Некоммерческая организация как пишется

A nonprofit organization (NPO) or non-profit organisation, also known as a non-business entity,^[1] not-for-profit organization,^[2] or nonprofit institution,^[3] is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, in contrast with an entity that operates as a business aiming to generate a profit for its owners. A nonprofit is subject to the non-distribution constraint: any revenues that exceed expenses must be committed to the organization’s purpose, not taken by private parties. An array of organizations are nonprofit, including some political organizations, schools, business associations, churches, social clubs, and consumer cooperatives. Nonprofit entities may seek approval from governments to be tax-exempt, and some may also qualify to receive tax-deductible contributions, but an entity may incorporate as a nonprofit entity without securing tax-exempt status.

Key aspects of nonprofits are accountability, trustworthiness, honesty, and openness to every person who has invested time, money, and faith into the organization. Nonprofit organizations are accountable to the donors, founders, volunteers, program recipients, and the public community. Theoretically, for a nonprofit that seeks to finance its operations through donations, public confidence is a factor in the amount of money that a nonprofit organization is able to raise. Supposedly, the more nonprofits focus on their mission, the more public confidence they will have. This will result in more money for the organization.^[1] The activities a nonprofit is partaking in can help build the public’s confidence in nonprofits, as well as how ethical the standards and practices are.

United States[edit]

According to the National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS), there are more than 1.5 million nonprofit organizations registered in the United States, including public charities, private foundations, and other nonprofit organizations. Private charitable contributions increased for the fourth consecutive year in 2017 (since 2014), at an estimated $410.02 billion. Out of these contributions, religious organizations received 30.9%, education organizations received 14.3%, and human services organizations received 12.1%.^[4] Between September 2010 and September 2014, approximately 25.3% of Americans over the age of 16 volunteered for a nonprofit.^[5]

In the United States, both nonprofits are tax-exempt. There are various types of nonprofit exemptions, such as 501(c)(3) organizations that are a religious, charitable, or educational-based organization that does not influence state and federal legislation, and 501(c)(7) organizations that are for pleasure, recreation, or another nonprofit purpose.^{[citation needed]}

Nonprofits may be member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving nonprofit organizations create a benefit for the members of their organization and can include but are not limited to credit unions, sports clubs, and advocacy groups. Community-serving nonprofit organizations focus on providing services to the community either globally or locally. Community-serving nonprofits include organizations that deliver aid and development programs, medical research, education, and health services. It is possible for a nonprofit to be both member-serving and community-serving.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanism of money-raising[edit]

Nonprofit organisations are not driven by generating profit, but they must bring in enough income to pursue their social goals. Nonprofits are able to raise money in different ways. This includes income from donations from individual donors or foundations; sponsorship from corporations; government funding; programs, services or merchandise sales, and investments.^[6] Each NPO is unique in which source of income works best for them. With an increase in NPO’s within the last decade, organizations have adopted competitive advantages to create revenue for themselves to remain financially stable. Donations from private individuals or organizations can change each year and government grants have diminished. With changes in funding from year to year, many nonprofit organizations have been moving toward increasing the diversity of their funding sources. For example, many nonprofits that have relied on government grants have started fundraising efforts to appeal to individual donors.^[7]

Management[edit]

A common misconception about nonprofits is that they are run completely by volunteers. Most nonprofits have staff that work for the company, possibly using volunteers to perform the nonprofit’s services under the direction of the paid staff. Nonprofits must be careful to balance the salaries paid to staff against the money paid to provide services to the nonprofit’s beneficiaries. Organizations whose salary expenses are too high relative to their program expenses may face regulatory scrutiny.^[8]

A second misconception is that nonprofit organizations may not make a profit. Although the goal of nonprofits is not specifically to maximize profits, they still have to operate as a fiscally responsible business. They must manage their income (both grants and donations and income from services) and expenses so as to remain a fiscally viable entity. Nonprofits have the responsibility of focusing on being professional, financially responsible, replacing self-interest and profit motive with mission motive.^[9]

Though nonprofits are managed differently from for-profit businesses, they have felt pressure to be more businesslike. To combat private and public business growth in the public service industry, nonprofits have modeled their business management and mission, shifting their raison d’être to establish sustainability and growth.^[10]

Setting effective missions is a key for the successful management of nonprofit organizations.^[11] There are three important conditions for effective mission: opportunity, competence, and commitment.^[11]

One way of managing the sustainability of nonprofit organizations is to establish strong relations with donor groups.^[11] This requires a donor marketing strategy, something many nonprofits lack.^[11]

Functions[edit]

Nonprofit organizations provide public goods that are undersupplied by government.^[12] NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. For legal classification, there are, nevertheless, some elements of importance:

• Management provisions
• Accountability and auditing provisions
• Provisory for the amendment of the statutes or articles of incorporation
• Provisions for the dissolution of the entity
• Tax statuses of corporate and private donors
• Tax status of the founders.

Some of the above must be (in most jurisdictions in the USA at least) expressed in the organization’s charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the supervising authority at each particular jurisdiction.

While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose. Most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes. Most larger organizations are required to publish their financial reports detailing their income and expenditure publicly.

In many aspects, they are similar to corporate business entities though there are often significant differences. Both not-for-profit and for-profit corporate entities must have board members, steering-committee members, or trustees who owe the organization a fiduciary duty of loyalty and trust. A notable exception to this involves churches, which are often not required to disclose finances to anyone, including church members.^[13]

Formation and structure[edit]

In the United States, nonprofit organizations are formed by filing bylaws or articles of incorporation or both in the state in which they expect to operate. The act of incorporation creates a legal entity enabling the organization to be treated as a distinct body (corporation) by law and to enter into business dealings, form contracts, and own property as individuals or for-profit corporations can.

Nonprofits can have members, but many do not. The nonprofit may also be a trust or association of members. The organization may be controlled by its members who elect the board of directors, board of governors or board of trustees. A nonprofit may have a delegate structure to allow for the representation of groups or corporations as members. Alternatively, it may be a non-membership organization and the board of directors may elect its own successors.

The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization’s bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization’s literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as ‘members’; examples of such organizations are FairVote^[14][15] and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws.^[16] The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making.^[17] Accordingly, many organizations, such as the Wikimedia Foundation,^[18] have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as the election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse.^[19][20] A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements.^[21] A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to members and directors is concerned.

Tax exemption[edit]

In many countries, nonprofits may apply for tax-exempt status, so that the organization itself may be exempt from income tax and other taxes. In the United States, to be exempt from federal income taxes, the organization must meet the requirements set forth in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). Granting nonprofit status is done by the state, while granting tax-exempt designation (such as IRC 501(c)) is granted by the federal government via the IRS. This means that not all nonprofits are eligible to be tax-exempt.^[22] For example, employees of non-profit organizations pay taxes from their salaries, which they receive according to the laws of the country. NPOs use the model of a double bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit, though both are needed to ensure the organization’s sustainability.^[23][24] An advantage of non-profit organisations registered in the UK is that they benefit from some reliefs and exemptions. Charities and non-profits are exempt from Corporation Tax as well as the trustees being exempt from Income Tax. ^[25]

[edit]

In the U.S., «social welfare» nonprofits (IRS Section 501(c)(4)) are frequently used by politicians. Their use has resulted in controversies for politicians such as Kwame Kilpatrick and Gretchen Whitmer.^[26]

Problems[edit]

Founder’s syndrome[edit]

Founder’s syndrome is an issue organizations experience as they expand. Dynamic founders, who have a strong vision of how to operate the project, try to retain control of the organization, even as new employees or volunteers want to expand the project’s scope or change policy.^[27]

Resource mismanagement[edit]

Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anyone who has a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO’s reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated.^[28] Some commenters have argued that the receipt of significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO’s functions.^[29] A frequent measure of an NPO’s efficiency is its expense ratio (i.e. expenditures on things other than its programs, divided by its total expenditures).

Competition for talent[edit]

Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that nonprofit organizations inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in the nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers,^[30] and NPOs have for too long^[opinion] relegated hiring to a secondary priority,^[31] which could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPOs are well-funded and comparative to their public sector competitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain vibrant personalities. The initial interest for many is the remuneration package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away.^[32]

Public- and private-sector employment have, for the most part, been able to offer more to their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sectors have enjoyed an advantage over NPOs in attracting employees. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today, however, nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.^[33]

It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector^[34] and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. A good environment is ranked higher than salary and pressure of work.^[31] NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able and offer a low-stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours.^[35]

Online presence[edit]

When selecting a domain name, NPOs often use .org, or the country code top-level domain of their respective country, or the .edu top-level domain (TLD), to differentiate themselves from more commercial entities, which typically use .com.

In the traditional domain noted in RFC 1591, .org is for «organizations that didn’t fit anywhere else» in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status, but encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of those domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organization including .museum for museums and .coop for cooperatives. Organizations might also register by the appropriate country code top-level domain for their country.

Alternative names[edit]

Instead of being defined by ‘non’ words, some organizations are suggesting new, positive-sounding terminology to describe the sector. The term ‘civil society organization’ (CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, including the Center for the Study of Global Governance.^[36] The term ‘citizen sector organization’ (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector – as one of citizens, for citizens – by organizations including Ashoka: Innovators for the Public.^[37] Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities, and limitations.^[38]

In some Spanish-language jurisdictions, nonprofit organizations are called «civil associations».^[39]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Snyder, Gary R., Nonprofits: On the Brink : How Nonprofits have lost their way and some essentials to bring them back, 2006.
• P. Hartigan, 2006, ‘It’s about people, not profits’, Business Strategy Review, Winter 2006
• Weisbrod, Burton, 1977. The Voluntary Nonprofit Sector: An Economic Analysis, Lexington Books, New York.

External links[edit]

• Nonprofit Resources at Curlie
• Nonprofits & Philanthropy Research at IssueLab

A nonprofit organization (NPO) or non-profit organisation, also known as a non-business entity,^[1] not-for-profit organization,^[2] or nonprofit institution,^[3] is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, in contrast with an entity that operates as a business aiming to generate a profit for its owners. A nonprofit is subject to the non-distribution constraint: any revenues that exceed expenses must be committed to the organization’s purpose, not taken by private parties. An array of organizations are nonprofit, including some political organizations, schools, business associations, churches, social clubs, and consumer cooperatives. Nonprofit entities may seek approval from governments to be tax-exempt, and some may also qualify to receive tax-deductible contributions, but an entity may incorporate as a nonprofit entity without securing tax-exempt status.

Key aspects of nonprofits are accountability, trustworthiness, honesty, and openness to every person who has invested time, money, and faith into the organization. Nonprofit organizations are accountable to the donors, founders, volunteers, program recipients, and the public community. Theoretically, for a nonprofit that seeks to finance its operations through donations, public confidence is a factor in the amount of money that a nonprofit organization is able to raise. Supposedly, the more nonprofits focus on their mission, the more public confidence they will have. This will result in more money for the organization.^[1] The activities a nonprofit is partaking in can help build the public’s confidence in nonprofits, as well as how ethical the standards and practices are.

United States[edit]

According to the National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS), there are more than 1.5 million nonprofit organizations registered in the United States, including public charities, private foundations, and other nonprofit organizations. Private charitable contributions increased for the fourth consecutive year in 2017 (since 2014), at an estimated $410.02 billion. Out of these contributions, religious organizations received 30.9%, education organizations received 14.3%, and human services organizations received 12.1%.^[4] Between September 2010 and September 2014, approximately 25.3% of Americans over the age of 16 volunteered for a nonprofit.^[5]

In the United States, both nonprofits are tax-exempt. There are various types of nonprofit exemptions, such as 501(c)(3) organizations that are a religious, charitable, or educational-based organization that does not influence state and federal legislation, and 501(c)(7) organizations that are for pleasure, recreation, or another nonprofit purpose.^{[citation needed]}

Nonprofits may be member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving nonprofit organizations create a benefit for the members of their organization and can include but are not limited to credit unions, sports clubs, and advocacy groups. Community-serving nonprofit organizations focus on providing services to the community either globally or locally. Community-serving nonprofits include organizations that deliver aid and development programs, medical research, education, and health services. It is possible for a nonprofit to be both member-serving and community-serving.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanism of money-raising[edit]

Nonprofit organisations are not driven by generating profit, but they must bring in enough income to pursue their social goals. Nonprofits are able to raise money in different ways. This includes income from donations from individual donors or foundations; sponsorship from corporations; government funding; programs, services or merchandise sales, and investments.^[6] Each NPO is unique in which source of income works best for them. With an increase in NPO’s within the last decade, organizations have adopted competitive advantages to create revenue for themselves to remain financially stable. Donations from private individuals or organizations can change each year and government grants have diminished. With changes in funding from year to year, many nonprofit organizations have been moving toward increasing the diversity of their funding sources. For example, many nonprofits that have relied on government grants have started fundraising efforts to appeal to individual donors.^[7]

Management[edit]

A common misconception about nonprofits is that they are run completely by volunteers. Most nonprofits have staff that work for the company, possibly using volunteers to perform the nonprofit’s services under the direction of the paid staff. Nonprofits must be careful to balance the salaries paid to staff against the money paid to provide services to the nonprofit’s beneficiaries. Organizations whose salary expenses are too high relative to their program expenses may face regulatory scrutiny.^[8]

A second misconception is that nonprofit organizations may not make a profit. Although the goal of nonprofits is not specifically to maximize profits, they still have to operate as a fiscally responsible business. They must manage their income (both grants and donations and income from services) and expenses so as to remain a fiscally viable entity. Nonprofits have the responsibility of focusing on being professional, financially responsible, replacing self-interest and profit motive with mission motive.^[9]

Though nonprofits are managed differently from for-profit businesses, they have felt pressure to be more businesslike. To combat private and public business growth in the public service industry, nonprofits have modeled their business management and mission, shifting their raison d’être to establish sustainability and growth.^[10]

Setting effective missions is a key for the successful management of nonprofit organizations.^[11] There are three important conditions for effective mission: opportunity, competence, and commitment.^[11]

One way of managing the sustainability of nonprofit organizations is to establish strong relations with donor groups.^[11] This requires a donor marketing strategy, something many nonprofits lack.^[11]

Functions[edit]

Nonprofit organizations provide public goods that are undersupplied by government.^[12] NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. For legal classification, there are, nevertheless, some elements of importance:

• Management provisions
• Accountability and auditing provisions
• Provisory for the amendment of the statutes or articles of incorporation
• Provisions for the dissolution of the entity
• Tax statuses of corporate and private donors
• Tax status of the founders.

Some of the above must be (in most jurisdictions in the USA at least) expressed in the organization’s charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the supervising authority at each particular jurisdiction.

While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose. Most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes. Most larger organizations are required to publish their financial reports detailing their income and expenditure publicly.

In many aspects, they are similar to corporate business entities though there are often significant differences. Both not-for-profit and for-profit corporate entities must have board members, steering-committee members, or trustees who owe the organization a fiduciary duty of loyalty and trust. A notable exception to this involves churches, which are often not required to disclose finances to anyone, including church members.^[13]

Formation and structure[edit]

In the United States, nonprofit organizations are formed by filing bylaws or articles of incorporation or both in the state in which they expect to operate. The act of incorporation creates a legal entity enabling the organization to be treated as a distinct body (corporation) by law and to enter into business dealings, form contracts, and own property as individuals or for-profit corporations can.

Nonprofits can have members, but many do not. The nonprofit may also be a trust or association of members. The organization may be controlled by its members who elect the board of directors, board of governors or board of trustees. A nonprofit may have a delegate structure to allow for the representation of groups or corporations as members. Alternatively, it may be a non-membership organization and the board of directors may elect its own successors.

The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization’s bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization’s literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as ‘members’; examples of such organizations are FairVote^[14][15] and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws.^[16] The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making.^[17] Accordingly, many organizations, such as the Wikimedia Foundation,^[18] have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as the election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse.^[19][20] A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements.^[21] A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to members and directors is concerned.

Tax exemption[edit]

In many countries, nonprofits may apply for tax-exempt status, so that the organization itself may be exempt from income tax and other taxes. In the United States, to be exempt from federal income taxes, the organization must meet the requirements set forth in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). Granting nonprofit status is done by the state, while granting tax-exempt designation (such as IRC 501(c)) is granted by the federal government via the IRS. This means that not all nonprofits are eligible to be tax-exempt.^[22] For example, employees of non-profit organizations pay taxes from their salaries, which they receive according to the laws of the country. NPOs use the model of a double bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit, though both are needed to ensure the organization’s sustainability.^[23][24] An advantage of non-profit organisations registered in the UK is that they benefit from some reliefs and exemptions. Charities and non-profits are exempt from Corporation Tax as well as the trustees being exempt from Income Tax. ^[25]

[edit]

In the U.S., «social welfare» nonprofits (IRS Section 501(c)(4)) are frequently used by politicians. Their use has resulted in controversies for politicians such as Kwame Kilpatrick and Gretchen Whitmer.^[26]

Problems[edit]

Founder’s syndrome[edit]

Founder’s syndrome is an issue organizations experience as they expand. Dynamic founders, who have a strong vision of how to operate the project, try to retain control of the organization, even as new employees or volunteers want to expand the project’s scope or change policy.^[27]

Resource mismanagement[edit]

Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anyone who has a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO’s reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated.^[28] Some commenters have argued that the receipt of significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO’s functions.^[29] A frequent measure of an NPO’s efficiency is its expense ratio (i.e. expenditures on things other than its programs, divided by its total expenditures).

Competition for talent[edit]

Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that nonprofit organizations inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in the nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers,^[30] and NPOs have for too long^[opinion] relegated hiring to a secondary priority,^[31] which could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPOs are well-funded and comparative to their public sector competitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain vibrant personalities. The initial interest for many is the remuneration package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away.^[32]

Public- and private-sector employment have, for the most part, been able to offer more to their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sectors have enjoyed an advantage over NPOs in attracting employees. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today, however, nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.^[33]

It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector^[34] and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. A good environment is ranked higher than salary and pressure of work.^[31] NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able and offer a low-stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours.^[35]

Online presence[edit]

When selecting a domain name, NPOs often use .org, or the country code top-level domain of their respective country, or the .edu top-level domain (TLD), to differentiate themselves from more commercial entities, which typically use .com.

In the traditional domain noted in RFC 1591, .org is for «organizations that didn’t fit anywhere else» in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status, but encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of those domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organization including .museum for museums and .coop for cooperatives. Organizations might also register by the appropriate country code top-level domain for their country.

Alternative names[edit]

Instead of being defined by ‘non’ words, some organizations are suggesting new, positive-sounding terminology to describe the sector. The term ‘civil society organization’ (CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, including the Center for the Study of Global Governance.^[36] The term ‘citizen sector organization’ (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector – as one of citizens, for citizens – by organizations including Ashoka: Innovators for the Public.^[37] Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities, and limitations.^[38]

In some Spanish-language jurisdictions, nonprofit organizations are called «civil associations».^[39]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Snyder, Gary R., Nonprofits: On the Brink : How Nonprofits have lost their way and some essentials to bring them back, 2006.
• P. Hartigan, 2006, ‘It’s about people, not profits’, Business Strategy Review, Winter 2006
• Weisbrod, Burton, 1977. The Voluntary Nonprofit Sector: An Economic Analysis, Lexington Books, New York.

External links[edit]

• Nonprofit Resources at Curlie
• Nonprofits & Philanthropy Research at IssueLab

Как правильно пишется слово «некоммерческий»

некомме́рческий

некомме́рческий*

Источник: Орфографический
академический ресурс «Академос» Института русского языка им. В.В. Виноградова РАН (словарная база
2020)

1 ответ:

Читайте также

Всего найдено: 42

Добрый день! Прошу разъяснить, почему во многих ваших ответах: к вопросам 242879, 282810, 283257, 287823 — всегда однозначно подтверждается корректность написания субъекта РФ: Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра. В то время как орфографический словарь всегда и неизменно по-прежнему дает лишь одно-единственное корректное написание данного субъекта РФ: Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ. В чем тут дело? И почему, если рекомендуемое вами написание является корректным, до сих пор нет тому подтверждения НИ В ОДНОМ академическом словаре?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Большое спасибо за Ваш вопрос! Академический орфографический ресурс необходимо дополнить. Сначала дополнение будет сделано в словарной базе на официальном сайте ресурса. 

Здравствуйте, уважаемые сотрудники портала «Грамота.ру»! Часто пользуюсь вашим ресурсом. Большая работа — большое спасибо! Помогите, пожалуйста, выяснить, какое ударение верно ставить в падежных формах слова аргиш? Как верно: аргИша или аргишА? А как тогда верно должен звучать глагол: аргИшить или аргишИть? Не нашла ответа на свой вопрос ни здесь, не нашла и в доступных мне словарях (только в словаре Даля есть, но нет ударения).

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Слово аргиш (‘олений обоз’) современными словарями русского литературного языка не фиксируется, поэтому нормы его произношения и употребления не закреплены. Нам пришлось обратиться к разным источникам, чтобы попытаться установить, есть ли у этого слова норма, как говорят лингвисты, узуальная, то есть установившаяся в употреблении, в живой речи. Полагаем, что наше небольшое исследование позволяет с большой долей вероятности предполагать, что такая норма сложилась. Слово аргиш склоняют по модели марш – с ударением на основе: аргиша, аргишу, аргишем и т. д. Вот некоторые примеры употребления соответствующих падежных форм: 

Пермяки ехали на оленьих упряжках, аргишем ― караваном. [А. Иванов. Сердце Пармы (2000)]

Теперь на спусках шел пешком и осторожно вел свой аргиш, а второй оставлял наверху. Потом поднимался за вторым аргишем. [С. Залыгин. Оськин аргиш (1961)]

Оленей было много. Олени там все были с семи мысов. Большие олени были. Тут двинулся к своей земле. Играя, они скачут за аргишем. [Эпические песни ненцев. Москва: Наука, 1965]

Главный научный сотрудник института филологии СО РАН профессор Н. Б. Кошкарёва написала нам, что аргиш — очень частотное слово в Ямало-Ненецком и Ханты-Мансийском автономных округах и в формах этого слова сохраняется ударение на корне (в аргише много вещей, на аргише приехала, управлять аргишем). В значении «кочевать» у ненцев  в живой речи и в фольклоре регулярно употребляется глагол каслать, глагол аргишить не встречается.

Нам также не удалось найти факты, которые позволили бы судить о произношении глагола аргишить. В доступных нам источниках он встречается редко. «Русский этимологический словарь» А. Е. Аникина описывает существительное аргиш, но не упоминает образованный от него глагол. 

Здравствуйте! Подскажите, какие знаки препинания нужны перед и после «это значит»? Или они не нужны вовсе? «Указать на возможность существования русской самобытной философии это значит посмотреть на отечественную философию автономно».

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Следует поставить тире перед это.

как правильно? в реестре указаны поставщики, в числе которых: 2 фонда; 3 автономные (автономных) некоммерческие (х) организации

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Верно: три автономные некоммерческие организации.

Добрый день! Для меня по-прежнему животрепещущим остается вопрос написания аббревиатуры ХМАО — Югра. Как правильно написать: ХМАО-Югра, ХМАО – Югра, ХМАО–Югра? Каким правилом руководствоваться? Грамота уже давала ответ на этот вопрос за номером 227938, правда, без объяснения правописания, о дефисном написании этой аббревиатуры. Я считаю, что в аббревиатуре, как и в полном варианте, следует писать тире с пробелами. Возможно, я ошибаюсь, поэтому прошу дать разъяснения, каким правилом следует руководствоваться в данном случае. Вопрос важен, поскольку аббревиатура часто встречается в текстах, а вместе с ней и разногласия в написании. Спасибо! С уважением, Pero

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Слово Югра в данном случае выступает в роли приложения.

Сочетания с однословными приложениями, следующими за определяемым словом, пишутся через дефис: ХМАО-Югра.

Если в сочетании с приложением одна из частей содержит пробел, вместо дефиса употребляется знак тире: Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра.

как правильно прописать строчные или прописные буквы в словосочетании (муниципальное автономное учреждение)

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Следует написать строчными буквами.

Уважаемые эксперты, нужно ли ставить кавычки в наименовании организации после организационно-правовой формы? И надо ли организационно-правовую форму писать с заглавной буквы? автономная некоммерческая организация «Международная академия» АНО «МА»

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Кавычки нужны, название организационно-правовой формы пишется с маленькой буквы. Вы написали верно: автономная некоммерческая организация «Международная академия», АНО «МА».

Здравствуйте. С большой или маленькой буквы К писать комитеты ООН — к примеру, Комитет ООН по использованию космического пространства? С одной стороны, он не автономный (т. е. относится к ООН), а с другой — всё же международный.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В словаре В. В. Лопатина, И. В. Нечаевой, Л. К. Чельцовой «Прописная или строчная?» (М., 2011) слово комитет в подобных названиях рекомендовано писать с большой буквы, например: Комитет ООН по экономическим и финансовым вопросам.

Доброго апреля, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра, здесь Югра — это приложение и при продолжении предложения Югра отделяется вторым тире? Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра — считается самым перспективным… В Ханты-Мансийском автономном округе — Югре — есть много интересного. Так?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Второе тире не ставится.

К ответу № 286711. Здравствуйте! Мой вопрос касался написания «новосибирский Академгородок». Я обратилась за разъяснением в центр русского языка к директору фонда «Родное слово», на ул. Советская,6 ,(Новосибирская Областная Научная Библиотека) — Монаховой Людмиле Аркадьевне. Мне показали словарь топонимов, в котором значилось, что Академгородок (под Новосибирском) пишется с большой буквы как имя собственное. Однако Ваш консультант дал обоснование, что Академгородок — это район г. Новосибирска, а название района пишется с большой буквы. Хочу предотвратить заблуждение! Академгородок почти так же относится к «району», как Площадь Калинина или Площадь Маркса. Академгородок — это Советский район города Новосибирска.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Мы с Вами консультировались у разных специалистов новосибирского Академгородка, и противоречия в орфографических рекомендациях, судя по Вашему комментарию, нет. Слово район имеет не только значение ‘единица административно-территориального деления внутри автономных республик, краёв, областей, автономных округов, крупных городов’, но и ‘местность, определяемая какими-либо географическими, экономическими, социальными и т. п. признаками’.

Добрый день, уважаемые сотрудники Грамоты.ру! Очень надеюсь на помощь! Подскажите, пожалуйста, как правильно писать: управляющий негосударственной дошкольной организацией английским детским садом или управляющий негосударственной дошкольной организацией английский детский сад; заведующий муниципальным автономным дошкольным образовательным учреждением детским садом – центром развития ребенка № 7 «Ромашка» или заведующий муниципальным автономным дошкольным образовательным учреждением детский сад – центр развития ребенка № 7 «Ромашка»? Вопрос очень важный и срочный.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: управляющий негосударственной дошкольной организацией «Английский детский сад», заведующий муниципальным автономным дошкольным образовательным учреждением «Детский сад – центр развития ребенка № 7 «Ромашка»».

Здравствуйте! В Ямало-Ненецком автономном округе есть озеро, называется либо Нумто, либо Нум-то. Возникли споры по поводу его написания (слитно или через дефис). Скажите, пожалуйста, как всё-таки писать и каким руководствоваться документом или же правилом. Очень срочно нужно, не игнорируйте!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Словарной фиксации названия озера нет. Однако в «Словаре географических названий СССР» (2-е изд. М., 1983) зафиксировано название села Нумто (находящегося на берегу этого озера) – в слитном написании. По аналогии слитно нужно писать и название озера.

Подскажите как правильно писать:
Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ-Югра ИЛИ
Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно с тире: Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ – Югра.

Здравствуйте, скажите как пишется Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра?
Югра через дефис без пробелов, или тире с пробелами? Заранее спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно: Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ – Югра.

Здравствуйте! У меня такой спорный вопрос, хотелось бы найти правильный ответ. В конце 19-20вв. был такой такой человек, Петр Гермагенович Смидович. В дальнейшем его именем назван поселок городского типа Смидович, что находится в Еврейской Автономной области. Этому поселку уже более ста лет, когда я училась в школе, нас учили что п. Смидович не склоняется, и везде так и писали п. Смидович. Буквально сегодня наткнулась на то что по местному телевидению, в сносках где подписывают кто выступает, написано к примеру: «Иванова Светлана жительница п. Смидовича». Хотя раньше такого окончания не было. Я решила написать одному местному корреспонденту Смидович не склоняется, исправте, на что он мне отвечает, раньше не склонялось,а теперь новые правила. Сам не может привыкнуть. Вот мне бы и хотелось узнать, кто из нас прав, и что за правила такие новые… Такое вообще бывает в русском языке, что были одни правила, а теперь они стали другими… P.S. Заранее благодарна за ответ, уж очень меня эта тема затронула.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Новых правил нет, скорее можно говорить о неустоявшейся норме, которую отражают и противоречивые рекомендации в лингвистических источниках. «Словарь грамматических вариантов русского языка» Л. Граудиной, В. Ицковича, Л. Катлинской предлагает склонять русские, славянские и освоенные названия городов, рек, сел, деревень, поселков, хуторов, если эти названия не оканчиваются на гласные —о, -е, -и, -ы. В соответствии с этой рекомендацией сочетание жительница поселка Смидовича не ошибочно. В то же время в «Словаре географических названий» А. В. Суперанской говорится, что географические названия обычно не склоняются в сочетании с термином поселок (кроме тех случаев, когда название выражено прилагательным: в поселке Володарском).

Общая же тенденция такова: географические названия в сочетании с родовым словом постепенно перестают склоняться. У Пушкина было: «История села Горюхина», сейчас норма – не склонять такие названия в сочетании с географическим термином. В разговорной речи круг сочетаний с приложением, в которых топоним не склоняется, очень широк;  на письме (в образцовой литературной речи) склонение, отвечающее строгой литературной норме, стараются сохранять.