York. It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark, Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy. This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton’s Steamboat Bill, Jr., first released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus is considered by The Disney Company as Mickey’s debut. Willie featured changes to Mickey’s appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to large dots) that established his look for later cartoons and in numerous Walt Disney films.^{[citation needed]}

The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios, headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer, had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For Willie, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the «Turkey in the Straw» sequence when Mickey’s actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film’s original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie and would remain the source of Mickey’s voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons. Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946, but Walt provided Mickey’s voice again from 1955 to 1959 for The Mickey Mouse Club television series on ABC.^{[citation needed]}

Audiences at the time of Steamboat Willie‘s release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic purposes. Sound films or «talkies» were still considered innovative. The first feature-length movie with dialogue sequences, The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson, was released on October 6, 1927. Within a year of its success, most United States movie theaters had installed sound film equipment. Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and, arguably, managed to succeed. Most other cartoon studios were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively act as competition to Disney. As a result, Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time. Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both Plane Crazy and The Gallopin’ Gaucho (which had originally been silent releases) and their new release added to Mickey’s success and popularity. A fourth Mickey short, The Barn Dance, was also put into production; however, Mickey does not actually speak until The Karnival Kid in 1929 (see below). After Steamboat Willie was released, Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat, and his popularity would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons. By 1929, Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences, and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result.^[13] Unfortunately, audiences did not respond well to Felix’s transition to sound and by 1930, Felix had faded from the screen.^[14]

Black and white films (1929–1935)

In Mickey’s early films he was often characterized not as a hero, but as an ineffective young suitor to Minnie Mouse. The Barn Dance (March 14, 1929) is the first time in which Mickey is turned down by Minnie in favor of Pete. The Opry House (March 28, 1929) was the first time in which Mickey wore his white gloves. Mickey wears them in almost all of his subsequent appearances and many other characters followed suit. The three lines on the back of Mickey’s gloves represent darts in the gloves’ fabric extending from between the digits of the hand, typical of glove design of the era.

When the Cat’s Away (April 18, 1929), essentially a remake of the Alice Comedy, «Alice Rattled by Rats», was an unusual appearance for Mickey. Although Mickey and Minnie still maintained their anthropomorphic characteristics, they were depicted as the size of regular mice and living with a community of many other mice as pests in a home. Mickey and Minnie would later appear the size of regular humans in their own setting. In appearances with real humans, Mickey has been shown to be about two to three feet high.^[15] The next Mickey short was also unusual. The Barnyard Battle (April 25, 1929) was the only film to depict Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place him in combat. The Karnival Kid (1929) was the first time Mickey spoke. Before this he had only whistled, laughed, and grunted. His first words were «Hot dogs! Hot dogs!» said while trying to sell hot dogs at a carnival. Mickey’s Follies (1929) introduced the song «Minnie’s Yoo-Hoo» which would become the theme song for Mickey Mouse films for the next several years. The same song sequence was also later reused with different background animation as its own special short shown only at the commencement of 1930s theater-based Mickey Mouse Clubs.^[16][17] Mickey’s dog Pluto first appeared as Mickey’s pet in The Moose Hunt (1931) after previously appearing as Minnie’s dog «Rover» in The Picnic (1930).

The Cactus Kid (April 11, 1930) was the last film to be animated by Ub Iwerks at Disney. Shortly before the release of the film, Iwerks left to start his own studio, bankrolled by Disney’s then-distributor Pat Powers. Powers and Disney had a falling out over money due Disney from the distribution deal. It was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney’s cartoons that Powers made the deal with Iwerks, who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio. The departure is considered a turning point in Mickey’s career, as well as that of Walt Disney. Walt lost the man who served as his closest colleague and confidant since 1919. Mickey lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction or animation of several of the shorts released till this point. Advertising for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons credited them as «A Walt Disney Comic, drawn by Ub Iwerks». Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt Disney alone.

Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey’s popularity would rise, and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members.^[18] At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932, Mickey received his first Academy Award nomination, received for Mickey’s Orphans (1931). Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse. Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphony short the Three Little Pigs in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye was more popular than Mickey.^[19][20][21] By 1934, Mickey merchandise had earned $600,000 a year.^[22] In 1935, Disney began to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems.^[23]

About this time, story artists at Disney were finding it increasingly difficult to write material for Mickey. As he had developed into a role model for children, they were limited in the types of gags they could present. This led to Mickey taking more of a secondary role in some of his next films, allowing for more emphasis on other characters. In Orphan’s Benefit (1934), Mickey first appeared with Donald Duck who had been introduced earlier that year in the Silly Symphony series. The tempestuous duck would provide Disney with seemingly endless story ideas and would remain a recurring character in Mickey’s cartoons.

Color films (1935–1953)

Mickey first appeared animated in color in Parade of the Award Nominees in 1932; however, the film strip was created for the 5th Academy Awards ceremony and was not released to the public. Mickey’s official first color film came in 1935 with The Band Concert. The Technicolor film process was used in the film production. Here Mickey conducted the William Tell Overture, but the band is swept up by a tornado. It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that, upon first seeing it, he asked the projectionist to run it again. In 1994, The Band Concert was voted the third-greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals. By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey, Walt would put Mickey back on top once again, and Mickey would reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal.^[24] Also in 1935, Walt would receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey.

However, by 1938, the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey, resulting in a redesign of the mouse between 1938 and 1940 that put Mickey at the peak of his popularity.^[24] The second half of the 1930s saw the character Goofy reintroduced as a series regular. Together, Mickey, Donald Duck, and Goofy would go on several adventures together. Several of the films by the comic trio are some of Mickey’s most critically acclaimed films, including Mickey’s Fire Brigade (1935), Moose Hunters (1937), Clock Cleaners (1937), Lonesome Ghosts (1937), Boat Builders (1938), and Mickey’s Trailer (1938). Also during this era, Mickey would star in Brave Little Tailor (1938), an adaptation of The Valiant Little Tailor, which was nominated for an Academy Award.

Mickey was redesigned by animator Fred Moore which was first seen in The Pointer (1939). Instead of having solid black eyes, Mickey was given white eyes with pupils, a Caucasian skin colored face, and a pear-shaped body. In the 1940s, he changed once more in The Little Whirlwind, where he used his trademark pants for the last time in decades, lost his tail, got more realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body anatomy. But this change would only last for a short period of time before returning to the one in «The Pointer«, with the exception of his pants. In his final theatrical cartoons in the 1950s, he was given eyebrows, which were removed in the more recent cartoons.

In 1940, Mickey appeared in his first feature-length film, Fantasia. His screen role as The Sorcerer’s Apprentice, set to the symphonic poem of the same name by Paul Dukas, is perhaps the most famous segment of the film and one of Mickey’s most iconic roles. The apprentice (Mickey), not willing to do his chores, puts on the sorcerer’s magic hat after the sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom, which causes the broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore—filling up a deep well using two buckets of water. When the well eventually overflows, Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom, leading to a near-flood. After the segment ends, Mickey is seen in silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski, who conducts all the music heard in Fantasia. Mickey has often been pictured in the red robe and blue sorcerer’s hat in merchandising. It was also featured into the climax of Fantasmic!, an attraction at the Disney theme parks.

After 1940, Mickey’s popularity would decline until his 1955 re-emergence as a daily children’s television personality.^[25] Despite this, the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 (winning his only competitive Academy Award—with canine companion Pluto—for a short subject, Lend a Paw) and again from 1946 to 1952. In these later cartoons, Mickey was often just a supporting character in his own shorts, where Pluto would be the main character.

The last regular installment of the Mickey Mouse film series came in 1953 with The Simple Things in which Mickey and Pluto go fishing and are pestered by a flock of seagulls.

Television and later films

In the 1950s, Mickey became more known for his appearances on television, particularly with The Mickey Mouse Club. Many of his theatrical cartoon shorts were rereleased on television series such as Ink & Paint Club, various forms of the Walt Disney anthology television series, and on home video. Mickey returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with Mickey’s Christmas Carol, an adaptation of Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol in which Mickey played Bob Cratchit. This was followed up in 1990 with The Prince and the Pauper.

Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros.’ Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis Disney/Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character had the same amount of screen time in the scene.

Similar to his animated inclusion into a live-action film in Roger Rabbit, Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World where he met Kermit the Frog. The two are established in the story as having been old friends, although they have not made any other appearance together outside of this.

His most recent theatrical cartoon short was 2013’s Get a Horse! which was preceded by 1995’s Runaway Brain, while from 1999 to 2004, he appeared in direct-to-video features like Mickey’s Once Upon a Christmas, Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers and the computer-animated Mickey’s Twice Upon a Christmas.

Many television series have centered on Mickey, such as the ABC shows Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000), Disney’s House of Mouse (2001–2003), Disney Channel’s Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016), Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (2017–2021) and Mickey Mouse Funhouse (2021–).^[26] Prior to all these, Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the Bonkers episode «You Oughta Be In Toons».

In 2013, Disney Channel started airing new 3-minute Mickey Mouse shorts, with animator Paul Rudish at the helm, incorporating elements of Mickey’s late twenties-early thirties look with a contemporary twist.^[27] The creative team behind the 2017 DuckTales reboot had hoped to have Mickey Mouse in the series, but this idea was rejected by Disney executives.^[28] However, this did not stop them from including a watermelon shaped like Mickey Mouse that Donald Duck made and used like a ventriloquist dummy (to the point where he had perfectly replicated his voice (supplied by Chris Diamantopoulos)) while he was stranded on a deserted island during the season two finale.^[29] On November 10, 2020, the series was revived as The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse and premiered on Disney+^[30]

In August 2018, ABC television announced a two-hour prime time special, Mickey’s 90th Spectacular, in honor of Mickey’s 90th birthday. The program featured never-before-seen short videos and several other celebrities who wanted to share their memories about Mickey Mouse and performed some of the Disney songs to impress Mickey. The show took place at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles and was produced and directed by Don Mischer on November 4, 2018.^[31][32] On November 18, 2018, a 90th anniversary event for the character was celebrated around the world.^[33] In December 2019, both Mickey and Minnie served as special co-hosts of Wheel of Fortune for two weeks while Vanna White served as the main host during Pat Sajak’s absence.^[34]

Mickey is the subject of the 2022 documentary film Mickey: The Story of a Mouse, directed by Jeff Malmberg. Debuting at the South by Southwest film festival prior to its premiere on the Disney+ streaming service, the documentary examines the history and cultural impact of Mickey Mouse across. The feature is accompanied by an original, hand-drawn animated short film starring Mickey titled Mickey in a Minute.^[35]

Comics

Mickey first appeared in comics after he had appeared in 15 commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public. Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip. Disney accepted and Mickey Mouse made its first appearance on January 13, 1930.^[36] The comical plot was credited to Disney himself, art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith. The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of «Plane Crazy«. Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast. The strips first released between January 13, 1930, and March 31, 1930, has been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title «Lost on a Desert Island«. Animation historian Jim Korkis notes «After the eighteenth strip, Iwerks left and his inker, Win Smith, continued drawing the gag-a-day format.»^[37]

In early 1930, after Iwerks’ departure, Disney was at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip, assigning the art to Win Smith. However, Disney’s focus had always been in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well. Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script, draw, and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden resignation.

Disney then searched for a replacement among the remaining staff of the Studio. He selected Floyd Gottfredson, a recently hired employee. At the time Gottfredson was reportedly eager to work in animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment. Disney had to assure him the assignment was only temporary and that he would eventually return to animation. Gottfredson accepted and ended up holding this «temporary» assignment from May 5, 1930, to November 15, 1975.

Walt Disney’s last script for the strip appeared May 17, 1930.^[37] Gottfredson’s first task was to finish the storyline Disney had started on April 1, 1930. The storyline was completed on September 20, 1930, and later reprinted in comic book form as Mickey Mouse in Death Valley. This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which to this point only included Mickey and Minnie. Among the characters who had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar, and Black Pete as well as the debuts of corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie’s uncle Mortimer Mouse. The Death Valley narrative was followed by Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers, first printed between September 22 and December 26, 1930, which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie’s parents.

Starting with these two early comic strip stories, Mickey’s versions in animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other. While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy, the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure. This adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century.

Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as Mickey Mouse Joins the Foreign Legion (1936) and The Gleam (1942). He also created the Phantom Blot, Eega Beeva, Morty and Ferdie, Captain Churchmouse, and Butch. Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman Arambula, Rick Hoover, Manuel Gonzales, Carson Van Osten, Jim Engel, Bill Wright, Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes; writers included Ted Osborne, Merrill De Maris, Bill Walsh, Dick Shaw, Roy Williams, Del Connell, and Floyd Norman.

The next artist to leave his mark on the character was Paul Murry in Dell Comics. His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950 but Mickey did not become a specialty until Murry’s first serial for Walt Disney’s Comics and Stories in 1953 («The Last Resort»). In the same period, Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine Topolino began to revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep-Bleep. While the stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes, in the modern era several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures. This renaissance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson, David Gerstein, Noel Van Horn, Michael T. Gilbert and César Ferioli.

In Europe, Mickey Mouse became the main attraction of a number of comics magazines, the most famous being Topolino in Italy from 1932 onward, Le Journal de Mickey in France from 1934 onward, Don Miki in Spain and the Greek Miky Maous.

Mickey was the main character for the series MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine, published in Italy from 1999 to 2001.

In 2006, he appeared in the Italian fantasy comic saga Wizards of Mickey.

In 1958, Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through another comic book called “Sameer”. He became very popular in Egypt and got a comic book with his name. Mickey’s comics in Egypt are licensed by Disney and were published since 1959 by “Dar Al-Hilal” and they were successful, however Dar Al-Hilal stopped the publication in 2003 because of problems with Disney. The comics were re-released by «Nahdat Masr» in 2004 and the first issues were sold out in less than 8 hours.^[38]

Portrayal

Design

Throughout the earlier years, Mickey’s design bore heavy resemblance to Oswald, save for the ears, nose, and tail.^[39][40][41] Ub Iwerks designed Mickey’s body out of circles in order to make the character simple to animate. Disney employees John Hench and Marc Davis believed that this design was part of Mickey’s success as it made him more dynamic and appealing to audiences.

Mickey’s circular design is most noticeable in his ears. In animation in the 1940s, Mickey’s ears were animated in a more realistic perspective. Later, they were drawn to always appear circular no matter which way Mickey was facing. This made Mickey easily recognizable to audiences and made his ears an unofficial personal trademark. The circular rule later created a dilemma for toy creators who had to recreate a three-dimensional Mickey.

In 1938, animator Fred Moore redesigned Mickey’s body away from its circular design to a pear-shaped design. Colleague Ward Kimball praised Moore for being the first animator to break from Mickey’s «rubber hose, round circle» design. Although Moore himself was nervous at first about changing Mickey, Walt Disney liked the new design and told Moore «that’s the way I want Mickey to be drawn from now on.»

Each of Mickey’s hands has only three fingers and a thumb. Disney said that this was both an artistic and financial decision, explaining, «Artistically five digits are too many for a mouse. His hand would look like a bunch of bananas. Financially, not having an extra finger in each of 45,000 drawings that make up a six and one-half minute short has saved the Studio millions.» In the film The Opry House (1929), Mickey was first given white gloves as a way of contrasting his naturally black hands against his black body. The use of white gloves would prove to be an influential design for cartoon characters, particularly with later Disney characters, but also with non-Disney characters such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Mighty Mouse, Mario, and Sonic The Hedgehog.

Mickey’s eyes, as drawn in Plane Crazy and The Gallopin’ Gaucho, were large and white with black outlines. In Steamboat Willie, the bottom portion of the black outlines was removed, although the upper edges still contrasted with his head. Mickey’s eyes were later re-imagined as only consisting of the small black dots which were originally his pupils, while what were the upper edges of his eyes became a hairline. This is evident only when Mickey blinks. Fred Moore later redesigned the eyes to be small white eyes with pupils and gave his face a Caucasian skin tone instead of plain white. This new Mickey first appeared in 1938 on the cover of a party program, and in animation the following year with the release of The Pointer.^[42] Mickey is sometimes given eyebrows as seen in The Simple Things (1953) and in the comic strip, although he does not have eyebrows in his subsequent appearances.^{[citation needed]}

Originally characters had black hands, but Frank Thomas said this was changed for visibility reasons.^[43] According to Disney’s Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life, written by former Disney animators Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston, «The characters were in black and white with no shades of grey to soften the contrast or delineate a form. Mickey’s body was black, his arms and his hands- all black. There was no way to stage an action except in silhouette. How else could there be any clarity? A hand in front of a chest would simply disappear.»^[44]

Multiple sources state that Mickey’s characteristics, particularly the black body combined with the large white eyes, white mouth, and the white gloves, evolved from blackface caricatures used in minstrel shows.^{[45][46][47][48][49]}

Besides Mickey’s gloves and shoes, he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front. Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animation, Mickey’s shorts were either red or a dull blue-green. With the advent of Mickey’s color films, the shorts were always red. When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts, he is often still wearing red clothing such as a red bandmaster coat (The Band Concert, The Mickey Mouse Club), red overalls (Clock Cleaners, Boat Builders), a red cloak (Fantasia, Fun and Fancy Free), a red coat (Squatter’s Rights, Mickey’s Christmas Carol), or a red shirt (Mickey Down Under, The Simple Things).

Voice actors

A large part of Mickey’s screen persona is his famously shy, falsetto voice. From 1928 onward, Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself, a task in which Disney took great personal pride. Composer Carl W. Stalling was the first person to provide lines for Mickey in the 1929 shorts The Karnival Kid and Wild Waves,^[50][51] and J. Donald Wilson and Joe Twerp provided the voice in some 1938 broadcasts of The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air,^[52] although Disney remained Mickey’s official voice during this period. However, by 1946, Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work which meant he could not do Mickey’s voice on a regular basis anymore. It is also speculated that his cigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years.^[53] After recording the Mickey and the Beanstalk section of Fun and Fancy Free, Mickey’s voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jimmy MacDonald. Walt would reprise Mickey’s voice occasionally until his passing in 1966, such as in the introductions to the original 1955–1959 run of The Mickey Mouse Club TV series, the «Fourth Anniversary Show» episode of the Walt Disney’s Disneyland TV series that aired on September 11, 1957, and the Disneyland USA at Radio City Music Hall show from 1962.^[54]

MacDonald voiced Mickey in most of the remaining theatrical shorts and for various television and publicity projects up until his retirement in 1976.^[55] However, other actors would occasionally play the role during this era. Clarence Nash, the voice of Donald Duck, provided the voice in three of Mickey’s theatrical shorts, The Dognapper, R’coon Dawg, and Pluto’s Party.^[56] Stan Freberg voiced Mickey in the Freberg-produced record Mickey Mouse’s Birthday Party.

Alan Young voiced Mickey in the Disneyland record album An Adaptation of Dickens’ Christmas Carol, Performed by The Walt Disney Players in 1974.^[57][58]

The 1983 short film Mickey’s Christmas Carol marked the theatrical debut of Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse, who was the official voice of Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009,^[59] although MacDonald returned to voice Mickey for an appearance at the 50th Academy Awards in 1978.^[60] Allwine once recounted something MacDonald had told him about voicing Mickey: «The main piece of advice that Jim gave me about Mickey helped me keep things in perspective. He said, ‘Just remember kid, you’re only filling in for the boss.’ And that’s the way he treated doing Mickey for years and years. From Walt, and now from Jimmy.»^[61] In 1991, Allwine married Russi Taylor, the voice of Minnie Mouse from 1986 until her death in 2019.

Les Perkins did the voice of Mickey in two TV specials, «Down and Out with Donald Duck» and «DTV Valentine», in the mid-1980s. Peter Renaday voiced Mickey in the 1980s Disney albums Yankee Doodle Mickey and Mickey Mouse Splashdance.^[62][63] He also provided his voice for The Talking Mickey Mouse toy in 1986.^[64][65] Quinton Flynn briefly filled in for Allwine as the voice of Mickey in a few episodes of the first season of Mickey Mouse Works whenever Allwine was unavailable to record.^[66]

Bret Iwan, a former Hallmark greeting card artist, is one of the current voices of Mickey. Iwan was originally cast as an understudy for Allwine due to the latter’s declining health, but Allwine died before Iwan could get a chance to meet him and Iwan became the new official voice of the character at the time. Iwan’s early recordings in 2009 included work for the Disney Cruise Line, Mickey toys, the Disney theme parks and the Disney on Ice: Celebrations! ice show.^[67] He directly replaced Allwine as Mickey for the Kingdom Hearts video game series and the TV series Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. His first video game voice-over of Mickey Mouse can be heard in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep. Iwan also became the first voice actor to portray Mickey during Disney’s rebranding of the character, providing the vocal effects of Mickey in Epic Mickey as well as his voice in Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two and the remake of Castle of Illusion.

Chris Diamantopoulos is the first voice of Mickey Mouse to be nominated for two Emmy Awards and two Annie Awards, in the award-winning Mickey Mouse 2013 animated series^[68] developed by Paul Rudish, and the 2017 DuckTales reboot (in the form of a watermelon that Donald uses as a ventriloquist dummy), as the producers were looking for a voice closer to Walt Disney’s portrayal of the character in order to match the vintage look of that series.^[69]

Diamantopoulos also speaks and sings for Mickey Mouse in the Walt Disney World attraction Mickey and Minnie’s Runaway Railway. Songs featuring Diamantopoulos as Mickey Mouse from that attraction, as well as soundtrack songs from the recent Disney+ series The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse streaming on various platforms.^[70]

Merchandising

Since his early years, Mickey Mouse has been licensed by Disney to appear on many different kinds of merchandise. Mickey was produced as plush toys and figurines, and Mickey’s image has graced almost everything from T-shirts to lunchboxes. Largely responsible for early Disney merchandising was Kay Kamen, Disney’s head of merchandise and licensing from 1932 until his death in 1949, who was called a «stickler for quality.» Kamen was recognized by The Walt Disney Company as having a significant part in Mickey’s rise to stardom and was named a Disney Legend in 1998.^[71] At the time of his 80th-anniversary celebration in 2008, Time declared Mickey Mouse one of the world’s most recognized characters, even when compared against Santa Claus.^[72] Disney officials have stated that 98% of children aged 3–11 around the world are at least aware of the character.^[72]

Disney parks

As the official Walt Disney mascot, Mickey has played a central role in the Disney parks since the opening of Disneyland in 1955. As with other characters, Mickey is often portrayed by a non-speaking costumed actor. In this form, he has participated in ceremonies and countless parades, and poses for photographs with guests. As of the presidency of Barack Obama (who jokingly referred to him as «a world leader who has bigger ears than me»)^[73] Mickey has met every U.S. president since Harry Truman, with the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson.^[41]

Mickey also features in several specific attractions at the Disney parks. Mickey’s Toontown (Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland) is a themed land which is a recreation of Mickey’s neighborhood. Buildings are built in a cartoon style and guests can visit Mickey or Minnie’s houses, Donald Duck’s boat, or Goofy’s garage. This is a common place to meet the characters.^[74]

Mickey’s PhilharMagic (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland) is a 4D film which features Mickey in the familiar role of symphony conductor. At Main Street Cinema several of Mickey’s short films are shown on a rotating basis; the sixth film is always Steamboat Willie. Mickey plays a central role in Fantasmic! (Disneyland Resort, Disney’s Hollywood Studios) a live nighttime show which famously features Mickey in his role as the Sorcerer’s Apprentice. Mickey was also a central character in the now-defunct Mickey Mouse Revue (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland) which was an indoor show featuring animatronic characters. Mickey’s face formerly graced the Mickey’s Fun Wheel (now Pixar Pal-A-Round) at Disney California Adventure Park, where a figure of him also stands on top of Silly Symphony Swings.

Mickey & Minnie’s Runaway Railway at Disney’s Hollywood Studios is a trackless dark ride themed to Mickey Mouse.^[75]

In addition to Mickey’s overt presence in the parks, numerous images of him are also subtly included in sometimes unexpected places. This phenomenon is known as «Hidden Mickeys», involving hidden images in Disney films, theme parks, and merchandise.^[76]

Video games

Like many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games, including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System, Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse, Mickey’s Ultimate Challenge, and Disney’s Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse on the Mega Drive/Genesis, Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands! on the Game Boy, and many others. In the 2000s, the Disney’s Magical Quest series were ported to the Game Boy Advance, while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney’s Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse, a GameCube title aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays a major role in the Kingdom Hearts series, as the king of Disney Castle and aided to the protagonist, Sora and his friends. King Mickey wields the Keyblade, a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness. Epic Mickey, featuring a darker version of the Disney universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii. The game is part of an effort by The Walt Disney Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality.^[3]

Watches and clock

Mickey was most famously featured on wristwatches and alarm clocks, typically utilizing his hands as the actual hands on the face of the clock. The first Mickey Mouse watches were manufactured in 1933 by the Ingersoll Watch Company. The seconds were indicated by a turning disk below Mickey. The first Mickey watch was sold at the Century of Progress in Chicago, 1933 for $3.75 (equivalent to $78 in 2021). Mickey Mouse watches have been sold by other companies and designers throughout the years, including Timex, Elgin, Helbros, Bradley, Lorus, and Gérald Genta.^[77] The fictional character Robert Langdon from Dan Brown’s novels was said to wear a Mickey Mouse watch as a reminder «to stay young at heart.»^[78]

Other products

In 1989, Milton Bradley released the electronic talking game titled Mickey Says, with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host. Mickey also appeared in other toys and games, including the Worlds of Wonder released The Talking Mickey Mouse.

Fisher-Price has produced a line of talking animatronic Mickey dolls including «Dance Star Mickey» (2010)^[79] and «Rock Star Mickey» (2011).^[80]

In total, approximately 40% of Disney’s revenues for consumer products are derived from Mickey Mouse merchandise, with revenues peaking in 1997.^[72]

Use in politics

In the United States, protest votes are often made in order to indicate dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular ballot or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting procedure. Since most states’ electoral systems do not provide for blank balloting or a choice of «None of the Above», most protest votes take the form of a clearly non-serious candidate’s name entered as a write-in vote. Mickey Mouse is often selected for this purpose.^[81][82] As an election supervisor in Georgia observed, «If Mickey Mouse doesn’t get votes in our election, it’s a bad election.»^[83] The earliest known mention of Mickey Mouse as a write-in candidate dates back to the 1932 New York City mayoral elections.^[84]

Mickey Mouse’s name has also been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists, such as in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election.^[85][86]

Pejorative use of Mickey’s name

«Mickey Mouse» is a slang expression meaning small-time, amateurish or trivial. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it also means poor quality or counterfeit.^[87] In Poland the phrase «mały Miki», which translates to «small Mickey», means something very simple and trivial — usually used in the comparison between two things.^[88] However, in parts of Australia it can mean excellent or very good (rhyming slang for «grouse»).^[89] Examples of the negative usages include the following:

• In The Godfather Part II, Fredo’s justification of betraying Michael is that his orders in the family usually were «Send Fredo off to do this, send Fredo off to do that! Let Fredo take care of some Mickey Mouse nightclub somewhere!» as opposed to more meaningful tasks.
• In an early episode of the 1978–82 sitcom Mork & Mindy, Mork stated that Pluto was «a Mickey Mouse planet», referring to the future dwarf planet having the same name as Mickey’s pet dog Pluto.
• On November 19, 1983, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky’s Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13–4, Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter, «Well, it’s time they got their act together, they’re ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice». Reacting to Gretzky’s comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey on January 15, 1984, despite a 5–4 Devils loss.^[90]
• In the 1996 Warner Bros. film Space Jam, Bugs Bunny derogatorily comments on Daffy Duck’s idea for the name of their basketball team, asking: «What kind of Mickey Mouse organization would name a team ‘The Ducks?'» (This also referenced the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, an NHL team that was then owned by Disney, as well as the Disney-made The Mighty Ducks movie franchise. This was referencing the Disney/Warner Brothers rivalry.)
• In schools a «Mickey Mouse course», «Mickey Mouse major», or «Mickey Mouse degree» is a class, college major, or degree where very little effort is necessary in order to attain a good grade (especially an A) or one where the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the labor market.^[91]
• Musicians often refer to a film score that directly follows each action on screen, sometimes pejoratively, as Mickey Mousing (also mickey-mousing and mickeymousing).^[92]
• In the beginning of the 1980s, then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament a «Mickey Mouse parliament», meaning a discussion club without influence.^[93]

Parodies and criticism

Mickey Mouse’s global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and of the United States itself. For this reason, Mickey has been used frequently in anti-American satire, such as the infamous underground cartoon «Mickey Mouse in Vietnam» (1969). There have been numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse, such as the two-page parody «Mickey Rodent» by Will Elder (published in Mad #19, 1955) in which the mouse walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the duck’s larger popularity.^[94] The Simpsons would later become Disney property as its distributor Fox was acquired by Disney. On the Comedy Central series South Park, Mickey is depicted as the sadistic, greedy, foul-mouthed boss of The Walt Disney Company, only interested in money. He also appears briefly with Donald Duck in the comic Squeak the Mouse by the Italian cartoonist Massimo Mattioli. Horst Rosenthal created a comic book, Mickey au Camp de Gurs (Mickey Mouse in the Gurs Internment Camp) while detained in the Gurs internment camp during the Second World War; he added «Publié Sans Autorisation de Walt Disney» («Published without Walt Disney’s Permission») to the front cover.^[95]

In the 1969 parody novel Bored of the Rings, Mickey Mouse is satirized as Dickey Dragon.

In the fifth episode of the Japanese anime, Pop Team Epic, Popuko, one of the main characters, attempts an impression of Mickey, but does so poorly.

Legal issues

Like all major Disney characters, Mickey Mouse is not only copyrighted but also trademarked, which lasts in perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner. So, whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public domain, the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without authorization.

Because of the Copyright Term Extension Act of the United States (sometimes called the ‘Mickey Mouse Protection Act’ because of extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation) and similar legislation within the European Union and other jurisdictions where copyright terms have been extended, works such as the early Mickey Mouse cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2024. However, some copyright scholars argue that Disney’s copyright on the earliest version of the character may be invalid due to ambiguity in the copyright notice for Steamboat Willie.^[96]

The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character—whose likeness is closely associated with the company—with particular zeal. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in the Orlando, Florida region (where Walt Disney World is a dominant employer) for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls. The characters were removed, and the newly opened rival Universal Studios Florida allowed the centers to use their own cartoon characters with their blessing, to build community goodwill.^[97]

Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates

In 1971, a group of underground cartoonists calling themselves the Air Pirates, after a group of villains from early Mickey Mouse films, produced a comic called Air Pirates Funnies. In the first issue, cartoonist Dan O’Neill depicted Mickey and Minnie Mouse engaging in explicit sexual behavior and consuming drugs. As O’Neill explained, «The air pirates were…some sort of bizarre concept to steal the air, pirate the air, steal the media….Since we were cartoonists, the logical thing was Disney.»^[98] Rather than change the appearance or name of the character, which O’Neill felt would dilute the parody, the mouse depicted in Air Pirates Funnies looks like and is named «Mickey Mouse». Disney sued for copyright infringement, and after a series of appeals, O’Neill eventually lost and was ordered to pay Disney $1.9 million. The outcome of the case remains controversial among free-speech advocates. New York Law School professor Edward Samuels said, «The Air Pirates set parody back twenty years.»^{[99][better source needed]}

Copyright status

There have been multiple attempts to argue that certain versions of Mickey Mouse are in fact in the public domain. In the 1980s, archivist George S. Brown attempted to recreate and sell cels from the 1933 short «The Mad Doctor», on the theory that they were in the public domain because Disney had failed to renew the copyright as required by current law.^[100] However, Disney successfully sued Brown to prevent such sale, arguing that the lapse in copyright for «The Mad Doctor» did not put Mickey Mouse in the public domain because of the copyright in the earlier films.^[100] Brown attempted to appeal, noting imperfections in the earlier copyright claims, but the court dismissed his argument as untimely.^[100]

In 1999, Lauren Vanpelt, a law student at Arizona State University, wrote a paper making a similar argument.^[100][101] Vanpelt points out that copyright law at the time required a copyright notice specify the year of the copyright and the copyright owner’s name. The title cards to early Mickey Mouse films «Steamboat Willie», «Plane Crazy», and «Gallopin’ Gaucho» do not clearly identify the copyright owner, and also misidentify the copyright year. However, Vanpelt notes that copyright cards in other early films may have been done correctly, which could make Mickey Mouse «protected as a component part of the larger copyrighted films».^[101]

A 2003 article by Douglas A. Hedenkamp in the Virginia Sports and Entertainment Law Journal analyzed Vanpelt’s arguments, and concluded that she is likely correct.^[100][102] Hedenkamp provided additional arguments, and identified some errors in Vanpelt’s paper, but still found that due to imperfections in the copyright notice on the title cards, Walt Disney forfeited his copyright in Mickey Mouse. He concluded: «The forfeiture occurred at the moment of publication, and the law of that time was clear: publication without proper notice irrevocably forfeited copyright protection.»^[102]

Disney threatened to sue Hedenkamp for slander of title, but did not follow through.^[100] The claims in Vanpelt and Hedenkamp’s articles have not been tested in court.^{[citation needed]}

Censorship

In 1930, the German Board of Film Censors prohibited any presentations of the 1929 Mickey Mouse cartoon The Barnyard Battle. The animated short, which features the mouse as a kepi-wearing soldier fighting cat enemies in German-style helmets, was viewed by censors as a negative portrayal of Germany.^[103] It was claimed by the board that the film would «reawaken the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War».^[104] The Barnyard Battle incident did not incite wider anti-Mickey sentiment in Germany in 1930; however, after Adolf Hitler came to power several years later, the Nazi regime unambiguously propagandized against Disney. A mid-1930s German newspaper article read:

Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed. Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filth-covered vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, cannot be the ideal type of animal. Away with Jewish brutalization of the people! Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika Cross!^{[105][106][107]}

American cartoonist and writer Art Spiegelman would later use this quote on the opening page of the second volume of his graphic novel Maus.

In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be «scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre».^[108] In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture’s recommendation that a reform was necessary «to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution», the Italian Government banned foreign children’s literature^[109] except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the «acknowledged artistic merit» of Disney’s work.^[110] Actually, Mussolini’s children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible.^[111] In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey’s stories were replaced by the adventures of Tuffolino, a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy’s fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.

Filmography

Selected short films

Full-length films

(Note: DTV means Direct-to-video)

Television series

Awards and honors

Mickey Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. These are Mickey’s Orphans (1931), Building a Building (1933), Brave Little Tailor (1938), The Pointer (1939), Lend a Paw (1941), Squatter’s Rights (1946), Mickey and the Seal (1948), Mickey’s Christmas Carol (1983), Runaway Brain (1995), and Get a Horse! (2013). Among these, Lend a Paw was the only film to actually win the award. Additionally, in 1932 Walt Disney received an honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey’s creation and popularity.

In 1994, four of Mickey’s cartoons were included in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons which listed the greatest cartoons of all time as voted by members of the animation field. The films were The Band Concert (#3), Steamboat Willie (#13), Brave Little Tailor (#26), and Clock Cleaners (#27).

On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd.

Melbourne (Australia) runs the annual Moomba festival street procession and appointed Mickey Mouse as their King of Moomba (1977).^{[112]: 17–22} Although immensely popular with children, there was controversy with the appointment: some Melburnians wanted a ‘home-grown’ choice, e.g. Blinky Bill; when it was revealed that Patricia O’Carroll (from Disneyland’s Disney on Parade show) was performing the mouse, Australian newspapers reported «Mickey Mouse is really a girl!»^{[112]: 19–20}

Mickey was the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year’s Day 2005. He was the first cartoon character to receive the honor and only the second fictional character after Kermit the Frog in 1996.

See also

• Mickey Mouse Adventures, a short-lived comic starring Mickey Mouse as the protagonist
• Mouse Museum, a Russian museum featuring artifacts and memorabilia relating to Mickey Mouse
• Walt Disney (2015 PBS film)

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

• Korkis, Jim (2012). Who Is Afraid of the Song of the South?: And Other Forbidden Disney Stories. Orlando, Fla.: Theme Park Press. ISBN 978-0984341559. OCLC 823179800.

External links

• Disney’s Mickey Mouse character page
• Mickey Mouse at Inducks
• Mickey Mouse on IMDb
• Mickey Mouse’s Campaign Website (as archived on August 3, 2008)
• Wayne Allwine – Daily Telegraph obituary
• Mickey Mouse comic strip reprints at Creators Syndicate
• Mickey Mouse at Don Markstein’s Toonopedia.

Mickey Mouse
First appearance	Steamboat Willie (1928)
Created by	Walt Disney Ub Iwerks
Designed by	Walt Disney Ub Iwerks (original, 1928 design) Fred Moore (1938 redesign)
Voiced by	Walt Disney (1928–1947, 1955–1962) Carl W. Stalling (1929) Jimmy MacDonald (1947–1978) Wayne Allwine (1977–2009)[1] Bret Iwan (2009–present) Chris Diamantopoulos (2013–present) (see voice actors)
Developed by	Les Clark Fred Moore Floyd Gottfredson Romano Scarpa
In-universe information
Full name	Mickey Mouse
Alias	Sorcerer Mickey Bob Cratchit King Mickey
Species	Mouse
Gender	Male
Family	Mickey Mouse family
Significant other	Minnie Mouse
Pets	Pluto (dog)

Mickey Mouse is an animated cartoon character co-created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. The longtime mascot of The Walt Disney Company, Mickey is an anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves. Taking inspiration from silent film personalities such as Charlie Chaplin’s Tramp, Mickey is traditionally characterized as a sympathetic underdog who gets by on pluck and ingenuity.^[2] The character’s status as a small mouse was personified through his diminutive stature and falsetto voice, the latter of which was originally provided by Disney. Mickey is one of the world’s most recognizable and universally acclaimed fictional characters of all time.

Created as a replacement for a prior Disney character, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Mickey first appeared in the short Plane Crazy, debuting publicly in the short film Steamboat Willie (1928), one of the first sound cartoons. The character was originally to be named “Mortimer Mouse”, until Lillian Disney instead suggested “Mickey” during a train ride. The character went on to appear in over 130 films, including The Band Concert (1935), Brave Little Tailor (1938), and Fantasia (1940). Mickey appeared primarily in short films, but also occasionally in feature-length films. Ten of Mickey’s cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, one of which, Lend a Paw, won the award in 1941. In 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Beginning in 1930, Mickey has also been featured extensively in comic strips and comic books. The Mickey Mouse comic strip, drawn primarily by Floyd Gottfredson, ran for 45 years. Mickey has also appeared in comic books such as Mickey Mouse, Disney Italy’s Topolino and MM – Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine, and Wizards of Mickey. Mickey also features in television series such as The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1996) and others. He appears in other media such as video games as well as merchandising and is a meetable character at the Disney parks.

Mickey generally appears alongside his girlfriend Minnie Mouse, his pet dog Pluto, his friends Donald Duck and Goofy, and his nemesis Pete, among others (see Mickey Mouse universe). Though originally characterized as a cheeky lovable rogue, Mickey was rebranded over time as a nice guy, usually seen as an honest and bodacious hero. In 2009, Disney began to rebrand the character again by putting less emphasis on his friendly, well-meaning persona and reintroducing the more adventurous and stubborn sides of his personality, beginning with the video game Epic Mickey.^[3]

History

Film

Origin

Mickey Mouse was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, an earlier cartoon character that was created by the Disney studio but owned by Universal Pictures.^[4] Charles Mintz served as a middleman producer between Disney and Universal through his company, Winkler Pictures, for the series of cartoons starring Oswald. Ongoing conflicts between Disney and Mintz and the revelation that several animators from the Disney studio would eventually leave to work for Mintz’s company ultimately resulted in Disney cutting ties with Oswald. Among the few people who stayed at the Disney studio were animator Ub Iwerks, apprentice artist Les Clark, and Wilfred Jackson. On his train ride home from New York, Walt brainstormed ideas for a new cartoon character.

Mickey Mouse was conceived in secret while Disney produced the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz. Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A female cow and male horse were also rejected. (They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar.) A male frog was also rejected, which later showed up in Iwerks’ own Flip the Frog series.^[5] Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from a tame mouse at his desk at Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City, Missouri.^[6] In 1925, Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney. These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney.^[5] «Mortimer Mouse» had been Disney’s original name for the character before his wife, Lillian, convinced him to change it, and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be.^[7][8] The actor Mickey Rooney claimed that, during his Mickey McGuire days, he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio, and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him.^[9] This claim, however, has been debunked by Disney historian Jim Korkis, since at the time of Mickey Mouse’s development, Disney Studios had been located on Hyperion Avenue for several years, and Walt Disney never kept an office or other working space at Warner Brothers, having no professional relationship with Warner Brothers.^[10][11] Over the years, the name Mortimer Mouse was eventually given to several different characters in the Mickey Mouse universe : Minnie Mouse’s uncle, who appears in several comics stories, one of Mickey’s antagonists who competes for Minnie’s affections in various cartoons and comics, and one of Mickey’s nephews, named Morty.

Debut (1928)

Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short Plane Crazy, on May 15, 1928, but it failed to impress the audience and Walt could not find a distributor for the short.^[12] Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short, The Gallopin’ Gaucho, which was also not released for lack of a distributor.

Steamboat Willie was first released on November 18, 1928, in New York. It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark, Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy. This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton’s Steamboat Bill, Jr., first released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus is considered by The Disney Company as Mickey’s debut. Willie featured changes to Mickey’s appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to large dots) that established his look for later cartoons and in numerous Walt Disney films.^{[citation needed]}

The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios, headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer, had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For Willie, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the «Turkey in the Straw» sequence when Mickey’s actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film’s original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie and would remain the source of Mickey’s voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons. Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946, but Walt provided Mickey’s voice again from 1955 to 1959 for The Mickey Mouse Club television series on ABC.^{[citation needed]}

Audiences at the time of Steamboat Willie‘s release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic purposes. Sound films or «talkies» were still considered innovative. The first feature-length movie with dialogue sequences, The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson, was released on October 6, 1927. Within a year of its success, most United States movie theaters had installed sound film equipment. Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and, arguably, managed to succeed. Most other cartoon studios were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively act as competition to Disney. As a result, Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time. Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both Plane Crazy and The Gallopin’ Gaucho (which had originally been silent releases) and their new release added to Mickey’s success and popularity. A fourth Mickey short, The Barn Dance, was also put into production; however, Mickey does not actually speak until The Karnival Kid in 1929 (see below). After Steamboat Willie was released, Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat, and his popularity would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons. By 1929, Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences, and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result.^[13] Unfortunately, audiences did not respond well to Felix’s transition to sound and by 1930, Felix had faded from the screen.^[14]

Black and white films (1929–1935)

In Mickey’s early films he was often characterized not as a hero, but as an ineffective young suitor to Minnie Mouse. The Barn Dance (March 14, 1929) is the first time in which Mickey is turned down by Minnie in favor of Pete. The Opry House (March 28, 1929) was the first time in which Mickey wore his white gloves. Mickey wears them in almost all of his subsequent appearances and many other characters followed suit. The three lines on the back of Mickey’s gloves represent darts in the gloves’ fabric extending from between the digits of the hand, typical of glove design of the era.

When the Cat’s Away (April 18, 1929), essentially a remake of the Alice Comedy, «Alice Rattled by Rats», was an unusual appearance for Mickey. Although Mickey and Minnie still maintained their anthropomorphic characteristics, they were depicted as the size of regular mice and living with a community of many other mice as pests in a home. Mickey and Minnie would later appear the size of regular humans in their own setting. In appearances with real humans, Mickey has been shown to be about two to three feet high.^[15] The next Mickey short was also unusual. The Barnyard Battle (April 25, 1929) was the only film to depict Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place him in combat. The Karnival Kid (1929) was the first time Mickey spoke. Before this he had only whistled, laughed, and grunted. His first words were «Hot dogs! Hot dogs!» said while trying to sell hot dogs at a carnival. Mickey’s Follies (1929) introduced the song «Minnie’s Yoo-Hoo» which would become the theme song for Mickey Mouse films for the next several years. The same song sequence was also later reused with different background animation as its own special short shown only at the commencement of 1930s theater-based Mickey Mouse Clubs.^[16][17] Mickey’s dog Pluto first appeared as Mickey’s pet in The Moose Hunt (1931) after previously appearing as Minnie’s dog «Rover» in The Picnic (1930).

The Cactus Kid (April 11, 1930) was the last film to be animated by Ub Iwerks at Disney. Shortly before the release of the film, Iwerks left to start his own studio, bankrolled by Disney’s then-distributor Pat Powers. Powers and Disney had a falling out over money due Disney from the distribution deal. It was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney’s cartoons that Powers made the deal with Iwerks, who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio. The departure is considered a turning point in Mickey’s career, as well as that of Walt Disney. Walt lost the man who served as his closest colleague and confidant since 1919. Mickey lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction or animation of several of the shorts released till this point. Advertising for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons credited them as «A Walt Disney Comic, drawn by Ub Iwerks». Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt Disney alone.

Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey’s popularity would rise, and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members.^[18] At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932, Mickey received his first Academy Award nomination, received for Mickey’s Orphans (1931). Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse. Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphony short the Three Little Pigs in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye was more popular than Mickey.^[19][20][21] By 1934, Mickey merchandise had earned $600,000 a year.^[22] In 1935, Disney began to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems.^[23]

About this time, story artists at Disney were finding it increasingly difficult to write material for Mickey. As he had developed into a role model for children, they were limited in the types of gags they could present. This led to Mickey taking more of a secondary role in some of his next films, allowing for more emphasis on other characters. In Orphan’s Benefit (1934), Mickey first appeared with Donald Duck who had been introduced earlier that year in the Silly Symphony series. The tempestuous duck would provide Disney with seemingly endless story ideas and would remain a recurring character in Mickey’s cartoons.

Color films (1935–1953)

Mickey first appeared animated in color in Parade of the Award Nominees in 1932; however, the film strip was created for the 5th Academy Awards ceremony and was not released to the public. Mickey’s official first color film came in 1935 with The Band Concert. The Technicolor film process was used in the film production. Here Mickey conducted the William Tell Overture, but the band is swept up by a tornado. It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that, upon first seeing it, he asked the projectionist to run it again. In 1994, The Band Concert was voted the third-greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals. By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey, Walt would put Mickey back on top once again, and Mickey would reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal.^[24] Also in 1935, Walt would receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey.

However, by 1938, the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey, resulting in a redesign of the mouse between 1938 and 1940 that put Mickey at the peak of his popularity.^[24] The second half of the 1930s saw the character Goofy reintroduced as a series regular. Together, Mickey, Donald Duck, and Goofy would go on several adventures together. Several of the films by the comic trio are some of Mickey’s most critically acclaimed films, including Mickey’s Fire Brigade (1935), Moose Hunters (1937), Clock Cleaners (1937), Lonesome Ghosts (1937), Boat Builders (1938), and Mickey’s Trailer (1938). Also during this era, Mickey would star in Brave Little Tailor (1938), an adaptation of The Valiant Little Tailor, which was nominated for an Academy Award.

Mickey was redesigned by animator Fred Moore which was first seen in The Pointer (1939). Instead of having solid black eyes, Mickey was given white eyes with pupils, a Caucasian skin colored face, and a pear-shaped body. In the 1940s, he changed once more in The Little Whirlwind, where he used his trademark pants for the last time in decades, lost his tail, got more realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body anatomy. But this change would only last for a short period of time before returning to the one in «The Pointer«, with the exception of his pants. In his final theatrical cartoons in the 1950s, he was given eyebrows, which were removed in the more recent cartoons.

In 1940, Mickey appeared in his first feature-length film, Fantasia. His screen role as The Sorcerer’s Apprentice, set to the symphonic poem of the same name by Paul Dukas, is perhaps the most famous segment of the film and one of Mickey’s most iconic roles. The apprentice (Mickey), not willing to do his chores, puts on the sorcerer’s magic hat after the sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom, which causes the broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore—filling up a deep well using two buckets of water. When the well eventually overflows, Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom, leading to a near-flood. After the segment ends, Mickey is seen in silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski, who conducts all the music heard in Fantasia. Mickey has often been pictured in the red robe and blue sorcerer’s hat in merchandising. It was also featured into the climax of Fantasmic!, an attraction at the Disney theme parks.

After 1940, Mickey’s popularity would decline until his 1955 re-emergence as a daily children’s television personality.^[25] Despite this, the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 (winning his only competitive Academy Award—with canine companion Pluto—for a short subject, Lend a Paw) and again from 1946 to 1952. In these later cartoons, Mickey was often just a supporting character in his own shorts, where Pluto would be the main character.

The last regular installment of the Mickey Mouse film series came in 1953 with The Simple Things in which Mickey and Pluto go fishing and are pestered by a flock of seagulls.

Television and later films

In the 1950s, Mickey became more known for his appearances on television, particularly with The Mickey Mouse Club. Many of his theatrical cartoon shorts were rereleased on television series such as Ink & Paint Club, various forms of the Walt Disney anthology television series, and on home video. Mickey returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with Mickey’s Christmas Carol, an adaptation of Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol in which Mickey played Bob Cratchit. This was followed up in 1990 with The Prince and the Pauper.

Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros.’ Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis Disney/Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character had the same amount of screen time in the scene.

Similar to his animated inclusion into a live-action film in Roger Rabbit, Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World where he met Kermit the Frog. The two are established in the story as having been old friends, although they have not made any other appearance together outside of this.

His most recent theatrical cartoon short was 2013’s Get a Horse! which was preceded by 1995’s Runaway Brain, while from 1999 to 2004, he appeared in direct-to-video features like Mickey’s Once Upon a Christmas, Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers and the computer-animated Mickey’s Twice Upon a Christmas.

Many television series have centered on Mickey, such as the ABC shows Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000), Disney’s House of Mouse (2001–2003), Disney Channel’s Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016), Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (2017–2021) and Mickey Mouse Funhouse (2021–).^[26] Prior to all these, Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the Bonkers episode «You Oughta Be In Toons».

In 2013, Disney Channel started airing new 3-minute Mickey Mouse shorts, with animator Paul Rudish at the helm, incorporating elements of Mickey’s late twenties-early thirties look with a contemporary twist.^[27] The creative team behind the 2017 DuckTales reboot had hoped to have Mickey Mouse in the series, but this idea was rejected by Disney executives.^[28] However, this did not stop them from including a watermelon shaped like Mickey Mouse that Donald Duck made and used like a ventriloquist dummy (to the point where he had perfectly replicated his voice (supplied by Chris Diamantopoulos)) while he was stranded on a deserted island during the season two finale.^[29] On November 10, 2020, the series was revived as The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse and premiered on Disney+^[30]

In August 2018, ABC television announced a two-hour prime time special, Mickey’s 90th Spectacular, in honor of Mickey’s 90th birthday. The program featured never-before-seen short videos and several other celebrities who wanted to share their memories about Mickey Mouse and performed some of the Disney songs to impress Mickey. The show took place at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles and was produced and directed by Don Mischer on November 4, 2018.^[31][32] On November 18, 2018, a 90th anniversary event for the character was celebrated around the world.^[33] In December 2019, both Mickey and Minnie served as special co-hosts of Wheel of Fortune for two weeks while Vanna White served as the main host during Pat Sajak’s absence.^[34]

Mickey is the subject of the 2022 documentary film Mickey: The Story of a Mouse, directed by Jeff Malmberg. Debuting at the South by Southwest film festival prior to its premiere on the Disney+ streaming service, the documentary examines the history and cultural impact of Mickey Mouse across. The feature is accompanied by an original, hand-drawn animated short film starring Mickey titled Mickey in a Minute.^[35]

Comics

Mickey first appeared in comics after he had appeared in 15 commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public. Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip. Disney accepted and Mickey Mouse made its first appearance on January 13, 1930.^[36] The comical plot was credited to Disney himself, art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith. The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of «Plane Crazy«. Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast. The strips first released between January 13, 1930, and March 31, 1930, has been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title «Lost on a Desert Island«. Animation historian Jim Korkis notes «After the eighteenth strip, Iwerks left and his inker, Win Smith, continued drawing the gag-a-day format.»^[37]

In early 1930, after Iwerks’ departure, Disney was at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip, assigning the art to Win Smith. However, Disney’s focus had always been in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well. Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script, draw, and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden resignation.

Disney then searched for a replacement among the remaining staff of the Studio. He selected Floyd Gottfredson, a recently hired employee. At the time Gottfredson was reportedly eager to work in animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment. Disney had to assure him the assignment was only temporary and that he would eventually return to animation. Gottfredson accepted and ended up holding this «temporary» assignment from May 5, 1930, to November 15, 1975.

Walt Disney’s last script for the strip appeared May 17, 1930.^[37] Gottfredson’s first task was to finish the storyline Disney had started on April 1, 1930. The storyline was completed on September 20, 1930, and later reprinted in comic book form as Mickey Mouse in Death Valley. This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which to this point only included Mickey and Minnie. Among the characters who had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar, and Black Pete as well as the debuts of corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie’s uncle Mortimer Mouse. The Death Valley narrative was followed by Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers, first printed between September 22 and December 26, 1930, which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie’s parents.

Starting with these two early comic strip stories, Mickey’s versions in animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other. While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy, the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure. This adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century.

Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as Mickey Mouse Joins the Foreign Legion (1936) and The Gleam (1942). He also created the Phantom Blot, Eega Beeva, Morty and Ferdie, Captain Churchmouse, and Butch. Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman Arambula, Rick Hoover, Manuel Gonzales, Carson Van Osten, Jim Engel, Bill Wright, Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes; writers included Ted Osborne, Merrill De Maris, Bill Walsh, Dick Shaw, Roy Williams, Del Connell, and Floyd Norman.

The next artist to leave his mark on the character was Paul Murry in Dell Comics. His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950 but Mickey did not become a specialty until Murry’s first serial for Walt Disney’s Comics and Stories in 1953 («The Last Resort»). In the same period, Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine Topolino began to revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep-Bleep. While the stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes, in the modern era several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures. This renaissance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson, David Gerstein, Noel Van Horn, Michael T. Gilbert and César Ferioli.

In Europe, Mickey Mouse became the main attraction of a number of comics magazines, the most famous being Topolino in Italy from 1932 onward, Le Journal de Mickey in France from 1934 onward, Don Miki in Spain and the Greek Miky Maous.

Mickey was the main character for the series MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine, published in Italy from 1999 to 2001.

In 2006, he appeared in the Italian fantasy comic saga Wizards of Mickey.

In 1958, Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through another comic book called “Sameer”. He became very popular in Egypt and got a comic book with his name. Mickey’s comics in Egypt are licensed by Disney and were published since 1959 by “Dar Al-Hilal” and they were successful, however Dar Al-Hilal stopped the publication in 2003 because of problems with Disney. The comics were re-released by «Nahdat Masr» in 2004 and the first issues were sold out in less than 8 hours.^[38]

Portrayal

Design

Throughout the earlier years, Mickey’s design bore heavy resemblance to Oswald, save for the ears, nose, and tail.^[39][40][41] Ub Iwerks designed Mickey’s body out of circles in order to make the character simple to animate. Disney employees John Hench and Marc Davis believed that this design was part of Mickey’s success as it made him more dynamic and appealing to audiences.

Mickey’s circular design is most noticeable in his ears. In animation in the 1940s, Mickey’s ears were animated in a more realistic perspective. Later, they were drawn to always appear circular no matter which way Mickey was facing. This made Mickey easily recognizable to audiences and made his ears an unofficial personal trademark. The circular rule later created a dilemma for toy creators who had to recreate a three-dimensional Mickey.

In 1938, animator Fred Moore redesigned Mickey’s body away from its circular design to a pear-shaped design. Colleague Ward Kimball praised Moore for being the first animator to break from Mickey’s «rubber hose, round circle» design. Although Moore himself was nervous at first about changing Mickey, Walt Disney liked the new design and told Moore «that’s the way I want Mickey to be drawn from now on.»

Each of Mickey’s hands has only three fingers and a thumb. Disney said that this was both an artistic and financial decision, explaining, «Artistically five digits are too many for a mouse. His hand would look like a bunch of bananas. Financially, not having an extra finger in each of 45,000 drawings that make up a six and one-half minute short has saved the Studio millions.» In the film The Opry House (1929), Mickey was first given white gloves as a way of contrasting his naturally black hands against his black body. The use of white gloves would prove to be an influential design for cartoon characters, particularly with later Disney characters, but also with non-Disney characters such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Mighty Mouse, Mario, and Sonic The Hedgehog.

Mickey’s eyes, as drawn in Plane Crazy and The Gallopin’ Gaucho, were large and white with black outlines. In Steamboat Willie, the bottom portion of the black outlines was removed, although the upper edges still contrasted with his head. Mickey’s eyes were later re-imagined as only consisting of the small black dots which were originally his pupils, while what were the upper edges of his eyes became a hairline. This is evident only when Mickey blinks. Fred Moore later redesigned the eyes to be small white eyes with pupils and gave his face a Caucasian skin tone instead of plain white. This new Mickey first appeared in 1938 on the cover of a party program, and in animation the following year with the release of The Pointer.^[42] Mickey is sometimes given eyebrows as seen in The Simple Things (1953) and in the comic strip, although he does not have eyebrows in his subsequent appearances.^{[citation needed]}

Originally characters had black hands, but Frank Thomas said this was changed for visibility reasons.^[43] According to Disney’s Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life, written by former Disney animators Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston, «The characters were in black and white with no shades of grey to soften the contrast or delineate a form. Mickey’s body was black, his arms and his hands- all black. There was no way to stage an action except in silhouette. How else could there be any clarity? A hand in front of a chest would simply disappear.»^[44]

Multiple sources state that Mickey’s characteristics, particularly the black body combined with the large white eyes, white mouth, and the white gloves, evolved from blackface caricatures used in minstrel shows.^{[45][46][47][48][49]}

Besides Mickey’s gloves and shoes, he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front. Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animation, Mickey’s shorts were either red or a dull blue-green. With the advent of Mickey’s color films, the shorts were always red. When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts, he is often still wearing red clothing such as a red bandmaster coat (The Band Concert, The Mickey Mouse Club), red overalls (Clock Cleaners, Boat Builders), a red cloak (Fantasia, Fun and Fancy Free), a red coat (Squatter’s Rights, Mickey’s Christmas Carol), or a red shirt (Mickey Down Under, The Simple Things).

Voice actors

A large part of Mickey’s screen persona is his famously shy, falsetto voice. From 1928 onward, Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself, a task in which Disney took great personal pride. Composer Carl W. Stalling was the first person to provide lines for Mickey in the 1929 shorts The Karnival Kid and Wild Waves,^[50][51] and J. Donald Wilson and Joe Twerp provided the voice in some 1938 broadcasts of The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air,^[52] although Disney remained Mickey’s official voice during this period. However, by 1946, Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work which meant he could not do Mickey’s voice on a regular basis anymore. It is also speculated that his cigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years.^[53] After recording the Mickey and the Beanstalk section of Fun and Fancy Free, Mickey’s voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jimmy MacDonald. Walt would reprise Mickey’s voice occasionally until his passing in 1966, such as in the introductions to the original 1955–1959 run of The Mickey Mouse Club TV series, the «Fourth Anniversary Show» episode of the Walt Disney’s Disneyland TV series that aired on September 11, 1957, and the Disneyland USA at Radio City Music Hall show from 1962.^[54]

MacDonald voiced Mickey in most of the remaining theatrical shorts and for various television and publicity projects up until his retirement in 1976.^[55] However, other actors would occasionally play the role during this era. Clarence Nash, the voice of Donald Duck, provided the voice in three of Mickey’s theatrical shorts, The Dognapper, R’coon Dawg, and Pluto’s Party.^[56] Stan Freberg voiced Mickey in the Freberg-produced record Mickey Mouse’s Birthday Party.

Alan Young voiced Mickey in the Disneyland record album An Adaptation of Dickens’ Christmas Carol, Performed by The Walt Disney Players in 1974.^[57][58]

The 1983 short film Mickey’s Christmas Carol marked the theatrical debut of Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse, who was the official voice of Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009,^[59] although MacDonald returned to voice Mickey for an appearance at the 50th Academy Awards in 1978.^[60] Allwine once recounted something MacDonald had told him about voicing Mickey: «The main piece of advice that Jim gave me about Mickey helped me keep things in perspective. He said, ‘Just remember kid, you’re only filling in for the boss.’ And that’s the way he treated doing Mickey for years and years. From Walt, and now from Jimmy.»^[61] In 1991, Allwine married Russi Taylor, the voice of Minnie Mouse from 1986 until her death in 2019.

Les Perkins did the voice of Mickey in two TV specials, «Down and Out with Donald Duck» and «DTV Valentine», in the mid-1980s. Peter Renaday voiced Mickey in the 1980s Disney albums Yankee Doodle Mickey and Mickey Mouse Splashdance.^[62][63] He also provided his voice for The Talking Mickey Mouse toy in 1986.^[64][65] Quinton Flynn briefly filled in for Allwine as the voice of Mickey in a few episodes of the first season of Mickey Mouse Works whenever Allwine was unavailable to record.^[66]

Bret Iwan, a former Hallmark greeting card artist, is one of the current voices of Mickey. Iwan was originally cast as an understudy for Allwine due to the latter’s declining health, but Allwine died before Iwan could get a chance to meet him and Iwan became the new official voice of the character at the time. Iwan’s early recordings in 2009 included work for the Disney Cruise Line, Mickey toys, the Disney theme parks and the Disney on Ice: Celebrations! ice show.^[67] He directly replaced Allwine as Mickey for the Kingdom Hearts video game series and the TV series Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. His first video game voice-over of Mickey Mouse can be heard in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep. Iwan also became the first voice actor to portray Mickey during Disney’s rebranding of the character, providing the vocal effects of Mickey in Epic Mickey as well as his voice in Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two and the remake of Castle of Illusion.

Chris Diamantopoulos is the first voice of Mickey Mouse to be nominated for two Emmy Awards and two Annie Awards, in the award-winning Mickey Mouse 2013 animated series^[68] developed by Paul Rudish, and the 2017 DuckTales reboot (in the form of a watermelon that Donald uses as a ventriloquist dummy), as the producers were looking for a voice closer to Walt Disney’s portrayal of the character in order to match the vintage look of that series.^[69]

Diamantopoulos also speaks and sings for Mickey Mouse in the Walt Disney World attraction Mickey and Minnie’s Runaway Railway. Songs featuring Diamantopoulos as Mickey Mouse from that attraction, as well as soundtrack songs from the recent Disney+ series The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse streaming on various platforms.^[70]

Merchandising

Since his early years, Mickey Mouse has been licensed by Disney to appear on many different kinds of merchandise. Mickey was produced as plush toys and figurines, and Mickey’s image has graced almost everything from T-shirts to lunchboxes. Largely responsible for early Disney merchandising was Kay Kamen, Disney’s head of merchandise and licensing from 1932 until his death in 1949, who was called a «stickler for quality.» Kamen was recognized by The Walt Disney Company as having a significant part in Mickey’s rise to stardom and was named a Disney Legend in 1998.^[71] At the time of his 80th-anniversary celebration in 2008, Time declared Mickey Mouse one of the world’s most recognized characters, even when compared against Santa Claus.^[72] Disney officials have stated that 98% of children aged 3–11 around the world are at least aware of the character.^[72]

Disney parks

As the official Walt Disney mascot, Mickey has played a central role in the Disney parks since the opening of Disneyland in 1955. As with other characters, Mickey is often portrayed by a non-speaking costumed actor. In this form, he has participated in ceremonies and countless parades, and poses for photographs with guests. As of the presidency of Barack Obama (who jokingly referred to him as «a world leader who has bigger ears than me»)^[73] Mickey has met every U.S. president since Harry Truman, with the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson.^[41]

Mickey also features in several specific attractions at the Disney parks. Mickey’s Toontown (Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland) is a themed land which is a recreation of Mickey’s neighborhood. Buildings are built in a cartoon style and guests can visit Mickey or Minnie’s houses, Donald Duck’s boat, or Goofy’s garage. This is a common place to meet the characters.^[74]

Mickey’s PhilharMagic (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland) is a 4D film which features Mickey in the familiar role of symphony conductor. At Main Street Cinema several of Mickey’s short films are shown on a rotating basis; the sixth film is always Steamboat Willie. Mickey plays a central role in Fantasmic! (Disneyland Resort, Disney’s Hollywood Studios) a live nighttime show which famously features Mickey in his role as the Sorcerer’s Apprentice. Mickey was also a central character in the now-defunct Mickey Mouse Revue (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland) which was an indoor show featuring animatronic characters. Mickey’s face formerly graced the Mickey’s Fun Wheel (now Pixar Pal-A-Round) at Disney California Adventure Park, where a figure of him also stands on top of Silly Symphony Swings.

Mickey & Minnie’s Runaway Railway at Disney’s Hollywood Studios is a trackless dark ride themed to Mickey Mouse.^[75]

In addition to Mickey’s overt presence in the parks, numerous images of him are also subtly included in sometimes unexpected places. This phenomenon is known as «Hidden Mickeys», involving hidden images in Disney films, theme parks, and merchandise.^[76]

Video games

Like many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games, including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System, Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse, Mickey’s Ultimate Challenge, and Disney’s Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse on the Mega Drive/Genesis, Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands! on the Game Boy, and many others. In the 2000s, the Disney’s Magical Quest series were ported to the Game Boy Advance, while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney’s Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse, a GameCube title aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays a major role in the Kingdom Hearts series, as the king of Disney Castle and aided to the protagonist, Sora and his friends. King Mickey wields the Keyblade, a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness. Epic Mickey, featuring a darker version of the Disney universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii. The game is part of an effort by The Walt Disney Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality.^[3]

Watches and clock

Mickey was most famously featured on wristwatches and alarm clocks, typically utilizing his hands as the actual hands on the face of the clock. The first Mickey Mouse watches were manufactured in 1933 by the Ingersoll Watch Company. The seconds were indicated by a turning disk below Mickey. The first Mickey watch was sold at the Century of Progress in Chicago, 1933 for $3.75 (equivalent to $78 in 2021). Mickey Mouse watches have been sold by other companies and designers throughout the years, including Timex, Elgin, Helbros, Bradley, Lorus, and Gérald Genta.^[77] The fictional character Robert Langdon from Dan Brown’s novels was said to wear a Mickey Mouse watch as a reminder «to stay young at heart.»^[78]

Other products

In 1989, Milton Bradley released the electronic talking game titled Mickey Says, with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host. Mickey also appeared in other toys and games, including the Worlds of Wonder released The Talking Mickey Mouse.

Fisher-Price has produced a line of talking animatronic Mickey dolls including «Dance Star Mickey» (2010)^[79] and «Rock Star Mickey» (2011).^[80]

In total, approximately 40% of Disney’s revenues for consumer products are derived from Mickey Mouse merchandise, with revenues peaking in 1997.^[72]

Use in politics

In the United States, protest votes are often made in order to indicate dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular ballot or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting procedure. Since most states’ electoral systems do not provide for blank balloting or a choice of «None of the Above», most protest votes take the form of a clearly non-serious candidate’s name entered as a write-in vote. Mickey Mouse is often selected for this purpose.^[81][82] As an election supervisor in Georgia observed, «If Mickey Mouse doesn’t get votes in our election, it’s a bad election.»^[83] The earliest known mention of Mickey Mouse as a write-in candidate dates back to the 1932 New York City mayoral elections.^[84]

Mickey Mouse’s name has also been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists, such as in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election.^[85][86]

Pejorative use of Mickey’s name

«Mickey Mouse» is a slang expression meaning small-time, amateurish or trivial. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it also means poor quality or counterfeit.^[87] In Poland the phrase «mały Miki», which translates to «small Mickey», means something very simple and trivial — usually used in the comparison between two things.^[88] However, in parts of Australia it can mean excellent or very good (rhyming slang for «grouse»).^[89] Examples of the negative usages include the following:

• In The Godfather Part II, Fredo’s justification of betraying Michael is that his orders in the family usually were «Send Fredo off to do this, send Fredo off to do that! Let Fredo take care of some Mickey Mouse nightclub somewhere!» as opposed to more meaningful tasks.
• In an early episode of the 1978–82 sitcom Mork & Mindy, Mork stated that Pluto was «a Mickey Mouse planet», referring to the future dwarf planet having the same name as Mickey’s pet dog Pluto.
• On November 19, 1983, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky’s Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13–4, Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter, «Well, it’s time they got their act together, they’re ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice». Reacting to Gretzky’s comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey on January 15, 1984, despite a 5–4 Devils loss.^[90]
• In the 1996 Warner Bros. film Space Jam, Bugs Bunny derogatorily comments on Daffy Duck’s idea for the name of their basketball team, asking: «What kind of Mickey Mouse organization would name a team ‘The Ducks?'» (This also referenced the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, an NHL team that was then owned by Disney, as well as the Disney-made The Mighty Ducks movie franchise. This was referencing the Disney/Warner Brothers rivalry.)
• In schools a «Mickey Mouse course», «Mickey Mouse major», or «Mickey Mouse degree» is a class, college major, or degree where very little effort is necessary in order to attain a good grade (especially an A) or one where the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the labor market.^[91]
• Musicians often refer to a film score that directly follows each action on screen, sometimes pejoratively, as Mickey Mousing (also mickey-mousing and mickeymousing).^[92]
• In the beginning of the 1980s, then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament a «Mickey Mouse parliament», meaning a discussion club without influence.^[93]

Parodies and criticism

Mickey Mouse’s global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and of the United States itself. For this reason, Mickey has been used frequently in anti-American satire, such as the infamous underground cartoon «Mickey Mouse in Vietnam» (1969). There have been numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse, such as the two-page parody «Mickey Rodent» by Will Elder (published in Mad #19, 1955) in which the mouse walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the duck’s larger popularity.^[94] The Simpsons would later become Disney property as its distributor Fox was acquired by Disney. On the Comedy Central series South Park, Mickey is depicted as the sadistic, greedy, foul-mouthed boss of The Walt Disney Company, only interested in money. He also appears briefly with Donald Duck in the comic Squeak the Mouse by the Italian cartoonist Massimo Mattioli. Horst Rosenthal created a comic book, Mickey au Camp de Gurs (Mickey Mouse in the Gurs Internment Camp) while detained in the Gurs internment camp during the Second World War; he added «Publié Sans Autorisation de Walt Disney» («Published without Walt Disney’s Permission») to the front cover.^[95]

In the 1969 parody novel Bored of the Rings, Mickey Mouse is satirized as Dickey Dragon.

In the fifth episode of the Japanese anime, Pop Team Epic, Popuko, one of the main characters, attempts an impression of Mickey, but does so poorly.

Legal issues

Like all major Disney characters, Mickey Mouse is not only copyrighted but also trademarked, which lasts in perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner. So, whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public domain, the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without authorization.

Because of the Copyright Term Extension Act of the United States (sometimes called the ‘Mickey Mouse Protection Act’ because of extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation) and similar legislation within the European Union and other jurisdictions where copyright terms have been extended, works such as the early Mickey Mouse cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2024. However, some copyright scholars argue that Disney’s copyright on the earliest version of the character may be invalid due to ambiguity in the copyright notice for Steamboat Willie.^[96]

The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character—whose likeness is closely associated with the company—with particular zeal. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in the Orlando, Florida region (where Walt Disney World is a dominant employer) for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls. The characters were removed, and the newly opened rival Universal Studios Florida allowed the centers to use their own cartoon characters with their blessing, to build community goodwill.^[97]

Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates

In 1971, a group of underground cartoonists calling themselves the Air Pirates, after a group of villains from early Mickey Mouse films, produced a comic called Air Pirates Funnies. In the first issue, cartoonist Dan O’Neill depicted Mickey and Minnie Mouse engaging in explicit sexual behavior and consuming drugs. As O’Neill explained, «The air pirates were…some sort of bizarre concept to steal the air, pirate the air, steal the media….Since we were cartoonists, the logical thing was Disney.»^[98] Rather than change the appearance or name of the character, which O’Neill felt would dilute the parody, the mouse depicted in Air Pirates Funnies looks like and is named «Mickey Mouse». Disney sued for copyright infringement, and after a series of appeals, O’Neill eventually lost and was ordered to pay Disney $1.9 million. The outcome of the case remains controversial among free-speech advocates. New York Law School professor Edward Samuels said, «The Air Pirates set parody back twenty years.»^{[99][better source needed]}

Copyright status

There have been multiple attempts to argue that certain versions of Mickey Mouse are in fact in the public domain. In the 1980s, archivist George S. Brown attempted to recreate and sell cels from the 1933 short «The Mad Doctor», on the theory that they were in the public domain because Disney had failed to renew the copyright as required by current law.^[100] However, Disney successfully sued Brown to prevent such sale, arguing that the lapse in copyright for «The Mad Doctor» did not put Mickey Mouse in the public domain because of the copyright in the earlier films.^[100] Brown attempted to appeal, noting imperfections in the earlier copyright claims, but the court dismissed his argument as untimely.^[100]

In 1999, Lauren Vanpelt, a law student at Arizona State University, wrote a paper making a similar argument.^[100][101] Vanpelt points out that copyright law at the time required a copyright notice specify the year of the copyright and the copyright owner’s name. The title cards to early Mickey Mouse films «Steamboat Willie», «Plane Crazy», and «Gallopin’ Gaucho» do not clearly identify the copyright owner, and also misidentify the copyright year. However, Vanpelt notes that copyright cards in other early films may have been done correctly, which could make Mickey Mouse «protected as a component part of the larger copyrighted films».^[101]

A 2003 article by Douglas A. Hedenkamp in the Virginia Sports and Entertainment Law Journal analyzed Vanpelt’s arguments, and concluded that she is likely correct.^[100][102] Hedenkamp provided additional arguments, and identified some errors in Vanpelt’s paper, but still found that due to imperfections in the copyright notice on the title cards, Walt Disney forfeited his copyright in Mickey Mouse. He concluded: «The forfeiture occurred at the moment of publication, and the law of that time was clear: publication without proper notice irrevocably forfeited copyright protection.»^[102]

Disney threatened to sue Hedenkamp for slander of title, but did not follow through.^[100] The claims in Vanpelt and Hedenkamp’s articles have not been tested in court.^{[citation needed]}

Censorship

In 1930, the German Board of Film Censors prohibited any presentations of the 1929 Mickey Mouse cartoon The Barnyard Battle. The animated short, which features the mouse as a kepi-wearing soldier fighting cat enemies in German-style helmets, was viewed by censors as a negative portrayal of Germany.^[103] It was claimed by the board that the film would «reawaken the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War».^[104] The Barnyard Battle incident did not incite wider anti-Mickey sentiment in Germany in 1930; however, after Adolf Hitler came to power several years later, the Nazi regime unambiguously propagandized against Disney. A mid-1930s German newspaper article read:

Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed. Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filth-covered vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, cannot be the ideal type of animal. Away with Jewish brutalization of the people! Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika Cross!^{[105][106][107]}

American cartoonist and writer Art Spiegelman would later use this quote on the opening page of the second volume of his graphic novel Maus.

In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be «scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre».^[108] In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture’s recommendation that a reform was necessary «to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution», the Italian Government banned foreign children’s literature^[109] except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the «acknowledged artistic merit» of Disney’s work.^[110] Actually, Mussolini’s children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible.^[111] In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey’s stories were replaced by the adventures of Tuffolino, a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy’s fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.

Filmography

Selected short films

Full-length films

(Note: DTV means Direct-to-video)

Television series

Awards and honors

Mickey Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. These are Mickey’s Orphans (1931), Building a Building (1933), Brave Little Tailor (1938), The Pointer (1939), Lend a Paw (1941), Squatter’s Rights (1946), Mickey and the Seal (1948), Mickey’s Christmas Carol (1983), Runaway Brain (1995), and Get a Horse! (2013). Among these, Lend a Paw was the only film to actually win the award. Additionally, in 1932 Walt Disney received an honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey’s creation and popularity.

In 1994, four of Mickey’s cartoons were included in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons which listed the greatest cartoons of all time as voted by members of the animation field. The films were The Band Concert (#3), Steamboat Willie (#13), Brave Little Tailor (#26), and Clock Cleaners (#27).

On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd.

Melbourne (Australia) runs the annual Moomba festival street procession and appointed Mickey Mouse as their King of Moomba (1977).^{[112]: 17–22} Although immensely popular with children, there was controversy with the appointment: some Melburnians wanted a ‘home-grown’ choice, e.g. Blinky Bill; when it was revealed that Patricia O’Carroll (from Disneyland’s Disney on Parade show) was performing the mouse, Australian newspapers reported «Mickey Mouse is really a girl!»^{[112]: 19–20}

Mickey was the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year’s Day 2005. He was the first cartoon character to receive the honor and only the second fictional character after Kermit the Frog in 1996.

See also

• Mickey Mouse Adventures, a short-lived comic starring Mickey Mouse as the protagonist
• Mouse Museum, a Russian museum featuring artifacts and memorabilia relating to Mickey Mouse
• Walt Disney (2015 PBS film)

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

• Korkis, Jim (2012). Who Is Afraid of the Song of the South?: And Other Forbidden Disney Stories. Orlando, Fla.: Theme Park Press. ISBN 978-0984341559. OCLC 823179800.

External links

• Disney’s Mickey Mouse character page
• Mickey Mouse at Inducks
• Mickey Mouse on IMDb
• Mickey Mouse’s Campaign Website (as archived on August 3, 2008)
• Wayne Allwine – Daily Telegraph obituary
• Mickey Mouse comic strip reprints at Creators Syndicate
• Mickey Mouse at Don Markstein’s Toonopedia.

А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Э Ю Я

Ми́кки-Ма́ус, -а (сказочный персонаж)

Рядом по алфавиту:

мизогини́стский
мизогини́я , -и
мизостоми́ды , -и́д, ед. -и́да, -ы
мизофо́бия , -и
мика́до , нескл., м.
микале́кс , -а
микани́т , -а
мика́ния , -и
мика́тор , -а
микафо́лий , -я
микела́нджеловский , (от Микела́нджело)
мике́нский , (от Мике́ны)
мики́жа , -и, тв. -ей
мики́тки , : под мики́тки
ми́кки , нескл., м. (единица перемещения мыши компьютера)
Ми́кки-Ма́ус , -а (сказочный персонаж)
миклу́хо-макла́евский , (от Миклу́хо-Макла́й)
микобакте́рии , -ий, ед. -е́рия, -и
микоге́нный
микоде́рма , -ы
мико́з , -а
микозоло́н , -а
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мико́лог , -а
микологи́ческий
миколо́гия , -и
микоплазмо́з , -а
микопла́змы , -а́зм, ед. -а́зма, -ы
микори́за , -ы
микори́зный
микосепти́н , -а

Yfcnz hnhmmm

Ученик

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4 года назад

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как пишется микки маус по английски?

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Ми́кки-Ма́ус

Ми́кки-Ма́ус, -а (сказочный персонаж)

Источник: Орфографический
академический ресурс «Академос» Института русского языка им. В.В. Виноградова РАН (словарная база
2020)

Делаем Карту слов лучше вместе

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Предложения со словом «микки-маус&raquo

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• Микки-Маус, злорадно ухмыляясь, держит огромный кухонный нож.
• Кто-то уже выкрикнул до меня название такой картины – «Микки-Маус».
• (все предложения)

Смотрите также

• Гарфилд, Маппеты, Микки-Маус, «Звёздные войны»…

• Микки-Маус, злорадно ухмыляясь, держит огромный кухонный нож.

• Кто-то уже выкрикнул до меня название такой картины – «Микки-Маус».

• (все предложения)

Mickey Mouse is an animated cartoon character created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. A cheerful and plucky anthropomorphic mouse, Mickey made his first public appearance in Steamboat Willie, on November 18, 1928. Estimated as standing 2′ 3″ (68.58 centimeters) and weighing 23 pounds (10 kilograms), Mickey is easily identified by his round ears, red shorts, white gloves, and yellow shoes. He speaks in a falsetto voice, and his speech is typically infused with 1930s slang like «swell» and «gee». The essence of Mickey’s character is that of an underdog^[28][29][30] who, despite being small and vulnerable, overcomes larger-than-life adversity through quick wit and a can-do spirit.

Mickey was popularized by his long-running short film series. His simplistic, «rubberhose» design allows for both relatable emotion, and exaggerated physical gags. Mickey’s versatility, meanwhile, enables him to slip into any profession, location, or time period, while maintaining his core characteristics. Mickey steadily branched into other mediums over the years, beginning with a comic strip by cartoonist Floyd Gottfredson in 1930. In 1940, Mickey made his feature-length film debut with Fantasia, for which he was given his modern redesign by animator Fred Moore. In the 1950s, Mickey became a television mainstay with the premiere of 1955’s The Mickey Mouse Club, as well as an icon for the Disney theme parks with the opening of Disneyland. Mickey has also featured prominently in critically acclaimed video games such as 1990’s Castle of Illusion and the Kingdom Hearts series.

Upon his inception, Mickey rapidly rose to the pinnacle of American culture, becoming the most popular and recognizable cartoon character in the world, and the prime influence of following cartoons.^[31] The character was especially treasured by Walt Disney, himself. The two were widely regarded as «alter-egos» by peers and historians,^[32][3] a perception supported by Walt originating Mickey’s voice. Disney once attributed his success to the advent of Mickey, famously proclaiming that, “it was all started by a mouse”.

As its most famous character, Mickey serves as the mascot of the Walt Disney Company. He has appeared in over 130 films, for which he received numerous accolades. In 1932, Walt Disney was presented an honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse.^[33] In 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Today, Mickey stands as the highest-grossing animated character of all time, and the 4th highest-grossing media franchise overall.^[34]

Background

According to Symphony Hour, «Mickey and the Culture Clash», and «The Fancy Gentleman», Mickey’s full name is Michel Mouse. He has an older sister named Felicity Fieldmouse, by whom Mickey has twin nephews named Morty and Ferdie Fieldmouse, whom he occasionally watches over.

Mickey is normally depicted as living a modest life with his pet dog, Pluto. His earliest cartoons portrayed him as a country boy living in the midwest. The Adventures of Mickey Mouse: Book I—published in 1931—described Mickey as living «in a cozy nest under the floor of the old barn.» As the shorts evolved, Mickey’s residence was moved to the more urban settings of Hollywood, California, as seen in Mickey’s Kangaroo and Mickey’s Elephant. The official backstory of Disneyland’s Mickey’s Toontown plays into this, explaining that Mickey is of midwestern origins, but moved to Hollywood for the sake of his acting career. In the comics, Mickey’s hometown is the city of Mouseton in the state of Calisota.

Mickey’s longtime girlfriend is Minnie Mouse. According to Walt Disney, Mickey and Minnie are married in private life and are merely depicted as dating onscreen.^[35] Despite their long-term relationship, Mickey has occasionally vied for Minnie’s affections against her ex-boyfriend, Mortimer Mouse.

Mickey’s occupational status is dependent on the story, but he is usually depicted as a jack-of-all-trades, working as anything from a steamboat deckhand to a sorcerer’s apprentice. The most recurring employer of Mickey’s is the Ajax Corporation, where he has worked alongside his best friends, Donald Duck and Goofy. Ajax consists of a variety of odd jobs (ghost exterminators, car washers, rollercoaster painters, etc.) and most of Mickey’s assignments result in failure due to his and his team’s incompetence. In comic stories, Mickey has frequently been portrayed as a detective working closely with his friend Horace Horsecollar and the Chief of Police, Chief O’Hara.

Though not for pay, Mickey has been a regular contributor to his local orphanage—which houses hundreds of nameless mice children. With help from Minnie, Donald and other friends, Mickey has organized numerous benefits for the orphans such as picnic outings and theatre shows. In some cartoons, he and Pluto have even welcomed the orphans into their home.^[36]

In some continuities such as that of Darkwing Duck, A Goofy Movie, and numerous meta Disney productions like House of Mouse, Mickey is portrayed as an A-list celebrity made famous by his theatrical cartoon shorts, which are said to be based on real events in his life.

Concerning his in-universe age, Mickey is depicted as being relatively young. The official character training video for Disneyland (recorded in the 1970s) describes him as «an average young boy of no particular age.»^[37]

Personality

Steamboat Willie establishes Mickey’s core characteristics. He is cheerful in spirit, yet roughish in complexion. He ignored the commands of his overbearing boss for the sake of gallivanting around the steamboat. His mentality mirrored that of a rebellious child, as he mocked his superiors and threw a tantrum when others rebuked his merriment. Though impishly self-serving, he showed empathy and chivalry by forgoing protocol to aid Minnie during her time of need. With an air of valiance in spite of his diminutive stature and put-upon background, Mickey is an underdog with a heart of gold. By the high society denizens seen in Society Dog Show, Mickey is regarded as riff raff. In The Klondike Kid, Mickey describes himself as “a nobody”. Pete often refers to Mickey as “Runt”, a derogative term meaning an undersized or weak person. Regardless, Mickey remains jovial. His rebellious and independent mien allows him to take his downtrodden lot in life in stride with a smile and laugh.

Walt Disney once explained that elements of Mickey’s character were derived from comic actor Charlie Chaplin, stating, “I think we were rather indebted to Charlie Chaplin for the idea. We wanted something appealing and we thought of a tiny bit of a mouse that would have something of the wistfulness of Chaplin … a little fellow trying to do the best he could.”^[38] Iwerks described Mickey’s characterization as having been inspired by Douglas Fairbanks. Iwerks once wrote, “He was the super-hero of his day, always winning, gallant and swashbuckling. Mickey’s action was in that vein. He was never intended to be a sissy, he was always an adventurous character. I thought of him in that respect, and I had him do naturally the sort of thing Doug Fairbanks would do.”^[39] In addition to Chaplin and Fairbanks, Disney has attributed the development of Mickey’s personality to other Hollywood figures, as well, such as Fred Astaire and Harold Lloyd.

With limited resources to his name, Mickey’s greatest attribute is his wit. He is a thinker and schemer, being able to construct quick plots and ploys to advance his ambitions. This is prominently displayed in times of crises, in which Mickey must come up with hasty solutions to rescue his friends from such perils as natural disasters, or his nemesis Pete.^[40] When paired with Donald and Goofy, Mickey serves as the resourceful “brains” of the trio by coming up with the plans and directing his companions to their desired goals. However, Mickey’s schemes are often hindered by his own clumsiness and reckless abandon. Though he presents himself as slick and confident, Mickey is awkward and bumbling in actuality. In Fantasia, Mickey carried himself with a mighty air while donning Yen Sid’s sorcerer hat, but fumbled with his oversized clothing and bungled his magic spells. He enjoys dressing in dapper attire to imitate high society as seen in such cartoons as Mickey Steps Out and Mickey’s Delayed Date, only to trip over himself while showing off. When exposed for the little guy he is, Mickey’s typical response is a sheepish, self-reflecting grin.

Even with his foibles, Mickey retains a can-do spirit that allows him to smile in the face of danger and move pass his mistakes. He gets by through optimism and has a positive outlook on the world and himself, often displayed by his jovial demeanor. Mickey’s optimism is a double-edged sword, however, as while it pushes him to pursue his goals, it also causes him to underestimate trouble under the belief that he can do anything. In ”Mickey’s Piano Lesson”, in fact, he justified his insolence by arrogantly proclaiming, “I’m Mickey Mouse!”. Mickey is quick to share his positivity with others, to keep their spirits high during low times.^[41] At times, Mickey’s buoyancy can be invasive. In such cartoons as “The Adorable Couple”, he attempts to force his positive demeanor onto Donald and Daisy, to disastrous results.

For all his juvenile mischief, Mickey is a reliable leader. When put in charge of a production, for example (such as a stage show or the House of Mouse nightclub theater) he is professional and composed, even when inconveniences get in the way. In addition to being a strong leader, Mickey is a devoted friend. He has, on numerous occasions, risked his life for the safety of others while never expecting recompense. This is most prominently seen with Minnie, for whom Mickey has often felt inclined to sacrifice his own happiness as seen in Mickey’s Once Upon a Christmas. He is charitable and selfless, looking out for the less fortunate despite often being in undesirable predicaments, himself. In Mickey’s Good Deed, Mickey sold Pluto to a wealthy household and used the money to supply a poor family with food and Christmas gifts—despite being homeless and hungry, himself. In Epic Mickey, Mickey sacrificed his only chance of escaping the Wasteland to rescue Oswald and Gus from danger, both of whom he had just met. A hero at his core, Mickey takes charge without second thought when trouble arises. In such cartoons as Gulliver Mickey and Runaway Brain, he fearlessly fought against monsters to protect the people around him.

Occasionally, Mickey can be too caring towards others, which can drive him to disregard his own needs.^[42] At times, his empathetic heart blinds his better judgment, resulting in Mickey being taken advantage of by malicious forces.^[43] There have also been instances where Mickey’s desire to help can be excessive to the point of being intrusive, thus causing even more trouble in the long run.^[44]

Mickey’s temper can be rather explosive after being pushed to a certain limit.^[45] When faced with his two most frequent adversaries, Pete and Mortimer Mouse for example, Mickey tends to act irritable and churlish. He is also relentless when it comes to getting back at his foes for their harassment.^[46] In some cases, instead of outright giving his enemies satisfaction by losing his temper, Mickey would resort to sly pranks and trickery to best his foes—this being a way to one-up them, while also getting in a few laughs at the same time.^[47] Because of his laid-back nature, however, Mickey is usually remorseful after letting his anger get the best of him, and does all that he can to remedy affected feelings, if any.^[48]

Mickey evidently struggles with insecurity to some extent. In «Goofy for a Day», he panicked at the prospect of losing his hosting job at the House of Mouse, believing «show business» is the only profession that he’s actually good at. His popularity seems to act as a double-edged sword. While he typically enjoys the attention, Mickey also feels a sense of pressure from the public to always be at his very best. This is most notably seen when Mickey is tasked with hosting live entertainment in front of a large audience. In which, he becomes short-fused and anxious.^[49][16] His insecurities are also apparent in his relationship with Minnie, as Mickey has repeatedly gone to great lengths to impress her—typically out of fear of losing her, as seen in “Mickey’s Rival Returns” and «Mickey Tries to Cook». Some cartoons suggest that Mickey has commitment issues. In “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, Mickey exclaims, “I just had the scariest dream!” after waking from a dream in which he married Minnie. The cartoon Mickey’s Nightmare highlighted Mickey’s apprehensions regarding parenthood.

In spite of being an anthropomorphic mouse, Mickey has the tendencies to act with his animal nature, including the fact that being a mouse, he loves cheese. In the television series House of Mouse, Mickey, being a mouse, is made fun of when he is shown to exercise on a hamster wheel and drink from a rodent drinking bottle (like the ones found in a hamster cage). These particular facts seem to only exist in the House of Mouse and haven’t been shown again, proving to have been used for brief gags only.

Physical appearance

As designed by Ub Iwerks, Mickey’s body was primarily comprised of circles and soft, rounded shapes. Mickey’s most notable physical features are his ears, which are always depicted as circular from every angle. Mickey’s 3-circle silhouette has become a well-known emblem of the character and an established symbol in pop culture. Originally, Mickey’s face was a plain white color. When Fred Moore redesigned the character, Mickey’s face adopted a Caucasian-toned hue.

One of the most significant changes to Mickey’s design were his eyes. They were originally drawn as blackened ovals, which moved across the entirety of his face to convey looking in different directions. For a brief period of time, beginning in The Karnival Kid, Mickey was drawn with «pie eyes» to create the illusion of light reflection. For Moore’s redesign, pupils were added to Mickey’s eyes to allow for more expression in the character animation. In Kingdom Hearts III—which adds further detail to the character models through computer animation—Mickey is depicted with blue irises.

Mickey is diminutive in stature, standing at roughly 2 ft. He had a portly figure through the mid-1930s. In the Moore redesign, Mickey’s body became a slimmer, pear shape. He is traditionally depicted as wearing a pair of red shorts with two white buttons on the front. In some instances, two additional buttons appear on the back of the shorts. Occasionally—as was the case in Parade of the Award Nominees—Mickey’s buttons are instead colored yellow. When not wearing his usual shorts, red typically endures as Mickey’s primary color motif (as seen in The Band Concert and Clock Cleaners).

Since The Opry House in 1929, Mickey has worn a pair of white opera gloves. Also known as “Toon Gloves”, the garments were added to Mickey’s ensemble as a means of distinguishing his hands from his black-furred body. In the first of Mickey’s colored cartoons, his gloves were yellow. Mickey sports only three fingers and a thumb, which was a conscious choice by Walt Disney and his animators. Disney once stated, “Artistically, five digits are too many for a mouse. His hand would look like a bunch of bananas. Financially, not having an extra finger in each of 45,000 drawings that make up a six and one-half minute short has saved the studio millions.»^[50]

Mickey’s traditional ensemble is completed by a pair of large, yellow shoes, which first appeared in The Gallopin’ Gaucho. Initially blocky in design, Mickey’s shoes adopted a somewhat plush appearance over time, being pliable with rounded edges. For a period of time in the 1940s, the shoes were instead colored brown.

Voice

A large part of Mickey’s screen persona is his falsetto voice, which was originated by Walt Disney. Walt had provided the unintelligible vocal effects for Mickey in Steamboat Willie. The “dialogue” featured in the short was an assortment of squeaks, yelps, and squawks akin to an actual mouse. Prior to Steamboat Willie, Mickey was a pantomime character who occasionally communicated with onscreen text (such as “Ha ha” in The Gallopin’ Gaucho). When subsequent shorts required substantial dialogue for the character, finding a voice for Mickey proved difficult as “nobody knew what a mouse would sound like”, Walt recalled. Disney would declare that Mickey’s voice should be in a falsetto, and would demonstrate the sound to his animators. Walt was eventually confronted with the question, “Well, why don’t you do it?”. Disney thusly assumed the role, once joking that, “I knew it’d always be on the payroll, so I did it.”^[51]

Walt took great personal pride in voicing Mickey, and his performance established the character’s personality. Some of Disney’s gestures and mannerisms were imbued into Mickey’s onscreen acting—most famously in The Pointer. According to Frank Thomas, Walt became very animated when behind the microphone, and would physically act out Mickey’s scenes while recording.^[52] Walt also had a hand in writing the scripts, particularly when it came to Mickey’s dialogue. As the voice of Mickey, Walt would regularly record alongside other voice artists in the studio. Marcellite Garner—the voice of Minnie Mouse—recalled in an interview that Walt would take time out of their sessions to act out the parts and describe the scenes.^[53]

By 1947, Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work (and as it is speculated, his cigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years). As such, he could no longer commit to voicing Mickey. This change was notable onscreen, as Mickey’s voice had deepened significantly in later shorts, due to Disney’s own voice having deepened with age. After recording the Mickey and the Beanstalk section of Fun and Fancy Free, Mickey’s voice was handed over to veteran Disney sound effects artist and voice actor Jimmy MacDonald. MacDonald voiced Mickey in the remainder of the theatrical shorts and for various television and publicity projects. Despite MacDonald’s casting, Walt would reprise Mickey’s voice on rare occasions, such as in the animated introductions to the original 1954—1959 run of The Mickey Mouse Club, «The Fourth Anniversary Show» episode of the Disneyland TV series, and Disneyland USA at Radio City Music Hall in 1962.

Carl Stalling voiced Mickey in The Karnival Kid in 1929. Clarence Nash voiced Mickey in the 1934 short The Dognapper, which would also be the only time that Nash voiced him.^[54][55] Walt was traveling in Europe at the time and was unavailable to record his lines for Mickey. J. Donald Wilson, Joe Twerp, and John Hiestand provided the voice of Mickey in the 1938 broadcasts of The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air.^[56][57] Stan Freberg voiced Mickey in the 1954 Disney record album Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse’s Birthday Party.^[58] Alan Young voiced Mickey in An Adaptation of Dickens’ Christmas Carol, Performed by The Walt Disney Players in 1974, which would be the first and only time that Young voiced him.^[59][60]

Les Perkins voiced Mickey in two TV specials in the mid-1980s: Down and Out with Donald Duck and DTV Valentine. Pete Renaday voiced Mickey in many 1980s Disneyland Records productions, including the Disney albums Mousercise, Mickey Mouse Splashdance and Yankee Doodle Mickey, along with several Disney Read-Along titles.^[61][62] He also provided his voice for The Talking Mickey Mouse toy in 1986.^[63][64] Jack Wagner was the voice of Mickey Mouse and several other characters in Disney Parks in the 1980s.

1983’s Mickey’s Christmas Carol marked the theatrical debut of Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse. Allwine, who would serve as Mickey’s official voice actor from 1977 until his death in 2009, once recounted something MacDonald had told him about voicing the character: «The main piece of advice that Jim gave me about Mickey helped me keep things in perspective. He said, ‘Just remember kid, you’re only filling in for the boss.’ And that’s the way he treated doing Mickey for years and years. From Walt, and now from Jimmy.» Allwine was, incidentally, married to Russi Taylor, who was the voice of Minnie Mouse from 1986 until her death in 2019.

Bret Iwan, a former Hallmark greeting card artist, is the current voice of Mickey, having taken over the role after Wayne Allwine’s passing. His earliest recordings in 2009 included work for the Disney Cruise Line, various Mickey toys, the Disney theme parks, Disney on Ice: Let’s Celebrate!, and Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep.

Despite Iwan being Mickey’s official voice actor, the character’s voice is provided by Chris Diamantopoulos in the Mickey Mouse series, which premiered in 2013. Diamantopoulos was brought onto the role as the producers wanted Mickey’s voice to more closely emulate Walt’s performance. Since the premiere of Mickey Mouse. Diamantopoulos has reprised the role for numerous projects, including Wonderful World of Animation, the DuckTales episode «Moonvasion!» (as a watermelon shaped like Mickey’s head), Mickey’s Mix Magic, Mickey and Minnie’s Runaway Railway, and The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse.

History

Creation; 1928-1930

On March 4, 1927, Walt Disney signed a contract with Universal Pictures to produce a series of cartoons starring his character Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, under the authority of producer Charles Mintz. With animation being headed by Disney’s longtime collaborator Ub Iwerks, the Oswald series was a hit with audiences. As the series gained traction, however, the partnership between Disney and Universal quickly began to fall apart. Walt was informed by Iwerks that Mintz’s assistant, George Winkler, had been hiring away Disney’s animators behind his back. When Disney traveled to New York to negotiate a more profitable contract in 1928, Mintz instead proposed a 20% cut. Rather than accept Mintz’s deal, Disney quit the Oswald series. On the train ride back to California, Walt desperately brainstormed ideas for a new cartoon character, in order to keep his studio afloat. He would eventually conceive a mouse character. Disney believed that a mouse would make for a cute and sympathetic character. He also felt that mice hadn’t been overused in motion pictures, allowing for Mickey to stand out against the competition of the time. Walt would name his new character “Mortimer Mouse”. His wife, Lillian Disney, disliked the name and instead suggested “Mickey Mouse”.^[65]

Walt created a sketch to get the basic idea of the character, and later shared it with Ub, who refined it. Mickey’s model greatly resembled that of Oswald and other animal characters of the time, such as Otto Messmer’s Felix the Cat. Iwerks would explain, “Pear-shaped body, ball on top, a couple of thin legs. You gave it long ears, and it was a rabbit. Short ears, it was a cat. With an elongated nose, it became a mouse.” Along with Ub and a few other loyalists, Disney worked on the first two Mickey cartoons in secret, while simultaneously abiding to his contractual obligation to complete his final Oswald cartoons for Universal.

The first Mickey short to be produced was Plane Crazy, and it was first screened for test audiences on May 15, 1928. Plane Crazy focused on Mickey’s attempt to become an aviator in emulation of Charles Lindbergh. In this short, Mickey was gloveless and shoeless. His appearance bore animalistic qualities more closely resembling an actual mouse than modern interpretations. In terms of personality, Mickey was portrayed as a rash and arrogant character, even going as far as to antagonize his love interest, Minnie Mouse. Plane Crazy failed to find a distributor, and was not released that year. The second-produced Mickey short, The Gallopin’ Gaucho, was significant in introducing Mickey’s trademark shoes, while also depicting the mouse as a more noble and heroic character. The short centered on Mickey embarking on a chase to rescue Minnie from the villainous Pete, which would become a recurring story thread throughout Mickey’s career. However, The Gallopin’ Gaucho also failed to make an impact with potential distributors and would not be released to the public that year.

It was then that Walt decided to take an extremely ambitious step by breaking into «talkies». Sound had been in animated cartoons before, but never on a scale quite like Mickey’s third-produced short, Steamboat Willie. A parody of Buster Keaton’s Steamboat Bill, Jr., the cartoon featured Mickey as the mischievous deckhand of a steamboat commanded by Pete. Towards the climax of the short, he conducts a performance of the song “Turkey in the Straw“ with Minnie. Steamboat Willie reinvented Mickey’s character with a more appealing design and relatable personality. In addition to writing the script, Walt provided the vocal performances of both Mickey and Minnie (he would continue to voice Mickey for decades to follow). Steamboat Willie was released on November 18, 1928 at Universal’s Colony Theater in New York City, to critical acclaim. Though it was the third short to be produced, it was the first to be publicly released. As such, November 18th is recognized as the official birthday of Mickey Mouse, as declared by archivist Dave Smith in 1978. The opening sequence of the short—in which Mickey whistles the tune of “Steamboat Bill”—has served as the opening logo of Walt Disney Animation Studios films since 2007. The success of Steamboat Willie later allowed for the official releases of both The Gallopin’ Gaucho and Plane Crazy, remastered with sound.

A slew of shorts would quickly follow, a majority of which portrayed Mickey as a rascally mouse living in a barn-like setting. The plots in Mickey’s earliest cartoons were typically bare bones. Generally, the majority of the runtime was dedicated to musical sequences accompanied by rubberhose gags involving the characters and anthropomorphic objects. As more cartoons were released, Mickey’s character would develop in significant ways—much of which occurred in the character’s sophomore year of 1929. In The Opry House (released on March 28), Mickey was given his trademark gloves, which made him easier to animate. The Plowboy (released on June 28) introduced Horace Horsecollar, who would regularly appear as Mickey’s steed and friend. Clarabelle Cow was depicted as Minnie’s best friend, and became a recurring character in the films, alongside Horace. In The Karnival Kid (released on July 31), Mickey spoke his first words, «Hot dog!». The phrase would become the character’s catchphrase in later shorts. In Mickey’s Follies (released on August 28), Mickey performed the song “Minnie’s Yoo Hoo”, an instrumental version of which would become the theme song of his film series until 1933.

With Mickey’s success all but assured, Disney was offered a deal—$300 in cash for the right to feature Mickey on a children’s pencil tablet. Walt accepted, and thus began Mickey Mouse’s foray into merchandising.^[66] Furthermore, Disney created the original Mickey Mouse Club in 1929 for fans of his character and cartoons. Though the club had its start in the United States, it would later expand to overseas markets such as Europe and Australia. The club had over one million members. In June of 1929, J.V. Connelly of King Features Syndicate proposed the concept of a Mickey Mouse comic strip for newspapers.^[67]

1930-1950

On January 30, 1930, the first of Mickey’s printed adventures was distributed—as written by Walt Disney, and illustrated by Ub Iwerks. Dubbed “He’s Going to Learn to Fly Like Lindy”, the strip sees a barn-dwelling Mickey dreaming about becoming an aviator like Charles Lindbergh. By the summer of 1930, the comic had appeared in up to 40 newspapers across the world. By May of that year, Mickey’s comic stories were taken over by Disney artist Floyd Gottfredson, who would become renowned for four decades worth of work on Mickey Mouse comic stories. Like Mickey’s entry into merchandising, the Mickey Mouse strip is credited to having attributed to Mickey’s “golden age” and worldwide success.^[68] That same year, The Chain Gang introduced a non-anthropomorphic bloodhound character who would evolve into Pluto, Mickey’s pet dog and a frequent supporting character in the films.

At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932, Mickey received his first nomination for Mickey’s Orphans. At the same ceremony, Walt was awarded an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey’s creation. Coming off the success of Disney’s Technicolor Silly Symphonies cartoon Flowers and Trees (which won the Academy Award that year, beating Mickey’s Orphans), Mickey’s first appearance in color was in Parade of the Award Nominees, a short created for the 5th Academy Awards banquet. As a result, it was not released to the public. In his first animated appearance in color, Mickey donned green shorts, yellow gloves, and shoes. Despite this, Mickey continued to appear in black and white films moving forward. One of which, Mickey’s Revue, introduced the character Dippy Dawg, who would evolve in Mickey’s friend Goofy.

The Disney artists indulged in Mickey’s popularity by producing Mickey’s Gala Premiere in 1933 (which paired Mickey with numerous A-list Hollywood stars). On June 1, 1934, Mickey briefly appeared in Hollywood Party opposite Jimmy Durante—the only animated character to appear in the crossover picture. That same year, Mickey made his debut in the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade, and was the third character from pop culture to have a licensed balloon. 1934 also introduced Donald Duck as Mickey’s temperamental foil and companion. Donald was created in response to the many taboos being placed upon Mickey by audiences of the time. Donald allowed for Disney and his artists to give their films “a little attitude”. Disney chose to pair Mickey and Donald together to add contrast to the shorts, with their first shared cartoon being Orphan’s Benefit.^[69]

It wouldn’t be until 1935’s The Band Concert, that Mickey was given his first official cartoon in color. The short depicted Mickey as the struggling conductor of a public band concert, with such nuisances as Donald Duck and a sudden tornado causing havoc throughout the performance. Despite the breakthrough, two more Mickey cartoons released that year in black and white. One of which was Mickey’s Service Station, which is notable for being the first in a series of comedy films starring Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and Goofy together. The last of Mickey’s black and white cartoons was Mickey’s Kangaroo. With the introduction of color, Mickey’s body structure was given a new look; his round body was replaced by a pear-shaped looking one and his head was changed so his nose was closer to his face. His ears were turned from round to oval and his eyes became more detailed (the pupils smaller, the eye itself outlined instead of partially open).

As Mickey’s fame grew, a segment of unhappy parents disapproved of the character’s flawed behavior.^[70] To appease the demographic, Mickey’s later cartoons strayed away from the controversial gags and stories of the character’s formative years. Consequently, the character’s popularity declined steadily throughout the late ’30s. He was even omitted from a number of the Mickey, Donald, and Goofy shorts, beginning with 1938’s Polar Trappers. To boost Mickey’s relevance, Walt envisioned, «an advancement in the sophistication of Mickey’s roles and acting ability.» To allow a broader range of emotion in the character animation, Fred Moore was brought on to redesign Mickey. In 1936, with Mickey’s new design in place, Walt began early development on a deluxe short titled The Sorcerer’s Apprentice, based on the 1797 poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and its 1897 orchestral adaptation by Paul Dukas. Starring Mickey as the titular apprentice, the piece was conceived as a cross between animation and classical music—not unlike Disney’s Silly Symphonies. While development was underway for Sorcerer, Fred Moore’s redesign of Mickey would appear in 1939’s Mickey’s Surprise Party, and The Pointer; the latter of which went on to receive an Academy Award nomination.

The Sorcerer’s Apprentice’s production cost ballooned to $125,000—three to four times greater than the usual Silly Symphony, according to producer Ben Sharpsteen. Knowing that The Sorcerer’s Apprentice would not make back its budget, talks began in 1938 to expand the project and produce a full-length feature, of which The Sorcerer’s Apprentice would be a segment.^[71] This would evolve into Fantasia, which would become Disney’s third animated film, following the critical successes of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 and Pinocchio in 1940. While the film is lauded today as a cinematic masterpiece, Fantasia was a financial and critical disappointment upon release in 1940. Rather than make a comeback as Walt had intended, Mickey would continue to decline. There were several contributing factors to Mickey’s decline. For one, it was perceived that the essence of Mickey’s character was too subtle and human for most storymen to capture accurately—the one exception being Walt Disney, himself. However, Walt had become too preoccupied with feature films to contribute to the shorts. Animator Ollie Johnston would explain, “The story guys were not capable of doing a Mickey story without Walt. He was the only one who could get the feeling of that personality.»^[72] In a 1949 interview, Disney stated, «Mickey’s decline was due to his heroic nature. He grew into such a legend that we couldn’t gag around with him. He acquired as many taboos as a Western hero—no smoking, no drinking, no violence.»^[73]

Mickey would continue to appear in noteworthy shorts, but these were few and far between. One of which included Lend a Paw, which became the only Mickey Mouse cartoon to date to win an Academy Award, having won for Best Animated Short of 1941. Around the same time, an effort was made within the studio to develop a full-length feature film starring Mickey Mouse. Animators Bill Cottrell and T. Hee pitched the idea of a feature film based on Jack and the Beanstalk, with Mickey in the role of Jack. In response to the pitch, Walt, «burst out laughing with tears rolling down his cheeks with joy», as Cottrell and Hee later recalled. Though Disney enjoyed it, he claimed that Cottrell and Hee, “murdered [his] characters”, and thus rejected the pitch. Cottrell and Hee eventually coerced Walt into giving the greenlight, and after much delay in 1947, Mickey made his second feature film appearance, as the protagonist of the Fun and Fancy Free segment, Mickey and the Beanstalk. The feature would mark the first performance of Jimmy MacDonald as Mickey, who provided the character’s voice for the film in tandem with Walt.

1950-2000

In the final years of Mickey’s original theatrical run, Disney’s cartoon shorts were given a «modernized» style of animation that Disney used from the mid-1950s to the later 1960s. Mickey, himself, was given eyebrows in his redesign. Eyebrows would continue to be seen on Mickey’s face until the late 1980s and rarely in the early 1990s, until being removed altogether. There were 56 more color cartoons in the original Mickey Mouse theatrical series. The last of which was The Simple Things in 1953, which focused on Mickey and Pluto’s day at the beach.

Afterward, Mickey’s series would receive a thirty-year hiatus. Although he no longer appeared in theatrical cartoons, Mickey would maintain some degree of relevance by remaining the face of the Disney company, specifically in merchandising. In 1953, Disney commemorated Mickey’s 25th anniversary with a portrait depicting the mouse by John Hench. This would be the first in a tradition in which the Disney company would commission and release a portrait to coincide with a major anniversary of Mickey’s. Hench would paint the portraits for 1978, 1988, 1998 and 2003. Following Hench’s death, Paul Felix designed the portrait for 2008, while veteran animator Mark Henn designed the portrait for 2018. The portraits are currently residing at the Walt Disney Archives.

Perhaps most notably in the 1950s, Walt debuted the popular The Mickey Mouse Club television show (with follow-ups of the same name debuting in 1977 and 1989). In relation to Mickey, the show is perhaps most notable for introducing Jimmie Dodd’s «Mickey Mouse March», which would go on to become Mickey’s trademark theme song. It also marked the first appearance of the iconic Mouse Ear hats that would become staples in Disney theme parks, the first of which—Disneyland—opened the same year in 1955. Mickey was present for Disneyland’s opening, and continues to serve as the park’s «ambassador» to this day.

On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey became the first animated character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located at 6925 Hollywood Blvd. That same year, Mickey would appear at the 50th Academy Awards ceremony to help announce the winner for Best Short Film (Animated). Mickey would later go on to appear at the Academy Awards ceremonies of 1988 and 2003.

In 1983, Mickey appeared in his first theatrical short since 1953’s The Simple Things: Mickey’s Christmas Carol, where he played the role of Bob Cratchit, opposite Scrooge McDuck’s Ebenezer Scrooge. The short also marked the debut of Wayne Allwine, who would voice Mickey for three decades, until his death in 2009.

As Mickey’s 60th anniversary grew near in the late ’80s, there was an initiative to bring classic Disney characters back into the spotlight via animated short productions. Several projects were planned, one of which included 1990’s The Prince and the Pauper, which was screened in front of The Rescuers Down Under and featured Mickey starring in the (duo) lead role. Two additional Mickey projects were slated to release around this time, including the featurette Swabbies (1989), and a Christopher Columbus-inspired period piece titled Mickey Columbus (1992). Both cartoons were shelved, however.

Outside of fleeting cameos and references, Mickey was largely absent from the Disney Afternoon block that aired throughout the 1990s on Disney’s television networks. However, Mickey was featured in the opening and closing sequences of the block, interacting with some of the characters from its series.

In 1994, four of Mickey’s cartoons were included in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons, which listed the greatest cartoons of all time as voted by members of the animation field. The films were The Band Concert (#3), Steamboat Willie (#13), Brave Little Tailor (#26), and Clock Cleaners (#27).

In 1995, Mickey starred in a new theatrical cartoon short titled Runaway Brain, where Mickey’s brain and body gets switched with that of a monster who falls in love with Minnie. This short was originally screened in front of A Kid in King Arthur’s Court.

Mickey and his friends received a major comeback with the premiere of the Mickey Mouse Works series of shorts in 1999, shepherd by Roy E. Disney (son of Roy O. Disney and nephew of Walt). Developed in the style of Disney’s Golden Age of Animation, the show featured new cartoons starring Mickey, in which he embarked on comical misadventures often caused by his own mischief. Outside of his mainline shorts, Mickey also starred in the 90-second umbrella title Mickey to the Rescue, which followed Mickey’s quest to rescue Minnie from Pete’s lair. In the 12-minute long Mouse Tales cartoons, Mickey served as the protagonist in adaptations of classic stories.

2000-2020

Immediately after Mouse Works’s conclusion, Mickey starred in House of Mouse—a crossover sitcom series in which Mickey manages a club frequented by various characters from Disney’s history. House of Mouse ran for three seasons, and spawned two straight-to-DVD movies.

When development began for what would become the 2002 video game, Kingdom Hearts, developer Squaresoft wanted Mickey to serve as the game’s protagonist—contrast to Disney’s request to use Donald Duck. Director Tetsuya Nomura remedied the issue by creating the character Sora, who was inspired by Mickey. Despite only having a brief appearance in the original game, Mickey’s role was greatly expanded in later entries to serve as the most significant Disney character in the franchise.

Mickey served as the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year’s Day of 2005 as part of the kickoff of the «Happiest Homecoming on Earth», celebrating Disneyland’s 50th Anniversary.

In 2004, Mickey starred in his first, non-compilation feature-length film, Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers. A direct-to-video musical adaptation of the 1844 novel, the film follows Mickey, Donald and Goofy embarking on a quest to prove themselves as musketeers by rescuing Princess Minnie Mouse from the villainous Captain Pete. Three Musketeers was initially conceived in 1984 by storyboard artists Steve Hulett and Pete Young, and was to also feature José Carioca as the fourth musketeer, but this version never came to be.^[74][75] That same year on November 9, Mickey transitioned to computer animation with the release of Mickey’s Twice Upon a Christmas.

2006 saw the premiere of the interactive children’s show Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. The series was a massive success amongst younger audiences, and popularized Mickey’s catchphrase (“Hot dog!”) with “The Hot Dog Song” by They Might Be Giants. Clubhouse ran on Playhouse Disney and Disney Junior for four seasons, until its conclusion in 2016.

In 2009, Mickey reappeared in the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade, dressed as the captain in Tugboat Mickey. That same year, Disney sought to rebrand the Mickey Mouse character again by putting less emphasis on his pleasant, cheerful side and reintroducing the more mischievous and adventurous aspects of his personality, beginning with the video game Epic Mickey. Though the game received mixed reviews, it was significant as the first onscreen interaction of Mickey Mouse and Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. 2009 also marked the debut of Bret Iwan as Mickey’s official voice actor, succeeding the late Wayne Allwine. Unusual for a voice actor, Iwan has become a regular spokesperson for Disney, frequently appearing at promotional and fan events—most often covering the topics of Mickey and theme parks, among other experiences related to the company.

In 2010, three dozen Mickey statues were used to promote the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, which was played in Anaheim, California, adorned with insignias of the teams.

In 2011, Mickey and Minnie were appointed Grand Marshals of the 20th Annual Festival of Lights Parade in Chicago.

In 2012, Mickey played a silent supporting role giving a dress to Minnie in the animated short Electric Holiday, a collaboration between Disney and the Barney’s New York fashion industry.

In June 2013, Mickey and his friends were rebranded, once more, with the premiere of a new series of shorts (appropriately titled Mickey Mouse) headed by animator Paul Rudish. In the style of Mickey’s earliest cartoons, the shorts highlight Mickey’s more flawed personality traits while retaining his likability and wholesomeness. The series marks the debut of Chris Diamantopoulos as the voice of Mickey, who has since earned numerous accolades for his performance. With millions of views on YouTube, the series has garnered major acclaim; it has earned several Emmy and Annie Awards for its writing, music, voice work, and animation. Paul Rudish’s take on Mickey has since been featured significantly in different facets of the Walt Disney Company, including theme parks, merchandise and social media outlets. Rudish’s Mickey also serves as the current mascot of Disney Television Animation.

According to animation director Lauren MacMullan, there was a company-wide initiative to develop new ideas for classic Disney characters. MacMullan looked to the Ub Iwerks era of animation for inspiration, and would eventually conceive a hybrid traditional animation/CGI short Get A Horse! (released on November 27, 2013). In the short, Mickey is knocked out of the 2D world by Pete, who has once again kidnapped Minnie. With help from Horace Horsecollar, Mickey battles Pete to rescue Minnie, all the while being trapped in the 3D world. Get a Horse! was screened theatrically in front of Frozen, and featured archival recordings of Walt Disney as the voice of Mickey Mouse. It also earned Mickey his tenth Oscar nomination at the 86th Academy Awards.

Mickey’s birthday celebrations in 2016 and 2017 involved a world tour in which Mickey interacted with fans and their culture. To coincide with the festivities, an original song titled «What We Got» by Tony Ferrari was released. In January of 2017, Mickey starred in a new children’s show, Mickey and the Roadster Racers. Initially a madcap racing series, the show was later rebranded as Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures that focused on the various day-to-day hijinks of Mickey and his friends.

2018 marked Mickey’s 90th anniversary; Disney launched a company-wide celebration dubbed «Mickey: The True Original», which highlighted Mickey’s impact on pop-culture since his inception in Steamboat Willie. On November 4th, ABC aired Mickey’s 90th Spectacular, a two hour long television special centering Mickey’s career. The gala included tributes, musical numbers and celebrity guest stars. From November 8th to February 10, 2019, New York City hosted a pop-up art exhibit dedicated to Mickey. The exhibit consists of ten interactive rooms and displays artists’ recreations of various Mickey moments from over the years, as well as archived Mickey material such as concept art and merchandise. Similar exhibits were opened in Seoul, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Dubai and South Africa. Exclusive Mickey-themed merchandise from major brands such as Beats by Dre, Pandora and Vans were also released. There was also a book released titled Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse: The Ultimate History, a large 496-page book about Mickey’s history from 1928 to the present.

2020-present

In 2020, Walt Disney World debuted the first Mickey Mouse-themed dark ride in the parks’ history with Mickey and Minnie’s Runaway Railway—based on Paul Rudish’s shorts. In the attraction, Mickey appears in both the pre-show musical short and as an audio animatronic. The ride also marks the debut of the song “Nothing Can Stop Us Now“, performed by Mickey and Minnie. On November 18, Disney premiered Mickey’s first made-for-streaming series on Disney+, The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse. A successor to the Rudish shorts, the series retains the same creative team and art style, with Chris Diamantopoulos reprising his role as Mickey.

In 2021, Mickey made a guest appearance on Season 30 of ABC’s Dancing With the Stars. The season’s Disney Week introduced the Mickey Dance Challenge, a special dance created by Mickey that was then delivered to the couples to perform for bonus points. Mickey’s cameo was created using traditional animation, as animated by Eric Goldberg.

In 2022, Disney+ released an original documentary titled Mickey: The Story of a Mouse. The film chronicles the history and cultural influence of Mickey, and was accompanied by an original hand-drawn animated short titled Mickey in a Minute, in which Mickey is sucked into one of his film posters and travels across a number of his cartoons. Also in 2022, Mickey began starring in his own installments of the Chibi Tiny Tales shorts (he and Minnie had previously made a cameo in the Descendants-based short «Triple Date»).

Film appearances

Hollywood Party

In the 1934 feature film, an animated Mickey crashes the live-action environment of Jimmy Durante’s house party, much to the shock of Durante and the other celebrities in attendance. Mickey mischievously mocks Durante, puts on a piano performance, and introduces the cartoon The Hot Chocolate Soldiers.

Fantasia

Mickey’s most famous role (alongside Steamboat Willie) is in the 1940 film Fantasia. In the film, Mickey appears in a segment called «The Sorcerer’s Apprentice». After the segment, he and Leopold Stokowski share a live-action/animated handshake, congratulating each other.

In this role, Mickey is the apprentice of a powerful sorcerer known as Yen Sid. Whilst the sorcerer spends his time conjuring spells and working with his abilities, Mickey merely works more as a servant, carrying buckets up a massive staircase to a well full of water. One night, however, after Yen Sid retires to slumber, Mickey sneaks on the sorcerer’s hat, which appears to be the main source of his magic. Having enough of the physical labor, Mickey brings a broomstick to life with his new found magic and orders it to carry on his duties. It’s a success, and the little mouse soon falls asleep, dreaming he is the world’s greatest sorcerer. At first, he does not realize the broom continues to bring water to the well. So much, that the tower becomes flooded. Mickey tries to stop the broom, but it’s no use, and the mouse is forced to kill it by cutting it to pieces with an ax. After the deed is done, Mickey begins to rest again, but the tiny pieces of sliced wood magically become hundreds of living brooms, and the army continues on with the duty of filling the overflown well with water, soon flooding the entire tower until Yen Sid arrives and puts an end to the chaos. After all seems well, Mickey silently apologizes and is ordered to return to his duties as punishment.

Fun and Fancy Free

Mickey, Donald, and Goofy live in a once peaceful village called Happy Valley, that became a wasteland after the beautiful singing Golden Harp was kidnapped by a mysterious giant. The friends nearly die of starvation, but Mickey went off to sell their prized cow for food. Instead of a meal, Mickey bought three magic beans from a peddler, which Donald in a fit of anger threw out of the house. The beans then grew into a beanstalk that led to the castle of Willie the Giant who is the kidnapper of the Harp. The three battle the giant to save the harp and restore the peace in their village. They rushed down the beanstalk with the harp, chopped it down once on the ground, and escaped safely. Mickey, Donald, and Goofy became heroes and peace is restored.

Mickey’s Once Upon a Christmas

In this film, Mickey is lacking in money, preventing him from easily purchasing a chain for Minnie’s watch as a Christmas gift. To gain money faster, he and Pluto work extra hard at their job at «Crazy Pete’s Tree Lot». However, after ruining Pete’s scheme to sell an overpriced tree to a struggling family, Mickey’s tip money is stolen by Pete, and the mouse is fired.

With no money, Mickey and Pluto think of a way to make more money, whilst Mickey plays his beloved harmonica. The beauty of Mickey’s harmonica playing catches the attention of the Chief of Police who is having a toy drive. However, the band for the drive was unable to perform at the time. The Chief asks Mickey to play at the drive, but Mickey tries to explain that he has no time. Upon seeing the sad face of a child who donates a toy, Mickey decides to play.

Even after his stellar performance, Mickey still has no way to get Minnie her gift. Before Mickey departs, the Chief congratulates Mickey on his performance and tells him that he and his harmonica are something special. This gives Mickey the idea to trade in his harmonica for Minnie’s chain. The store owner doesn’t accept the offer, however, until he hears Mickey’s harmonica playing. Feeling sympathy for the mouse, the store owner goes through with the trade.

At Minnie’s, the couple exchanges the gifts and it turns out that Minnie traded her watch for a case for Mickey’s harmonica. The couple then realizes that each other are all the gifts they’ll ever need. In the finale, Mickey and Minnie join the other characters for Christmas carols.

Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers

When Mickey, Donald, Goofy, and Pluto were children, they were street urchins who were attacked by the nefarious Beagle Boys. Suddenly, three heroic musketeers came to the rescue. One musketeer even gave Mickey his hat as a gift. From that day on, Mickey, Donald, and Goofy dreamed of becoming musketeers, but even as they became adults, they were still just as far from their dream as ever. Now, they serve as janitors for real musketeers, but still keep the dream alive by daydreaming of how great the musketeer life would be.

However, Captain Pete constantly bashes the trio by telling them they’ll never be musketeers because Mickey is too small, Donald is a coward, and Goofy’s too dumb. Unbeknownst to the trio, Pete is actually plotting to kidnap Princess Minnie Mouse, and take over France as king. To do so, he hires the Beagle Boys to kidnap the princess, but they fail. Out of fear, Minnie demands musketeer bodyguards and Pete hires Mickey, Donald, and Goofy, believing they’ll do a terrible job. On their first day, the trio rescues Minnie and her lady-in-waiting Daisy, from the Beagle Boys in yet another kidnap attempt.

After the rescue, Mickey and Minnie fall in love. Meanwhile, Pete plots to get rid of the trio after he realizes they’re more trouble than usual. Goofy is lured away from Minnie’s castle by Pete’s lieutenant Clarabelle and Donald is kidnapped by the Beagles but he is able to escape. When he does, he heads back to the palace to warn Mickey. Mickey attempts to have Donald help him take down Pete, but the duck is too afraid. Donald quits and leaves France, while Pete kidnaps Mickey.

He takes Mickey to Mount St. Michael. There, he is imprisoned in a chamber that will flood with high tide, drowning Mickey. Fortunately, Goofy is freed by the reformed Clarabelle, and Donald decides to rejoin the force. Donald, Goofy, and Pluto head off to rescue Mickey, which they do just in time. Mickey and the gang head to the opera theater where Pete has already managed to take control. A battle follows and Pete is defeated. Mickey and Minnie then proclaim their love, and the trio is dubbed royal musketeers.

Mickey’s Twice Upon a Christmas

In the CGI sequel to Mickey’s Once Upon a Christmas, Mickey is first seen attending Minnie and Daisy’s ice skating tournament with him and Donald watching.

Later on, Mickey is planning a big Christmas party for everyone to enjoy. Although Minnie would rather have him do something simple, Mickey goes ahead and decorates excessively with three animatronic Santa Claus figures, a moving train set around the Christmas tree, and much more. While on the phone with Minnie, Pluto accidentally ruins the decorations, especially knocking down the Christmas tree. With all the decorations destroyed, Mickey has no choice but to go out and get new decorations. Before he leaves, he harshly scolds Pluto and sends him to his dog house. After Mickey departs, Pluto runs away and finds himself at the North Pole, where he’s adopted by Santa’s reindeer.

Meanwhile, Mickey has returned to redecorate the house. Unlike the previous decorations, these are simpler. After the finishing touches were complete, Mickey went to the dog house to apologize to Pluto for his anger, wanting Pluto to place the star on the tree. Instead of Pluto, Mickey finds his discarded collar, and spots paw prints on the snow, heavily indicating that Pluto has run away. In a panic, Mickey calls Minnie for help and heads out to find his pal. He spends the entire day hanging up posters around the city. During the night, Mickey visits Santa Claus, who is having a meet-and-greet session, and tells him that all he wants for Christmas is Pluto back. But this is no ordinary department store Santa, this is the real deal.

Mickey returns home, with all hope lost. Suddenly, Pluto pops up on the roof of the house and rushes down to Mickey’s arms. Just as they both begin to reunite, a snow plow truck that nearly ran into Mickey earlier rushes into the front yard of Mickey’s house. The driver turns out to be Goofy, accompanied by Max, Minnie, Donald, Daisy, Scrooge McDuck, Huey, Dewey, and Louie. Minnie explains that Scrooge purchased a snow plow company to help find Pluto. Overjoyed with his friends being there, Mickey invites them in, and they all sing Christmas carols to celebrate.

Other films

Mickey made several appearances in Who Framed Roger Rabbit. He makes a notable appearance skydiving with Bugs Bunny, in during which the two encounter Eddie Valiant. After the climax, Mickey is seen leading the other toons into the human world to Roger Rabbit and friends. Looking upon the carnage, Mickey ponders the identity of Judge Doom.

In Oliver & Company, Fagin was shown to have a Mickey Mouse watch.

In The Little Mermaid, Mickey is seen in the crowd of merpeople at Sebastian’s concert. He can be spotted alongside Donald and Goofy just before King Triton illuminates the coral chandelier.

Mickey made three cameo appearances in A Goofy Movie, first seen in the audience of students at Max’s high school’s assembly, then hitchhiking with Donald Duck during the song «On the Open Road», and finally as a member of the crowd at the Powerline concert. A Mickey Mouse phone was also seen in Max’s bedroom.

In Toy Story, a Mickey Mouse wall clock can be seen in Andy’s bedroom.

Steamboat Willie‘s Mickey makes a cameo appearance as a transformation of Genie’s in Aladdin and the King of Thieves.

In Fantasia 2000, Mickey reappears in The Sorcerer’s Apprentice. Afterward, he has a brief exchange with Leopold Stokowski, just like in the original Fantasia, followed by a brief live-action/animation continuation where he tells James Levine to introduce Donald and Daisy’s segment, Pomp and Circumstance, before frantically searching backstage for Donald.

Mickey makes a cameo in the end credits of the Teacher’s Pet film. He is shown posing with the Helperman family in a photo of a trip they took to Walt Disney World.

In The Lion King 1½, Mickey makes a brief, non-speaking cameo in the form of a silhouette during the film’s finale, joined by a cast of various other Disney characters as they prepare to watch the movie all over again.

In Chicken Little, Melvin was shown to have a three-eyed Mickey Mouse watch.

In Wreck-It Ralph, a billboard with artwork of Mickey can be seen in the background of Litwak’s Arcade.

In Frozen, a Mickey plush can be seen in the stocks of Wandering Oaken’s Trading Post and Sauna whilst Princess Anna is gathering her winter wear.

In Saving Mr. Banks, Mickey is commonly mentioned and alluded to by Walt Disney, significantly during a scene where Walt confesses he was once offered a large payment in exchange for Mickey’s rights, and although he had no money to his name, his love for the mouse prevented him from taking the offer stating:

«I’ve fought this battle from her side. Pat Powers, he wanted the mouse and I didn’t have a bean back then. He was this big terrifying New York producer and I was just a kid from Missouri with a sketch of Mickey, but it would’ve killed me to give him up. Honest to God, killed me. That mouse, he’s family.»

In Zootopia, a plush of Mickey is seen in a stroller passing Nick Wilde and Finnick.

In Ralph Breaks the Internet, he appears with his sorcerer outfit at the top of the Disney Animation pavilion at the Oh My Disney website. A plush of Mickey is later seen in a shelf on a quiz-taking girl’s bedroom.

In Frozen II, Olaf’s charade of a mouse is an impersonation of Mickey.

Television appearances

Walt Disney anthology series

Mickey was regularly featured in the series, portrayed as a good friend and partner of the show’s host, Walt Disney himself, as well as an acclaimed actor for the company.

Mickey was commonly the primary focus of a few episodes but was also heavily featured in episodes centering around Donald (much to the duck’s dismay), Goofy, Jiminy Cricket, and others. Some of these episodes include On Vacation with Mickey Mouse and Friends, A Ranger’s Guide to Nature, Four Tales on a Mouse, The Donald Duck Story, From All of Us to All of You, The Goofy Success Story, and many others.

Throughout the years, various specials celebrating Mickey’s success and history also aired, mostly centered around the mouse’s birthday, including Mickey’s 50 and most notably Mickey’s 60th Birthday, where the story revolved around Mickey Mouse mysteriously disappearing during the anniversary of his debut, resulting in worldwide catastrophe and despair.

The Mickey Mouse Club

Mickey was the mascot of the daily variety show. He featured prominently in the opening theme song, in which he donned a marching band outfit while being celebrated by a slew of his supporting cast—with the exception of an envious Donald Duck, who is instead trying to steal the spotlight. The series refers to Mickey as the “leader of the club”—the members of which are referred to as Mouseketeers, whom sport hats modeled after Mickey’s round ears.

Throughout the week, an animated segment featuring Mickey kicked off each episode by greeting the Mouseketeer audience and calling the cue to start the show, to the tune of classic Disney songs. On Monday and Tuesday, Mickey appeared as a concert pianist («A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes») and a vaudevillian actor («Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah»), respectively. On Wednesday and Thursday, he was the sorcerer’s apprentice («The Siamese Cat Song») and a trombone-playing bandleader («Following the Leader»). Finally, on Friday, he was a cowboy with a western drawl («Pecos Bill»). Walt Disney reprised his role as Mickey for these animations, partially as a way to prove that he could still pull off the voice.

A classic Mickey Mouse short film would play towards the end of episodes. These were presented as “Mouskartoons”, and featured a brief introduction in which Jimmie Dodd would pull a raffle from a place called the “Mickey Mouse Treasure Mine”.

Mickey Mouse Works

Mickey was the star of the series similar to his classic cartoons. Mickey usually got into problems out of his own mischievous attitude. Mickey had his own 90-second cartoon segments entitled Mickey to the Rescue in which he would break into Pete’s trap-laden hideout to rescue Minnie.

In some episodes, Mickey would be involved in the Ajax business with Donald and Goofy having various jobs often ending in complete failure while in other cartoons might involve him in trying to impress Minnie by going over the top and modern.

Hearkening back to his roots, Mickey was shown to be a trickster in the show, in such shorts as «Mickey’s Mountain» and «Mickey’s Cabin», usually having Mickey outwit his nemesis, Pete, as they battle each other. He was also reunited with his rival, Mortimer Mouse, for the first time in animation since «Mickey’s Rival»; the two would regularly clash throughout the series, beginning in «Mickey’s Rival Returns».

House of Mouse

In Disney’s House of Mouse, Mickey is the owner of the eponymous popular night club in downtown Main Street. Mickey strives to keep the club profitable to keep safe from its villainous landlord, Pete. All the while, he must maintain the stability of both his madcap crew. Like his previous series, Mickey’s mischief often gets the club into hot water, such as in «Rent Day», where he spent the club’s rent on a large order of cheese.

In Mickey’s Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse, a snowstorm traps Mickey and the guests inside the club on Christmas Eve. Mickey suggests they throw a Christmas party at the club. While the guests enjoy themselves by watching cartoons and socializing, Mickey and the employees try to get Donald into the Christmas spirit. With the guidance of Jiminy Cricket, Mickey is able to shed light on Donald, making it a merry Christmas for everyone.

In Mickey’s House of Villains, Mickey tries to give his guests a good-spirited spooky Halloween. However, things take a turn for the worst when Jafar rallies the villains together and takes over the club. Mickey tries reasoning with Jafar to get the club back to normal, but to no avail. This forces Mickey and his friends to sneak backstage and don his sorcerer robes and hat from his time as Yen Sid’s apprentice, and battle Jafar in a magical duel. Jafar manages to overwhelm Mickey, causing the latter to lose his hat and powers. As as the villains prepare to eliminate Mickey, Aladdin provides a lamp to imprison Jafar, scaring the other villains away and returning the club to normal.

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse

Mickey is the host of the computer-animated series in which he uses brains and teamwork to solve problems. Mickey is the leader of the clubhouse gang and often going on various adventures to help and/or save his friends.

In the show, Mickey and the clubhouse gang solve various problems using the viewers help. Aside from leaving on adventures and solving puzzles, Mickey and his friends also go through other problems such as stopping Goofy’s Goofbot and Mickey and Pluto spending the day trying to return to solid ground after being trapped in a bubble.

Mickey is also the host of the spin-off television series: Mickey Mousekersize. In these shorts, Mickey, accompanied by Toodles, help his friends stay in shape by using exercises to solve their daily problems. Mickey also appeared in the Christmas, Halloween, and Thanksgiving-themed episodes of Minnie’s Bow-Toons.

Mickey Mouse

In the animated mini-series, Mickey and his friends are shown having numerous adventures in exotic places around the world, including Paris, Tokyo, New York City, and more. In the series, Mickey retains his rascally persona most prominently featured in the shorts of the 1920s and 1930s. Many of his cartoons revolve around impressing Minnie in one way or another, though the true focus of the episodes revolves around Mickey figuring out comical ways to achieve whatever task is at hand while keeping his lovable nature.

Many episodes focus on Mickey attempting over-the-top methods of wooing Minnie, dealing with Goofy’s antics and clashing with Donald’s fiery temper and selfishness.

This incarnation features Mickey living either in an apartment in a city or in a suburban home, with an occasional goldfish named Gubbles and Pluto. When shorts are focused in these settings, Mickey tends to take a more down-to-earth approach with things, such as trying to cure Donald of an illness, win a dog show, escape the summer heat or save his goldfish from a hungry cat. At times, though, his adventures can still escalade in his default home, such as the night he ran through the dangerous city streets to save a sleep-walking Goofy, the night he accidentally lost his ears or the time he challenged Pete to a wrestling match, albeit accidentally.

Notably, some cartoons portray him in various roles set around the globe. For example, in «Yodelberg», Mickey is a Swiss mouse who wishes to visit Minnie atop the Matterhorn, but the treacherous terrain may cause such a plan to be difficult. «Tokyo Go» stars Mickey as a Japanese mouse going on an adventure aboard the Tokyo bullet train system. In «O Sole Minnie», Mickey is an Italian mouse struggling to win Minnie’s heart.

Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures

Mickey appears in the animated series, where he and his friends live in a town named Hot Dog Hills, which prides itself in its recurring racing tournaments. Mickey is the head of a local auto garage commanded by himself alongside Minnie, Donald, Daisy, Goofy, Pluto, Chip, and Dale. Mickey’s transforming roadster is known as the «Hot Diggity Hot Rod,» which in daily driver mode, is the Clubhouse Toon Car from Mickey Mouse Clubhouse.

The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse

Mickey returns in the TV series that’s based off the original Mickey Mouse shorts series. Like it’s predecessor, it is an animated mini-series with Mickey and his friends having adventures and overcoming everyday problems. Like in the previous series, Chris Diamantopoulos reprises his voice role of the title character.

Mickey Mouse Funhouse

Mickey appears with his friends with their friend Funny the Talking House. With Funny’s ability to transport people to places around the world, Mickey and his friends go on amazing adventures and to solve problems and learn.

Other shows

In The Mouse Factory, Mickey made recurring appearances in the live-action wrap-around skits alongside the other costumed characters and celebrity guests.

Mickey and Donald appear as statues in the sculptor’s cart at one point in the Adventures of the Gummi Bears episode «The Sinister Sculptor».

Mickey was given a guest spot on Bonkers in «I Oughta Be in Toons». Mickey was kidnapped and was rescued by Bonkers (who idolizes Mickey) and Lucky Piquel. Throughout the episode, Mickey was never actually seen (except as a silhouette at the beginning of the episode) and only referred to as «the Mouse». Additionally, Mickey was referenced in other Bonkers episodes of the series, even making a few cameo appearances, though never in-person. In «Of Mice and Menace», the Toon Museum features an exhibit that includes a portrait of Mickey as depicted in Steamboat Willie, alongside the boat’s steering wheel. In «Springtime for the Iguana», Bonkers notes that Mickey got his start in «the lowly role of a steamboat captain» (though in the actual short, Pete was the boat’s captain) as a means of convincing Roderick Lizzard to portray the role of a monster.

In 101 Dalmatians: The Series, Mickey makes numerous appearances. When the pups are riding on top of a subway train in the first episode, «Home is Where the Bark Is», Mickey’s silhouette can be seen as one of the passengers. In «Roll Out the Pork Barrel», Rolly has a stuffed animal of Mickey Mouse, and in «On The Lamb», one of the trees in the Gruteley Nursery is in the shape of a Mickey Mouse head.

In the anime series Stitch!, Hidden Mickeys are a common running gag in many episodes. In «Stitch, Going to Tokyo Disneyland», Gantu mistook Mickey’s likeness for Dr. Hamsterviel.

A Mickey Mouse plush can be seen in Prep & Landing: Naughty vs. Nice.

In the ABC television series Once Upon a Time, several figurines of Mickey and Minnie can be seen, most notably in Mr. Gold’s pawn shop. Mickey also inspired the apprentice character who was, at one point, turned into a mouse.

In the DuckTales episode «Moonvasion!», Donald is found stranded on a deserted island with an imaginary friend in the form of a watermelon shaped as Mickey’s head. This implies that Mickey is only a figment (no relation) of Donald’s imagination within the reboot’s universe.

In the series finale of At Home With Olaf, a short clip of On Ice featuring Mickey and Minnie appears during a montage of heartwarming moments from Disney films playing in Olaf’s song «I Am with You».

In WandaVision, Darcy Lewis can be seen wearing a Mickey Mouse watch.^[76] Mickey can also be seen in the background as a still in a Times Square Disney store in the Hawkeye episode «Hide and Seek».

In The Simpsons episode «Bart’s in Jail!», the Norse god Loki shapeshifts into Mickey before leaving the titular family to add blackout dates to annual Disneyland passes.

Chibi Tiny Tales featured a cameo from Mickey and Minnie in the Descendants-based short «Triple Date». He would later begin starring in his own Chibi Tiny Tales shorts starting in December 2022.

Printed material

Comics

From 1930 until 1950, though the numbers of the comic creators that worked on Mickey increased, the most popular version (considered the «classic» version today) was that of Floyd Gottfredson, who developed Mickey’s character, adopted characters from the cartoons and created many others. Since 1950, the most popular version of Mickey has been that of Italian creator Romano Scarpa, who has further developed Gottfredson’s characters and has added many of his own. With the inclusion of comic stories added to Mickey’s career, a cast of new characters was created, including the Phantom Blot, Chief O’Hara, Eega Beeva, and Mickey’s nephews Morty and Ferdie Fieldmouse. Some of these additional characters would go on to make animated appearances in Mickey Mouse media, such as television and a few of the classic shorts.

Kingdom Keepers

Although Mickey never made an appearance in the Kingdom Keepers books, it’s known he is the leader of the Disney characters and is mentioned by Minnie and Ariel in the fourth book, Power Play. Here, they say Mickey disappeared since an event called the night, when strange noises and some kind of struggle were heard from his house at Mickey’s Toontown Fair (this is the «reason» why they closed the land). It is eventually learned that his original sketch was torn apart and scattered to keep the Overtakers from finding it, leading to him vanishing.

Video games

Main article: Mickey Mouse in video games

Mickey has starred in many video games, including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System, Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse, and the Magical Quest trilogy on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Castle of Illusion starring Mickey Mouse on the Sega Genesis, and many others. Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney’s Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse, a Nintendo GameCube title aimed at younger audiences.

Mickey is also a major character in the Kingdom Hearts series, taking the role as the king of his world Disney Castle, ruling along side Minnie. In this video game series, he is not the protagonist of the series, but he does assist the protagonist and the rest of his friends being as one of his fellow Keyblade bearers from time to time.

The first game in the Epic Mickey series, featuring a darker version of the Disney universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii. It centers around Mickey’s adventures in Wasteland, a world where forgotten and rejected Disney elements and characters reside, including Oswald the Lucky Rabbit.

Mickey Mouse appears in his Sorcerer Mickey form at the beginning of Disney Infinity in the introduction. He is also available as a playable character. He is available in his normal form in the third game, alongside Minnie.^[77] The «classic» version has boxing abilities and throwing items, and can summon Goofy, Donald, Pluto, and Oswald. He also has a costume change to turn into King Mickey from Kingdom Hearts. In 2.0 a crystal version of his Sorcerers’s apprentice character was made.

Mickey makes a cameo appearance in Nintendo’s crossover fighting game, Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, in the form of the keychain bearing his emblem that is attached to Sora’s Keyblade.

Disney Heroes: Battle Mode

Mickey appears as a playable and unlockable hero. Currently, his special attack is to attack enemies with a slingshot. He can also use his abilities to transform into the Sorcerer’s Apprentice and heal allies. During his victory pose, he turns into his classic black-and-white design.

Disney Melee Mania

Mickey in his Sorcerer’s Apprentice attire appears as a playable character in this game.

Disney Parks

Ever since Disneyland first opened in 1955, Mickey and the gang have been an important part of the Disney theme park experience. Today, they can be seen everyday in shows, parades, and meet-and-greet opportunities at every Disney theme park, resort, and cruise ship worldwide. Usually dressed in a tuxedo jacket, a yellow bow, long red pants, and black shoes, Mickey is the most requested character in the parks.

A number of the Disney parks feature a «Partners» statue, which depicts Mickey and Walt Disney holding hands as the partners responsible for bringing Disneyland to life.

At the entrance to Disneyland, Magic Kingdom and a few other parks is the Floral Mickey structure, which is an homage to Mickey made entirely of flowers.

Disneyland

At Disneyland Park, Mickey can often be found in Town Square on Main Street USA, as well as in his Movie Barn at Mickey’s Toontown. For entertainment, Mickey is seen in almost all of the park’s parades as well as in the popular nighttime spectacular Fantasmic!. Mickey often performs with the Disneyland Band as well. He is also the star of the live stage show Mickey and the Magical Map.

Over at Disney California Adventure, Mickey can be found on Buena Vista Street for meet-and-greets. Mickey, in his sorcerer outfit, can be seen at the end of the nighttime spectacular World of Color. In the 2015 rendition of the show, as part of the Disneyland Resort: Diamond Celebration, Mickey serves as a co-host, alongside Neil Patrick Harris. An early segment of the show additionally centers the mouse and his career in animated shorts.

Mickey and Minnie’s Runaway Railway features Mickey, Minnie and Pluto going on a picnic while saving passengers from a runaway train.

Walt Disney World

At the Magic Kingdom, Mickey greets guests inside the Town Square Theater on Main Street, U.S.A. Mickey can also be seen in Mickey’s PhilharMagic, Mickey’s Royal Friendship Faire, the Festival of Fantasy Parade, and other entertainment offerings. In Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom, Mickey has two spell cards—«Apprentice Mickey’s Broomsticks» and «Mickey’s Magic Beans».

Over at Disney’s Hollywood Studios, Mickey stars in that park’s version of Fantasmic! Rizzo the Rat and Waldo C. Graphic impersonate Mickey in Muppet*Vision 3D. Mickey also greets guests in his sorcerer outfit at Streets of America. Mickey and Minnie’s Runaway Railway, the first ever ride-through attraction based around Mickey Mouse, is set to open in 2019. The family-friendly dark ride is inspired by the Emmy-Award winning shorts seen on Disney Channel.

At Disney’s Animal Kingdom, Mickey hosts meet-and-greets alongside Minnie inside the Adventurers’ Outpost on Discovery Island.

At Epcot, Mickey greets guests alongside Minnie, Goofy, and Baymax inside Epcot Character Spot at Innovations.

Mickey also appears at several character dining experiences throughout the property, including Chef Mickey’s at Disney’s Contemporary Resort, Ohana at Disney’s Polynesian Resort, Garden Grill in The Land pavilion at Epcot, Mickey’s Backyard Barbecue at Disney’s Fort Wilderness Resort and Campground, and Tusker House Restaurant at Disney’s Animal Kingdom.

Disneyland Paris

In Disneyland Park (Paris) for meet-and-greets, Mickey can be found on Main Street or at the «Meet Mickey Mouse» greeting spot in Fantasyland. A silhouette of Mickey can be seen in the nighttime spectacular Disney Dreams!. Mickey also stars in the Disney Illuminations fireworks show, which showcases Mickey traversing through various Disney films.

Tokyo Disney Resort

In Tokyo Disneyland, Mickey can be found for meet-and-greets at World Bazaar, Toontown, and Westernland. Mickey also stars in this park’s version of Mickey’s PhilharMagic. For entertainment, Mickey is featured in One Man’s Dream II: The Magic Lives On! and all the parades.

In Tokyo DisneySea, Mickey can be found for meet-and-greets at several locations, including Mediterranean Harbor, American Waterfront, and Lost River Delta. For entertainment, Mickey is featured in Fantasmic!, My Friend Duffy, The Legend of Mythica, and Big Band Beat.

Hong Kong Disneyland

In the park, Mickey appears at the Fantasy Gardens for meet-and-greets, as well as starring in Mickey’s PhilharMagic. For entertainment, Mickey appears in the Flights of Fantasy Parade and The Golden Mickeys.

Shanghai Disneyland

The opening of Shanghai Disneyland in 2016 saw the unveiling of Mickey’s new facial design, which has a more «animated» appearance. The costume was thusly incorporated into the Florida, Paris, and California parks, thereafter.

As far as appearances, Mickey can be seen in Mickey’s Storybook Express, and also stars in the Ignite the Dream fireworks show, which showcases Mickey traversing through various Disney films.

Disney Cruise Line

Mickey frequently makes appearances for meet-and-greets onboard the Disney Cruise Line ships.

Mickey is also part of the Oceaneer Lab with the younger children on board. Mickey is also featured in many of the live stage shows performed on the ships, including The Golden Mickeys, Disney Dreams, and Believe. Mickey also joins in on the Sail Away Parties when the ships are sailing away from their ports.

Mickey also stars in the Pirates in the Caribbean nighttime show, where Mickey and friends host a pirate-themed party, only to be attacked by Captain Hook, Mr. Smee, and his crew.

On the Disney Dream and Disney Fantasy, Mickey is featured in the interactive attraction Midship Detective Agency. Mickey, along with Donald and Goofy, team up with different Disney characters to help solve a case. In one of them based around The Muppets, Mickey is on a lunch break, so he allows Pepe the King Prawn to handle cases for him. He later makes a vocal cameo at the end, and his silhouette can be seen through the door. On the same two ships, Mickey can be seen flying Minnie around in their plane in the magical portholes in some of the guest staterooms.

Relationships

Filmography

Gallery

Trivia

• Mickey Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. These are Mickey’s Orphans (1931), Building a Building (1933), Brave Little Tailor (1938), The Pointer (1939), Lend a Paw (1941), Squatter’s Rights (1946), Mickey and the Seal (1948), Mickey’s Christmas Carol (1983), Runaway Brain (1995), and Get a Horse! (2013). Among these, Lend a Paw was the only film to actually win the award. Additionally, in 1932, Walt Disney received an honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey’s creation and popularity.
• Mickey’s ears are always round, no matter which direction he is facing.
  • This was the case in the original Kingdom Hearts as well, but was not carried over into future games.
  • In «Clarabelle’s Big Secret», Mickey confessed that he regularly has his ears starched to keep them round.
• Mickey’s size is somewhat inconsistent. The Walt Disney Company’s official position is that he is roughly 2 feet and 3 inches tall, as mentioned in this article. However, he is also shown to be the same size as Donald Duck, who, per Carl Barks, is three feet tall. There have also been instances where Mickey is taller than Donald, as was the case in their first cartoon together, Orphan’s Benefit.
• There are several recurring gags in Mickey’s early cartoons, particularly those of the black-and-white era. These include:
  • Mickey whimpering at the camera when something unfortunate befalls him.
  • Mickey timidly addressing a masculine authority figure with, “Yes, ma’am.”
  • Mickey trying to shake Pluto’s paw, only for Pluto to pull his paw away in jest.
• A few of Mickey’s cartoons feature nods and allusions to the character’s real-life inspirations.
  • Mickey’s role in The Gallopin’ Gaucho is an homage to Douglas Fairbanks as the titular character of 1927’s The Gaucho.
  • Both Charlie Chaplin and Harold Loyd made appearances in Mickey’s Gala Premier.
  • In Mickey Plays Papa, Mickey briefly caricatures himself as Charlie Chaplin.
  • Mickey’s dance atop the giant top hat in Thru the Mirror was modeled after the talents of Fred Astaire, whose career was greatly defined by his signature dancing.
• During the 1930s, the Disney Studios had received numerous mail from fans asking to visit «where Mickey Mouse lived». This gave Walt the idea to build what was essentially described as Mickey’s home—a small park across from the studio that would feature attractions and statues of Mickey and other Disney characters. The park was dubbed «Mickey Mouse Park». Though the original idea never came to be, the concept evolved into what would eventually become Disneyland.^[78]
• Also during the 1930s, according to Walt Disney, Mickey and Minnie Mouse have never been married on screen. But, in 1933, during an interview with Film Pictorial, Walt said, «In private life, Mickey is married to Minnie… What it really amounts to is that Minnie is, for screen purposes, his leading lady.» As of right now, the couple is childless in official canon, although Mickey’s Nightmare depicts them having 21 children in Mickey’s dream. A short clip from their wedding is also in Mickey’s dream as well.
• Hidden Mickeys are a common Easter Egg found in Disney films, shows and park attractions. They are silhouettes of Mickey’s head, made up of three circles. One of the first Hidden Mickeys was three bubbles that made up Mickey’s head in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
• Although Mickey’s full name was said to be Michel Mouse in the cartoons, according to the comic La planète des cerveaux («The Brain Planet»), published in Le Journal de Mickey #2829, Mickey’s full name is Michael Theodore Mouse. Michel is the French spelling of the name Michael.
  • In the Mickey Mouse cartoon, «The Fancy Gentleman», he is addressed as Michel Francois Mouse by Wadsworth Thorndyke III.
• Mickey Mouse was listed #50 in Empire Magazine’s The 50 Best Animated Movie Characters; a list for characters from animated features. The low listing was due to Mickey’s lack of critically acclaimed theatrical feature films with the exception of Fantasia. However, the list refers to Mickey as «the world’s most famous cartoon character of all time» to make up.
• As the company mascot, many variations of Mickey’s silhouette have been used as logos for Disney properties, such as the Disney Channel, Toon Disney (although this channel wouldn’t have a logo similar to Mickey’s silhouette logo until 2004), and Playhouse Disney.
• Wayne Allwine’s final performance of Mickey Mouse before his death was in Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days. Because of this, there is a dedication to him in the credits of the English version of the game.
• Mickey is usually shown to have magic powers, mainly with the Sorcerer Hat of Yen Sid. It has also been shown that Mickey can control magic without aid—usually in the form of parlor tricks, as was the case in Magician Mickey and «Potatoland».
• In the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Mickey is often referred to by the Cast Members as «the boss» or «Mr. Mouse». This is to reflect the fact that Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse are essentially the same person.
• In the 2011 Disney•Pixar film Cars 2, two characters named Mama Topolino and Uncle Topolino are tributes to Mickey, as Topolino (meaning «little mouse») is Mickey’s name in Italian.
• In 1933, Mickey Mouse received 800,000 pieces of fan mail.
• In Aladdin, Rajah’s face turned into Mickey’s for one frame when he transformed from a kitten to a tiger again.
• The original Epic Mickey game showcases Mickey having a certain degree of superhuman strength, being able to break out of metal restrictions.
• Mickey’s Social Security number is [[1]], as seen in Runaway Brain.
• In 1945, the producers of the MGM musical Anchors Aweigh wanted Mickey to do a dance number with Gene Kelly and for Walt Disney to animate it. However, the role and dance number were instead given to Jerry Mouse of Tom and Jerry fame and was animated by Bill Hanna and Joe Barbera, who were still making Tom and Jerry cartoons at the time.
• Most of the black-and-white Mickey Mouse cartoons were colorized three times:
  • In the early 1970s, a print of Mickey’s Follies mistakenly thought to be in the public domain was part of a package of redrawn cartoons produced by Radio & Television Packagers. This method of colorizing involved tracing almost every frame, coloring them in, shooting the frames over colorized copies of the backgrounds, and in some cases adding new music over a silent film print — making for a stiff, low-quality final product.
  • In 1984, when contemplating a deal with CBS to air their cartoons on Saturday mornings, the Walt Disney Company sent more than ten shorts to Entercolor Technologies to get redrawn. Although this deal did not work out, clips of these versions would be shown elsewhere, like on some DTV music videos and the television special Totally Minnie.
  • In 1990, American Film Technologies (under a deal with Disney) made computer-colorized versions of approximately 47 Mickey shorts, which preserved the original animation. These digitally-colorized Mickey shorts had aired on anthology shows such as Mickey’s Mouse Tracks, Mickey Mouse & Friends, and Donald’s Quack Attack on the Disney Channel (and later its sister channel Toon Disney).
• Mickey is mentioned in the Darkwing Duck episode «Comic Book Capers», where Launchpad talks about how Darkwing is starring in his own comic book like Mickey.
  • Darkwing Duck comic book writer Aaron Sparrow has noted that he wanted to do a story for the comic that would’ve had Mickey teaming up with Darkwing to battle the Phantom Blot.^[79] Due to Disney cancelling the Joe Books comic and then firing Sparrow to replace him with Amanda Deibert for the next Darkwing Duck comic,^[80] however, this story is unlikely to ever see print.
• In the fall of 1978, NBC aired Mickey Mouse cartoons on the Wonderful World of Disney block for his 50th birthday, five years before Disney Channel was launched in 1983.
• Co-producer of the 2017 series DuckTales, Frank Angones, campaigned to have Mickey make an appearance in the series, or at the very least be mentioned. However, Disney executives forbade the team from using Mickey in the show, thus any ideas involving the character were denied.^[81] The series was set to portray Mickey as Donald Duck’s former college roommate who became more successful than him.^[82] (However, the Phantom Blot, Mickey’s nemesis, would make a few appearances in the show’s third season.) Mickey would only be indirectly referenced through the above-mentioned Mickey-shaped watermelon in «Moonvasion!»
  • Ironically, Mickey is directly mentioned in the original DuckTales comic story «The Arcadian Urn», indicating that he does exist in the original series.^[83]
• In 2018, a floral structure of Mickey was added to the Miracle Garden in Dubai in honor of his 90th birthday.^[84]
  • On the day of Mickey’s 90th birthday, Tokyo Disneyland’s Mickey Mouse meet-and-greet attraction saw an unprecedented 11-hour wait time.^[85]
• At the start of the Simpsons short Playdate with Destiny, we see what is presumably Mickey Mouse’s silhouette, only to be revealed as Homer Simpson holding two donuts above his head.
  • Similarly, in The Simpsons in Plusaversary, Mickey’s silhouette is briefly seen only to then reveal that it is actually Bart dressed as Mickey.
• In The Muppet Show episode guest-starring Petula Clark, there was a character named Mickey Moose, whose name is a spoof of Mickey Mouse.
• In Italian version, Mickey was renamed Topolino, which comes from Topo, The Italian word for Mouse.

References

External links

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Media Short Films: Mickey Mouse series • Donald Duck series • Goofy series • Pluto series • Chip and Dale series Feature Length Films: Fantasia • Saludos Amigos • The Three Caballeros • Fun and Fancy Free • Melody Time • DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp • Disney’s The Twelve Days of Christmas • A Goofy Movie • Mickey’s Once Upon a Christmas • Fantasia 2000 • An Extremely Goofy Movie • Mickey’s Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse • Mickey’s House of Villains • Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers • Mickey’s Twice Upon a Christmas • Chip ‘n Dale Rescue Rangers Television: The Mickey Mouse Club • The Wonderful World of Disney • DuckTales • Chip ‘n Dale Rescue Rangers • Darkwing Duck • Goof Troop • Quack Pack • Mickey’s Fun Songs • Mickey Mouse Works • House of Mouse • Mickey Mouse Clubhouse • Minnie’s Bow-Toons • Mickey Mouse • DuckTales • Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures • Legend of the Three Caballeros • Mickey Go Local • The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse • Mickey Mouse Funhouse • Chip ‘n’ Dale: Park Life Disney Parks Mickey’s Toontown • Mickey and Minnie’s Runaway Railway • PLAY! Entertainment: Disney Adventure Friends Cavalcade • Stitch’s Interplanetary Beach Party Blast • It’s Very Minnie! Spring: Disney’s Easter Wonderland • Hippity Hoppity Springtime • Usatama on the Run! Summer: Summer Blast • Disney’s Summer Oasis Splash • Mickey’s WaterWorks Halloween: Re-Villains! Halloween Parade • Mickey’s Boo-to-You Halloween Parade • Frightfully Fun Parade Parades: Main Street Electrical Parade • Donald Duck’s 50th Birthday Parade • SpectroMagic • Mickey Mania Parade • Jubilation! • Nightfall Glow • Happiness is Here Parade • Dreaming Up! • Mickey’s Storybook Express • Disney Harmony in Color! Parade Fireworks: Disney Enchantment • Ignite the Dream: A Nighttime Spectacular of Magic and Light • Disney Illuminations • Celebrate! Tokyo Disneyland • World of Color: Celebrate • We Love Mickey! Characters The Sensational Six: Mickey Mouse • Minnie Mouse • Donald Duck • Daisy Duck • Goofy • Pluto Secondary characters: Chip and Dale • Pete • Clarabelle Cow • Horace Horsecollar • Huey, Dewey, and Louie • Scrooge McDuck • Ludwig Von Drake Characters from Walt Disney Animation Studios: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit • Ortensia • J. P. Whiskers • Homer the Cat • Bunny Children • Parrot • Clara Cluck • The Mad Doctor • Mortimer Mouse • The Three Little Pigs • Big Bad Wolf • Little Red Riding Hood • Yen Sid • Magic Brooms • José Carioca • Panchito Pistoles • Humphrey the Bear • Max Goof • J. Audubon Woodlore • Figaro • Bootle Beetle • Butch the Bulldog • Fifi the Peke • Dinah the Dachshund • Aracuan Bird • Salty the Seal • Louie the Mountain Lion • Raja • Bear • Spike the Bee • Lonesome Ghosts • Willie the Giant • Weasels • Peter Pig • Mammy Two Shoes • Witch Hazel • Donna Duck • P.J. • Pluto’s Kid Brother • Pluto’s Quin-puplets •Pluto Junior • Clarice • Kat Nipp • Dolores the Elephant • Bobo the Elephant • Gopher • Bent-Tail the Coyote • Bent-Tail Junior • Milton the Cat • Pluto’s Angel • Pluto’s Devil Characters from comic stories: Phantom Blot • Morty and Ferdie Fieldmouse • Chief O’Hara • Millie and Melody Mouse • Gyro Gearloose • Gus Goose • Beagle Boys • Daisy’s parents • Grandma Duck • Gladstone Gander • Magica De Spell • Flintheart Glomgold • John D. Rockerduck • Hortense McDuck • Quackmore Duck • Sylvester Shyster • Trudy Van Tubb • Felicity Fieldmouse • April, May, and June • Della Duck • Moby Duck • Hortense Characters from Disney Television Animation: Launchpad McQuack • Webby Vanderquack • Ma Beagle • Bentina Beakley • Duckworth • GizmoDuck • Bubba the Cave Duck • Gadget Hackwrench • Monterey Jack • Zipper • Fat Cat • Darkwing Duck • Gosalyn Mallard • Peg Pete • Pistol Pete • Roxanne • Bobby Zimmeruski • Sylvia Marpole • Bradley Uppercrust III • Tank • Baby Shelby • The Troubadour • Toodles • Cuckoo-Loca • Martian Mickey • Pluto from Pluto • Martian Minnie • Billy Beagle • Xandra • Baron Von Sheldgoose Characters from Disney Parks, Experiences and Products: Duffy the Disney Bear • ShellieMay the Disney Bear • Gelatoni • StellaLou • CookieAnn • ‘Olu Mel • TippyBlue • LinaBell • Mr. Easter Bunny • Mrs. Easter Bunny • Chuuby Key artists Producers and directors: Walt Disney • Burt Gillett • Wilfred Jackson • David Hand • Dick Huemer • Jack Hannah • Jack King • Jack Kinney • Clyde Geronimi • Charles A. Nichols • Bill Justice • Tad Stones • Roy E. Disney • Bobs Gannaway • Paul Rudish Designers and animators: Ub Iwerks • Norman Ferguson • Les Clark • Art Babbitt • Dick Lundy • Frank Thomas • Ollie Johnston • Fred Moore • Fred Spencer • Floyd Gottfredson • Hamilton Luske • Ted Osborne • Al Taliaferro • Carl Barks • Ward Kimball • Wolfgang Reitherman • Don Rosa • Andreas Deja • Mark Henn • Michael Peraza Jr. • Robert Griggs • Eric Goldberg Composers: Carl Stalling • Frank Churchill • Oliver Wallace • Paul Smith • Albert Hay Malotte • Jimmie Dodd • Stephen James Taylor • Mark Watters • Christopher Willis Voice actors: Walt Disney • Marcellite Garner • Pinto Colvig • Billy Bletcher • Clarence Nash • Jimmy MacDonald • Bill Thompson • Paul Frees • Wayne Allwine • Tony Anselmo • Russi Taylor • Alan Young • Will Ryan • Bill Farmer • Corey Burton • Tress MacNeille • Jim Cummings • Bret Iwan • Kaitlyn Robrock

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Media Films: Fantasia (video/soundtrack) • Fantasia 2000 (video/soundtrack) • The Sorcerer’s Apprentice (video/soundtrack) Video Games: Fantasia • Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance • Disney Infinity • Fantasia: Music Evolved • Disney Emoji Blitz • Disney Sorcerer’s Arena • Sorcerer’s Apprentice Disney Parks Cinderella Castle Mystery Tour • Disney Animation Building • Fantasia Carousel • Fantasia Gardens Miniature Golf • Fantasy Gardens • Primeval World • Le Pays des Contes de Fées • Mickey’s PhilharMagic • Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom • The Sorcerer’s Hat • Voyage to the Crystal Grotto Entertainment: Disney Classics: The Music & The Magic • Fantasmic! • Mickey’s Magical Book • Mickey’s Gift of Dreams • Mickey’s Magical Celebration • Mickey and the Magical Map • Rivers of Light: We Are One • Once Upon a Mouse • Villains Tonight! Restaurants: Fantasia Gelati Parades: Disney’s Fantillusion • Disney’s Party Express • Dreaming Up! • Festival of Fantasy Parade • Jubilation! • Magic Happens • Parade of the Stars • SpectroMagic Fireworks: Celebrate the Magic • Celebrate! Tokyo Disneyland • Disney Enchantment • Illuminate! A Nighttime Celebration • Momentous • We Love Mickey! • Wishes: A Magical Gathering of Disney Dreams • Wonderful World of Animation • World of Color Summer: Club Mouse Beat Halloween: Happy Hallowishes Characters Fantasia: Sorcerer Mickey • Sugar Plum Fairies • Nutcracker Suite Dancers • Yen Sid • Magic Brooms • Tyrannosaurus Rex • Stegosaurus • Triceratops • Pteranodon • Corythosaurus • Apatosaurus • Diplodocus • Ornithomimus • Brachiosaurus • Ceratosaurus • Kannemeyeria • Edmontosaurus • Parasaurolophus • Dimetrodon • Tylosaurus • Plateosaurus • Ankylosaurus • Compsognathus • Archaeopteryx • Troodon • Oviraptor • Bacchus • Jacchus • Centaurs • Centaurettes • Melinda • Brudus • Iris • Morpheus • Diana • Zeus • Apollo • Vulcan • Boreas • Mother Pegasus • Father Pegasus • Pegasi Siblings • Peter Pegasus • Cherubs • Satyrs • Unicorns • Madame Upanova • Ostriches • Hyacinth Hippo • Hippos • Elephanchine • Ben Ali Gator • Alligators • Chernabog • Chernabog’s Minions Fantasia 2000: Donald Duck • Daisy Duck • Colorful Triangles • Black Triangles • Humpback Whales • Duke • Flying John • Killjoy Margaret • Foo-Foo • Joe • Rachel • Nasty Nanny • Tin Soldier • Ballerina • Jack-in-the-Box • Toy Soldiers • Yo Yo Flamingo • Snooty Flamingos • Noah • Spring Sprite • The Elk • The Firebird The Sorcerer’s Apprentice: Balthazar Blake • David «Dave» Stutler • Maxim Horvath • Rebecca «Becky» Barnes • Drake Stone • Veronica Gorloisen • Morgana le Fay • Merlin • Abigail Williams • Sun Lok Deleted/Unused: Otika • Sunflower • Nutcracker Sentries • Dahlia • Chronos • Lorenzo • Molly Segments Fantasia: Toccata and Fugue in D Minor • Nutcracker Suite • The Sorcerer’s Apprentice • The Rite of Spring • The Pastoral Symphony • Dance of the Hours • Night on Bald Mountain/Ave Maria Fantasia 2000: Symphony No. 5 • Pines of Rome • Rhapsody in Blue • Piano Concerto No. 2 • The Carnival of the Animals • Pomp and Circumstance • The Firebird Suite Locations Yen Sid’s Tower • Mount Olympus • Bald Mountain • New York City • Prehistory Deleted and unused concepts Unused Fantasia Segments • Clair de Lune • Sunflower • Otika • Egret Couple • Naiads • Destino • The Little Matchgirl • One by One • Lorenzo Objects Sorcerer Hat • Grimhold • Merlin’s Ring • Encantus

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Media Fun and Fancy Free • House of Mouse • Disney Infinity: 2.0 Edition • Video Segments: Bongo • Mickey and the Beanstalk Disney Parks Sir Mickey’s Characters Mickey Mouse • Donald Duck • Goofy • Jiminy Cricket • Willie the Giant • Golden Harp • Bongo • Lulubelle • Lumpjaw Locations Happy Valley • Willie’s castle • Beanstalk Songs Fun and Fancy Free • I’m a Happy-Go-Lucky Fellow • Lazy Countryside • Too Good to be True • Say It With a Slap • My, What a Happy Day • Eat Until I Die • Fee-Fi-Fo-Fum • My Favorite Dream

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Media Bonkers • Video game (Super Nintendo)• Video game (Sega Genesis/Mega Drive) Characters Heroes: Bonkers D. Bobcat • Fall-Apart Rabbit • Leonard Kanifky • Fawn Deer • Skunky Skunk • W.W. Wacky • Charles Quibble • Ludwig Von Drake • Mad Hatter • March Hare • Toots • Harry Handbag • The Mean Old Wolf • Jitters A. Dog • Slap, Sniffle and Plop • Charlie Pig • Maggie Toon • Alto • Mac the Bass • Pops Clock • Roderick Lizzard • Tuttle Turtle • Tanya Trunk • Tiny • Linda Quipps • Sgt. Frank Grating • Bucky Buzzsaw • Smarts • Grumbles Grizzly • Rita • Broderick the Radio • Police Light • Scribble • Snitch The Wrights: Miranda Wright • Shirley Wright • Timmy Wright The Piquels: Lucky Piquel • Dilandra Piquel • Marilyn Piquel Villains: The Collector • Mr. Doodles • Ma Parker • Wooly and Bully • Flaps the Elephant • Chick and Stu • Wacky Weasel • Wolf • Baabara • Mikey Muffin • Dr. Blade • Helga • Pitts • Mr. Malone and the Ape • Holio Kalimari • Scatter Squirrel • Katya Legs-go-on-a-lot • Turbo, Banshee and Kapow • Mammoth Mammoth • Warris and Donald • Hoagie, Knuckles, and Chumps • Toon Pencil • Weather Toons • Mole • Seymour Sleazebottom and Limo • Squash and Stretch • The Rat • T.J. Finger • Gloomy the Clown • Mr. Big • Z-Bot • Ninja Kitties Cameos: Mickey Mouse • Donald Duck • Goofy • Pete • Dumbo • Hyacinth Hippo • Ben Ali Gator • Tyrannosaurus Rex • Chernaborg • Honest John • Monstro • Br’er Bear • Lady • Tramp • The Doorknob • Big Bad Wolf • Jasper and Horace • Marsupilami • Darkwing Duck • Shere Khan • Greasy • Ferdinand the Bull Episodes Raw Toonage shorts and compilations: «Petal to the Metal» • «Spatula Party» • «Sheerluck Bonkers» • «Bonkers in Space» • «Draining Cats and Dogs» • «Get Me to the Church on Time» • «Ski Patrol» • «Get Me a Pizza (Hold the Minefield)» • «Dogzapoppin’» • «Trailmix Bonkers» • «Quest for Firewood» • «Gobble Gobble Bonkers» Group One (Miranda Wright): «Trains, Toons and Toon Trains» • «Tokyo Bonkers» • «The Stork Exchange» • «Bobcat Fever» • «The Toon That Ate Hollywood» • «When the Spirit Moves You» • «Fistful of Anvils» • «What You Read is What You Get» • «Toon for a Day« Group Two: (Lucky Piquel): «Going Bonkers» • «In the Bag» • «Hear No Bonkers, See No Bonkers» • «Out of Sight, Out of Toon» • «Is Toon Fur Really Warm?» • «Calling All Cars» • «Fall Apart Bomb Squad» • «In Toons We Trust» • «Never Cry Pig» • «Hamster Houseguest» • «The Cheap Sheep Sweep» • «The Day the Toon Stood Still» • «Weather or Not» • «Basic Spraining» • «Once in a Blue Toon» • «Luna-Toons» • «Time Wounds All Heels» • «Poltertoon» • «Hand Over the Dough» • «The Rubber Room Song» • «Tune Pig« Group Three (Miranda Wright): «New Partners on the Block» • «Witless for the Prosecution» • «Do Toons Dream of Animated Sheep?» • «Quibbling Rivalry» • «Springtime for the Iguana» • «CasaBonkers» • «Love Stuck» • «Of Mice and Menace» • «Dog Day AfterToon» • «The 29th Page» • «Cartoon Cornered« Group Four (Lucky Piquel): «The Good, the Bad, & the Kanifky» • «I Oughta Be in Toons» • «Frame That Toon» • «A Wooly Bully» • «Stay Tooned» • «O Cartoon! My Cartoon!» • «Color Me Piquel» • «Stand-In Dad» • «Cereal Surreal» • «If» • «The Dimming» • «Toon with No Name» • «Get Wacky» • «The Final Review» • «Goldijitters and the 3 Bobcats» • «Seems Like Old Toons» • «Miracle at the 34th Precinct» • «Comeback Kid» • «The Greatest Story Never Told» • «Fall Apart Land» • «Imagine That» • «A Fine Kettle of Toons» • «Stressed to Kill» Locations Toontown • Hollywood • Rubber Room Toon Club • Wackytoon Studios Songs Let’s Go Bonkers! • He’s on the Beat See also Darkwing Duck • Raw Toonage • Goof Troop • Who Framed Roger Rabbit • The Disney Afternoon

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Books Kingdom Keepers • Kingdom Keepers I: Disney After Dark • Kingdom Keepers II: Disney at Dawn • Kingdom Keepers III: Disney in Shadow • Kingdom Keepers IV: Power Play • Kingdom Keepers V: Shell Game • Kingdom Keepers VI: Dark Passage • Kingdom Keepers VII: The Insider Characters Original Characters: Finn Whitman • Charlene Turner • Terrence Maybeck • Dell Philby • Isabella Angelo • Wayne Kresky • Amanda Lockhart • Jessica Lockhart • Mrs. Whitham • Wanda Alcott • Greg Luowski • Storey Ming • Bess Maybeck • Gladis Philby • Sally Ringwald • Dillard Cole • Hugo Montcliff • Mattie Weaver Disney Characters: Mickey Mouse • Minnie Mouse • Goofy • Donald Duck • Daisy Duck • Pluto • Chip and Dale • Ariel • Violet Parr • Mulan • King Triton • Megara • Stitch • Remy • Django • Rajah • Prince Phillip • Elsa • Rapunzel • Timon • Pumbaa • Tigger • Lilo • Winnie the Pooh • Piglet Overtakers: Maleficent • Chernabog • The Evil Queen • Cruella De Vil • Claude Frollo • Ursula • Jafar • Shan Yu • Jack Sparrow • Tia Dalma • Gaston • Prince John • Horned King • Big Bad Wolf • J. Worthington Foulfellow • Gideon • Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed • Diablo • Magic Brooms • Green Army Men • Blackbeard • Shere Khan • Si and Am • Hopper • Flotsam and Jetsam • Judge Doom • Madame Leota • Sabor • The Headless Horseman • Stormtroopers • Scar • Zira Locations Magic Kingdom • Epcot • Disney’s Hollywood Studios • Disney’s Animal Kingdom • Disney’s Typhoon Lagoon • DisneyQuest • Cinderella Castle • Escher’s Keep • It’s a Small World • Splash Mountain • The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh • Big Thunder Mountain Railroad • Camp Minnie-Mickey • Expedition Everest • Fantasmic! • Voyage of the Little Mermaid • Disney Dream • Walt Disney: One Man’s Dream • Disney’s Animal Kingdom Lodge • Soarin’ • Mission: SPACE • Test Track • Wonders of Life • Morocco Pavilion • China Pavilion • France Pavilion • Norway Pavilion • Mexico Pavilion • Disneyland • Jungle Cruise • The Sorcerer’s Hat • Indiana Jones Adventure: Temple of the Forbidden Eye • Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters • The Haunted Mansion • Casey Jr. Circus Train • Mickey’s Toontown • Matterhorn • The Disney Gallery

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Media TV series: Mickey Mouse Works Movies: Mickey’s Once Upon a Christmas • Mickey’s Twice Upon a Christmas Characters Main Characters: Mickey Mouse • Minnie Mouse • Donald Duck • Daisy Duck • Goofy • Pluto • Pete • Huey, Dewey, and Louie • Clarabelle Cow • Horace Horsecollar • Mortimer Mouse • Ludwig Von Drake • Chip and Dale • Baby Shelby • Mrs. Turtle • Phantom Blot

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Media House of Mouse • Mickey’s Magical Christmas • Mickey’s House of Villains Characters Main Characters: Mickey Mouse • Minnie Mouse • Donald Duck • Daisy Duck • Goofy • Pluto • Pete • Max Goof • Huey, Dewey, and Louie • Clarabelle Cow • Horace Horsecollar • Gus Goose • Mortimer Mouse • Ludwig Von Drake • Microphone Mike • Chip and Dale Recurring Guests: Timon • Pumbaa • Jafar • Iago • Hades • Mushu • Cri-Kee • Ariel • Prince Eric • King Triton • Flounder • Sebastian • Peter Pan • Tinker Bell • Jiminy Cricket • Pinocchio • Geppetto • Blue Fairy • Belle • Beast • Lumiere • Cogsworth • Mrs. Potts • Chip Potts • Gaston • LeFou • Dumbo • Timothy Q. Mouse • Mad Hatter • Mowgli • Shere Khan • The Three Little Pigs • Cruella De Vil • Chernabog • Mufasa • Simba • Grumpy • The Evil Queen • Magic Mirror • Aladdin • Jasmine • Cinderella • Anastasia Tremaine • Drizella Tremaine • Lucifer • Maleficent • Pain and Panic • Ursula • Baby Shelby • Goat Man • Kuzco the Llama Episodes Season One: «The Stolen Cartoons» • «Big Bad Wolf Daddy» • «The Three Caballeros» • «Goofy’s Valentine Date» • «Unplugged Club» • «Timon and Pumbaa» • «Gone Goofy» • «Jiminy Cricket» • «Rent Day» • «Donald’s Lamp Trade» • «Donald’s Pumbaa Prank» • «Thanks to Minnie» • «Pluto Saves the Day» Season Two: «Daisy’s Debut» • «Goofy for a Day» • «Clarabelle’s Big Secret» • «The Mouse Who Came to Dinner» • «Max’s New Car» • «Not So Goofy» • «Everybody Loves Mickey» • «Max’s Embarrassing Date» • «Where’s Minnie?» • «Super Goof» • «King Larry Swings In» • «Ladies’ Night» • «Dennis the Duck« Season Three: «Suddenly Hades» • «Pete’s One-Man Show» • «House of Crime» • «Mickey and Minnie’s Big Vacation» • «Donald and the Aracuan Bird» • «Goofy’s Menu Magic» • «Music Day» • «House of Scrooge» • «Donald Wants to Fly» • «Dining Goofy» • «Chip ‘n’ Dale» • «Humphrey in the House» • «Ask Von Drake» • «Salute to Sports» • «Pluto vs. Figaro» • «House of Magic» • «Mickey vs. Shelby» • «House of Turkey» • «Pete’s Christmas Caper» • «Clarabelle’s Christmas List» •»Snow Day» • «Pete’s House of Villains» • «Halloween With Hades» • «House Ghosts» • «House of Genius» • «Mickey and the Culture Clash» Songs Rockin’ at the House of Mouse • Mortimer Mouse • Soup or Salad, Fries or Biscuits, Extra Olives, Donuts • Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo • Big Bad Wolf Daddy • A Parrot’s Life for Me • Let’s Slay the Beast • The Ludwig Von Drake Song • It’s Our House Now! • The Best Christmas of All • Grim Grinning Ghosts • Humphrey Hop • Everybody Wants to Be a Woof • I Wanna Be Like M-O-You • Pink Elephants on Parade • My Name is Panchito • Boom-Da-Boom • We Are the Three Caballeros • Me the Mouse (and I’m the Duck) (Reprise) • Daisy Crockett • The Daisy Duckie Room • Minnie Mouse (in the House) Locations House of Mouse (night club) • Toontown Objects Maleficent’s Staff • Poisoned Apple • Sorcerer Hat • Jafar’s Snake Staff

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Games Kingdom Hearts (HD I.5 ReMIX/Soundtrack/Soundtrack Complete/HD I.5 ReMIX Soundtrack) • Chain of Memories • Kingdom Hearts II (HD II.5 ReMIX/HD II.8 Final Chapter Prologue/Soundtrack/HD II.5 ReMIX Soundtrack ) • 358/2 Days • Birth by Sleep (Soundtrack) • coded • Dream Drop Distance (Soundtrack) • χ [chi] • Unchained χ/Union χ [cross] • Kingdom Hearts III • Dark Road • Melody of Memory • Missing-Link • Kingdom Hearts IV Other media Mickey’s Not-So-Scary Halloween Party • Agrabah (Kingdom Hearts pilot) Incorporated Films and Shorts Aladdin/The Return of Jafar • Alice in Wonderland • Beauty and the Beast • Big Hero 6 • Cinderella • Fantasia • Frozen • Hercules • The Hunchback of Notre Dame • Lilo & Stitch • The Lion King • The Little Mermaid • Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers • Monsters, Inc. • Mulan • The Nightmare Before Christmas • Peter Pan • Pinocchio • Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl/Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End • Sleeping Beauty • Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs • Steamboat Willie • Tangled • Tarzan • Toy Story • Tron/Tron: Legacy • Winnie the Pooh • Wreck-It Ralph Characters Main Characters: Sora • Riku • Kairi • King Mickey • Donald Duck • Goofy • Roxas • Axel/Lea • Naminé • Xion • Aqua • Terra • Ventus Villains: Xehanort • Ansem • Xemnas • Maleficent • Pete • Vanitas • Xigbar/Braig • Xaldin • Vexen • Lexaeus • Zexion • Saïx/Isa • Demyx • Luxord • Marluxia • Larxene • Terra-Xehanort • Young Xehanort • Xehanort’s Guardian Other Characters: Jiminy Cricket • Ansem the Wise/DiZ • Yen Sid • Master Eraqus • Dilan • Even • Aeleus • Ienzo • Lingering Will • Hayner • Pence • Olette • Kairi’s Grandma • Riku Replica • Jiminy’s Journal • Foretellers • Master of Masters • Luxu • Ephemer • Skuld • Chirithy • Lauriam • Elrena Original Monsters: Heartless • Nobodies • Unversed • Dream Eater Disney Characters introduced in Kingdom Hearts: Queen Minnie • Daisy Duck • Pluto • Chip and Dale • Huey, Dewey, and Louie • Magic Brooms • Alice • White Rabbit • Doorknob • Cheshire Cat • Queen of Hearts • Card Soldiers • Tarzan • Jane Porter • Clayton • Terk • Kerchak • Kala • Sabor • Hercules • Philoctetes • Hades • Cerberus • Rock Titan • Ice Titan • Aladdin • Abu • Jasmine • Genie • Carpet • Jafar • Iago • Peddler • Cave of Wonders • Pinocchio • Geppetto • Monstro • Cleo • Ariel • Flounder • Sebastian • Ursula • King Triton• Flotsam and Jetsam • Glut • Jack Skellington • Zero • Sally • Oogie Boogie • Lock, Shock, and Barrel • Dr. Finkelstein • Mayor of Halloween Town • Peter Pan • Tinker Bell • Captain Hook • Mr. Smee • Wendy • Crocodile • Merlin • Winnie the Pooh • Tigger • Piglet • Eeyore • Rabbit • Owl • Roo • Bees • Beast • Belle • Snow White • Cinderella • Fairy Godmother • Aurora • Pongo • Perdita • Dalmatian Puppies • Simba • Mushu • Dumbo • Bambi • Chernabog Disney Characters introduced in Kingdom Hearts II: Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather • Maleficent’s Raven • Scrooge McDuck • Mulan • Li Shang • Shan Yu • Hayabusa • Yao, Ling, and Chien Po • The Emperor • Lumiere • Cogsworth • Mrs Potts • Chip • Wardrobe • Pegasus • Megara • Pain and Panic • Hydra • Horace Horsecollar • Clarabelle Cow • Clara Cluck • Jack Sparrow • Elizabeth Swann • Will Turner • Captain Barbossa • Bo’sun • Jacoby • Twigg • Cursed Crew • Prince Eric • Attina • Andrina • Santa Claus • Skeletal Reindeer • Timon • Pumbaa • Nala • Rafiki • Scar • Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed • Mufasa • Kiara • Pridelanders • Hyenas • Tron • Master Control Program • Commander Sark • Kanga • Gopher • Stitch • Chicken Little Disney Characters introduced in Birth by Sleep: Prince Phillip • Maleficent’s Goons • Doc • Grumpy • Happy • Sleepy • Bashful • Sneezy • Dopey • The Prince • Evil Queen • Magic Mirror • Prince Charming • Jaq • Lady Tremaine • Anastasia • Drizella • Lucifer • Grand Duke • Grand Councilwoman • Captain Gantu • Jumba • Experiment 221 • Lost Boys Disney Characters introduced in Dream Drop Distance: Quasimodo • Esmeralda • Phoebus • Judge Claude Frollo • Victor, Hugo, and Laverne • Kevin Flynn • Sam Flynn • Quorra • CLU • Rinzler • Black Guards • Blue Fairy • Beagle Boys • Chernabog’s Minions • Julius Disney Characters introduced in Kingdom Hearts χ: Mad Hatter • March Hare • Razoul • Royal Guards • Maurice • Gaston Disney Characters introduced in Kingdom Hearts Union χ: Sultan • Samson • Vanellope von Schweetz • Fix-It Felix Jr. • Sergeant Calhoun • King Candy • Sour Bill • Cy-Bugs • Hero’s Duty Troops Disney Characters introduced in Kingdom Hearts III: Zeus • Apollo • Athena • Hermes • Lava Titan • Tornado Titan • Little Chef • Woody • Buzz Lightyear • Rex • Hamm • Sarge • Green Army Men • Little Green Men • Rapunzel • Flynn Rider • Pascal • Maximus • Mother Gothel • Sulley • Mike Wazowski • Boo • Randall Boggs • Child Detection Agency • Trailer Son and Mom • Elsa • Anna • Kristoff • Olaf • Sven • Marshmallow • Hans • Mr. Gibbs • Tia Dalma • Davy Jones • Kraken • Cutler Beckett • Baymax • Hiro Hamada • Go Go Tomago • Honey Lemon • Fred • Wasabi • Lumpy • Wreck-It Ralph Disney Characters introduced in Kingdom Hearts Dark Road: Tweedledee and Tweedledum Disney Characters introduced in the manga: Caterpillar • Chi-Fu Square Enix Characters: Leon • Cloud • Moogle • Others Elements Plot Elements: Kingdom Hearts • Heart • Keyblade War • Dark Seeker Saga • More Game Elements: Gameplay in Kingdom Hearts • Magic Objects Sea-salt ice cream • Wayfinder • Door to Darkness • Keyblade • X-blade • More • Pixar Ball • A113 • Pizza Planet Truck Locations Original Worlds: Destiny Islands • Traverse Town • Radiant Garden/Hollow Bastion • Disney Castle/Disney Town/Timeless River • Dive to the Heart • End of the World • Realm of Darkness • Twilight Town/Mysterious Tower • The World That Never Was • Castle That Never Was • Land of Departure/Castle Oblivion • Keyblade Graveyard Disney Worlds: Wonderland • Deep Jungle • Olympus Coliseum/Underworld/Olympus • Agrabah • Atlantica • Halloween Town/Christmas Town • Neverland • Hundred Acre Wood • The Land of Dragons • Beast’s Castle • Port Royal/The Caribbean • Pride Lands • Space Paranoids • Dwarf Woodlands • Castle of Dreams • Deep Space • La Cité des Cloches • The Grid • Prankster’s Paradise • Country of the Musketeers • Toy Box • Kingdom of Corona • Monstropolis • Arendelle • San Fransokyo • Game Central Station/Niceland/Cy-Bug Sector/Candy Kingdom Organizations/Groups Organization XIII • Princesses of Heart • Disney Villains Council Songs «Dearly Beloved» • «Simple and Clean» • «Sanctuary» • Face My Fears • Don’t Think Twice • Mickey Mouse Club March • Swim This Way • Part of Your World • Under the Sea • Ursula’s Revenge • A New Day is Dawning • Destati • This is Halloween • He’s a Pirate • Beauty and the Beast • Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo • It’s a Small World • Night on Bald Mountain • Winnie the Pooh • The Sorcerer’s Apprentice • The Pastoral Symphony • Nutcracker Suite • You’ve Got a Friend in Me • Healing Incantation • Put That Thing Back Where It Came From or So Help Me • Let It Go • Do You Want to Build a Snowman • Yo Ho (A Pirate’s Life for Me) • A Whole New World • Circle of Life

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Media Games: Epic Mickey • Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two • Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion Books: Epic Mickey: The Graphic Novel • Epic Mickey: Tales of Wasteland • The Art of Epic Mickey Cancelled: Epic Mickey 3 • Epic Disney Racers Characters Main Characters: Mickey Mouse • Oswald the Lucky Rabbit • Ortensia • Gremlin Gus • Yen Sid Antagonists: The Shadow Blot • The Mad Doctor • Blotlings • Animatronic Captain Hook • Beetleworx • Blotworx • False Shadow Blot • Mizrabel • Gremlin Prescott Other characters: Tints • Turps • Bunny Children • Clarabelle Cow • Horace Horsecollar • Animatronic Tick-Tock the Crocodile • Adelle • Small Pete • Petetronic • Pete Pan • Beppo the Gorilla • Champ • The Three Little Pigs • Magic Brooms • A.B.E. • Lonesome Ghosts • Elliott • Clock Tower • Swamp Boys • Spirit of Wasteland • Blotworx Dragon • Prescott’s Mech Deleted Characters: Storm Blot • Thinner Mickey Locations The Wasteland • Yen Sid’s Tower • Mickey’s House • Tomorrow City • Nautilus • Skull Island • Jolly Roger • Willie’s Castle • Ventureland • Gremlin Village • Blot Alley • Lonesome Manor • Tortooga • Floatyard • Disney Gulch • Bog Easy • OsTown • Mean Street • Mickeyjunk Mountain • Autotopia • Dark Beauty Castle • Rainbow Caverns • Fort Wasteland • Train Tunnels • Dahl Engineering Corridors • Prescott’s Arena Miscellaneous Paintbrush • Paint • Thinner • Remote • E-Tickets • Gremlin Cage • Mechanical Arm • Heart • Help Me, Help You • World of Evil Corporate Junction Point Studios • Warren Spector

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Media Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers • The Three Musketeers • Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance • A Poem Is… • Soundtrack • Video Disney Parks We Love Mickey! Characters Mickey Mouse • Donald Duck • Goofy • Clarabelle Cow • Minnie Mouse • Daisy Duck • Pluto • Pete • Beagle Boys • The Troubadour Locations Paris • Musketeer Building • Opera House • Mont St. Michel • The Palace Songs All for One and One for All • Love So Lovely • Musketeer Anthem • Petey’s King of France • Sweet Wings of Love • Chains of Love • This Is The End • L’Opera • Three is a Magic Number • Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2

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Media Toys and Merchandise • Mobile Application (Disney and Star Wars) • Mobile Application (Marvel) • Television Shorts • Kingdom Hearts Union χ • Disney Tsum Tsum Festival • Twisted Wonderland Disney Mickey and Friends: Mickey • Minnie • Donald • Daisy • Goofy • Pluto • Chip and Dale • Oswald • Ortensia • Duffy • ShellieMay • Gelatoni • StellaLou • CookieAnn • ‘Olu Mel • Huey, Dewey, and Louie • José Carioca • Panchito Pistoles • Clarabelle Cow • Horace Horsecollar • Max Goof • Clarice • Pete • Scrooge McDuck • Ludwig Von Drake • Dr. Frankenollie • Julius Pooh and Pals: Pooh • Tigger • Piglet • Eeyore • Rabbit • Owl • Roo • Kanga • Gopher • Christopher Robin • Lumpy Lilo & Stitch: Stitch • Lilo • Scrump • Pleakley • Jumba • Angel • Leroy • Dr. Hämsterviel • Ugly Duckling • Sparky • 627 • Gigi • Babyfier • Yang • Slushy • Shortstuff • 625 • Amnesio • Dupe • Sample • Clip • Tank • Yin • Hunkahunka • Plasmoid Silly Symphonies: Donald Duck • Big Bad Wolf • Practical Pig • Fiddler Pig • Fifer Pig • Ugly Duckling Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: Snow White • Evil Queen • Doc • Grumpy • Happy • Bashful • Sneezy • Sleepy • Dopey Pinocchio: Pinocchio • Jiminy Cricket • Figaro • Cleo • Geppetto • Blue Fairy • Honest John and Gideon • Lampwick • Monstro Fantasia: Mickey • Yen Sid • Chernabog • Hyacinth Hippo • Ben Ali Gator Dumbo: Dumbo Bambi: Bambi • Thumper • Miss Bunny • Friend Owl • The Great Prince of the Forest The Three Caballeros: Gauchito • Burrito The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad: Mr. Toad Cinderella: Cinderella • Jaq and Gus • Prince Charming • Fairy Godmother • Lady Tremaine • Lucifer • Suzy • Perla • Bruno Alice in Wonderland: Alice • Mad Hatter • March Hare • Dormouse • White Rabbit • Cheshire Cat • Tweedle Dum and Tweedle Dee • Queen of Hearts • King of Hearts • Caterpillar • Dinah • Oysters Peter Pan: Peter Pan • Tinker Bell • Wendy Darling • John Darling • Michael Darling • Captain Hook • Mr Smee • Nana • Tick Tock • Tiger Lily Lady and the Tramp: Lady • Tramp • Si and Am • Jock • Trusty • Peg Sleeping Beauty: Aurora • Phillip • Maleficent • Flora • Fauna • Merryweather • Diablo • Samson • King Stefan • Goon • Owl • Rabbit Mary Poppins: Mary Poppins • Bert • Penguin Waiter • Carousel Horse One Hundred and One Dalmatians: Cruella De Vil • Lucky • Patch • Rolly The Jungle Book: Mowgli • Baloo • Bagheera • Shere Khan • Kaa • King Louie • Hathi, Jr. • Raksha Pete’s Dragon: Elliott The Fox and the Hound: Tod • Copper The Aristocats: Marie • Berlioz • Toulouse • Duchess • Thomas O’Malley The Rescuers: Bernard • Bianca Oliver & Company: Oliver • Dodger • Tito • Rita • Francis • Einstein The Little Mermaid: Ariel • Flounder • Sebastian • Eric • Ursula • Triton • Max • Scuttle Beauty and the Beast: Belle • Beast • Lumiere • Cogsworth • Mrs. Potts • Chip • Maurice • Philippe • Gaston • LeFou Aladdin: Aladdin • Abu • Genie • Jasmine • Jafar • Sultan • Iago • Rajah The Nightmare Before Christmas: Jack Skellington • Sally • Zero • Lock, Shock, and Barrel • Oogie Boogie • Dr. Finkelstein • Mayor of Halloween Town • Santa Claus The Lion King: Simba • Nala • Timon • Pumbaa • Zazu • Rafiki • Scar • Ed Pocahontas: Pocahontas • John Smith • Meeko • Flit • Percy Hercules: Hercules • Megara • Hades Mulan: Mulan • Li Shang • Mushu • Fa Zhou • Khan The Emperor’s New Groove: Kuzco • Yzma • Kronk Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers: Mickey Mouse • Minnie Mouse • Donald Duck • Goofy Chicken Little: Chicken Little The Princess and the Frog: Tiana • Dr. Facilier Tangled: Rapunzel • Flynn Rider • Pascal • Maximus • Mother Gothel • Queen Arianna • King Frederic • Cassandra • Fidella • Pub Thug Wreck-It Ralph: Wreck-It Ralph • Fix-It Felix Jr. Frozen: Anna • Elsa • Olaf • Kristoff • Sven • Hans • Snowgies • Bruni Big Hero 6: Hiro • Baymax • Fred • Wasabi • Honey Lemon • Go Go Tomago • Tadashi Hamada • Yokai • Mochi Zootopia: Judy Hopps • Nick Wilde • Mayor Lionheart • Flash • Yax • Gazelle • Chief Bogo • Clawhauser • Finnick • Mr. Big • Bellwether • Jerry Jumbeaux Jr. Moana: Moana • Maui • Pua • Heihei • Tamatoa • Kakamora Chip ‘n Dale Rescue Rangers: Chip • Dale • Gadget • Monterey Jack Phineas and Ferb: Perry The Lion Guard: Kion • Ono • Bunga • Beshte • Fuli DuckTales (2017): Scrooge McDuck • Huey, Dewey, and Louie • Webby Vanderquack Kingdom Hearts: Sora • Riku • Kairi • Aqua • Xemnas • Ansem, Seeker of Darkness • Ventus • Terra • Chirithy • Lea • Young Xehanort • Roxas • Dark Riku UniBEARsity: Mocha • Pudding • Whip • Puffy • Mont • Blanc • Souffle • Blue Rose • Charmant • Portiron • Rogue Rose • Fauve • Lucien • Horloge • La Mer • Ma Puce Sofia the First: Sofia • Minimus • Skye Elena of Avalor: Elena Enchanted: Giselle Disney Fairies: Periwinkle • Rosetta • Silvermist The Sword in the Stone: Wart • Merlin Oliver & Company: Oliver Raya and the Last Dragon: Raya • Sisu Twisted Wonderland: Grim • Riddle Rosehearts • Azul Ashengrotto • Leona Kingscholar • Kalim Al-Asim • Vil Schoenheit • Idia Shroud • Malleus Draconia • Dire Crowley • Mirror of Darkness Encanto: Mirabel • Isabel Pixar Toy Story: Woody • Buzz Lightyear • Bo Peep • Hamm • Alien • Jessie • Rex • Bullseye • Stinky Pete • Lotso • Forky • Ducky and Bunny A Bug’s Life: Flik • Dot • Heimlich Monsters, Inc.: Sulley • Mike • Boo • Randall • Celia • Roz • Fungus • George Sanderson Cars: Lightning McQueen • Mater • Sally • Doc Hudson • Jackson Storm • Cruz Ramirez • Mack • Miss Fritter Finding Nemo: Nemo • Dory • Marlin • Crush • Bruce • Destiny • Bailey • Hank • Deb • Squirt • Nigel • Gill • Sheldon • Pearl • Darla • Charlie • Jenny WALL-E: WALL-E • EVE Ratatouille: Remy • Linguini Up: Carl Fredricksen • Dug • Kevin • Russell Brave: Merida Inside Out: Joy • Sadness • Anger • Disgust • Fear • Bing Bong The Good Dinosaur: Arlo Onward: Ian Lightfoot • Barley Lightfoot Soul: Joe • 22 Disney Parks Monorail • Walter E. Disney • Dumbo • Mad Tea Party • Splash Mountain • Astro Orbiter • Matterhorn Bobsleds • The Haunted Mansion • Albert • Enchanted Tiki Room • Orange Bird • Pirates of the Caribbean • Jungle Cruise • Big Al • Bonnie Bear • Tower of Terror Marvel The Avengers: Iron Man • Captain America • Thor • The Hulk • Black Widow • Hawkeye • Falcon • War Machine • Winter Soldier • Ant-Man • Black Panther • Vision • Sharon Carter Ultimate Spider-Man: Spider-Man • Venom • Green Goblin • Miles Morales • Lizard • Rhino • Doctor Octopus • Iron Spider • Spider-Gwen • Kraven the Hunter • Hobgoblin Guardians of the Galaxy: Star-Lord • Gamora • Rocket Raccoon • Groot • Drax Marvel’s Women of Power: Wasp • Elektra • Captain Marvel • She-Hulk • Spider-Woman Marvel Icons: Daredevil • Doctor Strange • Ghost Rider • Ms. Marvel • Thanos Star Wars Luke Skywalker • Han Solo • Princess Leia • C-3PO • R2-D2 • Moff Tarkin • Yoda • Chewbacca • Stormtrooper • Sandtrooper • AT-AT Driver • Red Guard • Tusken Raider • Jawa • Wicket • Jabba the Hutt • Greedo • Obi-Wan Kenobi • Qui-Gon Jinn • Queen Amidala • Clone Trooper • Jar Jar Binks • Darth Maul • Jango Fett • General Grievous • Aayla Secura • Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader • Mace Windu • Count Dooku • Plo Koon • Dewback • Rey • Finn • BB-8 • Kylo Ren • Poe Dameron • Captain Phasma • First Order Stormtrooper • Maz Kanata • The Mandalorian • The Child The Muppets Kermit • Miss Piggy • Fozzie Bear • Rowlf • Gonzo • Animal • The Swedish Chef

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Media Disney Crossy Road • Soundtrack Disney Mickey Mouse & Friends: Mickey • Minnie • Donald • Daisy • Goofy • Pluto • Fifi • Pete • Clarabelle Cow • Horace Horsecollar • Willie the Giant • Chip and Dale • Mortimer Mouse • Chief O’Hara • Detective Casey • Butch the Bulldog • Golden Harp • Father Time • Peter Pig The Lion King: Simba • Nala • Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed • Ostrich • Gazelle • Rhino • Hippo • Zebra • Blue Beetle • Grub • Zazu • Rafiki • Timon • Pumbaa • Mufasa • Scar Tangled: Rapunzel • Flynn Rider • Stabbington Brothers • Pub Thugs • Attila • Vlad • Big Nose • Hook Hand • Ulf • Shorty • Pascal • Maximus • Mother Gothel • The King • The Queen • Captain of the Guards • Warthog • The Lantern Wreck-It Ralph: Ralph • Vanellope • Felix • Sgt. Calhoun • King Candy • Taffyta Muttonfudge • Candlehead • Surge Protector • Gene • Nicelanders • Rancis Fluggerbutter • Other Sugar Rush Racers • Sour Bill • Blue Racer • General Hologram Big Hero 6: Hiro Hamada • Baymax • Robert Callaghan • Go Go Tomago • Honey Lemon • Wasabi • Fred • Fred’s Dad • Tadashi Hamada • Cass • Yama • Alistair Krei • Heathcliff • Abbigail Callaghan • Megabot • Sergeant Gerson • Cass Zootopia: Judy Hopps • Nick Wilde • Flash • Clawhauser • Gazelle • Yax • Bogo • Mayor Lionheart • Bellwether • Doug • Finnick • Mr. Big • Mr. Otterton • Manchas • Gideon • Jerry Jumbeaux Jr. • Nangi • Priscilla • Mr. Hopps • Mrs. Hopps • Business Lemming • Duke Weaselton • Fru Fru • Kozlov • Officer McHorn • Wrangled • Wreck-It Rhino • Pig Hero 6 The Jungle Book: Mowgli • Kaa • Baloo • Akela • Raksha • Gray • Shere Khan • Colonel Hathi • King Louie • Bandar-Log Monkey • Flying Squirrel • Crocodile • Peacock • Vulture • Elephant • Bee Hive Alice Through the Looking Glass: Alice Kingsleigh • Dormouse • Tweedledee and Tweedledum • Cheshire Cat • Bandersnatch • Bayard • White Queen • March Hare • White Rabbit • Mad Hatter • Absolem • Time • Wilkins • Humpty Dumpty • Red Queen • Borogrove • Frog Delivery Man • Gentleman Fish • Vegetable Soldier • Vegetable Servant • Vegetable Executioner • Armored Chess Piece Pirates of the Caribbean: Jack Sparrow • Will Turner • Elizabeth Swann • Joshamee Gibbs • Tia Dalma • James Norrington • Marty • Cotton • Bootstrap Bill Turner • Pintel • Ragetti • Angelica • Blackbeard • Prison Dog • Maccus • Davy Jones • Helmsman • Philip Swift • Syrena • Captain Salazar • Ghost Lesaro • Shansa • Henry Turner • Carina Smyth • The Redhead • Murtogg • Mullroy • Treasure Chest • Stray Cat • Tiny • Pirate With Pigs • Ghost Shark • Ghost Seagull • Auctioneer Aladdin: Aladdin • Jasmine • The Sultan • Prince Achmed • Gazeem • Razoul • Rajah • Iago • Abu • Genie • Jafar • Magic Carpet • Pink Flamingo • Beggar Jafar • Golden Scarab Beetle • Magic Lamp • Snake Charmer • Golden Camel The Nightmare Before Christmas: Jack Skellington • Sally • Lock, Shock, and Barrel • Oogie Boogie • Santa Claus • Behemoth • Wolfman • Corpse Family • Vampires • Mummy Boy • Mayor of Halloween Town • Dr. Finkelstein • Jewel • Harlequin Demon • Zero • Creature Under the Stairs • Hanging Tree • Helgamine and Zeldaborn • Melting Man • Skeletal Reindeer • Easter Bunny • Mr. Hyde • Igor • Winged Demon • Devil • Cyclops • Mummy Boy • Accordion Player, Bass Player, and Saxophone Player • Zombie Toy Duck • Vampire Teddy Mulan: Mulan • Yao, Ling, and Chien Po • Fa Li • Fa Zhou • Hayabusa • Khan • Cri-Kee • Little Brother • Mushu • Shan Yu • Captain Li Shang • The Emperor of China • The Matchmaker • General Li • Grandmother Fa • First Ancestor Fa • Chi-Fu • Great Stone Dragon Moana: Moana • Sina • Frigatebird • Chief Tui • Gramma Tala • Pua • Frigatebird • Kakamora Chief • Maui • HeiHei • Ghost Matai • Eel • Tamatoa • Frog Monster • Sloth Monster • Eight Eyed Bat • Chicken Feed • Maui’s Hook • The Ocean Beauty and the Beast: Belle • Maurice • Chip Potts • Mrs. Potts • Gaston • LeFou • FrouFrou • Chapeau • Plumette • Beast • Cogsworth • Lumiere • The Enchantress Lilo & Stitch: Lilo Pelekai • Nani Pelekai • David Kawena • Mrs. Hasagawa • Mertle Edmonds • Stitch DuckTales: Scrooge McDuck • Donald Duck (Classic) • Huey, Dewey, and Louie • Webbigail Vanderquack • Mrs. Beakley • Beagle Boys (Big Time, Burger, and Bouncer) • Gyro • Darkwing Duck • Falcon Graves • Pixiu Chinese Dragon • Peghook’s Ghost • Launchpad McQuack • Hack and Slash Smashnikov • Gizmoduck • Shadow Magica • Ma Beagle • Flintheart Glomgold • Pharaoh Toth-Ra • Headless Man-Horse Pixar Toy Story: Woody • Jessie • Buzz Lightyear • Hamm • Emperor Zurg • Rex • Slinky Dog • Mrs. Nesbit • Bo Peep • Wheezy • Babyhead • Bullseye • Lenny • The Prospector • Mint in the Box Prospector • Trixie • Big Baby • Green Army Men • Babyface • Janey Doll • Stretch • Bookworm • Rocky Gibraltar • Mr. Pricklepants • Chuckles • Buttercup Inside Out: Joy • Sadness • Anger • Disgust • Fear • Bing Bong • Frank and Dave • Forgetters • Jangles • Rainbow Unicorn Finding Dory: Dory • Deb • Gurgle • Pearl • Sheldon • Tad • Gill • Bloat • Squirt • Nemo • Marlin • Jacques • Bubbles • Destiny • Bailey • Gerald • Fluke • Rudder • Hank • Crush • Mr. Ray • Becky • Jellyfish • AnglerFish • Otter • Charlie • Jenny • Philip Sherman Monsters, Inc.: Boo • Needleman • Waxford • C.D.A. Agent • Mike Wazowski • Celia Mae • Flint • Mr. Waternoose • James P. Sullivan • Randall Boggs • Roz • Phlegm • Charlie • Simulation Kid • Garbage Cube • Harley • Spike The Incredibles: Bob Parr • Helen Parr • Dash • Violet • Jack-Jack • Lucius Best • Syndrome • Edna Mode • Rick Dicker • Gilbert Huph • Kari McKeen • Bomb Voyage • Rusty McAllister • The Underminer • Omnidroid Disney Parks The Haunted Mansion: Professor Phineas Plump • Maid • Gargoyle • Caretaker and Dog • Butler • Sally Slater • Headless Knight • Executioner • Spider • Madame Leota • Raven • Constance the Bride • The Orator • The Cat Lady • The Medusa • The Muse • Armor • Doom Buggy

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Linked Attractions Fortress Explorations • Tower of Terror • Mystic Manor • Big Thunder Mountain Railroad (Magic Kingdom) • Oceaneer Lab (aboard the Disney Magic and Disney Wonder) • Miss Adventure Falls (Typhoon Lagoon) • Soaring: Fantastic Flight • Jungle Cruise • Adventurers Suite (Disney Explorers Lodge) Restaurants Magellan’s • Jock Lindsey’s Hangar Bar • Skipper Canteen • Explorer’s Club Restaurant • The Tropical Hideaway• Colonel Hathi’s Pizza Outpost • Cafe Hyperion • AbracadaBar • Trader Sam’s • Club 33 Members Harrison Hightower III • Lord Henry Mystic • Barnabas T. Bullion • Jason Chandler • Captain Mary Oceaneer • Jock Lindsey • Dr. Albert Falls • Merriweather Adam Pleasure • Camellia Falco• Prof. R. Blauerhimmel • Charlton J. Taboret • Dr. J.L. Baterista •Maestro D’Elfman • Dr. Kon Chunosuke • Prof. Garrett Reed • Luana Teixeira • Chef Tandaji • Shango Sio Associated Characters Alberta Falls • Albert • Archibald Smelding • Ariel • Beatrice Rose Endicott • Captain Brieux • Captain Nemo • Charlie Allnut • Colonel Critchlow Sunchbench • Constance Hatchaway • Cornelius Endicott II • Duncan the Parrot • Emil Bleehall, Jr. • Felix Pechman XIII • Fletcher Hodges • George Hightower • Giant Squid • Hathaway Browne • Howard Stark • Cliff Secord • Frank Wolff • Indiana Jones • Hammerhead Fred • Kimballum Horriblus • Madame Zarkov • Manfred Strang • Mara • Marion Ravenwood • Mickey Mouse • Minnie Mouse • Otis T. Wren • Paco • Otis Bigelow • Pamelia Perkins • Rose Sayer • Rosita • Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir • Salty the Parrot • Samantha Sterling • Theodore Roosevelt • Trader Sam • Ursula • Victoria Marie Falls • Yeti Artifacts Backside of Water • Balinese Music Box • Dead Man’s Chest • Fountain of Youth • Hyperion Airship • Jujus • Monkey King Statue • Shiriki Utundu • Treasure of Cortés • Snarflblatt • Ursula’s contract Other Associated Attractions Raging Spirits • Adventurers Club • Walt Disney’s Enchanted Tiki Room See Also Disney Kingdoms• Shinji Takahashi and the Mark of the Coatl •League of Adventurers • Adventure Isle • Discovery Bay • Disney Springs

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Media Disney Emoji Blitz (mission tags) • Event list • Item collections list • As Told by Emoji Disney feature films Mickey Mouse & Friends: Mickey • Minnie • Donald Duck • Daisy • Pluto • Goofy • Steamboat Willie Mickey • Retro Minnie • Oswald the Lucky Rabbit • Holiday Mickey • 8-Bit Mickey • Holiday Minnie • Holiday Pluto • Rose Gold Minnie • Rainbow Mickey • Vampire Mickey • Witch Minnie • Mermaid Minnie • Deep Sea Mickey • Crab Donald • Fairy Minnie • Seashell Daisy • Pirate Peg-Leg Pete • Birthday Baby Pluto • Peppermint Minnie • Gardener Mickey • Flower Minnie • Watermelon Minnie • Ice Cream Mickey • Soft Serve Donald • Sea Creature Goofy • Pumpkin Mickey • Pumpkin Minnie • Gingerbread Mickey • Christmas Clarabelle Cow • Garnet Minnie • Rainy Day Donald • Astronaut Mickey • Alien Pluto • Pine Cone Pluto • Pancake Goofy • Blueberry Muffin Donald • Santa Goofy • Platinum Mickey • Fashion Minnie The Lion King: Simba • Timon • Pumbaa • Rafiki • Scar • Spirit Mufasa • Nala • Shenzi • Baby Simba • Zazu • Adult Simba The Little Mermaid: Ariel • Flounder • Sebastian • Ursula • King Triton • Prince Eric • Wedding Ariel • Vanessa • Flotsam • Amethyst Ursula Bambi: Bambi • Thumper • Pretty Flower • April Shower Bambi • Floral Ms. Bunny The Aristocats: Marie Winnie the Pooh: Winnie the Pooh • Tigger • Piglet • Eeyore • Rabbit • Honey Bee Pooh • Flower Piglet • Bunny Tigger • Baby Chick Eeyore • Honey Cake Pooh Pinocchio: Jiminy Cricket • Pinocchio • Blue Fairy • Figaro Dumbo: Dumbo • Timothy Mouse Peter Pan: Tinker Bell • Peter Pan • Captain Hook • Wendy • Nana • Smee • John Darling • Slightly • Holiday Tinker Bell Aladdin: The Genie • Aladdin • Jasmine • Jafar • Abu • Rajah • Iago • Magic Carpet • Disguised Jasmine • Snake Jafar • Vacation Genie • Prince Ali • Aquamarine Jasmine • Elephant Abu • Sultan • Baby Rajah • Red Carpet Genie Alice in Wonderland: Alice • White Rabbit • Cheshire Cat • Mad Hatter • Caterpillar • The Queen of Hearts • Doorknob • King of Hearts • Little Oysters • House Alice • Rose Cinderella: Cinderella • Fairy Godmother • Gus • Prince Charming • Jaq • Lucifer • Anastasia • Drizella • Lady Tremaine • Wedding Cinderella • Pink Dress Cinderella • Holiday Cinderella Frozen: Elsa • Anna • Olaf • Sven • Kristoff • Marshmallow • Grand Pabbie • The Fire Spirit • Elsa the Snow Queen • Queen Anna • Diamond Elsa • Young Anna Lilo & Stitch: Stitch • Lilo • Jumba • Scrump • Angel • Shaved Ice Stitch • Rainbow Stitch Zootopia: Judy Hopps • Nick Wilde • Clawhauser • Finnick • Flash Beauty and the Beast: Belle • The Beast • Lumiere • Cogsworth • Mrs. Potts • Chip Potts • Gaston • Enchantress • Winter Belle • Fancy Beast • Bookworm Belle Moana: Moana • Maui • Pua • Hei Hei • Gramma Tala • Tamatoa • Baby Moana • Te Fiti • Kakamora Chief • Te Kā Mulan: Mulan • Mushu • Cri-Kee • Ping • Shan Yu • Li Shang • The Emperor Tangled: Rapunzel • Pascal • Flynn Rider • Maximus • Tiara Rapunzel • Mother Gothel • Wedding Maximus • Baby Rapunzel Sleeping Beauty: Aurora • Prince Phillip • Maleficent • Flora • Fauna • Merryweather • Winter Aurora • Dragon Maleficent • Briar Rose • Peridot Maleficent The Jungle Book: Baloo • Kaa • King Louie • Mowgli • Shere Khan • Bagheera Fantasia: Sorcerer’s Apprentice Mickey • Yen Sid • Chernabog One Hundred and One Dalmatians: Cruella De Vil • Perdita • Patch • Winter Cruella The Nightmare Before Christmas: Jack Skellington • Sally • Zero • Oogie Boogie • Santa Jack • Dr. Finkelstein • The Mayor • Christmas Sally • Man-Eating Wreath Pocahontas: Pocahontas • Flit • Meeko • Percy • Grandmother Willow • Governor Ratcliffe Big Hero 6: Hiro Hamada • Baymax Wreck-It Ralph: Vanellope • Ralph • Yesss • Fix-It Felix Jr. • Calhoun • King Candy • Pixel Ralph The Princess and the Frog: Tiana • Louis • Ray • Dr. Facilier • Almost There Tiana • Prince Naveen Lady and the Tramp: Lady • Tramp Hercules: Hercules • Meg • Pegasus • Hades • Phil • Zeus • Baby Pegasus The Emperor’s New Groove: Kuzco • Kronk • Pacha • Yzma • Yzma Kitty Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: Snow White • Dopey • Magic Mirror • The Evil Queen • Grumpy • The Prince • Sleepy • Doc • Winter Snow White • The Witch The Rescuers: Bernard • Bianca • Madame Medusa Robin Hood: Robin Hood • Maid Marian • Lady Kluck • Little John • Sir Hiss • Prince John The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad: Mr. Toad The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Esmeralda • Quasimodo • Hugo The Sword in the Stone: Arthur • Archimedes • Merlin • Madam Mim • Sugar Bowl • Young Mim Mickey’s Christmas Carol: Bob Cratchit Mickey • Ghost of Jacob Marley • Ebenezer Scrooge McDuck • Tiny Tim • Emily Cratchit Minnie • Ghost of Christmas Future Pete A Goofy Movie: Max • Vacation Goofy • Powerline Raya and the Last Dragon: Raya • Sisu • Tuk Tuk • Namaari • Human Sisu The Three Caballeros: José • Panchito • Caballero Donald Encanto: Mirabel • Antonio • Luisa • Bruno • Isabela • Platinum Mirabel Bolt: Bolt The Fox and the Hound: Tod • Copper The Great Mouse Detective: Professor Ratigan Disney animated shows DuckTales: Scrooge McDuck • Launchpad McQuack • Webby Vanderquack • Gizmoduck • Magica De Spell Darkwing Duck: Darkwing Duck Rescue Rangers: Chip • Dale • Gadget • Monterey Jack • Devil Dale • Angel Chip Gargoyles: Goliath • Bronx • Demona The Proud Family: Penny Proud • Suga Mama Pixar Monsters, Inc.: Mike • Sulley • Randall • Celia • Roz • Boo Toy Story: Woody • Buzz Lightyear • Alien • Jessie • Bullseye • Bo Peep • Forky • Rex • Duke Caboom • Hamm • Mrs. Nesbit • Zurg • Lotso • Platinum Woody WALL-E: WALL-E • EVE Finding Nemo/Finding Dory: Nemo • Dory • Hank • Crush • Bruce • Baby Dory • Destiny • Bailey • Pearl Cars: Lightning McQueen • Cruz Ramirez • Jackson Storm • Mater • Miss Fritter Inside Out: Joy • Sadness • Anger • Disgust • Fear • Bing Bong • Rainbow Unicorn Coco: Miguel Rivera • Héctor • Dante • Imelda • Pepita • Alebrije Dante • Disguised Miguel • Ernesto • Mama Coco Ratatouille: Remy • Anton Ego The Incredibles: Mr. Incredible • Elastigirl • Jack-Jack • Violet • Dash • Frozone • Edna Mode • Syndrome A Bug’s Life: Flik • Princess Atta • Heimlich Brave: Merida • Young Merida Up: Dug • Russel • Carl • Kevin • Alpha • Headphones Dug Onward: Ian • Barley • The Manticore Soul: Joe • 22 Luca: Luca • Alberto Turning Red: Meilin Lee • Red Panda Mei • Abby Park • Red Panda Ming Lee Lightyear: Captain Lightyear • Sox Disney video games Kingdom Hearts: Sora • Aqua • Captain Goofy • Royal Magician Donald Disney live-action films Pirates of the Caribbean: Captain Jack Sparrow • Barbossa • Davy Jones • Elizabeth Swann • Prison Dog • Tia Dalma Descendants: Mal Hocus Pocus: Winifred Sanderson • Mary Sanderson • Sarah Sanderson • Binx • Billy Butcherson • Young Winifred • The Book Mary Poppins: Mary Poppins • Bert • Jolly Holiday Mary Poppins Enchanted: Giselle • Wedding Giselle Jungle Cruise: Frank • Lily Houghton Disney Parks The Haunted Mansion: Hatbox Ghost • Madame Leota • The Bride • Hitchhicker Ghost Phineas • Constance Matterhorn Bobsleds: Abominable Snowman Journey Into Imagination: Figment • Sketch Figment Main Street Electrical Parade: Electrical Parade Minnie • Electrical Parade Tinker Bell • Electrical Parade Elliott The Muppets The Muppets: Kermit the Frog • Fozzie Bear • Swedish Chef • Miss Piggy • Gonzo • Madame Pigota • Gauzey the Hatbox Bear • Bob Cratchit Kermit • Miss Piggy Emily Cratchit Lucasfilm Star Wars: Rey • Finn • BB-8 • Kylo Ren • Luke Skywalker • Princess Leia • The Mandalorian • The Child • Chewbacca • Hondo • Stormtrooper • Han Solo • R2-D2 • Cara Dune • Moff Gideon • Death Trooper • Poe Dameron • C-3PO • Boba Fett • Jabba the Hutt • Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader • Queen Amidala • Darth Maul • Fennec Shand • Ahsoka Tano • Jedi Anakin • General Grievous • Yoda • Lando Calrissian • Emperor Palpatine • Grand Moff Tarkin • K-2SO • Jyn Erso • Cassian Andor • Obi-Wan Kenobi • Grand Inquisitor • Wicket • Jedi Master Luke • Imperial Stormtrooper • Bo-Katan • Cad Bane Indiana Jones: Indiana Jones • Marion Ravenwood Willow: Willow • Kit 20th Century Studios Ron’s Gone Wrong: Barney • Ron Ice Age: Scrat • Sid Anastasia: Anastasia Romanov • Rasputin Titanic: Rose (DeWitt) • Jack

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Media Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (soundtrack) • Minnie’s Favorites • Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Meeska Mooska Mickey Mouse • Disney Junior DJ Shuffle • Disney Junior DJ Shuffle 2 Characters Mickey Mouse • Minnie Mouse • Donald Duck • Daisy Duck • Goofy • Pluto • Pete • Clarabelle Cow • Ludwig Von Drake • Chip and Dale • Willie the Giant • Toodles • Quoodles • Boodles • Count Mickula • Martian Mickey • Martian Minnie • Pluto from Pluto • Baby Red Bird • Wilbur the Grasshopper • Buzz-Buzz the Bee • Mortimer Mouse Disney Parks Disney Junior — Live on Stage! Episodes Season 1: «Daisy Bo-Peep» • «A Surprise for Minnie» • «Goofy’s Bird» • «Donald’s Big Balloon Race» • «Mickey Goes Fishing» • «Donald and the Beanstalk» • «Donald the Frog Prince» • «Minnie’s Birthday» • «Goofy on Mars» • «Mickey Go Seek» • «Daisy’s Dance» • «Pluto’s Ball» • «Mickey’s Treasure Hunt» • «Daisy in the Sky» • «Pluto’s Puppy-Sitting Adventure» • «Pluto’s Best» • «Mickey’s Treat» • «Minnie Red Riding Hood» • «Sleeping Minnie» • «Mickey Saves Santa» • «Goofy the Great» • «Mickey’s Color Adventure» • «Goofy’s Petting Zoo» • «Mickey’s Great Clubhouse Hunt» • «Doctor Daisy, M.D.» • «Donald’s Lost Lion» • «Donald’s Hiccups« Season 2: «Fancy Dancin’ Goofy» • «Goofy the Homemaker» • «Mickey’s Handy Helpers» • «Goofy Baby» • «Minnie’s Picnic» • «Goofy in Training» • «Mickey’s Big Band Concert» • «Goofy’s Hat» • «Donald’s Special Delivery» • «Clarabelle’s Clubhouse Carnival» • «Mickey and Minnie’s Jungle Safari» • «Mickey’s Camp Out» • «Daisy’s Pet Project» • «Mickey’s Big Job» • «Mickey’s Round-Up» • «Pluto’s Bubble Bath» • «Mickey’s Art Show» • «Mickey’s Silly Problem» • «Mickey’s Thanks a Bunch Day» • «Secret Spy Daisy» • «Pluto to the Rescue» • «Sir Goofs-a-Lot» • «Minnie’s Mystery» • «Mickey’s Comet» • «Clarabelle’s Clubhouse Mooo-sical» • «Minnie’s Rainbow» • «Space Captain Donald» • «The Friendship Team» • «Mickey’s Message from Mars» • «Pete’s Beach Blanket Luau» • «Donald’s Ducks» • «Goofy’s Coconutty Monkey» • «Choo-Choo Express» • «Minnie’s Bee Story» • «Pluto’s Playmate» • «Mickey and the Enchanted Egg» • «Goofy Goes Goofy» • «Mickey’s Adventures In Wonderland» • «Goofy’s Super Wish» • «Mickey’s Big Surprise« Season 3: «Goofy’s Goofbot» • «Mickey’s Springtime Surprise» • «Super Goof’s Super Puzzle» • «Donald of the Desert» • «Happy Birthday Toodles» • «Goofy’s Magical Mix-Up» • «Pluto’s Dinosaur Romp» • «Minnie’s Pajama Party» • «Road Rally» • «Donald the Genie» • «Daisy’s Grasshopper» • «Mickey’s Mousekersize» • «Mickey’s Little Parade» • «Minnie’s Mouseke-Calendar» • «Pluto Lends a Paw» • «Minnie’s Bow-tique» • «Minnie’s Masquerade» • «Goofy’s Giant Adventure» • «Donald’s Clubhouse» • «Mickey’s Show and Tell» • «Mickey’s Fishy Story» • «Space Adventure» • «The Go-Getters» • «Goofy’s Gone» • «Goofy Babysitter» • «Pluto’s Tale» • «Goofy’s Thinking Cap» • «Minnie and Daisy’s Flower Shower» • «Prince Pete’s Catnap» • «Aye, Aye, Captain Mickey» • «Donald Hatches An Egg» • «The Golden Boo-Boo« Season 4: «Mickey and Donald Have a Farm» • «Quest for the Crystal Mickey» • «Daisy’s Pony Tale» • «The Wizard of Dizz» • «Mickey’s Farm Fun Fair» • «Super Adventure!» • «Mickey’s Mystery» • «Minnie’s Pet Salon» • «Minnie-rella» • «Mickey’s Clubhouse Rocks» • «Donald Jr.» • «Sea Captain Mickey» • «Mickey’s Pirate Adventure» • «Mickey’s Happy Mousekeday» • «Minnie’s Winter Bow Show» • «Around the Clubhouse World» • «Mickey’s Mousekeball» • «Donald’s Brand New Clubhouse» • «Mickey’s Mousekedoer Adventure» • «Mickey’s Monster Musical» • «Pop Star Minnie» • «Chef Goofy on the Go» • «Mickey’s Sport-Y-Thon» • «Oh Toodles» • «Martian Minnie’s Tea Party» • «A Goofy Fairy Tale» Locations Clubhouse • Mickey Park • Moo Mart Songs «Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Theme» • «Mickey’s Mousekedoer» • «Minnie’s Bow-tique» • «Glow Bow» • «Floatin’ Bubble Song» • «Wiggle Wiggle Wiggle» • «I’m a Friend, You’re a Friend» • «Choo-Choo Express» • «Hibiscus Hula» • «Sprinkle Sprinkle Little Rose» • «Mickey’s Countdown» • «Friendship Team» • «Rainbow Colors» • «Minnie’s Minuet» • «Happy Thanks a Bunch Day» • «So Many Pets» • «Minnie’s Days of the Week» • «The Best Easter Party Ever!» • «Mousekebunga» • «Mickey’s Number Roundup» • «Fun 2 B A B» • «Upside Down Cyclin’» • «Come Take a Trip With Me» • «We’re Havin’ a Picnic» • «Choo Choo Boogie» • «Hot Dog!»

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Media Mickey Mouse • The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse • Where’s My Mickey? • Comic book • Where’s My Mickey? Free • Where’s My Mickey? XL Disney Parks The Annex • Mickey and Minnie’s Runaway Railway • Move It! Shake It! MousekeDance It! Street Party • Vacation Fun • World of Color: Celebrate • We Love Mickey! Fireworks: Wonderful World of Animation Characters Main: Mickey Mouse • Minnie Mouse • Donald Duck • Daisy Duck • Goofy • Pluto Supporting: Yeti • Mickey’s Scooter • Horace Horsecollar • Gubbles • Cat • Baby Panda • Clara Cluck • Ghouly • Pete • Ludwig Von Drake • Scrooge McDuck • Clarabelle Cow • Mr. Johnson • Grandma Goofy • Minnie’s Scooter • José Carioca • Panchito Pistoles • Chip ‘n’ Dale • Sleepy • Doc • Bashful • Happy • Grumpy • Dopey • Sneezy • Forest Animals • Huey, Dewey, and Louie • The Orphans • Piñatas Bandidas • Pamplona Bulls • Road Hogs • Giant Squid • Mortimer Mouse • The Three Little Pigs • Big Bad Wolf • The Evil Queen • Flamingo Maitre’d • Gus Goose • Santa Claus • Chernabog and his minions • Beagle Boys • Spike the Bee • Erica • Martian Robot • Morty and Ferdie Fieldmouse • Pluto’s Angel • Pluto’s Devil • Muscular Kangaroo • Piggy • Weasels • House of Tomorrow • Butch the Bulldog • Merlin • Ursula • Parrot • Lonesome Ghosts • Fairy Godmother • Blue Fairy • Jiminy Cricket • The Magic Mirror • Melvin, Buff, and Max Cameos: Prince Charming • Cinderella • Casey Junior • Walt Disney • Oswald the Lucky Rabbit • Willie the Whale • Lady • Tramp • Peter Pig • Paddy Pig • Unnamed Dog • Belle • Beast• Gyro Gearloose • Glut the Shark • King Louie • Flunkey • Bandar-log • Buzzy, Flaps, Ziggy, and Dizzy • Snow White • Geppetto • Pinocchio • Teenagers • Phantom Blot • The Headless Horseman • Dirty Bill • Humphrey the Bear • Mary Poppins • Thumper • Bambi • Jafar • Raja • Martian Mastermind • Dumbo • The Crows • Skeletons • Three Little Wolves • Elmer Elephant • Tillie Tiger • Max Hare • Toby Tortoise • Bambi’s mother • Ortensia • Yen Sid • Timothy Q. Mouse • Rhino Guards • Maleficent’s Goons • Lady Kluck • Madam Mim • Alan-A-Dale • Mother Rabbit • Skippy • Friar Tuck • Otto • Sir Hiss • Trigger • Flounder • Aracuan Bird • Flit • Madame Upanova • Dapper Dans • Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather • J. Thaddeus Toad • Cheshire Cat • Vultures • Joe • Jenny • Friend Owl • Bucky Bug • Flowers of Wonderland • Alice • Tigger • Willie the Giant • Clopin • Grogu • R2-D2 • Kermit the Frog • Chuuby • Susie the Little Blue Coupe • Ichabod Crane • Tilda Episodes Mickey Mouse Season 1: «No Service» • «Yodelberg» • «Croissant de Triomphe» • «New York Weenie» • «Tokyo Go» • «Stayin’ Cool» • «Gasp!» • «Panda-monium» • «Bad Ear Day» • «Ghoul Friend» • «Dog Show» • «O Sole Minnie» • «Potatoland» • «Sleepwalkin’» • «Flipperboobootosis» • «Tapped Out» • «Third Wheel» • «The Adorable Couple« Season 2: «Cable Car Chaos» • «Fire Escape» • «Eau de Minnie» • «O Futebol Clássico» • «Down the Hatch» • «Goofy’s Grandma» • «Captain Donald» • «Mumbai Madness» • «The Boiler Room» • «Space Walkies» • «Mickey Monkey» • «Clogged» • «Goofy’s First Love» • «Doggone Biscuits» • «Workin’ Stiff» • «Al Rojo Vivo» • «Bottle Shocked» • «A Flower for Minnie» • «Bronco Busted« Season 3: «Coned!» • «One Man Band» • «Wish Upon a Coin» • «Movie Time» • «Shifting Gears» • «Black and White» • «­­¡Feliz Cumpleaños!» • «Wonders of the Deep» • «Road Hogs» • «No» • «Roughin’ It» • «Dancevidaniya» • «Couple Sweaters» • «Turkish Delights» • «Sock Burglar» • «Ku’u Lei Melody» • «Entombed» • «No Reservations» • «Split Decision» • «Good Sports« Season 4: «Swimmin’ Hole» • «Canned» • «Touchdown and Out» • «Locked in Love» • «Bee Inspired» • «Shipped Out» • «Three-Legged Race» • «Nature’s Wonderland» • «The Birthday Song» • «The Perfect Dream» • «Feed the Birds» • «Carnaval» • «Year of the Dog» • «The Fancy Gentleman» • «New Shoes» • «Springtime» • «Dumb Luck» • «Flushed!» • «Roll ’em« Season 5: «Amore Motore» • «A Pete Scorned» • «House Painters» • «Surprise!» • «Hats Enough» • «Safari, So Good» • «For Whom the Booth Tolls» • «Outta Time» • «My Little Garden» • «You, Me and Fifi» • «Outback at Ya!» • «Our Homespun Melody» • «Over the Moon» • «Easy Street» • «Two Can’t Play» • «Our Floating Dreams» • «Gone to Pieces» • «Carried Away« Specials: «Duck the Halls: A Mickey Mouse Christmas Special» • «The Scariest Story Ever: A Mickey Mouse Halloween Spooktacular« The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse Season 1: «Cheese Wranglers» • «House of Tomorrow» • «Hard to Swallow» • «School of Fish» • «Keep on Rollin’» • «The Big Good Wolf» • «The Brave Little Squire» • «An Ordinary Date» • «Supermarket Scramble» • «Just the Four of Us» • «Houseghosts» • «The Enchanting Hut» • «Duet for Two» • «Birdwatching» • «Bellboys» • «I Heart Mickey» • «Untold Treasures» • «Disappearing Act» • «Once Upon an Apple» • «Game Night« Season 2: «The Wonderful Winter of Mickey Mouse» • «The Wonderful Spring of Mickey Mouse» • «The Wonderful Summer of Mickey Mouse» • «The Wonderful Autumn of Mickey Mouse« Locations Snack Shack • Cafe Minnie • Patisserie Daisy Places in the World: Paris, France • New York City, New York • Tokyo, Japan • Beijing, China • Venice, Italy • Idaho • San Francisco, California • Brazil • India • Pamplona, Spain • Monaco • London, England • Mexico • Moscow, Russia • Turkey • Hawaii • Egypt • Korea Allusions to Disneyland: Matterhorn Bobsleds • It’s a Small World • Main Street Electrical Parade • King Arthur Carrousel • The Haunted Mansion • Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln • Space Mountain • Rocket to the Moon • Mine Train Through Nature’s Wonderland Songs The Adorable Couple • Jing-A-Ling-A-Ling • I’m Alive • Swimmin’ Hole • Our Homespun Melody • Carried Away • Nothing Can Stop Us Now • Bubblegum Days and Cotton Candy Nights

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Media Shows: Mickey and the Roadster Racers Disney Parks We Love Mickey! Characters Mickey Mouse • Minnie Mouse • Goofy • Donald Duck • Daisy Duck • Pluto • Cuckoo-Loca • Pete • Chip and Dale • Billy Beagle • Clarabelle Cow • Ludwig Von Drake • Horace Horsecollar • Panchito Pistoles • José Carioca • Mortimer Mouse • Figaro • Clara Cluck • Butch the Bulldog • Millie and Melody Mouse • Emmy Lou • Jinx • Fiona Featherstone • Buddy McBilly • Elray Thunderboom • Huck • Pearl McSnorter • Clifford and Cleo Cluck • Susie Beagleman • Mr. Doozy • Cuckoo La La • Almanda de Quack • Lisa • Penelope • Blossom • Cassidy • Princess Olivia • Wilhelmina • Prince • Commander Heist • Lazlo • Mr. McSpaniel Episodes Season One: «Mickey’s Wild Tire!» / «Sittin’ Kitty» • «Goofy Gas!» / «Little Big Ape» • «Race for the Rigatoni Ribbon!» / «Roaming Around Rome» • «Agent Double-O-Goof» / «Egg-xasperating» • «Mickey’s Perfecto Day!» / «Running of the Roadsters!» • «It’s Wiki Wiki Time» / «Happy Hula Helpers!» • «Ye Olde Royal Heist» / «Tea Time Trouble!» • «Abra-ka-Goof!» / «Happy Birthday Helpers!» • «Guru Goofy» / «Bed, Breakfast and Bungled!» • «Going Upppppppppp!» / «Gone Fishin’!» • «Goof Luck Charm» / «Teed Off!» • «The Impossible Race» / «The Happiest Helpers Cruise!» • «Smarty Goof» / «Adventures in Buddysitting!» • «Daredevil Goofy!» / «The Big Broadcast» • «Stop That Heist!» / «Lights, Camera, HELP!» • «Mouse Vs. Machine!» / «Grandpa Beagle’s Day Out» • «Donald’s Garage» / «Artful Helpers» • «Ready, Get Pet… Go Pluto!» / «Figaro’s New Friend!» • «Garage Alone» / «Camp Happy Helpers» • «The Haunted Hot Rod» / «Pete’s Ghostly Gala» • «Billy Beagle’s Tip-Top Garage» / «Diner Dog Rescue» • «Pit Stop and Go!» / «Alarm on the Farm!» • «Happy Hot Diggity Dog Holiday!» / «Happy Holiday Helpers!» • «Hot Dog Daze Afternoon» / «Super Sweet Helpers» • «The Grand Food Truck Rally» / «Cuckoo La-La» • «Rockin’ Roadsters!» / «Safari, So Goody« Season Two: «The Biggest Heist Ever» / «Thrillin’ Hilda!» • «Stop Lazlo!» / «The Hot Diggity Dog Show» • «Donald’s Stinky Day» / «The Hiking Honeybees» • «Racing Rivals» / «The Hapless Helpers» • «The Goofy Race!» / «Cuckoo for Cuckoo Clocks!» • «The Roadsterettes!» / «Oh Happy Day» • «Phantom of the Café» / «Cuckoo in Paris» • «Super-Charged!» / «Super-Charged: Mickey’s Monster Rally» • «Super-Charged: Pop Star Helpers» / «The Chip ‘N Dale 500» • «Mickey’s Ukulele Jam» / «Grandpa vs. Grandpa» • «Goof Mansion» / «A Doozy Night of Mystery» • «Daisy’s Photo Finish!» / «Super-Charged: Daisy’s Grande Goal» • «Pluto and the Pup» / «Trouble at Floochi’s!» • «Goofy’s Drive-In» / «The Iron Mouse» • «Mickey’s Big Surprise» / «Meet the Beagles!» • «Snow-Go With the Flow» / «Happy Helpers on Ice!» • «Ski Trippin’!» / «My Fair Pete» • «Super-Charged: The Big Cheesy» / «Shenannygans!» • «You Quack Me Up» / «Tree House Trouble» • «Mickey’s Spring Grand Prix» / «My Little Daisy»» • «Mickey’s Fun-tastical Field Day» / «Clarabelle on the Mooo-ve!» • «Super-Charged: Donald’s Roadster Round-Up» / «The Daisy Dance!» • «Super-Charged: Two Close Friends» / «Mr. Bigby’s Big Night» • «Goof Quest» / «Llama Drama» • «Hi, Jinx!» / «Pete’s Junkyard Helpers» Season Three: «Mickey’s Mixed-Up Motor Lab» / «Wishy Washy Helpers» • «One Unicorny Day!» / «The Happy Horse Helpers!» • «Animal Antics» / «Here, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty!» • «Mickey’s Monstrous Truck!» / «Minnie’s Vacation Home!» • «Mixed-Up for a Day!» / «Princess Clarabelle!» • «A Gollywood Wedding!» / «No Dilly Dally in New Delhi!» • «Mickey’s Thanksgiving Family Fun Race!» / «Happy Thanksgiving Helpers!» • «Caution: Kids at Work!» / «The Snoozy Doozy Pet and Breakfast!» • «Where’s Mickey?» / «Cuckoo in Hot Dog Hills!» • «Campy Camper Day!» / «Founder’s Day Flounder!» • «Goofasaur!» / «Teahouse Helpers» • «Papa Pluto» / «THappy Valentine Helpers» • «Petey O’Pete» / «Daisy Does It!» • «Mickey’s New Mouse House» / «Millie and Melody’s Sleepover!» • «Old McMickey Had a Farm» / «Happy Lab Helpers» • «Hard Hat Diggity Dog!» / «Hair-Raising Helpers!» • «Donald’s Fast Food 500» / «Mini-Helpers» • «Hanami Hijinks!» / «Happy Harajuku Helpers!» • «Mickey’s Roommate» / «Minnie’s Bow-tel!» • «Sporty Day» / «Go, Chili Dogs!» • «Goofy’s Hot Dog Harvest» / «Puppy Birthday to You!» • «Holiday in Hot Dog Hills» / «Happy Kitty Helpers» • «Enough Stuff!» / «The Hippity Hop Horse Show» • «The Mystery of Hot Dog Lake!» / «Phantom Wing» • «Magic Tricked» / «Art From the Heart!» • «Duck, Duck Geese!» / «Shhhhh!» • «Wheelchair Pals» / «Super-Duper-Stitious Day!» • «Goofy and Pete’s Wild Ride» / «The Happiest Day of All!» • «All Aboard the Hot Diggity Dog Express!» / «Flea-bee Jeebies!» • «There Goes Our Fun!» / «Don’t Wake the Baby!» • «Donald’s Dilemma» / «The Royal-ympics!» • «Dale’s New Pal» / «The Cuckoo Turnstyler!» • » • «It’s a Hap-Hap-Happy Hot Dog Hills!» / «Happy Friend-iversary» • «Crooner Mickey» / «Once Upon A Lemonade Stand» • «Holi, By Golly!» / «The Pink City!» • «The Spooky Spook House!» / «Clarabelle’s Banana Splitz!» Songs Theme song Locations Hot Dog Hills • Long Tree Ranch

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Media Mickey Mouse Funhouse • Mickey Mouse Funhouse, Volume 1 Episodes Season One: «Mickey the Brave!» • «Homesick/Goldfish Goofy!» • «Spaced Out!/Treasure, Ahoy!» • «Is There a Plumber in the House?!/A Fish Tale» • «Minnie Goes Ape!/Dino Doggies» • «Troll Trouble!/The Sunny Gulch Games!» • «Minnie’s Big Delivery!/The Wandrin’ Warbler!» • «Mickey and the Cornstalk!/King Mickey» • «Bottled Up!/Minnie’s Fairy Tale!» • «Daisy & Goofy Clean Up!/Crayon World!» • «The Summer Snow Day/Sunny the Snowman» • «Crystal Clear Waters/The Big Funhouse Sleepover» • «Ducks Inn Trouble!/Polka Dots and Don’ts» • «The Mighty Goof!/Playtime in Crayon World» • «The Music of the Seasons/Mermaids to the Rescue» • «Festival of Heroes!/I Wander Where Warbler Went?» • «The Fantabulous Five (Plus One)!/Mickey Meets Rocket Mouse» • «Batteries Included/Mickey and Minnie: On Ice!» • «Rain, Rain, Go Away/Donald’s Razzle Dazzle Deal!» • «Pirate Adventure» • «Daisy and the Muses/Keep on the Ball» • «Farfus’ Family/The Adventure Parade» • «The Magic Mansion/Funny’s Road Trip!» • «Fifty-Foot Pluto!/A Big Giant Problem!» • «Welcome To Giant Crab Island!/Ghosts Of Haunted Gulch» Season Two: «The Enchanted Tea Party!/Unhappy Campers» • «Heroes Clean Up!/Dino Duck» • «Finding Treasure!/Witchy Worries» • «Clarabelle’s Pie Day/Minnie’s New Puppy» Characters Mickey Mouse • Minnie Mouse • Donald Duck • Daisy Duck • Goofy • Pluto • Funny • Windy Weathervane • Chip and Dale • Pete • Ludwig Von Drake • Clarabelle Cow • Cuckoo-Loca • The Weasel Trio (Wheezelene, Cheezel, and Sneezel) • Horace Horsecollar • Figaro • Willie the Giant • Mortimer Mouse • Martian Mickey • Martian Minnie • Yeti • Farfus the Dragon • Wanda Warbler Songs Mickey Mouse Funhouse Theme • Up the Stairs to Anywhere • The Wiggle Giggle Song • It’s Work to be a King • Stretch Break • Won’t Go Wanderin’ • Farfus the Dragon • Wonderful Universe • Maybe If We Make It Fun • Better Together

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Disney feature films A Goofy Movie: Powerline Aladdin: Aladdin • Genie • Jafar • Jasmine • Rajah Alice in Wonderland: Alice • Mad Hatter • Queen of Hearts • Cheshire Cat Atlantis: The Lost Empire: Kida Nedakh • Vincenzo Santorini • Helga Sinclair • Milo Thatch • Audrey Ramirez Beauty and the Beast: Gaston • Beast • Belle Big Hero 6: Hiro Hamada • Baymax • Honey Lemon • Wasabi • Go Go Tomago • Fred Bolt: Bolt Cinderella: Fairy Godmother • Cinderella Frozen: Elsa • Olaf • Kristoff • Sven • Anna Hercules: Hades • Hercules • Megara • Zeus • Philoctetes Lilo & Stitch: Stitch • Pleakley • Jumba • Angel • Lilo Pelekai Mickey Mouse & Friends: Mickey Mouse • Goofy • Minnie Mouse • Pluto • Pete • Daisy Duck Moana: Moana • Maui Mulan: Fa Mulan • Li Shang • Shan Yu • Mushu Peter Pan: Peter Pan • Captain Hook Pocahontas: Pocahontas Raya and the Last Dragon: Raya • Sisu • Namaari Robin Hood: Robin Hood • Sheriff of Nottingham Sleeping Beauty: Maleficent • Aurora • Prince Phillip Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: The Evil Queen • Snow White Tangled: Rapunzel • Flynn Rider • Maximus • Mother Gothel The Black Cauldron: The Horned King The Emperor’s New Groove: Yzma • Kronk • Pacha The Great Mouse Detective: Basil of Baker Street The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Esmeralda • Quasimodo The Jungle Book: King Louie • Baloo • Bagheera • Kaa The Lion King: Scar • Rafiki • Timon • Pumbaa • Simba • Nala The Little Mermaid: Ariel • Ursula • King Triton The Nightmare Before Christmas: Jack Skellington • Sally • Oogie Boogie • Lock, Shock, and Barrel • Mayor of Halloween Town The Princess and the Frog: Dr. Facilier The Sword in the Stone: Merlin • Madam Mim Treasure Planet: Captain Amelia • Jim Hawkins • John Silver Wreck-It Ralph: Wreck-It Ralph • Vanellope von Schweetz • Fix-It Felix Jr. • Sergeant Calhoun • Shank Winnie the Pooh: Winnie the Pooh • Tigger • Eeyore Zootopia: Judy Hopps • Nick Wilde • Yax • Finnick • Chief Bogo • Clawhauser • Koslov • Mr. Big • Bellwether Disney animated shows Chip ‘n Dale Rescue Rangers: Chip and Dale • Gadget Hackwrench • Zipper Darkwing Duck: Darkwing Duck • Megavolt • Quackerjack DuckTales: Scrooge McDuck • Huey, Dewey, and Louie • Donald Duck • Fenton Crackshell • Launchpad McQuack • Magica De Spell Gargoyles: Goliath • Demona Kim Possible: Kim Possible • Dr. Drakken • Shego • Ron Stoppable • Rufus • Duff Killigan Phineas and Ferb: Agent P Pixar A Bug’s Life: Flik • Hopper Brave: Merida Coco: Miguel Rivera Finding Nemo: Gerald • Marlin • Nemo • Hank • Dory Inside Out: Anger • Joy • Sadness • Disgust • Fear Luca: Luca Paguro • Alberto Scorfano Monsters, Inc.: James P. Sullivan • Boo • Mike Wazowski • Randall Boggs Onward: Ian Lightfoot • Corey the Manticore • Barley Lightfoot Ratatouille: Alfredo Linguini • Remy • Colette Tatou Soul: 22 The Incredibles: Mr. Incredible • Elastigirl • Dash Parr • Violet Parr • Jack-Jack Parr • Frozone • Syndrome • The Underminer • Voyd Toy Story: Woody • Buzz Lightyear • Jessie • Rex • Emperor Zurg • Bo Peep • Billy, Goat, and Gruff • Duke Caboom • Ducky and Bunny • Slinky Dog • Hamm Turning Red: Mei Lee Up: Carl Fredricksen • Dug • Russell • Kevin WALL-E: WALL-E • EVE Disney live-action films Hocus Pocus: Winifred Sanderson • Sarah Sanderson • Mary Sanderson • Thackery Binx • Billy Butcherson Pirates of the Caribbean: Jack Sparrow • Hector Barbossa • Tia Dalma • Davy Jones The Rocketeer: Cliff Secord Tron: Kevin Flynn • Quorra • Tron The Muppets Animal • Miss Piggy • Gonzo • Dr. Bunsen Honeydew • Beaker • Kermit the Frog • The Swedish Chef • Fozzie Bear