Норильск на английском как пишется

Norilsk (Russian: Нори́льск, IPA: [nɐˈrʲilʲsk], Norílʹsk) is a closed city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located south of the western Taymyr Peninsula, around 90 km east of the Yenisey River and 1,500 km north of Krasnoyarsk. Norilsk is 300 km north of the Arctic Circle and 2,400 km from the North Pole. It has a permanent population of 182,701 (2021),^[9] and up to 220,000 including temporary inhabitants.^[10][11] It is the second-largest city in the region after Krasnoyarsk. Since 2016 Norilsk’s population has grown steadily. In 2017, for the first time, migration to the city exceeded outflow; In 2018, according to Krasnoyarskstat, natural population growth amounted to 1,357 people: 2,381 people were born, 1,024 people died.

Norilsk Норильск
City[1]
Leninsky Prospekt in central Norilsk (June 2016)
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Norilsk
Norilsk Location of Norilsk Norilsk Norilsk (Krasnoyarsk Krai)
Coordinates: 69°20′N 88°13′E / 69.333°N 88.217°ECoordinates: 69°20′N 88°13′E / 69.333°N 88.217°E
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Krasnoyarsk Krai[1]
Founded	1935[2]
City status since	1953[2]
Elevation	90 m (300 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[3]
• Total	175,365
• Estimate  (2018)[4]	179,554 (+2.4%)
• Rank	102nd in 2010
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	district city of Norilsk[1]
• Capital of	district city of Norilsk[1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Norilsk Urban Okrug[5]
• Capital of	Norilsk Urban Okrug[5]
Time zone	UTC+7 (MSK+4 [6])
Postal code(s)[7]	663300-663341
Dialing code(s)	+7 3919[8]
OKTMO ID	04729000001
Website	www.norilsk-city.ru

It is the world’s northernmost city with more than 180,000 inhabitants, and the second-largest city (after Murmansk) inside the Arctic Circle. Norilsk and Yakutsk are the only large cities in the continuous permafrost zone.

Norilsk is located atop some of the largest nickel deposits on Earth. Consequently, mining and smelting ore are the major industries. Norilsk is the center of a region where nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum, palladium, and coal are mined. The presence of mineral deposits in the Siberian Craton was known for two centuries before Norilsk was founded, but mining began only in 1939, when subterranean portions of the Norilsk-Talnakh intrusions were found beneath mountainous terrain.

In 2004, two satellite cities (Talnakh and Kayerkan) became districts of the city of Norilsk, and Oganer became a suburb of Norilsk’s Central District. The jurisdiction of Norilsk also extends to the settlement of Snezhnogorsk, which originated in 1963 as a settlement to accommodate the builders of the Ust-Khantai Hydroelectric Power Station.

Access to Norilsk is restricted for foreign citizens, who are required to obtain a special permission to visit the city.^[12]

NameEdit

Norilsk owes its name to its geographical location. The Norilsk river flows near the city, which is located near the Norilsk mountains. The travelers Khariton Laptev, Alexander Fyodorovich Middendorf, and Fedor Bogdanovich Schmidt mentioned the river Norilsk and the Norilsk mountains in their accounts.

According to the Soviet Arctic explorer Nikolay Urvantsev, the Norilsk river was probably given its former name, Norilka, in the 16th–17th centuries during the existence of the city Mangazeya, when the Taymyr was settled by Russian fishing people.^[13] It is likely that the name of the river comes from the word «norilo«, a long thin pole that was used to stretch a string of trap nets from hole to hole under the ice.

Some argue the name derives from the Yukagir word «nerile«, meaning «an earthen hill, consisting of some crags, cliffs» (the mountains around Norilsk do indeed resemble «nerile»). According to another version, the name of the river (Norilka) and, accordingly, the city comes from the Evenk word «narus» or «nioril» in the Yukagir language, which means «swamps».^[14] It may also derive from the name of an Evenk tribe, the «Nyurilians», or from the nearby Lake Murilskoye.^[15][16]

HistoryEdit

Map of Norilsk (labeled as NORIL’SK) and the surrounding region (AMS, 1964)

False-color satellite image of Norilsk and the surrounding area (more information)

People knew about the minerals in the Norilsk area as early as the Bronze Age — a site with primitive equipment for smelting and casting, as well as raw materials (balls of native copper), has been discovered near Lake Pyasino.^[17]

In the 16th-17th centuries, copper from the Norilsk deposits was used by the inhabitants of Mangazeya, a city located beyond the Arctic Circle on the Taz River, which was an important regional trading and craft center.^[18] During the excavations of Mangazeya in 1972-1975, Professor Mikhail Ivanovich Belov discovered a vast foundry yard.^[19] Platinoids were found in the remains of the copper wares unearthed there.

Geologist and explorer Nikolay Urvantsev carried out further study of the Norilsk region during expeditions in 1919-1926, which confirmed the presence of rich deposits of coal and polymetallic ores in the western spurs of the Putorana Plateau.^[20]

The first house in Norilsk

In 1921, during one of Urvantsev’s expeditions, a log cabin was built at the northern foot of Mount Schmidtikh.^[21] This hut is considered to be the first building in Norilsk. The cabin was later moved, and is now located near Norilsk Museum. It has the status of a historical monument.^[22]

Norilsk was founded at the end of the 1920s, but the official date of the city’s foundation is traditionally held to be 1935, when the Norillag system of Gulag labour camp was established and prisoners began construction work on the A.P. Zavenyagin Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant. Over the next few years Norilsk grew into a settlement for the Norilsk mining and metallurgical complex, and it was granted urban-type settlement status in 1939 and city status in 1953.^[23]

In the late 1940s, architects began to design a “new” city on the eastern shore of Lake Dolgoye, and Norillag prisoners started building work in 1951. In the summer of 1953, inmates from one of the Norillag camps, Gorlag, went on strike, sparking the Norilsk Uprising.

In 1947, construction began on the Salekhard–Igarka Railway, a line intended to cross northern Siberia. The railway was to have linked the Arctic coal-mining city of Vorkuta in European Russia to the Yenisei River via Salekhard and the Ob River. A spacious railway station was built in Norilsk, in the expectation that the city would eventually have a train service to Moscow,^[24] but construction of the Salekhard–Igarka Railway was halted after Joseph Stalin died in 1953.

To support the new city, the Norilsk railway to the port of Dudinka on the Yenisei River was built, first as a narrow-gauge line (winter 1935–36), later as a 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian standard gauge line (completed in the early 1950s).^[24]

Norillag was officially closed on August 22, 1956, by order No. 0348 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. According to the Norillag archives, 16,806 prisoners died in Norilsk as a result of forced labor, starvation and intense cold during the years the camp was operational (1935–1956). Fatalities were especially high during World War II from 1942 to 1944 when food supplies were particularly scarce. An unknown, yet significant number of prisoners continued to work and die in the mines until around 1979.

Norilsk Golgotha, a memorial to Gulag prisoners who labored at Norilsk

Several memorial structures have been erected in the city to commemorate Norilsk’s Gulag past. The Russian author Boris Ivanov wrote about the most famous of them in his book Paying for Platinum: «In the center of Norilsk, on Gvardeyskaya Square, ‘in an atmosphere of solemnity’, a foundation stone was even set, promising the construction of a monument on this spot to those who created the basis of the plant and this miracle city. This basalt block, weighing 100 poods (1,638 pounds (743 kg)), delivered from Mount Rudnaya. On a plaque attached to it are the words: ‘An obelisk will be built here, an eternal reminder of the feat of the Norilsk people who conquered the tundra, created our city and the plant’. The foundation stone was laid recently by historical standards, on June 26, 1966…»

On July 17, 2020, a monument to the Metallurgists of Norilsk was unveiled at the site of the foundation stone. The foundation stone itself is part of the sculptural composition.^[25]

In the 1980s, the Norilsk Golgotha memorial complex was built on the slope of Mount Schmidtikh to house the mass graves of the prisoners who founded the city. Poland and the (ex-Soviet) Baltic states have erected monuments to their countrymen who died here. Icon lamps also burn in an Orthodox chapel set on the mountainside.

The discovery in 1966 of the Oktyabrskoye deposit of copper-nickel ores, located 40 kilometers northeast of Norilsk, was a milestone in the further development of the region.^[26] The mining settlement of Talnakh was founded at the same time. A new complex, the Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant, was built 15 km west of Norilsk to process the raw materials from the new deposits. Work began in 1971 and the complex was finished in 1981.

A number of Finnish companies assisted in the construction and automation of Norilsk’s No. 2 copper and nickel smelters (in the Nadezhda complex), which led to substantial numbers of Finnish metallurgical and automation experts and their families coming to Norilsk from 1978 onward, creating a Finnish expat community of some hundreds of people for a couple of years.^[27]

Khrushchyovka apartment buildings in Talnakh, a district of Norilsk

Today Talnakh is the area’s major mining/enrichment site. Enriched ore emulsion is pumped from here to Norilsk’s metallurgy plants.

Enriched nickel and copper are transported from Dudinka to Murmansk by sea, and from there to the Monchegorsk enrichment and smelting plant on the Kola Peninsula, while more precious content goes upriver to Krasnoyarsk. This transportation takes place only during the summer. The port of Dudinka is closed and dismantled during spring flooding in late May, when waters can rise by up to 20 meters (66 ft) (a typical spring occurrence on all Siberian rivers, caused by winter ice obstructing meltwater from upstream).^[28]

Norilsk-Talnakh continues to be a dangerous mine to work in. According to the mining company, there were 2.4 accidents per 1,000 workers in 2005. In 2017, Norilsk Nickel claimed that it had reduced its overall lost time injury frequency rate (LTIFR) by almost 60% since 2013.^[29]

In June 2020, 20,000 tons of diesel fuel spilled from the tank of an NTEK power plant, polluting hundreds of square kilometers and causing serious damage to the local ecosystem.

Norilsk remains a closed city, and foreign citizens require special permission to visit the area.^[30]

Administrative and municipal statusEdit

Within the Russian system of administrative divisions, it is, together with the urban-type settlement of Snezhnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory, incorporated as the district city of Norilsk—an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the districts.^[1] As a municipal division, the district city of Norilsk is incorporated as the Norilsk Urban Okrug.^[5]

Since 2005, the city of Norilsk has been divided into three geographically disparate administrative districts:

Central region (including Oganer) — 113,042

Talnakh — 48,478^[31]

Kayerkan — 21,181^[32]

GovernmentEdit

Norilsk City Council of DeputiesEdit

Elected: 10.09.2017

Formed: 21.09.2017. Executive term: 5 years

Chairman: Aleksandr Pestryakov^[33]

Source: NORILSK CITY DEPUTY COUNCIL^[34]

Mayor of NorilskEdit

27.01.2021-present — Dmitry Karasyov. Executive term: 5 years.

Legislative Assembly of the Krasnoyarsk TerritoryEdit

In September 2021, the composition of the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnoyarsk Territory was updated. Sergei Sizonenko was elected deputy for Taymyr constituency No. 23.^[35]

DemographicsEdit

PopulationEdit

The population of Norilsk is 175,365 (2010 Census).^[3][36] After the fall of the USSR the population dropped by 40,000, but this was offset by the subsequent merger of the towns of Kayerkan and Talnakh into Norilsk, maintaining a permanent population of 175,000. Including temporary residents, the population can reach up to 220,000.

Life expectancy for local residents is about 10 years less than average Russian life expectancy,^[37] which as of 2013 was around 69 years.^[38]

Population history

1939	1959	1962	1967	1970	1973	1976	1979	1982
13,886	109,442	117,000	129,000	135,487	150,000	167,000	180,358	183,000
1989	1992	1995	1998	2002	2005	2010	2020	2021
174,673	165,000	164,000	156,000	134,832	131,900	175,365	181,830	182,701

Ethnic compositionEdit

Stroganina, sliced raw fish, is one of the traditional foods eaten by Siberia’s northern indigenous peoples.

The city has an ethnically diverse population. As of 2010, the predominant ethnic and cultural groups were Russians, Ukrainians, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Lezgins, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Ossetians, Nogai, and Kazakhs. The population of Norilsk consists almost entirely of people who moved to the city in the second half of the 20th century and their descendants, but many of the descendants of prisoners who were amnestied in 1953 still live in the city. There are very few representatives of indigenous ethnicities — Nenets, Enets, Nganasans and Dolgans — in the city.

There were 77 recognized ethnic groups in Norilsk as of 2010.^[39]

Ethnicity	Population	Percentage
Russians	129,545	73.9%
Ukrainians	9,165	5.2%
Azerbaijanis	5,371	3.1%
Tatars	2,972	1.7%
Chuvash	1,211	0.7%
Bashkirs	1,155	0.7%
Belarusians	1,133	0.6%
Others or undeclared	24,813	14.1%

As of January 1, 2021, in terms of population, the city ranked 103rd out of 1,116 cities in the Russian Federation.

	2009	2017	2018	2019	2020
Born	2,407	2,478	2,381	2,120	2,148
Died	1,205	1,055	1,024	841	1,061
Natural population increase	1,202	1,423	1,357	1,279	1,087
Migration inflow	3,591	13,395	14,207	12,585	11,692
Migration outflow	6,752	13,233	14,139	13,024	11,692
Increase/decrease due to migration	-3,161	162	68	-439	-257

Source — FEDERAL SERVICE OF STATE STATISTICS^[40]

ReligionEdit

Orthodox Christianity is the main religion in Norilsk. There is a Russian Orthodox cathedral, several Russian Orthodox churches and a Ukrainian Orthodox church. There is also a mosque in Norilsk. Built in 1998 and belonging to the local Tatar community, it is considered to be the northernmost Muslim prayer house in the world.^[42]

Since 2014, the city has been the center of the newly formed Norilsk Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Time zoneEdit

Norilsk is on Krasnoyarsk Time, seven hours ahead of UTC (UTC+07:00) and 4 hours ahead of Moscow Time (MSK+4)

Geography and natural environmentEdit

Winters in Norilsk are long, cold, dark, and very snowy.

Norilsk sits between the West Siberian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau at the foot of the 1,700-meter-high (5,600 ft) Putorana Mountains. It is one of the world’s most northerly settlements and is both the largest city built on permafrost and the largest city inside the Arctic Circle.^[43] Norilsk has an extremely harsh subarctic climate (according to the Köppen climate classification, it is between subarctic (Dfc) to tundra (ET)). It is one of the coldest cities in the world – far colder than Murmansk, which is located at almost the same latitude.^[44]

As a result of Norilsk’s geographical isolation on the Taimyr Peninsula, the rest of Russia is usually referred to as “the mainland”, and expressions like “move to the mainland” or “on the mainland” are common among locals.

ClimateEdit

Despite being located inside the Arctic Circle, Norilsk has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc) with very long, extremely cold winters (from early October to May) and very short, mild summers. Norilsk experiences negative temperatures for about 240 days a year, and snow cover lasts from seven to nine months, with more than 50 days of snowstorms.^[45] Strong winds are common. The average temperature in January is about -27 °C.^[46]

The midnight sun is above the horizon from May 20 to July 24, and the time when the sun does not rise, polar night, lasts from approximately November 30 to January 13.^[47]

Summer is short (mid-July) and cool, with an average July high of +14.3°C, though temperatures can sometimes rise above 25 °C (77 °F).

Norilsk has an average annual air temperature of −9.6 °C, with an annual variation of absolute temperatures of 85 °C. The average annual relative humidity is about 76%.

Much of the surrounding area is naturally treeless tundra, and there are very few trees in the city itself.

Climate data for Norilsk
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	−0.6 (30.9)	−0.6 (30.9)	7.4 (45.3)	14.0 (57.2)	23.0 (73.4)	32.0 (89.6)	32.0 (89.6)	30.2 (86.4)	24.5 (76.1)	16.1 (61.0)	2.8 (37.0)	−0.4 (31.3)	32.0 (89.6)
Average high °C (°F)	−23.6 (−10.5)	−23.9 (−11.0)	−18.4 (−1.1)	−10.0 (14.0)	−1.7 (28.9)	10.4 (50.7)	18.2 (64.8)	15.0 (59.0)	6.9 (44.4)	−6.7 (19.9)	−16.9 (1.6)	−21.6 (−6.9)	−6.0 (21.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−26.9 (−16.4)	−27.2 (−17.0)	−21.9 (−7.4)	−13.9 (7.0)	−4.8 (23.4)	7.0 (44.6)	14.3 (57.7)	11.4 (52.5)	4.0 (39.2)	−9.5 (14.9)	−20.2 (−4.4)	−25.1 (−13.2)	−9.6 (14.7)
Average low °C (°F)	−30.7 (−23.3)	−31.0 (−23.8)	−26.4 (−15.5)	−18.5 (−1.3)	−8.4 (16.9)	3.2 (37.8)	10.0 (50.0)	7.6 (45.7)	1.2 (34.2)	−12.5 (9.5)	−23.9 (−11.0)	−28.9 (−20.0)	−13.4 (7.9)
Record low °C (°F)	−53.1 (−63.6)	−52.0 (−61.6)	−48.0 (−54.4)	−38.7 (−37.7)	−26.8 (−16.2)	−9.8 (14.4)	0.4 (32.7)	−1.7 (28.9)	−13.0 (8.6)	−36.0 (−32.8)	−48.9 (−56.0)	−51.0 (−59.8)	−53.1 (−63.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	17.6 (0.69)	16.1 (0.63)	28.4 (1.12)	21.1 (0.83)	24 (0.9)	34.4 (1.35)	32.4 (1.28)	52.2 (2.06)	26 (1.0)	35.9 (1.41)	30.8 (1.21)	22.1 (0.87)	341 (13.4)
Average precipitation days	11.7	10.9	14.0	13.9	15.7	14.0	13.4	15.9	16.3	18.5	13.7	13.6	171.6
Mean daily sunshine hours	0	1	5	8	8	8	10	6	3	2	0	0	4
Average ultraviolet index	0	0	1	2	3	3	4	3	1	0	0	0	1
Source: Weatherbase [48] MeteoBlue [49] Weather Atlas [50] OGMIET[51][52][53][54]

Norilsk-Talnakh nickel depositsEdit

Rich platinum-copper ore, Oktyabrsky Mine, Norilsk. Click image for details.

The nickel deposits of Norilsk-Talnakh are the largest-known nickel-copper-palladium deposits in the world. The deposit was formed 250 million years ago during the eruption of the Siberian Traps igneous province (STIP). The STIP erupted over one million cubic kilometers of lava, a large portion of it through a series of flat-lying lava conduits below Norilsk and the Talnakh Mountains.^[55]

The current resource known for these mineralized intrusion exceeds 1.8 billion tons.^[56]

Norilsk is a center of non-ferrous metallurgy and is home to mining giant Norilsk Nickel’s mining operations.^[57] The smelting of the nickel ore is directly responsible for severe pollution, which generally takes the form of acid rain and smog. By some estimates, Norilsk’s nickel mines produce 1 percent of global sulfur dioxide (SO
₂) emissions.^[58]

EcologyEdit

Norilsk is a city with an extremely unfavorable ecological and environmental situation, but recent initiatives have begun to tackle some of the region’s most serious pollution issues.

PollutionEdit

Russia’s Federal State Statistics Service lists Norilsk as the most polluted city in Russia. In 2017, Norilsk produced 1.798 million tons of carbon pollutants—nearly six times more than the 304,600 tons that was generated by Russia’s second-most polluted city, Cherepovets. Norilsk, the report states, decontaminates almost half of its emissions.^[59]

In addition, the Blacksmith Institute has included Norilsk in its list of the 10 most polluted places on Earth. The list cites air pollution by particulates, including radioisotopes strontium-90, and caesium-137; the metals nickel, copper, cobalt, and lead; selenium; and by gases (such as nitrogen and carbon oxides, sulfur dioxide, phenols and hydrogen sulfide). The Institute estimates that 4 million tons of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, arsenic, selenium and zinc are released into the air every year.^[60]

Nickel ore is smelted at the company’s processing site at Norilsk. This smelting is directly responsible for severe pollution, which generally comes in the form of acid rain and smog. By some estimates, Norilsk’s nickel mines produce 1 percent of global sulfur dioxide emissions.^[61][58] Heavy metal pollution near Norilsk is so severe that it has now become economically feasible to mine surface soil, as the soil has acquired such high concentrations of platinum and palladium.^[62]

According to an April 2007 BBC News report,^[63] Norilsk Nickel accepted personal responsibility for what had happened to the forests around the city, and insisted that the company was implementing measures to reduce pollution. In 2016, company chairman Vladimir Potanin admitted that environmental issues were the company’s biggest problem.^[64]

In September 2016, images surfaced on social media of the nearby Daldykan River, which had turned red.^[65] Russia’s Environment Ministry issued a statement claiming that preliminary evidence pointed towards Nornickel-owned wastewater pipes from a nearby smelting plant as the source of the contamination. The company referred to intense rainfall and insisted that the incident of sedimentary coloring presented no danger to people or wildlife. The smelting plant, the company said, was in the process of being modernized.^[66] Nonetheless, accusations of illegal waste dumping continue to plague the company.^[67]

Environmental initiativesEdit

The closure of the nickel plant in June 2016 was an important step toward the improvement of the environmental situation in the city, and made it possible to cut annual pollutant emissions from the plant by about 400,000 tons.

Norilsk Nickel has stated that the total emissions of its Russian operations were 6% lower in 2016 than in 2015, primarily thanks to the shutdown of the smelter. Following the completion of a large-scale project to upgrade the Talnakh concentrator, the enterprise’s capacity has grown by more than 30%, from 7.6 to 10.2 million tons of ore per year. In addition to achieving higher production rates, the goal of the modernization was also to reduce the negative impact on the environment by increasing the recovery of sulfur from ore to tailings.

In 2017, Norilsk Nickel announced that it had invested $14 billion in a major development program aimed at reducing sulfur dioxide emissions in Norilsk by 75% by 2023, using 2015 as a base year. One of the bigger steps taken to combat pollution was the closure of Nornickel’s old smelter in Norilsk, the main source of SO₂ emissions within the city boundaries since 1942.^[68]

In 2018, Norilsk Nickel announced the Sulfur Project, which includes the modernization of the Copper Plant, located within the city, and the relocation of blister copper production to the Nadezhda plant, outside the city. Norilsk’s Arena sports and entertainment complex has a showroom where you can see information about the Sulfur Program and Norilsk Nickel’s other environmental projects.

In 2021, the Clean Norilsk project was launched, with the support of Federal Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology Alexander Kozlov. The aim of the initiative is to demolish about 500 abandoned buildings and structures, and remove about 2 million square meters of industrial waste. The Clean Norilsk project was included in the nationwide environmental program Clean Arctic.

President Putin chairing a meeting about the fuel spill on June 3, 2020.^[69]

May 2020 diesel spillEdit

On May 29, 2020 a fuel reservoir owned by Nornickel subsidiary NTEK at CHPP-3 ruptured during depressurization, spilling approximately 21,000 tons of diesel fuel and directly threatening the ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean. It was one of the largest oil spills in Russian history. As a result of the leak, according to preliminary estimates, 6,000 tons soaked into the ground, and 15,000 tons leaked into the nearby Ambarnaya River and Daldykan River. By June 3, according to Rosprirodnadzor, the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in the water of the Ambarnaya River exceeded the norm by tens of thousands of times. Vladimir Putin, the Russian president, declared a state of emergency.^[70] The fuel was a reserve used as a backup for the main gas supply to a power plant.^[71] The storage tank was built on permafrost, which, according to a statement by the company, could possibly have melted and become unstable due to climate change. An area of 350 square kilometers (135 square miles) was contaminated and it is proving difficult to clean up the area because there are no roads and the river is too shallow for boats and barges. Oleg Mitvol, former deputy head of Rosprirodnadzor, estimated that the clean-up would cost about 100 billion rubles (US$1.5 billion) and take 5–10 years.^[72]

Vice-speaker of the Taymyr Duma Sergey Sizonenko noted that about 700 of Taymyr’s indigenous people live in the affected area.

As a result of the proceedings, Norilsk Nickel was obliged to pay a fine of 146 billion rubles, which went into the federal budget of the Russian Federation, rather than the budget of the municipality. On August 26, 2021, the head of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation Alexander Chupriyan announced that clean-up work was complete.

WaterEdit

At the beginning of 2020, 43 water treatment facilities were operational in Norilsk. The system is constantly being upgraded. The modernization work is partly funded by Norilsk Nickel.

EconomyEdit

Norilsk Nickel, Nadezhda Plant

MMC Norilsk Nickel (formerly the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine), a mining company, is the principal employer in the Norilsk area.^[73] Norilsk is a major center of non-ferrous metallurgy; the following non-ferrous metals are mined here: copper, nickel, cobalt; precious metals: palladium, osmium, platinum, gold, silver, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium; by-products: technical sulfur, metallic selenium and tellurium, sulfuric acid. The company produces 35% of the world’s palladium, 25% of its platinum, 20% of its nickel, 20% of its rhodium, and 10% of its cobalt. In Russia, 96% of nickel, 95% of cobalt, and 55% of copper is produced by Norilsk Nickel. In 2007 the total volume of commodities produced and services carried out by the company in various manufacturing industries amounted to 321.5 billion rubles. In 2021 Norilsk Nickel’s net profit increased by 92% to $6.974 billion.

The Norilsk industrial region has all the necessary infrastructure for the production of non-ferrous metals: electric power, hydropower, industrial construction and building material production, and repair and service enterprises.

Energy is supplied from the Norilsk CHPP-1, CHPP-2, and CHPP-3 combined cycle power plants, which are located in different parts of the city and are owned by Norilsk Nickel. The company’s industrial enterprises are the principal consumers of electricity in the city.

TransportEdit

The city is served by Alykel Airport and Valek Airport. The Norilsk railway links Norilsk to the port of Dudinka on the Yenisei River, but has been freight-only since 1998.

There is a road network around Norilsk (such as the A-382 which links to Dudinka and Norilsk Alykel Airport), but the city is not connected to the rest of Russia by road or rail. In essence, Norilsk and Dudinka are an island. As there is no overland communication with the «Big Land», groups of enthusiasts make road trips to Norilsk in off-road vehicles from other cities in Russia.

Freight is transported to and from Norilsk via Dudinka by boat on the Arctic Ocean or on the Yenisei.^[74] Dudinka is connected by sea with Arkhangelsk and Murmansk year-round, and by river with Krasnoyarsk and Dikson during the summer navigation period.

Norilsk has a municipal bus network, and there is also a bus service to Dudinka. Several dozen taxi firms operate in the city. In bad weather, workers from Norilsk Nickel’s industrial enterprises, which are located outside the city, are transported to and from the sites in off-road vehicles.

Norilsk AirportEdit

Norilsk (Alykel) airport is located 35 kilometers west of the city center. Large-scale reconstruction in 2005-2008 upgraded the passenger terminal building to a modern international standard. In 2016-2018, a large-scale project was carried out to upgrade the airport’s runway. This has made it possible to increase the airport’s capacity, offer more flights and increase air safety.

In the summer of 2020, reconstruction work began on the airport as part of a state program to develop Russia’s transport network. Total investment amounts to more than 12.5 billion rubles (of which 5.8 billion rubles has been invested by Norilsk Nickel).

The vehicle license plate code for Norilsk is 24 RUS and 124 RUS.

CommunicationEdit

Norilsk has a six-digit telephone numbering plan. All districts of the city are connected by a single telephone network.

Fixed-line communications for the population and organizations are provided by MTS, Norilsk Telecom, NN-Infocom, and Rostelecom.

Cellular communication began to develop relatively late in Norilsk: the first operator, Yeniseitelecom, began offering services only in December 2001. There are currently four mobile operators in the city: Yeniseitelecom (since 2001; since 2012 — under the Rostelecom brand; since July 31, 2015 — Tele2 Russia), Beeline (since 2002), MTS (since 2003) and MegaFon (since 2006). All of them, in addition to GSM communications, also provide third-generation services in the UMTS standards (Beeline, MTS and MegaFon, Tele2 Russia) and IMT-MC-450 (Tele2 Russia). Apart from MTS, all these mobile operators, built their own networks from scratch. MTS entered the Norilsk market as a result of the purchase of LLC Sibchallenge (the Taymyrsky Telefon (TT) brand) in 2003.

Since September 22, 2017, communication with the «mainland» has been carried out via fiber optic transmission; before that, communication could only be carried out via satellite channels; there were no cable lines connecting Norilsk with other cities.

A characteristic feature of Norilsk’s cable network is the presence of communication cables in sewage pipes (on the surface); on the «mainland» the cables are laid in a cable duct.

Norilsk’s troposcatter communication station was dismantled in the first half of the 2000s.

Since 2017, internet connection speeds have improved due to the installation of a 957-km (595 mi) communications cable laid along the Yenisei River toward Krasnoyarsk.^[75]

On June 3, 2019, the city switched to digital television, and most TV channels stopped broadcasting using an analogue signal.

Fiber optic communicationEdit

Until 2017, Norilsk was the last major city in Russia without high-speed internet access — access to the network was provided by a satellite channel with a speed of only 1 GB/s. The laying of a fiber optic line was complicated by the long distance (956 km) and severe weather conditions (up to -60 degrees in winter). The country’s «big three» telecom operators did not dare to undertake the project, which was instead handled by the Norilsk Nickel subsidiary Unity. Broadband internet started working in the city in September 2017. The launch was attended by Minister of Telecom and Mass Communications Nikolay Nikiforov and President of Norilsk Nickel Vladimir Potanin. Connectivity is now 40 times faster — up to 40 GB/s. The construction of the fiber optic line cost Norilsk Nickel 2.5 billion rubles, an investment that will not pay off, according to Russian business daily Vedomosti.

EducationEdit

Norilsk has a number of higher education institutions:

• Fedorovsky Polar State University [ru]^[76]
• Zabaikalsky State University Polytechnic College^[77]
• Norilsk College of Arts^[78]
• Norilsk Pedagogical College^[79]
• Norilsk Medical College^[80]
• Norilsk College of Industrial Technologies and Service^[81]

There are also several branches of higher educational institutions based in other Russian cities.^[82]

The city has 80 institutions in the general education system: 38 pre-school educational and 29 secondary schools, six preparatory schools, one lyceum, and six further education institutions (the Station for Young Technicians, the Center for Extracurricular Activities, the House of Children’s Creativity, the Social and Educational Center, the Station for Children’s and Youth Tourism and Excursions, and the Palace of Creativity for Children and Youth).^[83]

There are 41 municipal budgetary autonomous preschool educational institutions in Norilsk, including the Child Development Center. Ten of the city’s general education institutions offer specialized professional development classes.

CultureEdit

Norilsk Polar Drama Theater

Norilsk has a wide range of cultural institutions, including the Norilsk Museum and exhibition complex (which includes an art gallery and the «First House of Norilsk» house-museum),^[84] the Norilsk Municipal Cultural Center,^[85] the Norilsk Polar Drama Theater,^[86] the Norilsk Youth Theater & Studio, cinemas, a sports and entertainment complex,^[87] a music school, and art schools for children and adults, as well as many monuments and historical buildings.^[88]

The Norilsk Polar Drama Theater is one of the world’s most northernmost theaters.^[89] Founded in 1941 in Norillag, the troupe originally consisted mainly of prisoners. Artists such as Georgiy Zhzhonov (1949-1953, after imprisonment), E. Urusova (1950-1954, after imprisonment), Innokenty Smoktunovsky (1946-1951), V. Lukyanov, and V. Abramitskaya, E. Mokienko, A. Shcheglov, and I. Rozovsky all performed in the Norilsk Drama Theater at one time. From 1954-1962, Honored Artist of the RSFSR Efim Gelfand was the chief director of the theater. The theater also collaborated with Grigory Gorin and Yuli Kim, whose musical «How the Soldier Ivan Chonkin Guarded the Plane,» based on Vladimir Voinovich’s novel The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin, was staged in Norilsk for the first time and awarded the Golden Ostap Prize at a satire and humor festival in St. Petersburg (1997). In 2009, the Norilsk Polar Drama Theater was classified as a cultural heritage site of special value in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.^[90]

The city hosts several annual major cultural and entertainment festivals, such as the Bolshoi Argish festival, the Land is Our Common Home festival, and others.^[91][92]

Norilsk’s library system has been recognized as the best in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.^[93] Libraries are found in every district of the city.

Exhibitions, concerts, creative gatherings, performances by local groups and touring artists regularly take place at the museum and exhibition complex, the Norilsk Municipal Cultural Center, and other cultural and leisure centers in the city.

As in other cities built around metallurgical enterprises, Metallurgist’s Day (July 17) is an important festival. Members of indigenous northern ethnicities (Nenets, Dolgans, etc.) celebrate the festival of Heiro, which marks the return of the sun to the sky after the polar night.

In June 2021, Norilsk Nickel announced a RUB 4 billion project to create an Arctic Museum of Contemporary Art (AMMA), which includes the reconstruction of the House of Trade building and the opening of an 8,500-square-meter museum.^[94]

ArchitectureEdit

Residential building on Leninsky Prospekt in Norilsk with premises for social and cultural institutions on the lower floors, built in the 1950s

The head of the Norilsk camps, Avraami Zavenyagin, was made responsible for restructuring the camp barracks into a full-fledged city. The architects — Gevorg Kochar, Mikael Mazmanyan, Olgerd Trushinsh — were prisoners of Norillag. They were supervised by Vitold Nepokoichitsky, who arrived from Leningrad in 1939, so the first blocks to be constructed in the city were built in the neoclassical style and resemble St. Petersburg. Nepokoichitsky’s wife, Lydia Minenko, also made a notable contribution.^[95] Local features such as Lake Dolgoye and reservoirs in the southwestern district were taken into account in the masterplan. The layout of the city was based on a main avenue, interrupted in places by squares.

One of the main challenges was to minimize the impact of strong winds. The first solutions were unsuccessful (it was initially assumed that snow would be swept out along the city’s streets, which were specially laid out along the axes of the prevailing winds, but the winds turned out to be too strong, and there was too much snow). After that, the decision was taken to use compact perimeter blocks, which determined the appearance of the city.^[96]

In the 1960s, districts of standardized panel housing were built in the outskirts of Norilsk.

The city is unusual in that its gas and water pipes, which are typically laid underground elsewhere, run overground. This is due to the problems created by the seasonal melting and freezing of the top layer of permafrost.^[97]

The city center is dominated by buildings in neoclassical style, with outlying residential areas consisting of tower blocks.^[97]

Effects of thawing permafrostEdit

Rising Arctic temperatures are causing permafrost to thaw, cracking foundations and making many of the city’s buildings increasingly unstable. In response, regional authorities have announced a 650-million-ruble (€7.9 million) thermal stabilisation program for 10 Norilsk apartment buildings whose foundations are under threat.^[98]

The system consists of a network of pipes through which refrigerant circulates, helping to freeze the foundations in the ground. Soil cooling systems were installed alongside two buildings in 2019 and 2020, and the thermal stabilisation program is scheduled to be completed in 2024.^[99]

MediaEdit

TelevisionEdit

The Norilsk Television Station broadcasts the signal from Russia’s First and Second Digital Multiplexes in the DVB-T2 format.

On November 16, 2020, the city launched Norilsk TV, its first municipal round-the-clock channel, broadcast by local cable operators MTS and Norсom under number 24.^[100] Another local channel, Severny Gorod Norilsk (“The Northern City of Norilsk”) presents its news broadcasts on the Klyuch channel several times a day. Until August 2019, news was produced and broadcast by the GTRK Norilsk Television and Radio Company, a division of VGTRK that was subsequently closed due to reorganization.^[101][102]

Radio stationsEdit

• 72.68 MHz — Radio Mayak (silent)
• 87.5 MHz — Radio Mayak
• 87.9 MHz — Radio Rossii / GTRK Krasnoyarsk (Kayerkan)
• 90.3 MHz — Vesti FМ
• 91.1 MHz — Nashe Radio
• 91.5 MHz — Novoye Radio
• 101.0 MHz — Hit FM
• 101.4 MHz — Radio Rossii / GTRK Krasnoyarsk
• 102.0 MHz — Love Radio
• 102.5 MHz — Dorozhnoye Radio
• 103.0 MHz — Delta Radio
• 103.5 MHz — Megapolis FM
• 104.0 MHz — Russkoye Radio
• 104.5 MHz — Radio Iskatel
• 105.0 MHz — Europa Plus
• 105.7 MHz — Radio ENERGY
• 106.0 MHz — AvtoRadio
• 106.5 MHz — Radio Dacha
• 107.0 MHz — Radio Shanson
• 107.4 MHz — Radio Vera
• 107.8 MHz — Retro FM

Print publicationsEdit

Norilsk’s city newspaper, Zapolyarnaya Pravda, was founded in 1953. Since then, the newspaper has been a source of relevant information on the city’s day-to-day life, the operation of its enterprises and organizations, and its residents’ lives.

Apart from Zapolyarnaya Pravda, the local print-based press consists of free papers containing adverts and commercial information.

HealthcareEdit

Norilsk’s residents enjoy a full range of public healthcare services offered by institutions that report to the Ministry of Healthcare of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. All city districts have outpatient clinics for children and adults, emergency rooms, and dentist clinics. An inter-district children’s hospital is also available. The city operates a blood center.

The healthcare sector also features a broad range of private institutions offering a variety of services.

Norilsk’s largest hospital is the general city hospital (KGBUZ Norilsk Interdistrict Hospital No. 1), located in the Oganer residential area.^[103]

In December 2018, Norilsk completed the construction of a maternity center.^[104]

December 2021 saw the inauguration of the first of five healthcare centers Nornickel had promised to build. The remaining four are expected to start operating before 2025.^[105]

SportEdit

The logo of MFK Norilsk Nickel, Norilsk’s futsal club

The city is proud of its futsal club, MFK Norilsk Nickel, which competes in the Super League. Founded in 1993, the club’s current president is Pavel Belkin. Norilsk Nickel won the Russian championship in the 2001/2002 and made it to the Russian Cup finals in 1999/2000, 2014/15, and 2017/18, eventually winning the trophy in 2019/20. In 2020/2021, the team came third in the Russian championship.^[106]

In 2021, Norilsk hosted a basketball match between a representative team from the Norilsk division and PBC CSKA Moscow.^[107]

The city’s range of sports amenities includes the Arktika multidisciplinary sports palace; swimming pools in the Central District, Talnakh, and Kayerkan; the Zapolyarnik outdoor stadium; the BOKMO sports complex; the House of Physical Education in the city center; the Ldinka indoor skating rink; the Solnyshko stadium; and many more sports clubs and centers with a variety of opportunities for sports and fitness. For winter sports Norilsk has the Ol-Gul professional skiing center, the Oganer ski lodge, and the Gora Otdelnaya ski resort. In the summer, suburban tourist centers offer outdoor sports facilities for children and grown-ups. The city also has a junior sports academy.

In 2006, construction work began on a multi-purpose stadium in Metallurgov Square. It was later transformed into the Arena Norilsk shopping mall, which opened its doors in December 2013. In September 2015, the shopping mall welcomed visitors to the new X-Fit-Sever fitness center and the Tropicana water park and swimming pool.

Norilsk has nine municipal extracurricular sports centers, where schoolchildren can choose from a variety of sports and activities: basketball, volleyball, acrobatics, gymnastics, trampoline, track and field, cross-country skiing, fencing, boxing, wrestling, swimming, taekwondo, judo, weightlifting, karate, futsal, figure skating, hockey, and water polo.

Another popular local sport is curling. Norilsk and Dudinka host the international WCT Arctic Cup, which features teams from Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, and Estonia. The championship is supported by the Russian Curling Federation and Nornickel.^[108]

On December 17, 2020, Nornickel announced the opening of Aika, a sports center of over 10,000 square meters. The company has invested 3.6 billion rubles into its construction.^[109]

Edit

In 2021, the Russian government, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Norilsk and Norilsk Nickel approved^[110] a series of projects for the development of the city through to 2035 with a budget of 120.1 billion rubles (24 billion from the treasury, 14.8 billion from the budget of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 81.3 billion from Norilsk Nickel’s funds). Projects include renovation of the housing stock, repairs to infrastructure, and the relocation of residents to areas with more favorable living conditions.^[111] As of January 1, 2021, 8,064 families from Norilsk and Dudinka had purchased apartments and moved to the «mainland».^[112]

Notable peopleEdit

People born in Norilsk:

• Vakha Albakov (born 1985), footballer
• Ahmed Anarbayev (born 1948), swimmer
• Alexander Auzan (born 1954), economist
• Andrey Bartenev (born 1965), artist^[113]
• Vladimir Bure (born 1950), swimmer^[114]
• Mikhail Chachba (1930-1967), diver
• Oksana Cherkasova (born 1951), animator
• Oleksandr Glotov (born 1953), Ukrainian journalist
• Leonid Ilyichov (born 1948), swimmer
• Vladislav Karapuzov (born 2000), footballer
• Mikhail Popkov (born 1964), prolific serial killer
• Yuriy Prodan (born 1959), politician
• Viktor Semchenkov (born 1942), swimmer
• Alexander Shikov (1948-2013), materials scientist^[115]
• Sergey Smagin (born 1958), chess grandmaster
• Evgeny Solovyov (born 1992), ice hockey player
• Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, political activist and member of Pussy Riot^[116]
• Viktor Tomenko (born 1971), statesman
• Dmitri Torbinski (born 1984), footballer
• Andrey Tveryankin (born 1967), Azerbaijani futsai player
• Natalia Yurchenko (born 1965), gymnast^[117]
• Ivan V. Zaitsev (born 1975), Russian-born Kazakhstani water polo player

Twin citiesEdit

Norilsk is twinned with two other cities:

•  Minusinsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory^[118][119]
•  Nesebar, Bulgaria^[120]

See alsoEdit

• Colony
• Human outpost
• Mill town
• Tunguska Basin

ReferencesEdit

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90. ^ «Об отнесении объектов культурного достояния к числу особо ценных объектов культурного наследия Красноярского края от 24 декабря 2009 — docs.cntd.ru». docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
91. ^ «Фестиваль «Большой Аргиш»». www.argish-fest.ru (in Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2022.
92. ^ «Край — наш общий дом». Сайт про Норильск «Заполярная правда» (in Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2022.
93. ^ «Норильская детская библиотека признана лучшей в крае». Таймырский телеграф (in Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2022.
94. ^ ««Норникель» построит в Норильске Арктический музей современного искусства: каким он будет». Forbes.ru (in Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2022.
95. ^ «Дело было в Норильске». Сайт про Норильск «Заполярная правда» (in Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2022.
96. ^ Sorokina, Anna (July 27, 2018). «5 facts about Norilsk, one of the northernmost cities in the world». Russia Beyond. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
97. ^ ^{a b} Noizz (December 11, 2021), Mróz, wieczna ciemność i czarny śnieg. Żeby wjechać do miasta, trzeba zgody FSB (in Polish), onet.pl
98. ^ https://tass.ru/obschestvo/12710379^{[bare URL]}
99. ^ https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2021/10/norilsk-starts-cooling-ground-preserve-buildings-thawing-permafrost^{[bare URL]}
100. ^ «Команда телеканала Норильск ТВ». Сайт про Норильск «Заполярная правда». Retrieved January 20, 2016.
101. ^ «Конец эфира ГТРК Норильск, начало вечернего блока Северного города (Декабрь 2003)». YouTube. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
102. ^ «Телеканал «Северный город» «переезжает» на новую кнопку». Таймырский телеграф. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
103. ^ «Территориальное отделение министерства здравоохранения Красноярского края в городе Норильске — Официальный сайт города Норильска». norilsk-city.ru. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
104. ^ «Перинатальный центр Норильска принял первых пациенток». kraszdrav.ru. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
105. ^ ««Норникель» открыл первый корпоративный медцентр в Норильске». Ведомости. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
106. ^ «Ассоциация мини-футбола России». amfr.ru. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
107. ^ «Баскетболисты ЦСКА обыграли норильчан». Таймырский телеграф. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
108. ^ «В Дудинке стартовал международный турнир по керлингу WCT Arctic Cup 2021». Таймырский телеграф. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
109. ^ «Физкультурно-оздоровительный комплекс открылся в Норильске». December 17, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
110. ^ «Правительство утвердило комплексный план социально-экономического развития Норильска до 2035 года». December 14, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
111. ^ «Подписано четырехстороннее соглашение о развитии Норильска». Таймырский телеграф (in Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2022.
112. ^ «В Норильске началась подготовка к реализации программы переселения | Северный город». sgnorilsk.ru (in Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2022.
113. ^ Waldemar Januszczak (January 20, 2008). «Darker than it looks». Times Online. London. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
114. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. «Vladimir Bure». Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020.
115. ^ «Alex Shikov | Superconductivity News Forum».
116. ^ Ottesen, K. K. «Pussy Riot’s Nadya Tolokonnikova reflects on the roots of her rebellion». Washington Post.
117. ^ «Bio — Natalia Vladamirovna Yurchenko». Natalia Yurchenko.
118. ^ «Красноярский край. Подписана программа совместных действий городов-побратимов Норильска и Минусинска на 2002 год». ИА REGNUM (in Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2022.
119. ^ «Здесь поставят часовню». Сайт про Норильск «Заполярная правда» (in Russian). Retrieved March 20, 2022.
120. ^ «Норильск и болгарский Несебр стали городами-побратимами — Официальный сайт города Норильска». www.norilsk-city.ru. Retrieved March 20, 2022.

General sourcesEdit

• Законодательное собрание Красноярского края. Закон №10-4765 от 10 июня 2010 г. «О перечне административно-территориальных единиц и территориальных единиц Красноярского края», в ред. Закона №7-3007 от 16 декабря 2014 г. «Об изменении административно-территориального устройства Большеулуйского района и о внесении изменений в Закон края «О перечне административно-территориальных единиц и территориальных единиц Красноярского края»». Вступил в силу 1 июля 2010 г. Опубликован: «Ведомости высших органов государственной власти Красноярского края», №33(404), 5 июля 2010 г. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Law #10-4765 of June 10, 2010 On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Territorial Units of Krasnoyarsk Krai, as amended by the Law #7-3007 of December 16, 2014 On Changing the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Bolsheuluysky District and on Amending the Krai Law «On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Territorial Units of Krasnoyarsk Krai». Effective as of July 1, 2010.).
• Законодательное собрание Красноярского края. Закон №12-2697 от 10 декабря 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального образования город Норильск статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №5-1826 от 21 ноября 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Законы края об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований Красноярского края». Вступил в силу через десять дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Ведомости высших органов государственной власти Красноярского края», №34, 19 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Law #12-2697 of December 10, 2004 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Norilsk, as amended by the Law #5-1826 of November 21, 2013 On Amending the Krai Laws on Establishing the Borders and Granting an Appropriate Status to the Municipal Formations of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Effective as of the day ten days after the official publication.).
• «Norilskaya golgofa»(in Russian) «Memorial», regional Branch «Siberia», publisher: «Klaretianum», Krasnoyarsk, 2002
• Dr Michał Milczarek (2021). «Dymy nad Arktyką». Donikąd. Podróże na skraj Rosji (in Polish). Wołowiec: Czarne. ISBN 9788380499331.

External linksEdit

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Norilsk.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Norilsk.

• Official website of Norilsk (in Russian)
• MMC Norilsk Nickel
• «Would You Live in This Toxic, Closed-Off City?», video profile of city by The Atlantic (2017)

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Перевод «Норильск» на английский

Норильск — самый северный город в мире с постоянным населением более 150000 человек.

Norilsk is the most northern city in the world with a permanent population of more than 150,000 people.

Вдобавок Норильск, вполне вероятно, окажется в перечне стратегических объектов.

In addition, Norilsk is likely to be included in the list of strategic sites.

Вскоре её семья переехала в Норильск.

The family soon moved to Norwich.

Норильск — уникальный северный город с суровым климатом.

Norwich is a city with a unique climate.

Норильск — крупнейший в мире центр по переработке тяжелого металла.

Norilsk — the world’s largest center for the processing of heavy metal.

Город Норильск был осаждён красным дождем однажды днём.

The city of Norilsk was besieged by red rain one afternoon.

В ближайшее время Норильск ждет еще одна революция.

In the near future, Norilsk is waiting for another revolution.

Въезд в Норильск для иностранных граждан строго регламентирован.

The visit of Norilsk to foreign citizens is strictly regulated.

Норильск всегда был отличной стартовой площадкой для начала большой карьеры.

Norilsk has always been an excellent launching pad for the start of a great career.

Как многие другие производители сырья, Норильск пострадал от финансового кризиса.

Like many other commodity producers, Norilsk was hit hard by the financial crisis.

На севере город Норильск имеет сообщение с морским портом Дудинка.

In the north, the city of Norilsk is connected with a sea port of Dudinka.

Норильск тоже имеет статус самого большого города России.

Norilsk also has the status of the largest city in Russia.

Норильск не близок к зелени, хотя большая часть его скрыта внутри домов и офисов.

Norilsk is not short of greenery, although most of it lies hidden inside houses and offices.

Кстати, это была одна из причин, по которой въезд в Норильск был ограничен и осуществлялся только по специальным разрешениям.

Incidentally, this was one of the reasons why entry to Norilsk was restricted and carried out only with special permits.

Норильск — промышленный город, поэтому он один из самых загрязненных в мире.

Norilsk is an industrial city, and it is considered one of the most polluted in the world.

Основная часть жителей состоит из тех, кто приехал в Норильск во второй половине 20 века и их потомков.

At present, almost all of the city’s population consists of people who came to Norilsk in the second half of the 20th century and their ancestors.

Автомобильной дороги в Норильск не существует.

There are no roads out of Norilsk.

Норильск относится к одному из самых загрязнённых мест на земле.

Norilsk is among the most polluted places on earth.

Как известно, Норильск является закрытым городом, поэтому для въезда туда иностранцам нужно оформлять дополнительные бумаги.

Note that Norilsk is a closed city, so all foreigners must receive a permit before traveling there.

Норильск в третий раз за лето накрыл снегопад

In Norilsk the second time over the summer, the snow fell

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 300. Точных совпадений: 300. Затраченное время: 94 мс

Documents

Корпоративные решения

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Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

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Перевод «норильск» на английский

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Контексты

Исследования выявили целый ряд неблагоприятных в области экологии территорий и отдельных городов: Норильск, Тольятти, Братск, Череповец, Кемерово, Нижний Тагил, города Пермской области, Башкирии.
Research has revealed a whole series of territories and cities whose natural environment has been devastated: Norilsk, Tolyattin, Bratsk, Cherepovets, Kemerovo, Nizhniy Tagil, and towns of the Perm region and Bashkyria.

Для подготовки педагогических кадров для малочисленных народов Севера данная подготовка введена в Нарьян-Марском педагогическом колледже (Ненецкий автономный округ), Норильском педагогическом училище.
The Naryan-Mar Teacher Training College (Nenets Autonomous Area) and the Norilsk Teacher Training College have introduced this training in order to prepare teachers for the small minorities of the North.

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В данной статье опубликован список городов России с переводом или транслитерацией, одобренной посольством США для анкеты DS-160 на неиммиграционную визу в США, формы DS-260 и других. Список правильного перевода городов других стран по ссылкам здесь: Украина, Казахстан, Беларусь.

Для удобства поиска нужного города, области, края, республики России — список городов отсортирован в алфавитном порядке. Либо можете воспользоваться поиском в браузере: нажмите одновременно на клавиатуре 2 клавиши «Ctrl и F», откроется окно с поиском, где указываете нужный город РФ для которого требуется найти перевод на английский язык для анкеты на визу в США или для американского посольства.

Города России на английском языке для анкеты на визу в США

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На заметку

Если собеседование планируется не в местном консульском отделе, а заграничном.. к примеру, не в посольстве США в Москве, а в посольстве США в Польше или ином консульском отделе США за пределами России, то в названии региона указываете «Region» вместо «Oblast | Republic | Krai».

Примеры,
Moscow Oblast -> Moscow Region
Krasnodar Krai -> Krasnodar Region
Republic of Tatarstan -> Tatarstan Region

А
Абаза, Республика Хакасия -> Abaza, Republic of Khakassia
Абакан, Республика Хакасия -> Abakan, Republic of Khakassia
Абдулино, Оренбургская область -> Abdulino, Orenburg Oblast
Абинск, Краснодарский край -> Abinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Агидель, Республика Башкортостан -> Agidel, Republic of Bashkortostan
Агрыз, Республика Татарстан -> Agryz, Republic of Tatarstan
Адыгейск, Республика Адыгея -> Adygeysk, Republic of Adygea
Азнакаево, Республика Татарстан -> Aznakayevo, Republic of Tatarstan
Азов, Ростовская область -> Azov, Rostov Oblast
Ак-Довурак, Республика Тыва -> Ak-Dovurak, Tuva Republic
Аксай, Ростовская область -> Aksay, Rostov Oblast
Алагир, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Alagir, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Алапаевск, Свердловская область -> Alapayevsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Алатырь, Чувашская Республика -> Alatyr, Chuvash Republic
Алдан, Республика Саха -> Aldan, Sakha Republic
Алейск, Алтайский край -> Aleysk, Altai Krai
Александров, Владимирская область -> Alexandrov, Vladimir Oblast
Александровск, Пермский край -> Alexandrovsk, Perm Krai
Александровск-Сахалинский, Сахалинская область -> Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Sakhalin Oblast
Алексеевка, Белгородская область -> Alexeyevka, Belgorod Oblast
Алексин, Тульская область -> Aleksin, Tula Oblast
Алзамай, Иркутская область -> Alzamay, Irkutsk Oblast
Алупка, Республика Крым -> Alupka, Republic of Crimea
Алушта, Республика Крым -> Alushta, Republic of Crimea
Альметьевск, Республика Татарстан -> Almetyevsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Амурск, Хабаровский край -> Amursk, Khabarovsk Krai
Анадырь, Чукотский автономный округ -> Anadyr, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Анапа, Краснодарский край -> Anapa, Krasnodar Krai
Ангарск, Иркутская область -> Angarsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Андреаполь, Тверская область -> Andreapol, Tver Oblast
Анжеро-Судженск, Кемеровская область -> Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Kemerovo Oblast
Анива, Сахалинская область -> Aniva, Sakhalin Oblast
Апатиты, Мурманская область -> Apatity, Murmansk Oblast
Апрелевка, Московская область -> Aprelevka, Moscow Oblast
Апшеронск, Краснодарский край -> Apsheronsk, Krasnodar Krai
Арамиль, Свердловская область -> Aramil, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Аргун, Чеченская Республика -> Argun, Chechen Republic
Ардатов, Республика Мордовия -> Ardatov, Republic of Mordovia
Ардон, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Ardon, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Арзамас, Нижегородская область -> Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Аркадак, Саратовская область -> Arkadak, Saratov Oblast
Армавир, Краснодарский край -> Armavir, Krasnodar Krai
Армянск, Республика Крым -> Armyansk, Republic of Crimea
Арсеньев, Приморский край -> Arsenyev, Primorsky Krai
Арск, Республика Татарстан -> Arsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Артём, Приморский край -> Artyom, Primorsky Krai
Артёмовск, Красноярский край -> Artyomovsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Артёмовский, Свердловская область -> Artyomovsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Архангельск, Архангельская область -> Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Асбест, Свердловская область -> Asbest, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Асино, Томская область -> Asino, Tomsk Oblast
Астрахань, Астраханская область -> Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast
Аткарск, Саратовская область -> Atkarsk, Saratov Oblast
Ахтубинск, Астраханская область -> Akhtubinsk, Astrakhan Oblast
Ачинск, Красноярский край -> Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Аша, Челябинская область -> Asha, Chelyabinsk Oblast

Б
Бабаево, Вологодская область -> Babayevo, Vologda Oblast
Бабушкин, Республика Бурятия -> Babushkin, Republic of Buryatia
Бавлы, Республика Татарстан -> Bavly, Republic of Tatarstan
Багратионовск, Калининградская область -> Bagrationovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Байкальск, Иркутская область -> Baykalsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Баймак, Республика Башкортостан -> Baymak, Republic of Bashkortostan
Бакал, Челябинская область -> Bakal, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Баксан, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Baksan, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Балабаново, Калужская область -> Balabanovo, Kaluga Oblast
Балаково, Саратовская область -> Balakovo, Saratov Oblast
Балахна, Нижегородская область -> Balakhna, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Балашиха, Московская область -> Balashikha, Moscow Oblast
Балашов, Саратовская область -> Balashov, Saratov Oblast
Балей, Забайкальский край -> Baley, Zabaykalsky Krai
Балтийск, Калининградская область -> Baltiysk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Барабинск, Новосибирская область -> Barabinsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Барнаул, Алтайский край -> Barnaul, Altai Krai
Барыш, Ульяновская область -> Barysh, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Батайск, Ростовская область -> Bataysk, Rostov Oblast
Бахчисарай, Республика Крым -> Bakhchysarai, Republic of Crimea
Бежецк, Тверская область -> Bezhetsk, Tver Oblast
Белая Калитва, Ростовская область -> Belaya Kalitva, Rostov Oblast
Белая Холуница, Кировская область -> Belaya Kholunitsa, Kirov Oblast
Белгород, Белгородская область -> Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast
Белебей, Республика Башкортостан -> Belebey, Republic of Bashkortostan
Белёв, Тульская область -> Belyov, Tula Oblast
Белинский, Пензенская область -> Belinsky, Penza Oblast
Белово, Кемеровская область -> Belovo, Kemerovo Oblast
Белогорск, Амурская область -> Belogorsk, Amur Oblast
Белогорск, Республика Крым -> Bilohirsk, Republic of Crimea
Белозерск, Вологодская область -> Belozersk, Vologda Oblast
Белокуриха, Алтайский край -> Belokurikha, Altai Krai
Беломорск, Республика Карелия -> Belomorsk, Republic of Karelia
Белорецк, Республика Башкортостан -> Beloretsk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Белореченск, Краснодарский край -> Belorechensk, Krasnodar Krai
Белоусово, Калужская область -> Belousovo, Kaluga Oblast
Белоярский, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Beloyarsky, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Белый, Тверская область -> Bely, Tver Oblast
Бердск, Новосибирская область -> Berdsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Березники, Пермский край -> Berezniki, Perm Krai
Берёзовский, Кемеровская область -> Beryozovsky, Kemerovo Oblast
Берёзовский, Свердловская область -> Beryozovsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Беслан, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Beslan, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Бийск, Алтайский край -> Biysk, Altai Krai
Бикин, Хабаровский край -> Bikin, Khabarovsk Krai
Билибино, Чукотский автономный округ -> Bilibino, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Биробиджан, Еврейская автономная область -> Birobidzhan, Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Бирск, Республика Башкортостан -> Birsk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Бирюсинск, Иркутская область -> Biryusinsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Бирюч, Белгородская область -> Biryuch, Belgorod Oblast
Благовещенск, Республика Башкортостан -> Blagoveshchensk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Благовещенск, Амурская область -> Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast
Благодарный, Ставропольский край -> Blagodarny, Stavropol Krai
Бобров, Воронежская область -> Bobrov, Voronezh Oblast
Богданович, Свердловская область -> Bogdanovich, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Богородицк, Тульская область -> Bogoroditsk, Tula Oblast
Богородск, Нижегородская область -> Bogorodsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Боготол, Красноярский край -> Bogotol, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Богучар, Воронежская область -> Boguchar, Voronezh Oblast
Бодайбо, Иркутская область -> Bodaybo, Irkutsk Oblast
Бокситогорск, Ленинградская область -> Boksitogorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Болгар, Республика Татарстан -> Bolgar, Republic of Tatarstan
Бологое, Тверская область -> Bologoye, Tver Oblast
Болотное, Новосибирская область -> Bolotnoye, Novosibirsk Oblast
Болохово, Тульская область -> Bolokhovo, Tula Oblast
Болхов, Орловская область -> Bolkhov, Oryol Oblast
Большой Камень, Приморский край -> Bolshoy Kamen, Primorsky Krai
Бор, Нижегородская область -> Bor, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Борзя, Забайкальский край -> Borzya, Zabaykalsky Krai
Борисоглебск, Воронежская область -> Borisoglebsk, Voronezh Oblast
Боровичи, Новгородская область -> Borovichi, Novgorod Oblast
Боровск, Калужская область -> Borovsk, Kaluga Oblast
Бородино, Красноярский край -> Borodino, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Братск, Иркутская область -> Bratsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Бронницы, Московская область -> Bronnitsy, Moscow Oblast
Брянск, Брянская область -> Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast
Бугульма, Республика Татарстан -> Bugulma, Republic of Tatarstan
Бугуруслан, Оренбургская область -> Buguruslan, Orenburg Oblast
Будённовск, Ставропольский край -> Budyonnovsk, Stavropol Krai
Бузулук, Оренбургская область -> Buzuluk, Orenburg Oblast
Буинск, Республика Татарстан -> Buinsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Буй, Костромская область -> Buy, Kostroma Oblast
Буйнакск, Республика Дагестан -> Buynaksk, Republic of Dagestan
Бутурлиновка, Воронежская область -> Buturlinovka, Voronezh Oblast

В
Валдай, Новгородская область -> Valday, Novgorod Oblast
Валуйки, Белгородская область -> Valuyki, Belgorod Oblast
Велиж, Смоленская область -> Velizh, Smolensk Oblast
Великие Луки, Псковская область -> Velikiye Luki, Pskov Oblast
Великий Новгород, Новгородская область -> Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast
Великий Устюг, Вологодская область -> Veliky Ustyug, Vologda Oblast
Вельск, Архангельская область -> Velsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Венёв, Тульская область -> Venyov, Tula Oblast
Верещагино, Пермский край -> Vereshchagino, Perm Krai
Верея, Московская область -> Vereya, Moscow Oblast
Верхнеуральск, Челябинская область -> Verkhneuralsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Верхний Тагил, Свердловская область -> Verkhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхний Уфалей, Челябинская область -> Verkhny Ufaley, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Верхняя Пышма, Свердловская область -> Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхняя Салда, Свердловская область -> Verkhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхняя Тура, Свердловская область -> Verkhnyaya Tura, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхотурье, Свердловская область -> Verkhoturye, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхоянск, Республика Саха -> Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic
Весьегонск, Тверская область -> Vesyegonsk, Tver Oblast
Ветлуга, Нижегородская область -> Vetluga, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Видное, Московская область -> Vidnoye, Moscow Oblast
Вилюйск, Республика Саха -> Vilyuysk, Sakha Republic
Вилючинск, Камчатский край -> Vilyuchinsk, Kamchatka Krai
Вихоревка, Иркутская область -> Vikhorevka, Irkutsk Oblast
Вичуга, Ивановская область -> Vichuga, Ivanovo Oblast
Владивосток, Приморский край -> Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai
Владикавказ, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Vladikavkaz, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Владимир, Владимирская область -> Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast
Волгоград, Волгоградская область -> Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast
Волгодонск, Ростовская область -> Volgodonsk, Rostov Oblast
Волгореченск, Костромская область -> Volgorechensk, Kostroma Oblast
Волжск, Республика Марий Эл -> Volzhsk, Mari El Republic
Волжский, Волгоградская область -> Volzhsky, Volgograd Oblast
Вологда, Вологодская область -> Vologda, Vologda Oblast
Володарск, Нижегородская область -> Volodarsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Волоколамск, Московская область -> Volokolamsk, Moscow Oblast
Волосово, Ленинградская область -> Volosovo, Leningrad Oblast
Волхов, Ленинградская область -> Volkhov, Leningrad Oblast
Волчанск, Свердловская область -> Volchansk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Вольск, Саратовская область -> Volsk, Saratov Oblast
Воркута, Республика Коми -> Vorkuta, Komi Republic
Воронеж, Воронежская область -> Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast
Ворсма, Нижегородская область -> Vorsma, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Воскресенск, Московская область -> Voskresensk, Moscow Oblast
Воткинск, Удмуртская Республика -> Votkinsk, Udmurt Republic
Всеволожск, Ленинградская область -> Vsevolozhsk, Leningrad Oblast
Вуктыл, Республика Коми -> Vuktyl, Komi Republic
Выборг, Ленинградская область -> Vyborg, Leningrad Oblast
Выкса, Нижегородская область -> Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Высоковск, Московская область -> Vysokovsk, Moscow Oblast
Высоцк, Ленинградская область -> Vysotsk, Leningrad Oblast
Вытегра, Вологодская область -> Vytegra, Vologda Oblast
Вышний Волочёк, Тверская область -> Vyshny Volochyok, Tver Oblast
Вяземский, Хабаровский край -> Vyazemsky, Khabarovsk Krai
Вязники, Владимирская область -> Vyazniki, Vladimir Oblast
Вязьма, Смоленская область -> Vyazma, Smolensk Oblast
Вятские Поляны, Кировская область -> Vyatskiye Polyany, Kirov Oblast

Г
Гаврилов Посад, Ивановская область -> Gavrilov Posad, Ivanovo Oblast
Гаврилов-Ям, Ярославская область -> Gavrilov-Yam, Yaroslavl Oblast
Гагарин, Смоленская область -> Gagarin, Smolensk Oblast
Гаджиево, Мурманская область -> Gadzhiyevo, Murmansk Oblast
Гай, Оренбургская область -> Gay, Orenburg Oblast
Галич, Костромская область -> Galich, Kostroma Oblast
Гатчина, Ленинградская область -> Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast
Гвардейск, Калининградская область -> Gvardeysk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Гдов, Псковская область -> Gdov, Pskov Oblast
Геленджик, Краснодарский край -> Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai
Георгиевск, Ставропольский край -> Georgiyevsk, Stavropol Krai
Глазов, Удмуртская Республика -> Glazov, Udmurt Republic
Голицыно, Московская область -> Golitsyno, Moscow Oblast
Горбатов, Нижегородская область -> Gorbatov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Горно-Алтайск, Республика Алтай -> Gorno-Altaysk, Altai Republic
Горнозаводск, Пермский край -> Gornozavodsk, Perm Krai
Горняк, Алтайский край -> Gornyak, Altai Krai
Городец, Нижегородская область -> Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Городище, Пензенская область -> Gorodishche, Penza Oblast
Городовиковск, Республика Калмыкия -> Gorodovikovsk, Republic of Kalmykia
Гороховец, Владимирская область -> Gorokhovets, Vladimir Oblast
Горячий Ключ, Краснодарский край -> Goryachy Klyuch, Krasnodar Krai
Грайворон, Белгородская область -> Grayvoron, Belgorod Oblast
Гремячинск, Пермский край -> Gremyachinsk, Perm Krai
Грозный, Чеченская Республика -> Grozny, Chechen Republic
Грязи, Липецкая область -> Gryazi, Lipetsk Oblast
Грязовец, Вологодская область -> Gryazovets, Vologda Oblast
Губаха, Пермский край -> Gubakha, Perm Krai
Губкин, Белгородская область -> Gubkin, Belgorod Oblast
Губкинский, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Gubkinsky, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Гудермес, Чеченская Республика -> Gudermes, Chechen Republic
Гуково, Ростовская область -> Gukovo, Rostov Oblast
Гулькевичи, Краснодарский край -> Gulkevichi, Krasnodar Krai
Гурьевск, Калининградская область -> Guryevsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Гурьевск, Кемеровская область -> Guryevsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Гусев, Калининградская область -> Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast
Гусиноозёрск, Республика Бурятия -> Gusinoozyorsk, Republic of Buryatia
Гусь-Хрустальный, Владимирская область -> Gus-Khrustalny, Vladimir Oblast

Д
Давлеканово, Республика Башкортостан -> Davlekanovo, Republic of Bashkortostan
Дагестанские Огни, Республика Дагестан -> Dagestanskiye Ogni, Republic of Dagestan
Далматово, Курганская область -> Dalmatovo, Kurgan Oblast
Дальнегорск, Приморский край -> Dalnegorsk, Primorsky Krai
Дальнереченск, Приморский край -> Dalnerechensk, Primorsky Krai
Данилов, Ярославская область -> Danilov, Yaroslavl Oblast
Данков, Липецкая область -> Dankov, Lipetsk Oblast
Дегтярск, Свердловская область -> Degtyarsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Дедовск, Московская область -> Dedovsk, Moscow Oblast
Демидов, Смоленская область -> Demidov, Smolensk Oblast
Дербент, Республика Дагестан -> Derbent, Republic of Dagestan
Десногорск, Смоленская область -> Desnogorsk, Smolensk Oblast
Джанкой, Республика Крым -> Dzhankoy, Republic of Crimea
Дзержинск, Нижегородская область -> Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Дзержинский, Московская область -> Dzerzhinsky, Moscow Oblast
Дивногорск, Красноярский край -> Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Дигора, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Digora, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Димитровград, Ульяновская область -> Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Дмитриев, Курская область -> Dmitriyev, Kursk Oblast
Дмитров, Московская область -> Dmitrov, Moscow Oblast
Дмитровск, Орловская область -> Dmitrovsk, Oryol Oblast
Дно, Псковская область -> Dno, Pskov Oblast
Добрянка, Пермский край -> Dobryanka, Perm Krai
Долгопрудный, Московская область -> Dolgoprudny, Moscow Oblast
Долинск, Сахалинская область -> Dolinsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Домодедово, Московская область -> Domodedovo, Moscow Oblast
Донецк, Ростовская область -> Donetsk, Rostov Oblast
Донской, Тульская область -> Donskoy, Tula Oblast
Дорогобуж, Смоленская область -> Dorogobuzh, Smolensk Oblast
Дрезна, Московская область -> Drezna, Moscow Oblast
Дубна, Московская область -> Dubna, Moscow Oblast
Дубовка, Волгоградская область -> Dubovka, Volgograd Oblast
Дудинка, Красноярский край -> Dudinka, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Духовщина, Смоленская область -> Dukhovshchina, Smolensk Oblast
Дюртюли, Республика Башкортостан -> Dyurtyuli, Republic of Bashkortostan
Дятьково, Брянская область -> Dyatkovo, Bryansk Oblast

Е
Евпатория, Республика Крым -> Yevpatoria, Republic of Crimea
Егорьевск, Московская область -> Yegoryevsk, Moscow Oblast
Ейск, Краснодарский край -> Yeysk, Krasnodar Krai
Екатеринбург, Свердловская область -> Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Елабуга, Республика Татарстан -> Yelabuga, Republic of Tatarstan
Елец, Липецкая область -> Yelets, Lipetsk Oblast
Елизово, Камчатский край -> Yelizovo, Kamchatka Krai
Ельня, Смоленская область -> Yelnya, Smolensk Oblast
Еманжелинск, Челябинская область -> Yemanzhelinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Емва, Республика Коми -> Yemva, Komi Republic
Енисейск, Красноярский край -> Yeniseysk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ермолино, Калужская область -> Yermolino, Kaluga Oblast
Ершов, Саратовская область -> Yershov, Saratov Oblast
Ессентуки, Ставропольский край -> Yessentuki, Stavropol Krai
Ефремов, Тульская область -> Yefremov, Tula Oblast

Ж
Железноводск, Ставропольский край -> Zheleznovodsk, Stavropol Krai
Железногорск, Красноярский край -> Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Железногорск, Курская область -> Zheleznogorsk, Kursk Oblast
Железногорск-Илимский, Иркутская область -> Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky, Irkutsk Oblast
Жердевка, Тамбовская область -> Zherdevka, Tambov Oblast
Жигулёвск, Самарская область -> Zhigulyovsk, Samara Oblast
Жиздра, Калужская область -> Zhizdra, Kaluga Oblast
Жирновск, Волгоградская область -> Zhirnovsk, Volgograd Oblast
Жуков, Калужская область -> Zhukov, Kaluga Oblast
Жуковка, Брянская область -> Zhukovka, Bryansk Oblast
Жуковский, Московская область -> Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast

З
Завитинск, Амурская область -> Zavitinsk, Amur Oblast
Заводоуковск, Тюменская область -> Zavodoukovsk, Tyumen Oblast
Заволжск, Ивановская область -> Zavolzhsk, Ivanovo Oblast
Заволжье, Нижегородская область -> Zavolzhye, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Задонск, Липецкая область -> Zadonsk, Lipetsk Oblast
Заинск, Республика Татарстан -> Zainsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Закаменск, Республика Бурятия -> Zakamensk, Republic of Buryatia
Заозёрный, Красноярский край -> Zaozyorny, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Заозёрск, Мурманская область -> Zaozyorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Западная Двина, Тверская область -> Zapadnaya Dvina, Tver Oblast
Заполярный, Мурманская область -> Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast
Зарайск, Московская область -> Zaraysk, Moscow Oblast
Заречный, Пензенская область -> Zarechny, Penza Oblast
Заречный, Свердловская область -> Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Заринск, Алтайский край -> Zarinsk, Altai Krai
Звенигово, Республика Марий Эл -> Zvenigovo, Mari El Republic
Звенигород, Московская область -> Zvenigorod, Moscow Oblast
Зверево, Ростовская область -> Zverevo, Rostov Oblast
Зеленогорск, Красноярский край -> Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Зеленоградск, Калининградская область -> Zelenogradsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Зеленодольск, Республика Татарстан -> Zelenodolsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Зеленокумск, Ставропольский край -> Zelenokumsk, Stavropol Krai
Зерноград, Ростовская область -> Zernograd, Rostov Oblast
Зея, Амурская область -> Zeya, Amur Oblast
Зима, Иркутская область -> Zima, Irkutsk Oblast
Златоуст, Челябинская область -> Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Злынка, Брянская область -> Zlynka, Bryansk Oblast
Змеиногорск, Алтайский край -> Zmeinogorsk, Altai Krai
Знаменск, Астраханская область -> Znamensk, Astrakhan Oblast
Зубцов, Тверская область -> Zubtsov, Tver Oblast
Зуевка, Кировская область -> Zuyevka, Kirov Oblast

И,Й
Ивангород, Ленинградская область -> Ivangorod, Leningrad Oblast
Иваново, Ивановская область -> Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
Ивантеевка, Московская область -> Ivanteyevka, Moscow Oblast
Ивдель, Свердловская область -> Ivdel, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Игарка, Красноярский край -> Igarka, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ижевск, Удмуртская Республика -> Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic
Избербаш, Республика Дагестан -> Izberbash, Republic of Dagestan
Изобильный, Ставропольский край -> Izobilny, Stavropol Krai
Иланский, Красноярский край -> Ilansky, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Инза, Ульяновская область -> Inza, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Инкерман, Севастополь -> Inkerman, Sevastopol (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Иннополис, Республика Татарстан -> Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan
Инсар, Республика Мордовия -> Insar, Republic of Mordovia
Инта, Республика Коми -> Inta, Komi Republic
Ипатово, Ставропольский край -> Ipatovo, Stavropol Krai
Ирбит, Свердловская область -> Irbit, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Иркутск, Иркутская область -> Irkutsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Исилькуль, Омская область -> Isilkul, Omsk Oblast
Искитим, Новосибирская область -> Iskitim, Novosibirsk Oblast
Истра, Московская область -> Istra, Moscow Oblast
Ишим, Тюменская область -> Ishim, Tyumen Oblast
Ишимбай, Республика Башкортостан -> Ishimbay, Republic of Bashkortostan

Йошкар-Ола, Республика Марий Эл -> Mari El, Mari El Republic

К
Кадников, Вологодская область -> Kadnikov, Vologda Oblast
Казань, Республика Татарстан -> Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan
Калач, Воронежская область -> Kalach, Voronezh Oblast
Калач-на-Дону, Волгоградская область -> Kalach-na-Donu, Volgograd Oblast
Калачинск, Омская область -> Kalachinsk, Omsk Oblast
Калининград, Калининградская область -> Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast
Калининск, Саратовская область -> Kalininsk, Saratov Oblast
Калтан, Кемеровская область -> Kaltan, Kemerovo Oblast
Калуга, Калужская область -> Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast
Калязин, Тверская область -> Kalyazin, Tver Oblast
Камбарка, Удмуртская Республика -> Kambarka, Udmurt Republic
Каменка, Пензенская область -> Kamenka, Penza Oblast
Каменногорск, Ленинградская область -> Kamennogorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Каменск-Уральский, Свердловская область -> Kamensk-Uralsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Каменск-Шахтинский, Ростовская область -> Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, Rostov Oblast
Камень-на-Оби, Алтайский край -> Kamen-na-Obi, Altai Krai
Камешково, Владимирская область -> Kameshkovo, Vladimir Oblast
Камызяк, Астраханская область -> Kamyzyak, Astrakhan Oblast
Камышин, Волгоградская область -> Kamyshin, Volgograd Oblast
Камышлов, Свердловская область -> Kamyshlov, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Канаш, Чувашская Республика -> Kanash, Chuvash Republic
Кандалакша, Мурманская область -> Kandalaksha, Murmansk Oblast
Канск, Красноярский край -> Kansk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Карабаново, Владимирская область -> Karabanovo, Vladimir Oblast
Карабаш, Челябинская область -> Karabash, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Карабулак, Республика Ингушетия -> Karabulak, Republic of Ingushetia
Карасук, Новосибирская область -> Karasuk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Карачаевск, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Karachayevsk, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Карачев, Брянская область -> Karachev, Bryansk Oblast
Каргат, Новосибирская область -> Kargat, Novosibirsk Oblast
Каргополь, Архангельская область -> Kargopol, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Карпинск, Свердловская область -> Karpinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Карталы, Челябинская область -> Kartaly, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Касимов, Рязанская область -> Kasimov, Ryazan Oblast
Касли, Челябинская область -> Kasli, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Каспийск, Республика Дагестан -> Kaspiysk, Republic of Dagestan
Катав-Ивановск, Челябинская область -> Katav-Ivanovsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Катайск, Курганская область -> Kataysk, Kurgan Oblast
Качканар, Свердловская область -> Kachkanar, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Кашин, Тверская область -> Kashin, Tver Oblast
Кашира, Московская область -> Kashira, Moscow Oblast
Кедровый, Томская область -> Kedrovy, Tomsk Oblast
Кемерово, Кемеровская область -> Kemerovo, Kemerovo Oblast
Кемь, Республика Карелия -> Kem, Republic of Karelia
Керчь, Республика Крым -> Kerch, Republic of Crimea (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Кизел, Пермский край -> Kizel, Perm Krai
Кизилюрт, Республика Дагестан -> Kizilyurt, Republic of Dagestan
Кизляр, Республика Дагестан -> Kizlyar, Republic of Dagestan
Кимовск, Тульская область -> Kimovsk, Tula Oblast
Кимры, Тверская область -> Kimry, Tver Oblast
Кингисепп, Ленинградская область -> Kingisepp, Leningrad Oblast
Кинель, Самарская область -> Kinel, Samara Oblast
Кинешма, Ивановская область -> Kineshma, Ivanovo Oblast
Киреевск, Тульская область -> Kireyevsk, Tula Oblast
Киренск, Иркутская область -> Kirensk, Irkutsk Oblast
Киржач, Владимирская область -> Kirzhach, Vladimir Oblast
Кириллов, Вологодская область -> Kirillov, Vologda Oblast
Кириши, Ленинградская область -> Kirishi, Leningrad Oblast
Киров, Калужская область -> Kirov, Kaluga Oblast
Киров, Кировская область -> Kirov, Kirov Oblast
Кировград, Свердловская область -> Kirovgrad, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Кирово-Чепецк, Кировская область -> Kirovo-Chepetsk, Kirov Oblast
Кировск, Ленинградская область -> Kirovsk, Leningrad Oblast
Кировск, Мурманская область -> Kirovsk, Murmansk Oblast
Кирс, Кировская область -> Kirs, Kirov Oblast
Кирсанов, Тамбовская область -> Kirsanov, Tambov Oblast
Киселёвск, Кемеровская область -> Kiselyovsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Кисловодск, Ставропольский край -> Kislovodsk, Stavropol Krai
Клин, Московская область -> Klin, Moscow Oblast
Клинцы, Брянская область -> Klintsy, Bryansk Oblast
Княгинино, Нижегородская область -> Knyaginino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Ковдор, Мурманская область -> Kovdor, Murmansk Oblast
Ковров, Владимирская область -> Kovrov, Vladimir Oblast
Ковылкино, Республика Мордовия -> Kovylkino, Republic of Mordovia
Когалым, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Kogalym, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Кодинск, Красноярский край -> Kodinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Козельск, Калужская область -> Kozelsk, Kaluga Oblast
Козловка, Чувашская Республика -> Kozlovka, Chuvash Republic
Козьмодемьянск, Республика Марий Эл -> Kozmodemyansk, Mari El Republic
Кола, Мурманская область -> Kola, Murmansk Oblast
Кологрив, Костромская область -> Kologriv, Kostroma Oblast
Коломна, Московская область -> Kolomna, Moscow Oblast
Колпашево, Томская область -> Kolpashevo, Tomsk Oblast
Кольчугино, Владимирская область -> Kolchugino, Vladimir Oblast
Коммунар, Ленинградская область -> Kommunar, Leningrad Oblast
Комсомольск, Ивановская область -> Komsomolsk, Ivanovo Oblast
Комсомольск-на-Амуре, Хабаровский край -> Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai
Конаково, Тверская область -> Konakovo, Tver Oblast
Кондопога, Республика Карелия -> Kondopoga, Republic of Karelia
Кондрово, Калужская область -> Kondrovo, Kaluga Oblast
Константиновск, Ростовская область -> Konstantinovsk, Rostov Oblast
Копейск, Челябинская область -> Kopeysk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Кораблино, Рязанская область -> Korablino, Ryazan Oblast
Кореновск, Краснодарский край -> Korenovsk, Krasnodar Krai
Коркино, Челябинская область -> Korkino, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Королёв, Московская область -> Korolev, Moscow Oblast
Короча, Белгородская область -> Korocha, Belgorod Oblast
Корсаков, Сахалинская область -> Korsakov, Sakhalin Oblast
Коряжма, Архангельская область -> Koryazhma, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Костерёво, Владимирская область -> Kosteryovo, Vladimir Oblast
Костомукша, Республика Карелия -> Kostomuksha, Republic of Karelia
Кострома, Костромская область -> Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
Котельники, Московская область -> Kotelniki, Moscow Oblast
Котельниково, Волгоградская область -> Kotelnikovo, Volgograd Oblast
Котельнич, Кировская область -> Kotelnich, Kirov Oblast
Котлас, Архангельская область -> Kotlas, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Котово, Волгоградская область -> Kotovo, Volgograd Oblast
Котовск, Тамбовская область -> Kotovsk, Tambov Oblast
Кохма, Ивановская область -> Kokhma, Ivanovo Oblast
Красавино, Вологодская область -> Krasavino, Vologda Oblast
Красноармейск, Московская область -> Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow Oblast
Красноармейск, Саратовская область -> Krasnoarmeysk, Saratov Oblast
Красновишерск, Пермский край -> Krasnovishersk, Perm Krai
Красногорск, Московская область -> Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast
Краснодар, Краснодарский край -> Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai
Краснозаводск, Московская область -> Krasnozavodsk, Moscow Oblast
Краснознаменск, Калининградская область -> Krasnoznamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Краснознаменск, Московская область -> Krasnoznamensk, Moscow Oblast
Краснокаменск, Забайкальский край -> Krasnokamensk, Zabaykalsky Krai
Краснокамск, Пермский край -> Krasnokamsk, Perm Krai
Красноперекопск, Республика Крым -> Krasnoperekopsk, Republic of Crimea (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Краснослободск, Волгоградская область -> Krasnoslobodsk, Volgograd Oblast
Краснослободск, Республика Мордовия -> Krasnoslobodsk, Republic of Mordovia
Краснотурьинск, Свердловская область -> Krasnoturyinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Красноуральск, Свердловская область -> Krasnouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Красноуфимск, Свердловская область -> Krasnoufimsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Красноярск, Красноярский край -> Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Красный Кут, Саратовская область -> Krasny Kut, Saratov Oblast
Красный Сулин, Ростовская область -> Krasny Sulin, Rostov Oblast
Красный Холм, Тверская область -> Krasny Kholm, Tver Oblast
Кремёнки, Калужская область -> Kremyonki, Kaluga Oblast
Кропоткин, Краснодарский край -> Kropotkin, Krasnodar Krai
Крым, Республика Крым -> Crimea, Republic of Crimea (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Крымск, Краснодарский край -> Krymsk, Krasnodar Krai
Кстово, Нижегородская область -> Kstovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Кубинка, Московская область -> Kubinka, Moscow Oblast
Кувандык, Оренбургская область -> Kuvandyk, Orenburg Oblast
Кувшиново, Тверская область -> Kuvshinovo, Tver Oblast
Кудымкар, Пермский край -> Kudymkar, Perm Krai
Кузнецк, Пензенская область -> Kuznetsk, Penza Oblast
Куйбышев, Новосибирская область -> Kuybyshev, Novosibirsk Oblast
Кулебаки, Нижегородская область -> Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Кумертау, Республика Башкортостан -> Kumertau, Republic of Bashkortostan
Кунгур, Пермский край -> Kungur, Perm Krai
Купино, Новосибирская область -> Kupino, Novosibirsk Oblast
Курган, Курганская область -> Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast
Курганинск, Краснодарский край -> Kurganinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Курильск, Сахалинская область -> Kurilsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Курлово, Владимирская область -> Kurlovo, Vladimir Oblast
Куровское, Московская область -> Kurovskoye, Moscow Oblast
Курск, Курская область -> Kursk, Kursk Oblast
Куртамыш, Курганская область -> Kurtamysh, Kurgan Oblast
Курчатов, Курская область -> Kurchatov, Kursk Oblast
Куса, Челябинская область -> Kusa, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Кушва, Свердловская область -> Kushva, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Кызыл, Республика Тыва -> Kyzyl, Tyva Republic
Кыштым, Челябинская область -> Kyshtym, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Кяхта, Республика Бурятия -> Kyakhta, Republic of Buryatia

Л
Лабинск, Краснодарский край -> Labinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Лабытнанги, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Labytnangi, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Лагань, Республика Калмыкия -> Lagan, Republic of Kalmykia
Ладушкин, Калининградская область -> Ladushkin, Kaliningrad Oblast
Лаишево, Республика Татарстан -> Laishevo, Republic of Tatarstan
Лакинск, Владимирская область -> Lakinsk, Vladimir Oblast
Лангепас, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Langepas, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Лахденпохья, Республика Карелия -> Lakhdenpokhya, Republic of Karelia
Лебедянь, Липецкая область -> Lebedyan, Lipetsk Oblast
Лениногорск, Республика Татарстан -> Leninogorsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Ленинск, Волгоградская область -> Leninsk, Volgograd Oblast
Ленинск-Кузнецкий, Кемеровская область -> Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Kemerovo Oblast
Ленск, Республика Саха -> Lensk, Sakha Republic
Лермонтов, Ставропольский край -> Lermontov, Stavropol Krai
Лесной, Свердловская область -> Lesnoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Лесозаводск, Приморский край -> Lesozavodsk, Primorsky Krai
Лесосибирск, Красноярский край -> Lesosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ливны, Орловская область -> Livny, Oryol Oblast
Липецк, Липецкая область -> Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast
Ликино-Дулёво, Московская область -> Likino-Dulyovo, Moscow Oblast
Липки, Тульская область -> Lipki, Tula Oblast
Лиски, Воронежская область -> Liski, Voronezh Oblast
Лихославль, Тверская область -> Likhoslavl, Tver Oblast
Лобня, Московская область -> Lobnya, Moscow Oblast
Лодейное Поле, Ленинградская область -> Lodeynoye Pole, Leningrad Oblast
Лосино-Петровский, Московская область -> Losino-Petrovsky, Moscow Oblast
Луга, Ленинградская область -> Luga, Leningrad Oblast
Луза, Кировская область -> Luza, Kirov Oblast
Лукоянов, Нижегородская область -> Lukoyanov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Луховицы, Московская область -> Lukhovitsy, Moscow Oblast
Лысково, Нижегородская область -> Lyskovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Лысьва, Пермский край -> Lysva, Perm Krai
Лыткарино, Московская область -> Lytkarino, Moscow Oblast
Льгов, Курская область -> Lgov, Kursk Oblast
Любань, Ленинградская область -> Lyuban, Leningrad Oblast
Люберцы, Московская область -> Lyubertsy, Moscow Oblast
Любим, Ярославская область -> Lyubim, Yaroslavl Oblast
Людиново, Калужская область -> Lyudinovo, Kaluga Oblast
Лянтор, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Lyantor, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

М
Магадан, Магаданская область -> Magadan, Magadan Oblast
Магас, Республика Ингушетия -> Magas, Republic of Ingushetia
Магнитогорск, Челябинская область -> Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Майкоп, Республика Адыгея -> Maykop, Republic of Adygea
Майский, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Maysky, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Макаров, Сахалинская область -> Makarov, Sakhalin Oblast
Макарьев, Костромская область -> Makaryev, Kostroma Oblast
Макушино, Курганская область -> Makushino, Kurgan Oblast
Малая Вишера, Новгородская область -> Malaya Vishera, Novgorod Oblast
Малгобек, Республика Ингушетия -> Malgobek, Republic of Ingushetia
Малмыж, Кировская область -> Malmyzh, Kirov Oblast
Малоархангельск, Орловская область -> Maloarkhangelsk, Oryol Oblast
Малоярославец, Калужская область -> Maloyaroslavets, Kaluga Oblast
Мамадыш, Республика Татарстан -> Mamadysh, Republic of Tatarstan
Мамоново, Калининградская область -> Mamonovo, Kaliningrad Oblast
Мантурово, Костромская область -> Manturovo, Kostroma Oblast
Мариинск, Кемеровская область -> Mariinsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Мариинский Посад, Чувашская Республика -> Mariinsky Posad, Chuvash Republic
Маркс, Саратовская область -> Marks, Saratov Oblast
Махачкала, Республика Дагестан -> Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan
Мглин, Брянская область -> Mglin, Bryansk Oblast
Мегион, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Megion, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Медвежьегорск, Республика Карелия -> Medvezhyegorsk, Republic of Karelia
Медногорск, Оренбургская область -> Mednogorsk, Orenburg Oblast
Медынь, Калужская область -> Medyn, Kaluga Oblast
Межгорье, Республика Башкортостан -> Mezhgorye, Republic of Bashkortostan
Междуреченск, Кемеровская область -> Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo Oblast
Мезень, Архангельская область -> Mezen, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Меленки, Владимирская область -> Melenki, Vladimir Oblast
Мелеуз, Республика Башкортостан -> Meleuz, Republic of Bashkortostan
Менделеевск, Республика Татарстан -> Mendeleyevsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Мензелинск, Республика Татарстан -> Menzelinsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Мещовск, Калужская область -> Meshchovsk, Kaluga Oblast
Миасс, Челябинская область -> Miass, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Микунь, Республика Коми -> Mikun, Komi Republic
Миллерово, Ростовская область -> Millerovo, Rostov Oblast
Минеральные Воды, Ставропольский край -> Mineralnye Vody, Stavropol Krai
Минусинск, Красноярский край -> Minusinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Миньяр, Челябинская область -> Minyar, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Мирный, Республика Саха -> Mirny, Sakha Republic
Мирный, Архангельская область -> Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Михайлов, Рязанская область -> Mikhaylov, Ryazan Oblast
Михайловка, Волгоградская область -> Mikhaylovka, Volgograd Oblast
Михайловск, Свердловская область -> Mikhaylovsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Михайловск, Ставропольский край -> Mikhaylovsk, Stavropol Krai
Мичуринск, Тамбовская область -> Michurinsk, Tambov Oblast
Могоча, Забайкальский край -> Mogocha, Zabaykalsky Krai
Можайск, Московская область -> Mozhaysk, Moscow Oblast
Можга, Удмуртская Республика -> Mozhga, Udmurt Republic
Моздок, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Mozdok, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Мончегорск, Мурманская область -> Monchegorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Морозовск, Ростовская область -> Morozovsk, Rostov Oblast
Моршанск, Тамбовская область -> Morshansk, Tambov Oblast
Мосальск, Калужская область -> Mosalsk, Kaluga Oblast
Москва -> Moscow
Муравленко, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Muravlenko, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Мураши, Кировская область -> Murashi, Kirov Oblast
Мурманск, Мурманская область -> Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast
Муром, Владимирская область -> Murom, Vladimir Oblast
Мценск, Орловская область -> Mtsensk, Oryol Oblast
Мыски, Кемеровская область -> Myski, Kemerovo Oblast
Мытищи, Московская область -> Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast
Мышкин, Ярославская область -> Myshkin, Yaroslavl Oblast

Н
Набережные Челны, Республика Татарстан -> Naberezhnye Chelny, Republic of Tatarstan
Навашино, Нижегородская область -> Navashino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Наволоки, Ивановская область -> Navoloki, Ivanovo Oblast
Надым, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Nadym, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Назарово, Красноярский край-> Nazarovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Назрань, Республика Ингушетия -> Nazran, Republic of Ingushetia
Называевск, Омская область -> Nazyvayevsk, Omsk Oblast
Нальчик, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Нариманов, Астраханская область -> Narimanov, Astrakhan Oblast
Наро-Фоминск, Московская область -> Naro-Fominsk, Moscow Oblast
Нарткала, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Nartkala, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Нарьян-Мар, Ненецкий автономный округ -> Naryan-Mar, Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Находка, Приморский край -> Nakhodka, Primorsky Krai
Невель, Псковская область -> Nevel, Pskov Oblast
Невельск, Сахалинская область -> Nevelsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Невинномысск, Ставропольский край -> Nevinnomyssk, Stavropol Krai
Невьянск, Свердловская область -> Nevyansk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нелидово, Тверская область -> Nelidovo, Tver Oblast
Неман, Калининградская область -> Neman, Kaliningrad Oblast
Нерехта, Костромская область -> Nerekhta, Kostroma Oblast
Нерчинск, Забайкальский край -> Nerchinsk, Zabaykalsky Krai
Нерюнгри, Республика Саха -> Neryungri, Sakha Republic
Нестеров, Калининградская область -> Nesterov, Kaliningrad Oblast
Нефтегорск, Самарская область -> Neftegorsk, Samara Oblast
Нефтекамск, Республика Башкортостан -> Neftekamsk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Нефтекумск, Ставропольский край -> Neftekumsk, Stavropol Krai
Нефтеюганск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Nefteyugansk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Нея, Костромская область -> Neya, Kostroma Oblast
Нижневартовск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Nizhnevartovsk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Нижнекамск, Республика Татарстан -> Nizhnekamsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Нижнеудинск, Иркутская область -> Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Нижние Серги, Свердловская область -> Nizhniye Sergi, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нижний Ломов, Пензенская область -> Nizhny Lomov, Penza Oblast
Нижний Новгород, Нижегородская область -> Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Нижний Тагил, Свердловская область -> Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нижняя Салда, Свердловская область -> Nizhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нижняя Тура, Свердловская область -> Nizhnyaya Tura, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Николаевск, Волгоградская область -> Nikolayevsk, Volgograd Oblast
Николаевск-на-Амуре, Хабаровский край -> Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai
Никольск, Вологодская область -> Nikolsk, Vologda Oblast
Никольск, Пензенская область -> Nikolsk, Penza Oblast
Никольское, Ленинградская область -> Nikolskoye, Leningrad Oblast
Новая Ладога, Ленинградская область -> Novaya Ladoga, Leningrad Oblast
Новая Ляля, Свердловская область -> Novaya Lyalya, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Новоалександровск, Ставропольский край -> Novoalexandrovsk, Stavropol Krai
Новоалтайск, Алтайский край -> Novoaltaysk, Altai Krai
Новоаннинский, Волгоградская область -> Novoanninsky, Volgograd Oblast
Нововоронеж, Воронежская область -> Novovoronezh, Voronezh Oblast
Новодвинск, Архангельская область -> Novodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Новозыбков, Брянская область -> Novozybkov, Bryansk Oblast
Новокубанск, Краснодарский край -> Novokubansk, Krasnodar Krai
Новокузнецк, Кемеровская область -> Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Новокуйбышевск, Самарская область -> Novokuybyshevsk, Samara Oblast
Новомичуринск, Рязанская область -> Novomichurinsk, Ryazan Oblast
Новомосковск, Тульская область -> Novomoskovsk, Tula Oblast
Новопавловск, Ставропольский край -> Novopavlovsk, Stavropol Krai
Новоржев, Псковская область -> Novorzhev, Pskov Oblast
Новороссийск, Краснодарский край -> Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai
Новосибирск, Новосибирская область -> Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Новосиль, Орловская область -> Novosil, Oryol Oblast
Новосокольники, Псковская область -> Novosokolniki, Pskov Oblast
Новотроицк, Оренбургская область -> Novotroitsk, Orenburg Oblast
Новоузенск, Саратовская область -> Novouzensk, Saratov Oblast
Новоульяновск, Ульяновская область -> Novoulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Новоуральск, Свердловская область -> Novouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Новохопёрск, Воронежская область -> Novokhopyorsk, Voronezh Oblast
Новочебоксарск, Чувашская Республика -> Novocheboksarsk, Chuvash Republic
Новочеркасск, Ростовская область -> Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast
Новошахтинск, Ростовская область -> Novoshakhtinsk, Rostov Oblast
Новый Оскол, Белгородская область -> Novy Oskol, Belgorod Oblast
Новый Уренгой, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Novy Urengoy, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Ногинск, Московская область -> Noginsk, Moscow Oblast
Нолинск, Кировская область -> Nolinsk, Kirov Oblast
Норильск, Красноярский край -> Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ноябрьск, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Noyabrsk, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Нурлат, Республика Татарстан -> Nurlat, Republic of Tatarstan
Нытва, Пермский край -> Nytva, Perm Krai
Нюрба, Республика Саха -> Nyurba, Sakha Republic
Нягань, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Nyagan, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Нязепетровск, Челябинская область -> Nyazepetrovsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Няндома, Архангельская область -> Nyandoma, Arkhangelsk Oblast

О
Облучье, Еврейская автономная область -> Obluchye, Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Обнинск, Калужская область -> Obninsk, Kaluga Oblast
Обоянь, Курская область -> Oboyan, Kursk Oblast
Обь, Новосибирская область -> Ob, Novosibirsk Oblast
Одинцово, Московская область -> Odintsovo, Moscow Oblast
Озёрск, Калининградская область -> Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Озёрск, Челябинская область -> Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Озёры, Московская область -> Ozyory, Moscow Oblast
Октябрьск, Самарская область -> Oktyabrsk, Samara Oblast
Октябрьский, Республика Башкортостан -> Oktyabrsky, Republic of Bashkortostan
Окуловка, Новгородская область -> Okulovka, Novgorod Oblast
Олёкминск, Республика Саха -> Olyokminsk, Sakha Republic
Оленегорск, Мурманская область -> Olenegorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Олонец, Республика Карелия -> Olonets, Republic of Karelia
Омск, Омская область -> Omsk, Omsk Oblast
Омутнинск, Кировская область -> Omutninsk, Kirov Oblast
Онега, Архангельская область -> Onega, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Опочка, Псковская область -> Opochka, Pskov Oblast
Орёл, Орловская область -> Oryol, Oryol Oblast
Оренбург, Оренбургская область -> Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast
Орехово-Зуево, Московская область -> Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Moscow Oblast
Орлов, Кировская область -> Orlov, Kirov Oblast
Орск, Оренбургская область -> Orsk, Orenburg Oblast
Оса, Пермский край -> Osa, Perm Krai
Осинники, Кемеровская область -> Osinniki, Kemerovo Oblast
Осташков, Тверская область -> Ostashkov, Tver Oblast
Остров, Псковская область -> Ostrov, Pskov Oblast
Островной, Мурманская область -> Ostrovnoy, Murmansk Oblast
Острогожск, Воронежская область -> Ostrogozhsk, Voronezh Oblast
Отрадное, Ленинградская область -> Otradnoye, Leningrad Oblast
Отрадный, Самарская область -> Otradny, Samara Oblast
Оха, Сахалинская область -> Okha, Sakhalin Oblast
Оханск, Пермский край -> Okhansk, Perm Krai
Очёр, Пермский край -> Ochyor, Perm Krai

П
Павлово, Нижегородская область -> Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Павловск, Воронежская область -> Pavlovsk, Voronezh Oblast
Павловский Посад, Московская область -> Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow Oblast
Палласовка, Волгоградская область -> Pallasovka, Volgograd Oblast
Партизанск, Приморский край -> Partizansk, Primorsky Krai
Певек, Чукотский автономный округ -> Pevek, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Пенза, Пензенская область -> Penza, Penza Oblast
Первомайск, Нижегородская область -> Pervomaysk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Первоуральск, Свердловская область -> Pervouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Перевоз, Нижегородская область -> Perevoz, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Пересвет, Московская область -> Peresvet, Moscow Oblast
Переславль-Залесский, Ярославская область -> Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yaroslavl Oblast
Пермь, Пермский край -> Perm, Perm Krai
Пестово, Новгородская область -> Pestovo, Novgorod Oblast
Петров Вал, Волгоградская область -> Petrov Val, Volgograd Oblast
Петровск, Саратовская область -> Petrovsk, Saratov Oblast
Петровск-Забайкальский, Забайкальский край -> Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky, Zabaykalsky Krai
Петрозаводск, Республика Карелия -> Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia
Петропавловск-Камчатский, Камчатский край -> Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Kamchatka Krai
Петухово, Курганская область -> Petukhovo, Kurgan Oblast
Петушки, Владимирская область -> Petushki, Vladimir Oblast
Печора, Республика Коми -> Pechora, Komi Republic
Печоры, Псковская область -> Pechory, Pskov Oblast
Пикалёво, Ленинградская область -> Pikalyovo, Leningrad Oblast
Пионерский, Калининградская область -> Pionersky, Kaliningrad Oblast
Питкяранта, Республика Карелия -> Pitkyaranta, Republic of Karelia
Плавск, Тульская область -> Plavsk, Tula Oblast
Пласт, Челябинская область -> Plast, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Плёс, Ивановская область -> Plyos, Ivanovo Oblast
Поворино, Воронежская область -> Povorino, Voronezh Oblast
Подольск, Московская область -> Podolsk, Moscow Oblast
Подпорожье, Ленинградская область -> Podporozhye, Leningrad Oblast
Покачи, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Pokachi, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Покров, Владимирская область -> Pokrov, Vladimir Oblast
Покровск, Республика Саха -> Pokrovsk, Sakha Republic
Полевской, Свердловская область -> Polevskoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Полесск, Калининградская область -> Polessk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Полысаево, Кемеровская область -> Polysayevo, Kemerovo Oblast
Полярные Зори, Мурманская область -> Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk Oblast
Полярный, Мурманская область -> Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast
Поронайск, Сахалинская область -> Poronaysk, Sakhalin Oblast
Порхов, Псковская область -> Porkhov, Pskov Oblast
Похвистнево, Самарская область -> Pokhvistnevo, Samara Oblast
Почеп, Брянская область -> Pochep, Bryansk Oblast
Починок, Смоленская область -> Pochinok, Pochinkovsky District, Smolensk Oblast
Пошехонье, Ярославская область -> Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl Oblast
Правдинск, Калининградская область -> Pravdinsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Приволжск, Ивановская область -> Privolzhsk, Ivanovo Oblast
Приморск, Калининградская область -> Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Приморск, Ленинградская область -> Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Приморско-Ахтарск, Краснодарский край -> Primorsko-Akhtarsk, Krasnodar Krai
Приозерск, Ленинградская область -> Priozersk, Leningrad Oblast
Прокопьевск, Кемеровская область -> Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Пролетарск, Ростовская область -> Proletarsk, Rostov Oblast
Протвино, Московская область -> Protvino, Moscow Oblast
Прохладный, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Prokhladny, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Псков, Псковская область -> Pskov, Pskov Oblast
Пугачёв, Саратовская область -> Pugachyov, Saratov Oblast
Пудож, Республика Карелия -> Pudozh, Republic of Karelia
Пустошка, Псковская область -> Pustoshka, Pskov Oblast
Пучеж, Ивановская область -> Puchezh, Ivanovo Oblast
Пушкино, Московская область -> Pushkino, Moscow Oblast
Пущино, Московская область -> Pushchino, Moscow Oblast
Пыталово, Псковская область -> Pytalovo, Pskov Oblast
Пыть-Ях, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Pyt-Yakh, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Пятигорск, Ставропольский край -> Pyatigorsk, Stavropol Krai

Р
Радужный, Владимирская область -> Raduzhny, Vladimir Oblast
Радужный, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Raduzhny, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Райчихинск, Амурская область -> Raychikhinsk, Amur Oblast
Раменское, Московская область -> Ramenskoye, Moscow Oblast
Рассказово, Тамбовская область -> Rasskazovo, Tambov Oblast
Ревда, Свердловская область -> Revda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Реж, Свердловская область -> Rezh, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Реутов, Московская область -> Reutov, Moscow Oblast
Ржев, Тверская область -> Rzhev, Tver Oblast
Родники, Ивановская область -> Rodniki, Ivanovo Oblast
Рославль, Смоленская область -> Roslavl, Smolensk Oblast
Россошь, Воронежская область -> Rossosh, Voronezh Oblast
Ростов-на-Дону, Ростовская область -> Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast
Ростов, Ярославская область -> Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast
Рошаль, Московская область -> Roshal, Moscow Oblast
Ртищево, Саратовская область -> Rtishchevo, Saratov Oblast
Рубцовск, Алтайский край -> Rubtsovsk, Altai Krai
Рудня, Смоленская область -> Rudnya, Smolensk Oblast
Руза, Московская область -> Ruza, Moscow Oblast
Рузаевка, Республика Мордовия -> Ruzayevka, Republic of Mordovia
Рыбинск, Ярославская область -> Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Oblast
Рыбное, Рязанская область -> Rybnoye, Ryazan Oblast
Рыльск, Курская область -> Rylsk, Kursk Oblast
Ряжск, Рязанская область -> Ryazhsk, Ryazan Oblast
Рязань, Рязанская область -> Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast

С
Саки, Республика Крым -> Republic of Crimea
Салават, Республика Башкортостан -> Salavat, Republic of Bashkortostan
Салаир, Кемеровская область -> Salair, Kemerovo Oblast
Салехард, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Salekhard, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Сальск, Ростовская область -> Salsk, Rostov Oblast
Самара, Самарская область -> Samara, Samara Oblast
Санкт-Петербург -> Saint Petersburg
Саранск, Республика Мордовия -> Saransk, Republic of Mordovia
Сарапул, Удмуртская Республика -> Sarapul, Udmurt Republic
Саратов, Саратовская область -> Saratov, Saratov Oblast
Саров, Нижегородская область -> Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Сасово, Рязанская область -> Sasovo, Ryazan Oblast
Сатка, Челябинская область -> Satka, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Сафоново, Смоленская область -> Safonovo, Smolensk Oblast
Саяногорск, Республика Хакасия -> Sayanogorsk, Republic of Khakassia
Саянск, Иркутская область -> Sayansk, Irkutsk Oblast
Светлогорск, Калининградская область -> Svetlogorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Светлоград, Ставропольский край -> Svetlograd, Stavropol Krai
Светлый, Калининградская область -> Svetly, Kaliningrad Oblast
Светогорск, Ленинградская область -> Svetogorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Свирск, Иркутская область -> Svirsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Свободный, Амурская область -> Svobodny, Amur Oblast
Себеж, Псковская область -> Sebezh, Pskov Oblast
Севастополь -> Sevastopol
Северо-Курильск, Сахалинская область -> Severo-Kurilsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Северобайкальск, Республика Бурятия -> Severobaykalsk, Republic of Buryatia
Северодвинск, Архангельская область -> Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Североморск, Мурманская область -> Severomorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Североуральск, Свердловская область -> Severouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Северск, Томская область -> Seversk, Tomsk Oblast
Севск, Брянская область -> Sevsk, Bryansk Oblast
Сегежа, Республика Карелия -> Segezha, Republic of Karelia
Сельцо, Брянская область -> Seltso, Bryansk Oblast
Семёнов, Нижегородская область -> Semyonov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Семикаракорск, Ростовская область -> Semikarakorsk, Rostov Oblast
Семилуки, Воронежская область -> Semiluki, Voronezh Oblast
Сенгилей, Ульяновская область -> Sengiley, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Серафимович, Волгоградская область -> Serafimovich, Volgograd Oblast
Сергач, Нижегородская область -> Sergach, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Сергиев Посад, Московская область -> Sergiyev Posad, Moscow Oblast
Сердобск, Пензенская область -> Serdobsk, Penza Oblast
Серов, Свердловская область -> Serov, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Серпухов, Московская область -> Serpukhov, Moscow Oblast
Сертолово, Ленинградская область -> Sertolovo, Leningrad Oblast
Сибай, Республика Башкортостан -> Sibay, Republic of Bashkortostan
Сим, Челябинская область -> Sim, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Симферополь, Республика Крым -> Simferopol, Republic of Crimea
Сковородино, Амурская область -> Skovorodino, Amur Oblast
Скопин, Рязанская область -> Skopin, Ryazan Oblast
Славгород, Алтайский край -> Slavgorod, Altai Krai
Славск, Калининградская область -> Slavsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Славянск-на-Кубани, Краснодарский край -> Slavyansk-na-Kubani, Krasnodar Krai
Сланцы, Ленинградская область -> Slantsy, Leningrad Oblast
Слободской, Кировская область -> Slobodskoy, Kirov Oblast
Слюдянка, Иркутская область -> Slyudyanka, Irkutsk Oblast
Смоленск, Смоленская область -> Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast
Снежинск, Челябинская область -> Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Снежногорск, Мурманская область -> Snezhnogorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Собинка, Владимирская область -> Sobinka, Vladimir Oblast
Советск, Калининградская область -> Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Советск, Кировская область -> Sovetsk, Kirov Oblast
Советск, Тульская область -> Sovetsk, Tula Oblast
Советская Гавань, Хабаровский край -> Sovetskaya Gavan, Khabarovsk Krai
Советский, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Sovetsky, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Сокол, Вологодская область -> Sokol, Vologda Oblast
Солигалич, Костромская область -> Soligalich, Kostroma Oblast
Соликамск, Пермский край -> Solikamsk, Perm Krai
Солнечногорск, Московская область -> Solnechnogorsk, Moscow Oblast
Соль-Илецк, Оренбургская область -> Sol-Iletsk, Orenburg Oblast
Сольвычегодск, Архангельская область -> Solvychegodsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Сольцы, Новгородская область -> Soltsy, Novgorod Oblast
Сорочинск, Оренбургская область -> Sorochinsk, Orenburg Oblast
Сорск, Республика Хакасия -> Sorsk, Republic of Khakassia
Сортавала, Республика Карелия -> Sortavala, Republic of Karelia
Сосенский, Калужская область -> Sosensky, Kaluga Oblast
Сосновка, Кировская область -> Sosnovka, Kirov Oblast
Сосновоборск, Красноярский край -> Sosnovoborsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Сосновый Бор, Ленинградская область -> Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Oblast
Сосногорск, Республика Коми -> Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic
Сочи, Краснодарский край -> Sochi, Krasnodar Krai
Спас-Деменск, Калужская область -> Spas-Demensk, Kaluga Oblast
Спас-Клепики, Рязанская область -> Spas-Klepiki, Ryazan Oblast
Спасск, Пензенская область -> Spassk, Penza Oblast
Спасск-Дальний, Приморский край -> Spassk-Dalny, Primorsky Krai
Спасск-Рязанский, Рязанская область -> Spassk-Ryazansky, Ryazan Oblast
Среднеколымск, Республика Саха -> Srednekolymsk, Sakha Republic
Среднеуральск, Свердловская область -> Sredneuralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Сретенск, Забайкальский край -> Sretensk, Zabaykalsky Krai
Ставрополь, Ставропольский край -> Stavropol, Stavropol Krai
Старая Купавна, Московская область -> Staraya Kupavna, Moscow Oblast
Старая Русса, Новгородская область -> Staraya Russa, Novgorod Oblast
Старица, Тверская область -> Staritsa, Tver Oblast
Стародуб, Брянская область -> Starodub, Bryansk Oblast
Старый Крым, Республика Крым -> Stary Krym, Republic of Crimea
Старый Оскол, Белгородская область -> Stary Oskol, Belgorod Oblast
Стерлитамак, Республика Башкортостан -> Sterlitamak, Republic of Bashkortostan
Стрежевой, Томская область -> Strezhevoy, Tomsk Oblast
Строитель, Белгородская область -> Stroitel, Belgorod Oblast
Струнино, Владимирская область -> Strunino, Vladimir Oblast
Ступино, Московская область -> Stupino, Moscow Oblast
Суворов, Тульская область -> Suvorov, Tula Oblast
Судак, Республика Крым -> Sudak, Republic of Crimea
Суджа, Курская область -> Sudzha, Kursk Oblast
Судогда, Владимирская область -> Sudogda, Vladimir Oblast
Суздаль, Владимирская область -> Suzdal, Vladimir Oblast
Суоярви, Республика Карелия -> Suoyarvi, Republic of Karelia
Сураж, Брянская область -> Surazh, Bryansk Oblast
Сургут, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Surgut, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Суровикино, Волгоградская область -> Surovikino, Volgograd Oblast
Сурск, Пензенская область -> Sursk, Penza Oblast
Сусуман, Магаданская область -> Susuman, Magadan Oblast
Сухиничи, Калужская область -> Sukhinichi, Kaluga Oblast
Сухой Лог, Свердловская область -> Sukhoy Log, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Сызрань, Самарская область -> Syzran, Samara Oblast
Сыктывкар, Республика Коми -> Syktyvkar, Komi Republic
Сысерть, Свердловская область -> Sysert, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Сычёвка, Смоленская область -> Sychyovka, Smolensk Oblast
Сясьстрой, Ленинградская область -> Syasstroy, Leningrad Oblast

Т
Тавда, Свердловская область -> Tavda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Таганрог, Ростовская область -> Taganrog, Rostov Oblast
Тайга, Кемеровская область -> Tayga, Kemerovo Oblast
Тайшет, Иркутская область -> Tayshet, Irkutsk Oblast
Талдом, Московская область -> Taldom, Moscow Oblast
Талица, Свердловская область -> Talitsa, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Тамбов, Тамбовская область -> Tambov, Tambov Oblast
Тара, Омская область -> Tara, Omsk Oblast
Тарко-Сале, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Tarko-Sale, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Таруса, Калужская область -> Tarusa, Kaluga Oblast
Татарск, Новосибирская область -> Tatarsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Таштагол, Кемеровская область -> Tashtagol, Kemerovo Oblast
Тверь, Тверская область -> Tver, Tver Oblast
Теберда, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Teberda, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Тейково, Ивановская область -> Teykovo, Ivanovo Oblast
Темников, Республика Мордовия -> Temnikov, Republic of Mordovia
Темрюк, Краснодарский край -> Temryuk, Krasnodar Krai
Терек, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Terek, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Тетюши, Республика Татарстан -> Tetyushi, Republic of Tatarstan
Тимашёвск, Краснодарский край -> Timashyovsk, Krasnodar Krai
Тихвин, Ленинградская область -> Tikhvin, Leningrad Oblast
Тихорецк, Краснодарский край -> Tikhoretsk, Krasnodar Krai
Тобольск, Тюменская область -> Tobolsk, Tyumen Oblast
Тогучин, Новосибирская область -> Toguchin, Novosibirsk Oblast
Тольятти, Самарская область -> Tolyatti, Samara Oblast
Томари, Сахалинская область -> Tomari, Sakhalin Oblast
Томмот, Республика Саха -> Tommot, Sakha Republic
Томск, Томская область -> Tomsk, Tomsk Oblast
Топки, Кемеровская область -> Topki, Kemerovo Oblast
Торжок, Тверская область -> Torzhok, Tver Oblast
Торопец, Тверская область -> Toropets, Tver Oblast
Тосно, Ленинградская область -> Tosno, Leningrad Oblast
Тотьма, Вологодская область -> Totma, Vologda Oblast
Трёхгорный, Челябинская область -> Tryokhgorny, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Троицк, Челябинская область -> Troitsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Трубчевск, Брянская область -> Trubchevsk, Bryansk Oblast
Туапсе, Краснодарский край -> Tuapse, Krasnodar Krai
Туймазы, Республика Башкортостан -> Tuymazy, Republic of Bashkortostan
Тула, Тульская область -> Tula, Tula Oblast
Тулун, Иркутская область -> Tulun, Irkutsk Oblast
Туран, Республика Тыва -> Turan, Tuva Republic
Туринск, Свердловская область -> Turinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Тутаев, Ярославская область -> Tutayev, Yaroslavl Oblast
Тында, Амурская область -> Tynda, Amur Oblast
Тырныауз, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Tyrnyauz, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Тюкалинск, Омская область -> Tyukalinsk, Omsk Oblast
Тюмень, Тюменская область -> Tyumen, Tyumen Oblast

У
Уварово, Тамбовская область -> Uvarovo, Tambov Oblast
Углегорск, Сахалинская область -> Uglegorsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Углич, Ярославская область -> Uglich, Yaroslavl Oblast
Удачный, Республика Саха -> Udachny, Sakha Republic
Удомля, Тверская область -> Udomlya, Tver Oblast
Ужур, Красноярский край -> Uzhur, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Узловая, Тульская область -> Uzlovaya, Tula Oblast
Улан-Удэ, Республика Бурятия -> Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia
Ульяновск, Ульяновская область -> Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Унеча, Брянская область -> Unecha, Bryansk Oblast
Урай, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Uray, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Урень, Нижегородская область -> Uren, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Уржум, Кировская область -> Urzhum, Kirov Oblast
Урус-Мартан, Чеченская Республика -> Urus-Martan
Урюпинск, Волгоградская область -> Uryupinsk, Volgograd Oblast
Усинск, Республика Коми -> Usinsk, Komi Republic
Усмань, Липецкая область -> Usman, Lipetsk Oblast
Усолье-Сибирское, Иркутская область -> Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk Oblast
Усолье, Пермский край -> Usolye, Perm Krai
Уссурийск, Приморский край -> Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai
Усть-Джегута, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Ust-Dzheguta, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Усть-Илимск, Иркутская область -> Ust-Ilimsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Усть-Катав, Челябинская область -> Ust-Katav, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Усть-Кут, Иркутская область -> Ust-Kut, Irkutsk Oblast
Усть-Лабинск, Краснодарский край -> Ust-Labinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Устюжна, Вологодская область -> Ustyuzhna, Vologda Oblast
Уфа, Республика Башкортостан -> Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan
Ухта, Республика Коми -> Ukhta, Komi Republic
Учалы, Республика Башкортостан -> Uchaly, Republic of Bashkortostan
Уяр, Красноярский край -> Uyar, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Ф
Фатеж, Курская область -> Fatezh, Kursk Oblast
Феодосия, Республика Крым -> Feodosia, Republic of Crimea
Фокино, Брянская область -> Fokino, Bryansk Oblast
Фокино, Приморский край -> Fokino, Primorsky Krai
Фролово, Волгоградская область -> Frolovo, Volgograd Oblast
Фрязино, Московская область -> Fryazino, Moscow Oblast
Фурманов, Ивановская область -> Furmanov, Ivanovo Oblast

Х,Ц
Хабаровск, Хабаровский край -> Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Krai
Хадыженск, Краснодарский край -> Khadyzhensk, Krasnodar Krai
Ханты-Мансийск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Khanty-Mansiysk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Харабали, Астраханская область -> Kharabali, Astrakhan Oblast
Харовск, Вологодская область -> Kharovsk, Vologda Oblast
Хасавюрт, Республика Дагестан -> Khasavyurt, Republic of Dagestan
Хвалынск, Саратовская область -> Khvalynsk, Saratov Oblast
Хилок, Забайкальский край -> Khilok, Zabaykalsky Krai
Химки, Московская область -> Khimki, Moscow Oblast
Холм, Новгородская область -> Kholm, Novgorod Oblast
Холмск, Сахалинская область -> Kholmsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Хотьково, Московская область -> Khotkovo, Moscow Oblast

Цивильск, Чувашская Республика -> Tsivilsk, Chuvash Republic
Цимлянск, Ростовская область -> Tsimlyansk, Rostov Oblast

Ч
Чадан, Республика Тыва -> Chadan, Tuva Republic
Чайковский, Пермский край -> Chaykovsky, Perm Krai
Чапаевск, Самарская область -> Chapayevsk, Samara Oblast
Чаплыгин, Липецкая область -> Chaplygin, Lipetsk Oblast
Чебаркуль, Челябинская область -> Chebarkul, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Чебоксары, Чувашская Республика -> Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic
Чегем, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Chegem, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Чекалин, Тульская область -> Chekalin, Tula Oblast
Челябинск, Челябинская область -> Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Чердынь, Пермский край -> Cherdyn, Perm Krai
Черемхово, Иркутская область -> Cheremkhovo, Irkutsk Oblast
Черепаново, Новосибирская область -> Cherepanovo, Novosibirsk Oblast
Череповец, Вологодская область -> Cherepovets, Vologda Oblast
Черкесск, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Чёрмоз, Пермский край -> Chyormoz, Perm Krai
Черноголовка, Московская область -> Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast
Черногорск, Республика Хакасия -> Chernogorsk, Republic of Khakassia
Чернушка, Пермский край -> Chernushka, Perm Krai
Черняховск, Калининградская область -> Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Чехов, Московская область -> Chekhov, Moscow Oblast
Чистополь, Республика Татарстан -> Chistopol, Republic of Tatarstan
Чита, Забайкальский край -> Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai
Чкаловск, Нижегородская область -> Chkalovsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Чудово, Новгородская область -> Chudovo, Novgorod Oblast
Чулым, Новосибирская область -> Chulym, Novosibirsk Oblast
Чусовой, Пермский край -> Chusovoy, Perm Krai
Чухлома, Костромская область -> Chukhloma, Kostroma Oblast

Ш
Шагонар, Республика Тыва -> Shagonar, Tuva Republic
Шадринск, Курганская область -> Shadrinsk, Kurgan Oblast
Шали, Чеченская Республика -> Shali, Chechen Republic
Шарыпово, Красноярский край -> Sharypovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Шарья, Костромская область -> Sharya, Kostroma Oblast
Шатура, Московская область -> Shatura, Moscow Oblast
Шахты, Ростовская область -> Shakhty, Rostov Oblast
Шахунья, Нижегородская область -> Shakhunya, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Шацк, Рязанская область -> Shatsk, Ryazan Oblast
Шебекино, Белгородская область -> Shebekino, Belgorod Oblast
Шелехов, Иркутская область -> Shelekhov, Irkutsk Oblast
Шенкурск, Архангельская область -> Shenkursk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Шилка, Забайкальский край -> Shilka, Zabaykalsky Krai
Шимановск, Амурская область -> Shimanovsk, Amur Oblast
Шиханы, Саратовская область -> Shikhany, Saratov Oblast
Шлиссельбург, Ленинградская область -> Shlisselburg, Leningrad Oblast
Шумерля, Чувашская Республика -> Shumerlya, Chuvash Republic
Шумиха, Курганская область -> Shumikha, Kurgan Oblast
Шуя, Ивановская область -> Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast

Щ
Щёкино, Тульская область -> Shchyokino, Tula Oblast
Щёлкино, Республика Крым -> Shchelkino, Republic of Crimea
Щёлково, Московская область -> Shchyolkovo, Moscow Oblast
Щигры, Курская область -> Shchigry, Kursk Oblast
Щучье, Курганская область -> Shchuchye, Kurgan Oblast

Э
Электрогорск, Московская область -> Elektrogorsk, Moscow Oblast
Электросталь, Московская область -> Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast
Электроугли, Московская область -> Elektrougli, Moscow Oblast
Элиста, Республика Калмыкия -> Elista, Republic of Kalmykia
Энгельс, Саратовская область -> Engels, Saratov Oblast
Эртиль, Воронежская область -> Ertil, Voronezh Oblast

Ю
Югорск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Yugorsk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Южа, Ивановская область -> Yuzha, Ivanovo Oblast
Южно-Сахалинск, Сахалинская область -> Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Южно-Сухокумск, Республика Дагестан -> Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk, Republic of Dagestan
Южноуральск, Челябинская область -> Yuzhnouralsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Юрга, Кемеровская область -> Yurga, Kemerovo Oblast
Юрьев-Польский, Владимирская область -> Yuryev-Polsky, Vladimir Oblast
Юрьевец, Ивановская область -> Yuryevets, Ivanovo Oblast
Юрюзань, Челябинская область -> Yuryuzan, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Юхнов, Калужская область -> Yukhnov, Kaluga Oblast

Я
Ядрин, Чувашская Республика -> Yadrin, Chuvash Republic
Якутск, Республика Саха -> Yakutsk, Sakha Republic
Ялта, Республика Крым -> Yalta, Republic of Crimea
Ялуторовск, Тюменская область -> Yalutorovsk, Tyumen Oblast
Янаул, Республика Башкортостан -> Yanaul, Republic of Bashkortostan
Яранск, Кировская область -> Yaransk, Kirov Oblast
Яровое, Алтайский край -> Yarovoye, Altai Krai
Ярославль, Ярославская область -> Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast
Ярцево, Смоленская область -> Yartsevo, Smolensk Oblast
Ясногорск, Тульская область -> Yasnogorsk, Tula Oblast
Ясный, Оренбургская область -> Yasny, Orenburg Oblast
Яхрома, Московская область -> Yakhroma, Moscow Oblast

Область/Край/Республика России на английском языке для визовой анкеты США

Адыгея | Республика Адыгея -> Republic of Adygea
Алтай | Республика Алтай -> Altai Republic
Алтайский край -> Altai Krai
Амурская область -> Amur Oblast
Архангельская область -> Arkhangelsk Oblast
Астраханская область -> Astrakhan Oblast
Башкортостан | Республика Башкортостан -> Republic of Bashkortostan
Белгородская область -> Belgorod Oblast
Брянская область -> Bryansk Oblast
Бурятия | Республика Бурятия -> Republic of Buryatia
Владимирская область -> Vladimir Oblast
Волгоградская область -> Volgograd Oblast
Вологодская область -> Vologda Oblast
Воронежская область -> Voronezh Oblast
Дагестан | Республика Дагестан -> Republic of Dagestan
Еврейская автономная область -> Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Забайкальский край -> Zabaykalsky Krai
Ивановская область -> Ivanovo Oblast
Ингушетия | Республика Ингушетия -> Republic of Ingushetia
Иркутская область -> Irkutsk Oblast
Кабардино-Балкария | Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Калининградская область -> Kaliningrad Oblast
Калмыкия | Республика Калмыкия -> Republic of Kalmykia
Калужская область -> Kaluga Oblast
Камчатский край -> Kamchatka Krai
Карачаево-Черкесия | Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Карелия | Республика Карелия -> Republic of Karelia
Кемеровская область -> Kemerovo Oblast
Кировская область -> Kirov Oblast
Коми | Республика Коми -> Komi Republic
Костромская область -> Kostroma Oblast
Краснодарский край -> Krasnodar Krai
Красноярский край -> Krasnoyarsk Krai
Крым | Республика Крым -> Republic of Crimea
Курганская область -> Kurgan Oblast
Курская область -> Kursk Oblast
Ленинградская область -> Leningrad Oblast
Липецкая область -> Lipetsk Oblast
Магаданская область -> Magadan Oblast
Марий Эл | Республика Марий Эл -> Mari El Republic
Мордовия | Республика Мордовия -> Republic of Mordovia
Московская область -> Moscow Oblast
Мурманская область -> Murmansk Oblast
Ненецкий автономный округ -> Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Нижегородская область -> Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Новгородская область -> Novgorod Oblast
Новосибирская область -> Novosibirsk Oblast
Омская область -> Omsk Oblast
Оренбургская область -> Orenburg Oblast
Орловская область -> Oryol Oblast
Пензенская область -> Penza Oblast
Пермский край -> Perm Krai
Приморский край -> Primorsky Krai
Псковская область -> Pskov Oblast
Ростовская область -> Rostov Oblast
Рязанская область -> Ryazan Oblast
Самарская область -> Samara Oblast
Саратовская область -> Saratov Oblast
Саха | Республика Саха (Якутия) -> Sakha Republic (Yakutia)
Сахалинская область -> Sakhalin Oblast
Свердловская область -> Sverdlovsk Oblast
Северная Осетия | Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Смоленская область -> Smolensk Oblast
Ставропольский край -> Stavropol Krai
Тамбовская область -> Tambov Oblast
Татарстан | Республика Татарстан -> Republic of Tatarstan
Тверская область -> Tver Oblast
Томская область -> Tomsk Oblast
Тульская область -> Tula Oblast
Тыва | Республика Тыва -> Tyva Republic
Тюменская область -> Tyumen Oblast
Удмуртия | Удмуртская Республика -> Udmurt Republic
Ульяновская область -> Ulyanovsk Oblast
Хабаровский край -> Khabarovsk Krai
Хакасия | Республика Хакасия -> Republic of Khakassia
Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Челябинская область -> Chelyabinsk Oblast
Чечня | Чеченская Республика -> Chechen Republic
Чувашия | Чувашская Республика -> Chuvash Republic
Чукотка | Чукотский автономный округ -> Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Ярославская область -> Yaroslavl Oblast

Norilsk Норильск
City[1]
Leninsky Prospekt in central Norilsk (June 2016)
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Norilsk
Norilsk Location of Norilsk Norilsk Norilsk (Krasnoyarsk Krai)
Coordinates: 69°20′N 88°13′E / 69.333°N 88.217°ECoordinates: 69°20′N 88°13′E / 69.333°N 88.217°E
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Krasnoyarsk Krai[1]
Founded	1935[2]
City status since	1953[2]
Elevation	90 m (300 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[3]
• Total	175,365
• Estimate  (2018)[4]	179,554 (+2.4%)
• Rank	102nd in 2010
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	district city of Norilsk[1]
• Capital of	district city of Norilsk[1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Norilsk Urban Okrug[5]
• Capital of	Norilsk Urban Okrug[5]
Time zone	UTC+7 (MSK+4 [6])
Postal code(s)[7]	663300-663341
Dialing code(s)	+7 3919[8]
OKTMO ID	04729000001
Website	www.norilsk-city.ru

Norilsk (Russian: Нори́льск, IPA: [nɐˈrʲilʲsk], Norílʹsk) is a closed city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located south of the western Taymyr Peninsula, around 90 km east of the Yenisey River and 1,500 km north of Krasnoyarsk. Norilsk is 300 km north of the Arctic Circle and 2,400 km from the North Pole. It has a permanent population of 182,701 (2021),^[9] and up to 220,000 including temporary inhabitants.^[10][11] It is the second-largest city in the region after Krasnoyarsk. Since 2016 Norilsk’s population has grown steadily. In 2017, for the first time, migration to the city exceeded outflow; In 2018, according to Krasnoyarskstat, natural population growth amounted to 1,357 people: 2,381 people were born, 1,024 people died.

It is the world’s northernmost city with more than 180,000 inhabitants, and the second-largest city (after Murmansk) inside the Arctic Circle. Norilsk and Yakutsk are the only large cities in the continuous permafrost zone.

Norilsk is located atop some of the largest nickel deposits on Earth. Consequently, mining and smelting ore are the major industries. Norilsk is the center of a region where nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum, palladium, and coal are mined. The presence of mineral deposits in the Siberian Craton was known for two centuries before Norilsk was founded, but mining began only in 1939, when subterranean portions of the Norilsk-Talnakh intrusions were found beneath mountainous terrain.

In 2004, two satellite cities (Talnakh and Kayerkan) became districts of the city of Norilsk, and Oganer became a suburb of Norilsk’s Central District. The jurisdiction of Norilsk also extends to the settlement of Snezhnogorsk, which originated in 1963 as a settlement to accommodate the builders of the Ust-Khantai Hydroelectric Power Station.

Access to Norilsk is restricted for foreign citizens, who are required to obtain a special permission to visit the city.^[12]

Name[edit]

Norilsk owes its name to its geographical location. The Norilsk river flows near the city, which is located near the Norilsk mountains. The travelers Khariton Laptev, Alexander Fyodorovich Middendorf, and Fedor Bogdanovich Schmidt mentioned the river Norilsk and the Norilsk mountains in their accounts.

According to the Soviet Arctic explorer Nikolay Urvantsev, the Norilsk river was probably given its former name, Norilka, in the 16th–17th centuries during the existence of the city Mangazeya, when the Taymyr was settled by Russian fishing people.^[13] It is likely that the name of the river comes from the word «norilo«, a long thin pole that was used to stretch a string of trap nets from hole to hole under the ice.

Some argue the name derives from the Yukagir word «nerile«, meaning «an earthen hill, consisting of some crags, cliffs» (the mountains around Norilsk do indeed resemble «nerile»). According to another version, the name of the river (Norilka) and, accordingly, the city comes from the Evenk word «narus» or «nioril» in the Yukagir language, which means «swamps».^[14] It may also derive from the name of an Evenk tribe, the «Nyurilians», or from the nearby Lake Murilskoye.^[15][16]

History[edit]

People knew about the minerals in the Norilsk area as early as the Bronze Age — a site with primitive equipment for smelting and casting, as well as raw materials (balls of native copper), has been discovered near Lake Pyasino.^[17]

In the 16th-17th centuries, copper from the Norilsk deposits was used by the inhabitants of Mangazeya, a city located beyond the Arctic Circle on the Taz River, which was an important regional trading and craft center.^[18] During the excavations of Mangazeya in 1972-1975, Professor Mikhail Ivanovich Belov discovered a vast foundry yard.^[19] Platinoids were found in the remains of the copper wares unearthed there.

Geologist and explorer Nikolay Urvantsev carried out further study of the Norilsk region during expeditions in 1919-1926, which confirmed the presence of rich deposits of coal and polymetallic ores in the western spurs of the Putorana Plateau.^[20]

In 1921, during one of Urvantsev’s expeditions, a log cabin was built at the northern foot of Mount Schmidtikh.^[21] This hut is considered to be the first building in Norilsk. The cabin was later moved, and is now located near Norilsk Museum. It has the status of a historical monument.^[22]

Norilsk was founded at the end of the 1920s, but the official date of the city’s foundation is traditionally held to be 1935, when the Norillag system of Gulag labour camp was established and prisoners began construction work on the A.P. Zavenyagin Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant. Over the next few years Norilsk grew into a settlement for the Norilsk mining and metallurgical complex, and it was granted urban-type settlement status in 1939 and city status in 1953.^[23]

In the late 1940s, architects began to design a “new” city on the eastern shore of Lake Dolgoye, and Norillag prisoners started building work in 1951. In the summer of 1953, inmates from one of the Norillag camps, Gorlag, went on strike, sparking the Norilsk Uprising.

In 1947, construction began on the Salekhard–Igarka Railway, a line intended to cross northern Siberia. The railway was to have linked the Arctic coal-mining city of Vorkuta in European Russia to the Yenisei River via Salekhard and the Ob River. A spacious railway station was built in Norilsk, in the expectation that the city would eventually have a train service to Moscow,^[24] but construction of the Salekhard–Igarka Railway was halted after Joseph Stalin died in 1953.

To support the new city, the Norilsk railway to the port of Dudinka on the Yenisei River was built, first as a narrow-gauge line (winter 1935–36), later as a 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian standard gauge line (completed in the early 1950s).^[24]

Norillag was officially closed on August 22, 1956, by order No. 0348 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. According to the Norillag archives, 16,806 prisoners died in Norilsk as a result of forced labor, starvation and intense cold during the years the camp was operational (1935–1956). Fatalities were especially high during World War II from 1942 to 1944 when food supplies were particularly scarce. An unknown, yet significant number of prisoners continued to work and die in the mines until around 1979.

Several memorial structures have been erected in the city to commemorate Norilsk’s Gulag past. The Russian author Boris Ivanov wrote about the most famous of them in his book Paying for Platinum: «In the center of Norilsk, on Gvardeyskaya Square, ‘in an atmosphere of solemnity’, a foundation stone was even set, promising the construction of a monument on this spot to those who created the basis of the plant and this miracle city. This basalt block, weighing 100 poods (1,638 pounds (743 kg)), delivered from Mount Rudnaya. On a plaque attached to it are the words: ‘An obelisk will be built here, an eternal reminder of the feat of the Norilsk people who conquered the tundra, created our city and the plant’. The foundation stone was laid recently by historical standards, on June 26, 1966…»

On July 17, 2020, a monument to the Metallurgists of Norilsk was unveiled at the site of the foundation stone. The foundation stone itself is part of the sculptural composition.^[25]

In the 1980s, the Norilsk Golgotha memorial complex was built on the slope of Mount Schmidtikh to house the mass graves of the prisoners who founded the city. Poland and the (ex-Soviet) Baltic states have erected monuments to their countrymen who died here. Icon lamps also burn in an Orthodox chapel set on the mountainside.

The discovery in 1966 of the Oktyabrskoye deposit of copper-nickel ores, located 40 kilometers northeast of Norilsk, was a milestone in the further development of the region.^[26] The mining settlement of Talnakh was founded at the same time. A new complex, the Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant, was built 15 km west of Norilsk to process the raw materials from the new deposits. Work began in 1971 and the complex was finished in 1981.

A number of Finnish companies assisted in the construction and automation of Norilsk’s No. 2 copper and nickel smelters (in the Nadezhda complex), which led to substantial numbers of Finnish metallurgical and automation experts and their families coming to Norilsk from 1978 onward, creating a Finnish expat community of some hundreds of people for a couple of years.^[27]

Today Talnakh is the area’s major mining/enrichment site. Enriched ore emulsion is pumped from here to Norilsk’s metallurgy plants.

Enriched nickel and copper are transported from Dudinka to Murmansk by sea, and from there to the Monchegorsk enrichment and smelting plant on the Kola Peninsula, while more precious content goes upriver to Krasnoyarsk. This transportation takes place only during the summer. The port of Dudinka is closed and dismantled during spring flooding in late May, when waters can rise by up to 20 meters (66 ft) (a typical spring occurrence on all Siberian rivers, caused by winter ice obstructing meltwater from upstream).^[28]

Norilsk-Talnakh continues to be a dangerous mine to work in. According to the mining company, there were 2.4 accidents per 1,000 workers in 2005. In 2017, Norilsk Nickel claimed that it had reduced its overall lost time injury frequency rate (LTIFR) by almost 60% since 2013.^[29]

In June 2020, 20,000 tons of diesel fuel spilled from the tank of an NTEK power plant, polluting hundreds of square kilometers and causing serious damage to the local ecosystem.

Norilsk remains a closed city, and foreign citizens require special permission to visit the area.^[30]

Administrative and municipal status[edit]

Within the Russian system of administrative divisions, it is, together with the urban-type settlement of Snezhnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory, incorporated as the district city of Norilsk—an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the districts.^[1] As a municipal division, the district city of Norilsk is incorporated as the Norilsk Urban Okrug.^[5]

Since 2005, the city of Norilsk has been divided into three geographically disparate administrative districts:

Central region (including Oganer) — 113,042

Talnakh — 48,478^[31]

Kayerkan — 21,181^[32]

Government[edit]

Norilsk City Council of Deputies[edit]

Elected: 10.09.2017

Formed: 21.09.2017. Executive term: 5 years

Chairman: Aleksandr Pestryakov^[33]

Source: NORILSK CITY DEPUTY COUNCIL^[34]

Mayor of Norilsk[edit]

27.01.2021-present — Dmitry Karasyov. Executive term: 5 years.

Legislative Assembly of the Krasnoyarsk Territory[edit]

In September 2021, the composition of the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnoyarsk Territory was updated. Sergei Sizonenko was elected deputy for Taymyr constituency No. 23.^[35]

Demographics[edit]

Population[edit]

The population of Norilsk is 175,365 (2010 Census).^[3][36] After the fall of the USSR the population dropped by 40,000, but this was offset by the subsequent merger of the towns of Kayerkan and Talnakh into Norilsk, maintaining a permanent population of 175,000. Including temporary residents, the population can reach up to 220,000.

Life expectancy for local residents is about 10 years less than average Russian life expectancy,^[37] which as of 2013 was around 69 years.^[38]

Population history

1939	1959	1962	1967	1970	1973	1976	1979	1982
13,886	109,442	117,000	129,000	135,487	150,000	167,000	180,358	183,000
1989	1992	1995	1998	2002	2005	2010	2020	2021
174,673	165,000	164,000	156,000	134,832	131,900	175,365	181,830	182,701

Ethnic composition[edit]

The city has an ethnically diverse population. As of 2010, the predominant ethnic and cultural groups were Russians, Ukrainians, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Lezgins, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Ossetians, Nogai, and Kazakhs. The population of Norilsk consists almost entirely of people who moved to the city in the second half of the 20th century and their descendants, but many of the descendants of prisoners who were amnestied in 1953 still live in the city. There are very few representatives of indigenous ethnicities — Nenets, Enets, Nganasans and Dolgans — in the city.

There were 77 recognized ethnic groups in Norilsk as of 2010.^[39]

Ethnicity	Population	Percentage
Russians	129,545	73.9%
Ukrainians	9,165	5.2%
Azerbaijanis	5,371	3.1%
Tatars	2,972	1.7%
Chuvash	1,211	0.7%
Bashkirs	1,155	0.7%
Belarusians	1,133	0.6%
Others or undeclared	24,813	14.1%

As of January 1, 2021, in terms of population, the city ranked 103rd out of 1,116 cities in the Russian Federation.

	2009	2017	2018	2019	2020
Born	2,407	2,478	2,381	2,120	2,148
Died	1,205	1,055	1,024	841	1,061
Natural population increase	1,202	1,423	1,357	1,279	1,087
Migration inflow	3,591	13,395	14,207	12,585	11,692
Migration outflow	6,752	13,233	14,139	13,024	11,692
Increase/decrease due to migration	-3,161	162	68	-439	-257

Source — FEDERAL SERVICE OF STATE STATISTICS^[40]

Religion[edit]

Orthodox Christianity is the main religion in Norilsk. There is a Russian Orthodox cathedral, several Russian Orthodox churches and a Ukrainian Orthodox church. There is also a mosque in Norilsk. Built in 1998 and belonging to the local Tatar community, it is considered to be the northernmost Muslim prayer house in the world.^[42]

Since 2014, the city has been the center of the newly formed Norilsk Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Time zone[edit]

Norilsk is on Krasnoyarsk Time, seven hours ahead of UTC (UTC+07:00) and 4 hours ahead of Moscow Time (MSK+4)

Geography and natural environment[edit]

Norilsk sits between the West Siberian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau at the foot of the 1,700-meter-high (5,600 ft) Putorana Mountains. It is one of the world’s most northerly settlements and is both the largest city built on permafrost and the largest city inside the Arctic Circle.^[43] Norilsk has an extremely harsh subarctic climate (according to the Köppen climate classification, it is between subarctic (Dfc) to tundra (ET)). It is one of the coldest cities in the world – far colder than Murmansk, which is located at almost the same latitude.^[44]

As a result of Norilsk’s geographical isolation on the Taimyr Peninsula, the rest of Russia is usually referred to as “the mainland”, and expressions like “move to the mainland” or “on the mainland” are common among locals.

Climate[edit]

Despite being located inside the Arctic Circle, Norilsk has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc) with very long, extremely cold winters (from early October to May) and very short, mild summers. Norilsk experiences negative temperatures for about 240 days a year, and snow cover lasts from seven to nine months, with more than 50 days of snowstorms.^[45] Strong winds are common. The average temperature in January is about -27 °C.^[46]

The midnight sun is above the horizon from May 20 to July 24, and the time when the sun does not rise, polar night, lasts from approximately November 30 to January 13.^[47]

Summer is short (mid-July) and cool, with an average July high of +14.3°C, though temperatures can sometimes rise above 25 °C (77 °F).

Norilsk has an average annual air temperature of −9.6 °C, with an annual variation of absolute temperatures of 85 °C. The average annual relative humidity is about 76%.

Much of the surrounding area is naturally treeless tundra, and there are very few trees in the city itself.

Norilsk-Talnakh nickel deposits[edit]

The nickel deposits of Norilsk-Talnakh are the largest-known nickel-copper-palladium deposits in the world. The deposit was formed 250 million years ago during the eruption of the Siberian Traps igneous province (STIP). The STIP erupted over one million cubic kilometers of lava, a large portion of it through a series of flat-lying lava conduits below Norilsk and the Talnakh Mountains.^[55]

The current resource known for these mineralized intrusion exceeds 1.8 billion tons.^[56]

Norilsk is a center of non-ferrous metallurgy and is home to mining giant Norilsk Nickel’s mining operations.^[57] The smelting of the nickel ore is directly responsible for severe pollution, which generally takes the form of acid rain and smog. By some estimates, Norilsk’s nickel mines produce 1 percent of global sulfur dioxide (SO
₂) emissions.^[58]

Ecology[edit]

Norilsk is a city with an extremely unfavorable ecological and environmental situation, but recent initiatives have begun to tackle some of the region’s most serious pollution issues.

Pollution[edit]

Russia’s Federal State Statistics Service lists Norilsk as the most polluted city in Russia. In 2017, Norilsk produced 1.798 million tons of carbon pollutants—nearly six times more than the 304,600 tons that was generated by Russia’s second-most polluted city, Cherepovets. Norilsk, the report states, decontaminates almost half of its emissions.^[59]

In addition, the Blacksmith Institute has included Norilsk in its list of the 10 most polluted places on Earth. The list cites air pollution by particulates, including radioisotopes strontium-90, and caesium-137; the metals nickel, copper, cobalt, and lead; selenium; and by gases (such as nitrogen and carbon oxides, sulfur dioxide, phenols and hydrogen sulfide). The Institute estimates that 4 million tons of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, arsenic, selenium and zinc are released into the air every year.^[60]

Nickel ore is smelted at the company’s processing site at Norilsk. This smelting is directly responsible for severe pollution, which generally comes in the form of acid rain and smog. By some estimates, Norilsk’s nickel mines produce 1 percent of global sulfur dioxide emissions.^[61][58] Heavy metal pollution near Norilsk is so severe that it has now become economically feasible to mine surface soil, as the soil has acquired such high concentrations of platinum and palladium.^[62]

According to an April 2007 BBC News report,^[63] Norilsk Nickel accepted personal responsibility for what had happened to the forests around the city, and insisted that the company was implementing measures to reduce pollution. In 2016, company chairman Vladimir Potanin admitted that environmental issues were the company’s biggest problem.^[64]

In September 2016, images surfaced on social media of the nearby Daldykan River, which had turned red.^[65] Russia’s Environment Ministry issued a statement claiming that preliminary evidence pointed towards Nornickel-owned wastewater pipes from a nearby smelting plant as the source of the contamination. The company referred to intense rainfall and insisted that the incident of sedimentary coloring presented no danger to people or wildlife. The smelting plant, the company said, was in the process of being modernized.^[66] Nonetheless, accusations of illegal waste dumping continue to plague the company.^[67]

Environmental initiatives[edit]

The closure of the nickel plant in June 2016 was an important step toward the improvement of the environmental situation in the city, and made it possible to cut annual pollutant emissions from the plant by about 400,000 tons.

Norilsk Nickel has stated that the total emissions of its Russian operations were 6% lower in 2016 than in 2015, primarily thanks to the shutdown of the smelter. Following the completion of a large-scale project to upgrade the Talnakh concentrator, the enterprise’s capacity has grown by more than 30%, from 7.6 to 10.2 million tons of ore per year. In addition to achieving higher production rates, the goal of the modernization was also to reduce the negative impact on the environment by increasing the recovery of sulfur from ore to tailings.

In 2017, Norilsk Nickel announced that it had invested $14 billion in a major development program aimed at reducing sulfur dioxide emissions in Norilsk by 75% by 2023, using 2015 as a base year. One of the bigger steps taken to combat pollution was the closure of Nornickel’s old smelter in Norilsk, the main source of SO₂ emissions within the city boundaries since 1942.^[68]

In 2018, Norilsk Nickel announced the Sulfur Project, which includes the modernization of the Copper Plant, located within the city, and the relocation of blister copper production to the Nadezhda plant, outside the city. Norilsk’s Arena sports and entertainment complex has a showroom where you can see information about the Sulfur Program and Norilsk Nickel’s other environmental projects.

In 2021, the Clean Norilsk project was launched, with the support of Federal Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology Alexander Kozlov. The aim of the initiative is to demolish about 500 abandoned buildings and structures, and remove about 2 million square meters of industrial waste. The Clean Norilsk project was included in the nationwide environmental program Clean Arctic.

May 2020 diesel spill[edit]

On May 29, 2020 a fuel reservoir owned by Nornickel subsidiary NTEK at CHPP-3 ruptured during depressurization, spilling approximately 21,000 tons of diesel fuel and directly threatening the ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean. It was one of the largest oil spills in Russian history. As a result of the leak, according to preliminary estimates, 6,000 tons soaked into the ground, and 15,000 tons leaked into the nearby Ambarnaya River and Daldykan River. By June 3, according to Rosprirodnadzor, the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in the water of the Ambarnaya River exceeded the norm by tens of thousands of times. Vladimir Putin, the Russian president, declared a state of emergency.^[70] The fuel was a reserve used as a backup for the main gas supply to a power plant.^[71] The storage tank was built on permafrost, which, according to a statement by the company, could possibly have melted and become unstable due to climate change. An area of 350 square kilometers (135 square miles) was contaminated and it is proving difficult to clean up the area because there are no roads and the river is too shallow for boats and barges. Oleg Mitvol, former deputy head of Rosprirodnadzor, estimated that the clean-up would cost about 100 billion rubles (US$1.5 billion) and take 5–10 years.^[72]

Vice-speaker of the Taymyr Duma Sergey Sizonenko noted that about 700 of Taymyr’s indigenous people live in the affected area.

As a result of the proceedings, Norilsk Nickel was obliged to pay a fine of 146 billion rubles, which went into the federal budget of the Russian Federation, rather than the budget of the municipality. On August 26, 2021, the head of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation Alexander Chupriyan announced that clean-up work was complete.

Water[edit]

At the beginning of 2020, 43 water treatment facilities were operational in Norilsk. The system is constantly being upgraded. The modernization work is partly funded by Norilsk Nickel.

Economy[edit]

MMC Norilsk Nickel (formerly the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine), a mining company, is the principal employer in the Norilsk area.^[73] Norilsk is a major center of non-ferrous metallurgy; the following non-ferrous metals are mined here: copper, nickel, cobalt; precious metals: palladium, osmium, platinum, gold, silver, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium; by-products: technical sulfur, metallic selenium and tellurium, sulfuric acid. The company produces 35% of the world’s palladium, 25% of its platinum, 20% of its nickel, 20% of its rhodium, and 10% of its cobalt. In Russia, 96% of nickel, 95% of cobalt, and 55% of copper is produced by Norilsk Nickel. In 2007 the total volume of commodities produced and services carried out by the company in various manufacturing industries amounted to 321.5 billion rubles. In 2021 Norilsk Nickel’s net profit increased by 92% to $6.974 billion.

The Norilsk industrial region has all the necessary infrastructure for the production of non-ferrous metals: electric power, hydropower, industrial construction and building material production, and repair and service enterprises.

Energy is supplied from the Norilsk CHPP-1, CHPP-2, and CHPP-3 combined cycle power plants, which are located in different parts of the city and are owned by Norilsk Nickel. The company’s industrial enterprises are the principal consumers of electricity in the city.

Transport[edit]

The city is served by Alykel Airport and Valek Airport. The Norilsk railway links Norilsk to the port of Dudinka on the Yenisei River, but has been freight-only since 1998.

There is a road network around Norilsk (such as the A-382 which links to Dudinka and Norilsk Alykel Airport), but the city is not connected to the rest of Russia by road or rail. In essence, Norilsk and Dudinka are an island. As there is no overland communication with the «Big Land», groups of enthusiasts make road trips to Norilsk in off-road vehicles from other cities in Russia.

Freight is transported to and from Norilsk via Dudinka by boat on the Arctic Ocean or on the Yenisei.^[74] Dudinka is connected by sea with Arkhangelsk and Murmansk year-round, and by river with Krasnoyarsk and Dikson during the summer navigation period.

Norilsk has a municipal bus network, and there is also a bus service to Dudinka. Several dozen taxi firms operate in the city. In bad weather, workers from Norilsk Nickel’s industrial enterprises, which are located outside the city, are transported to and from the sites in off-road vehicles.

Norilsk Airport[edit]

Norilsk (Alykel) airport is located 35 kilometers west of the city center. Large-scale reconstruction in 2005-2008 upgraded the passenger terminal building to a modern international standard. In 2016-2018, a large-scale project was carried out to upgrade the airport’s runway. This has made it possible to increase the airport’s capacity, offer more flights and increase air safety.

In the summer of 2020, reconstruction work began on the airport as part of a state program to develop Russia’s transport network. Total investment amounts to more than 12.5 billion rubles (of which 5.8 billion rubles has been invested by Norilsk Nickel).

The vehicle license plate code for Norilsk is 24 RUS and 124 RUS.

Communication[edit]

Norilsk has a six-digit telephone numbering plan. All districts of the city are connected by a single telephone network.

Fixed-line communications for the population and organizations are provided by MTS, Norilsk Telecom, NN-Infocom, and Rostelecom.

Cellular communication began to develop relatively late in Norilsk: the first operator, Yeniseitelecom, began offering services only in December 2001. There are currently four mobile operators in the city: Yeniseitelecom (since 2001; since 2012 — under the Rostelecom brand; since July 31, 2015 — Tele2 Russia), Beeline (since 2002), MTS (since 2003) and MegaFon (since 2006). All of them, in addition to GSM communications, also provide third-generation services in the UMTS standards (Beeline, MTS and MegaFon, Tele2 Russia) and IMT-MC-450 (Tele2 Russia). Apart from MTS, all these mobile operators, built their own networks from scratch. MTS entered the Norilsk market as a result of the purchase of LLC Sibchallenge (the Taymyrsky Telefon (TT) brand) in 2003.

Since September 22, 2017, communication with the «mainland» has been carried out via fiber optic transmission; before that, communication could only be carried out via satellite channels; there were no cable lines connecting Norilsk with other cities.

A characteristic feature of Norilsk’s cable network is the presence of communication cables in sewage pipes (on the surface); on the «mainland» the cables are laid in a cable duct.

Norilsk’s troposcatter communication station was dismantled in the first half of the 2000s.

Since 2017, internet connection speeds have improved due to the installation of a 957-km (595 mi) communications cable laid along the Yenisei River toward Krasnoyarsk.^[75]

On June 3, 2019, the city switched to digital television, and most TV channels stopped broadcasting using an analogue signal.

Fiber optic communication[edit]

Until 2017, Norilsk was the last major city in Russia without high-speed internet access — access to the network was provided by a satellite channel with a speed of only 1 GB/s. The laying of a fiber optic line was complicated by the long distance (956 km) and severe weather conditions (up to -60 degrees in winter). The country’s «big three» telecom operators did not dare to undertake the project, which was instead handled by the Norilsk Nickel subsidiary Unity. Broadband internet started working in the city in September 2017. The launch was attended by Minister of Telecom and Mass Communications Nikolay Nikiforov and President of Norilsk Nickel Vladimir Potanin. Connectivity is now 40 times faster — up to 40 GB/s. The construction of the fiber optic line cost Norilsk Nickel 2.5 billion rubles, an investment that will not pay off, according to Russian business daily Vedomosti.

Education[edit]

Norilsk has a number of higher education institutions:

• Fedorovsky Polar State University [ru]^[76]
• Zabaikalsky State University Polytechnic College^[77]
• Norilsk College of Arts^[78]
• Norilsk Pedagogical College^[79]
• Norilsk Medical College^[80]
• Norilsk College of Industrial Technologies and Service^[81]

There are also several branches of higher educational institutions based in other Russian cities.^[82]

The city has 80 institutions in the general education system: 38 pre-school educational and 29 secondary schools, six preparatory schools, one lyceum, and six further education institutions (the Station for Young Technicians, the Center for Extracurricular Activities, the House of Children’s Creativity, the Social and Educational Center, the Station for Children’s and Youth Tourism and Excursions, and the Palace of Creativity for Children and Youth).^[83]

There are 41 municipal budgetary autonomous preschool educational institutions in Norilsk, including the Child Development Center. Ten of the city’s general education institutions offer specialized professional development classes.

Culture[edit]

Norilsk has a wide range of cultural institutions, including the Norilsk Museum and exhibition complex (which includes an art gallery and the «First House of Norilsk» house-museum),^[84] the Norilsk Municipal Cultural Center,^[85] the Norilsk Polar Drama Theater,^[86] the Norilsk Youth Theater & Studio, cinemas, a sports and entertainment complex,^[87] a music school, and art schools for children and adults, as well as many monuments and historical buildings.^[88]

The Norilsk Polar Drama Theater is one of the world’s most northernmost theaters.^[89] Founded in 1941 in Norillag, the troupe originally consisted mainly of prisoners. Artists such as Georgiy Zhzhonov (1949-1953, after imprisonment), E. Urusova (1950-1954, after imprisonment), Innokenty Smoktunovsky (1946-1951), V. Lukyanov, and V. Abramitskaya, E. Mokienko, A. Shcheglov, and I. Rozovsky all performed in the Norilsk Drama Theater at one time. From 1954-1962, Honored Artist of the RSFSR Efim Gelfand was the chief director of the theater. The theater also collaborated with Grigory Gorin and Yuli Kim, whose musical «How the Soldier Ivan Chonkin Guarded the Plane,» based on Vladimir Voinovich’s novel The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin, was staged in Norilsk for the first time and awarded the Golden Ostap Prize at a satire and humor festival in St. Petersburg (1997). In 2009, the Norilsk Polar Drama Theater was classified as a cultural heritage site of special value in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.^[90]

The city hosts several annual major cultural and entertainment festivals, such as the Bolshoi Argish festival, the Land is Our Common Home festival, and others.^[91][92]

Norilsk’s library system has been recognized as the best in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.^[93] Libraries are found in every district of the city.

Exhibitions, concerts, creative gatherings, performances by local groups and touring artists regularly take place at the museum and exhibition complex, the Norilsk Municipal Cultural Center, and other cultural and leisure centers in the city.

As in other cities built around metallurgical enterprises, Metallurgist’s Day (July 17) is an important festival. Members of indigenous northern ethnicities (Nenets, Dolgans, etc.) celebrate the festival of Heiro, which marks the return of the sun to the sky after the polar night.

In June 2021, Norilsk Nickel announced a RUB 4 billion project to create an Arctic Museum of Contemporary Art (AMMA), which includes the reconstruction of the House of Trade building and the opening of an 8,500-square-meter museum.^[94]

Architecture[edit]

The head of the Norilsk camps, Avraami Zavenyagin, was made responsible for restructuring the camp barracks into a full-fledged city. The architects — Gevorg Kochar, Mikael Mazmanyan, Olgerd Trushinsh — were prisoners of Norillag. They were supervised by Vitold Nepokoichitsky, who arrived from Leningrad in 1939, so the first blocks to be constructed in the city were built in the neoclassical style and resemble St. Petersburg. Nepokoichitsky’s wife, Lydia Minenko, also made a notable contribution.^[95] Local features such as Lake Dolgoye and reservoirs in the southwestern district were taken into account in the masterplan. The layout of the city was based on a main avenue, interrupted in places by squares.

One of the main challenges was to minimize the impact of strong winds. The first solutions were unsuccessful (it was initially assumed that snow would be swept out along the city’s streets, which were specially laid out along the axes of the prevailing winds, but the winds turned out to be too strong, and there was too much snow). After that, the decision was taken to use compact perimeter blocks, which determined the appearance of the city.^[96]

In the 1960s, districts of standardized panel housing were built in the outskirts of Norilsk.

The city is unusual in that its gas and water pipes, which are typically laid underground elsewhere, run overground. This is due to the problems created by the seasonal melting and freezing of the top layer of permafrost.^[97]

The city center is dominated by buildings in neoclassical style, with outlying residential areas consisting of tower blocks.^[97]

Effects of thawing permafrost[edit]

Rising Arctic temperatures are causing permafrost to thaw, cracking foundations and making many of the city’s buildings increasingly unstable. In response, regional authorities have announced a 650-million-ruble (€7.9 million) thermal stabilisation program for 10 Norilsk apartment buildings whose foundations are under threat.^[98]

The system consists of a network of pipes through which refrigerant circulates, helping to freeze the foundations in the ground. Soil cooling systems were installed alongside two buildings in 2019 and 2020, and the thermal stabilisation program is scheduled to be completed in 2024.^[99]

Media[edit]

Television[edit]

The Norilsk Television Station broadcasts the signal from Russia’s First and Second Digital Multiplexes in the DVB-T2 format.

On November 16, 2020, the city launched Norilsk TV, its first municipal round-the-clock channel, broadcast by local cable operators MTS and Norсom under number 24.^[100] Another local channel, Severny Gorod Norilsk (“The Northern City of Norilsk”) presents its news broadcasts on the Klyuch channel several times a day. Until August 2019, news was produced and broadcast by the GTRK Norilsk Television and Radio Company, a division of VGTRK that was subsequently closed due to reorganization.^[101][102]

Radio stations[edit]

• 72.68 MHz — Radio Mayak (silent)
• 87.5 MHz — Radio Mayak
• 87.9 MHz — Radio Rossii / GTRK Krasnoyarsk (Kayerkan)
• 90.3 MHz — Vesti FМ
• 91.1 MHz — Nashe Radio
• 91.5 MHz — Novoye Radio
• 101.0 MHz — Hit FM
• 101.4 MHz — Radio Rossii / GTRK Krasnoyarsk
• 102.0 MHz — Love Radio
• 102.5 MHz — Dorozhnoye Radio
• 103.0 MHz — Delta Radio
• 103.5 MHz — Megapolis FM
• 104.0 MHz — Russkoye Radio
• 104.5 MHz — Radio Iskatel
• 105.0 MHz — Europa Plus
• 105.7 MHz — Radio ENERGY
• 106.0 MHz — AvtoRadio
• 106.5 MHz — Radio Dacha
• 107.0 MHz — Radio Shanson
• 107.4 MHz — Radio Vera
• 107.8 MHz — Retro FM

Print publications[edit]

Norilsk’s city newspaper, Zapolyarnaya Pravda, was founded in 1953. Since then, the newspaper has been a source of relevant information on the city’s day-to-day life, the operation of its enterprises and organizations, and its residents’ lives.

Apart from Zapolyarnaya Pravda, the local print-based press consists of free papers containing adverts and commercial information.

Healthcare[edit]

Norilsk’s residents enjoy a full range of public healthcare services offered by institutions that report to the Ministry of Healthcare of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. All city districts have outpatient clinics for children and adults, emergency rooms, and dentist clinics. An inter-district children’s hospital is also available. The city operates a blood center.

The healthcare sector also features a broad range of private institutions offering a variety of services.

Norilsk’s largest hospital is the general city hospital (KGBUZ Norilsk Interdistrict Hospital No. 1), located in the Oganer residential area.^[103]

In December 2018, Norilsk completed the construction of a maternity center.^[104]

December 2021 saw the inauguration of the first of five healthcare centers Nornickel had promised to build. The remaining four are expected to start operating before 2025.^[105]

Sport[edit]

The city is proud of its futsal club, MFK Norilsk Nickel, which competes in the Super League. Founded in 1993, the club’s current president is Pavel Belkin. Norilsk Nickel won the Russian championship in the 2001/2002 and made it to the Russian Cup finals in 1999/2000, 2014/15, and 2017/18, eventually winning the trophy in 2019/20. In 2020/2021, the team came third in the Russian championship.^[106]

In 2021, Norilsk hosted a basketball match between a representative team from the Norilsk division and PBC CSKA Moscow.^[107]

The city’s range of sports amenities includes the Arktika multidisciplinary sports palace; swimming pools in the Central District, Talnakh, and Kayerkan; the Zapolyarnik outdoor stadium; the BOKMO sports complex; the House of Physical Education in the city center; the Ldinka indoor skating rink; the Solnyshko stadium; and many more sports clubs and centers with a variety of opportunities for sports and fitness. For winter sports Norilsk has the Ol-Gul professional skiing center, the Oganer ski lodge, and the Gora Otdelnaya ski resort. In the summer, suburban tourist centers offer outdoor sports facilities for children and grown-ups. The city also has a junior sports academy.

In 2006, construction work began on a multi-purpose stadium in Metallurgov Square. It was later transformed into the Arena Norilsk shopping mall, which opened its doors in December 2013. In September 2015, the shopping mall welcomed visitors to the new X-Fit-Sever fitness center and the Tropicana water park and swimming pool.

Norilsk has nine municipal extracurricular sports centers, where schoolchildren can choose from a variety of sports and activities: basketball, volleyball, acrobatics, gymnastics, trampoline, track and field, cross-country skiing, fencing, boxing, wrestling, swimming, taekwondo, judo, weightlifting, karate, futsal, figure skating, hockey, and water polo.

Another popular local sport is curling. Norilsk and Dudinka host the international WCT Arctic Cup, which features teams from Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, and Estonia. The championship is supported by the Russian Curling Federation and Nornickel.^[108]

On December 17, 2020, Nornickel announced the opening of Aika, a sports center of over 10,000 square meters. The company has invested 3.6 billion rubles into its construction.^[109]

[edit]

In 2021, the Russian government, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Norilsk and Norilsk Nickel approved^[110] a series of projects for the development of the city through to 2035 with a budget of 120.1 billion rubles (24 billion from the treasury, 14.8 billion from the budget of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 81.3 billion from Norilsk Nickel’s funds). Projects include renovation of the housing stock, repairs to infrastructure, and the relocation of residents to areas with more favorable living conditions.^[111] As of January 1, 2021, 8,064 families from Norilsk and Dudinka had purchased apartments and moved to the «mainland».^[112]

Notable people[edit]

People born in Norilsk:

• Vakha Albakov (born 1985), footballer
• Ahmed Anarbayev (born 1948), swimmer
• Alexander Auzan (born 1954), economist
• Andrey Bartenev (born 1965), artist^[113]
• Vladimir Bure (born 1950), swimmer^[114]
• Mikhail Chachba (1930-1967), diver
• Oksana Cherkasova (born 1951), animator
• Oleksandr Glotov (born 1953), Ukrainian journalist
• Leonid Ilyichov (born 1948), swimmer
• Vladislav Karapuzov (born 2000), footballer
• Mikhail Popkov (born 1964), prolific serial killer
• Yuriy Prodan (born 1959), politician
• Viktor Semchenkov (born 1942), swimmer
• Alexander Shikov (1948-2013), materials scientist^[115]
• Sergey Smagin (born 1958), chess grandmaster
• Evgeny Solovyov (born 1992), ice hockey player
• Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, political activist and member of Pussy Riot^[116]
• Viktor Tomenko (born 1971), statesman
• Dmitri Torbinski (born 1984), footballer
• Andrey Tveryankin (born 1967), Azerbaijani futsai player
• Natalia Yurchenko (born 1965), gymnast^[117]
• Ivan V. Zaitsev (born 1975), Russian-born Kazakhstani water polo player

Twin cities[edit]

Norilsk is twinned with two other cities:

See also[edit]

• Colony
• Human outpost
• Mill town
• Tunguska Basin

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

General sources[edit]

• Законодательное собрание Красноярского края. Закон №10-4765 от 10 июня 2010 г. «О перечне административно-территориальных единиц и территориальных единиц Красноярского края», в ред. Закона №7-3007 от 16 декабря 2014 г. «Об изменении административно-территориального устройства Большеулуйского района и о внесении изменений в Закон края «О перечне административно-территориальных единиц и территориальных единиц Красноярского края»». Вступил в силу 1 июля 2010 г. Опубликован: «Ведомости высших органов государственной власти Красноярского края», №33(404), 5 июля 2010 г. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Law #10-4765 of June 10, 2010 On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Territorial Units of Krasnoyarsk Krai, as amended by the Law #7-3007 of December 16, 2014 On Changing the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Bolsheuluysky District and on Amending the Krai Law «On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Territorial Units of Krasnoyarsk Krai». Effective as of July 1, 2010.).
• Законодательное собрание Красноярского края. Закон №12-2697 от 10 декабря 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального образования город Норильск статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №5-1826 от 21 ноября 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Законы края об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований Красноярского края». Вступил в силу через десять дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Ведомости высших органов государственной власти Красноярского края», №34, 19 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Law #12-2697 of December 10, 2004 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Norilsk, as amended by the Law #5-1826 of November 21, 2013 On Amending the Krai Laws on Establishing the Borders and Granting an Appropriate Status to the Municipal Formations of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Effective as of the day ten days after the official publication.).
• «Norilskaya golgofa»(in Russian) «Memorial», regional Branch «Siberia», publisher: «Klaretianum», Krasnoyarsk, 2002
• Dr Michał Milczarek (2021). «Dymy nad Arktyką». Donikąd. Podróże na skraj Rosji (in Polish). Wołowiec: Czarne. ISBN 9788380499331.

External links[edit]

• Official website of Norilsk (in Russian)
• MMC Norilsk Nickel
• «Would You Live in This Toxic, Closed-Off City?», video profile of city by The Atlantic (2017)

Norilsk Норильск
City[1]
Leninsky Prospekt in central Norilsk (June 2016)
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Norilsk
Norilsk Location of Norilsk Norilsk Norilsk (Krasnoyarsk Krai)
Coordinates: 69°20′N 88°13′E / 69.333°N 88.217°ECoordinates: 69°20′N 88°13′E / 69.333°N 88.217°E
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Krasnoyarsk Krai[1]
Founded	1935[2]
City status since	1953[2]
Elevation	90 m (300 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[3]
• Total	175,365
• Estimate  (2018)[4]	179,554 (+2.4%)
• Rank	102nd in 2010
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	district city of Norilsk[1]
• Capital of	district city of Norilsk[1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Norilsk Urban Okrug[5]
• Capital of	Norilsk Urban Okrug[5]
Time zone	UTC+7 (MSK+4 [6])
Postal code(s)[7]	663300-663341
Dialing code(s)	+7 3919[8]
OKTMO ID	04729000001
Website	www.norilsk-city.ru

Norilsk (Russian: Нори́льск, IPA: [nɐˈrʲilʲsk], Norílʹsk) is a closed city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located south of the western Taymyr Peninsula, around 90 km east of the Yenisey River and 1,500 km north of Krasnoyarsk. Norilsk is 300 km north of the Arctic Circle and 2,400 km from the North Pole. It has a permanent population of 182,701 (2021),^[9] and up to 220,000 including temporary inhabitants.^[10][11] It is the second-largest city in the region after Krasnoyarsk. Since 2016 Norilsk’s population has grown steadily. In 2017, for the first time, migration to the city exceeded outflow; In 2018, according to Krasnoyarskstat, natural population growth amounted to 1,357 people: 2,381 people were born, 1,024 people died.

It is the world’s northernmost city with more than 180,000 inhabitants, and the second-largest city (after Murmansk) inside the Arctic Circle. Norilsk and Yakutsk are the only large cities in the continuous permafrost zone.

Norilsk is located atop some of the largest nickel deposits on Earth. Consequently, mining and smelting ore are the major industries. Norilsk is the center of a region where nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum, palladium, and coal are mined. The presence of mineral deposits in the Siberian Craton was known for two centuries before Norilsk was founded, but mining began only in 1939, when subterranean portions of the Norilsk-Talnakh intrusions were found beneath mountainous terrain.

In 2004, two satellite cities (Talnakh and Kayerkan) became districts of the city of Norilsk, and Oganer became a suburb of Norilsk’s Central District. The jurisdiction of Norilsk also extends to the settlement of Snezhnogorsk, which originated in 1963 as a settlement to accommodate the builders of the Ust-Khantai Hydroelectric Power Station.

Access to Norilsk is restricted for foreign citizens, who are required to obtain a special permission to visit the city.^[12]

Name[edit]

Norilsk owes its name to its geographical location. The Norilsk river flows near the city, which is located near the Norilsk mountains. The travelers Khariton Laptev, Alexander Fyodorovich Middendorf, and Fedor Bogdanovich Schmidt mentioned the river Norilsk and the Norilsk mountains in their accounts.

According to the Soviet Arctic explorer Nikolay Urvantsev, the Norilsk river was probably given its former name, Norilka, in the 16th–17th centuries during the existence of the city Mangazeya, when the Taymyr was settled by Russian fishing people.^[13] It is likely that the name of the river comes from the word «norilo«, a long thin pole that was used to stretch a string of trap nets from hole to hole under the ice.

Some argue the name derives from the Yukagir word «nerile«, meaning «an earthen hill, consisting of some crags, cliffs» (the mountains around Norilsk do indeed resemble «nerile»). According to another version, the name of the river (Norilka) and, accordingly, the city comes from the Evenk word «narus» or «nioril» in the Yukagir language, which means «swamps».^[14] It may also derive from the name of an Evenk tribe, the «Nyurilians», or from the nearby Lake Murilskoye.^[15][16]

History[edit]

People knew about the minerals in the Norilsk area as early as the Bronze Age — a site with primitive equipment for smelting and casting, as well as raw materials (balls of native copper), has been discovered near Lake Pyasino.^[17]

In the 16th-17th centuries, copper from the Norilsk deposits was used by the inhabitants of Mangazeya, a city located beyond the Arctic Circle on the Taz River, which was an important regional trading and craft center.^[18] During the excavations of Mangazeya in 1972-1975, Professor Mikhail Ivanovich Belov discovered a vast foundry yard.^[19] Platinoids were found in the remains of the copper wares unearthed there.

Geologist and explorer Nikolay Urvantsev carried out further study of the Norilsk region during expeditions in 1919-1926, which confirmed the presence of rich deposits of coal and polymetallic ores in the western spurs of the Putorana Plateau.^[20]

In 1921, during one of Urvantsev’s expeditions, a log cabin was built at the northern foot of Mount Schmidtikh.^[21] This hut is considered to be the first building in Norilsk. The cabin was later moved, and is now located near Norilsk Museum. It has the status of a historical monument.^[22]

Norilsk was founded at the end of the 1920s, but the official date of the city’s foundation is traditionally held to be 1935, when the Norillag system of Gulag labour camp was established and prisoners began construction work on the A.P. Zavenyagin Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant. Over the next few years Norilsk grew into a settlement for the Norilsk mining and metallurgical complex, and it was granted urban-type settlement status in 1939 and city status in 1953.^[23]

In the late 1940s, architects began to design a “new” city on the eastern shore of Lake Dolgoye, and Norillag prisoners started building work in 1951. In the summer of 1953, inmates from one of the Norillag camps, Gorlag, went on strike, sparking the Norilsk Uprising.

In 1947, construction began on the Salekhard–Igarka Railway, a line intended to cross northern Siberia. The railway was to have linked the Arctic coal-mining city of Vorkuta in European Russia to the Yenisei River via Salekhard and the Ob River. A spacious railway station was built in Norilsk, in the expectation that the city would eventually have a train service to Moscow,^[24] but construction of the Salekhard–Igarka Railway was halted after Joseph Stalin died in 1953.

To support the new city, the Norilsk railway to the port of Dudinka on the Yenisei River was built, first as a narrow-gauge line (winter 1935–36), later as a 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian standard gauge line (completed in the early 1950s).^[24]

Norillag was officially closed on August 22, 1956, by order No. 0348 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. According to the Norillag archives, 16,806 prisoners died in Norilsk as a result of forced labor, starvation and intense cold during the years the camp was operational (1935–1956). Fatalities were especially high during World War II from 1942 to 1944 when food supplies were particularly scarce. An unknown, yet significant number of prisoners continued to work and die in the mines until around 1979.

Several memorial structures have been erected in the city to commemorate Norilsk’s Gulag past. The Russian author Boris Ivanov wrote about the most famous of them in his book Paying for Platinum: «In the center of Norilsk, on Gvardeyskaya Square, ‘in an atmosphere of solemnity’, a foundation stone was even set, promising the construction of a monument on this spot to those who created the basis of the plant and this miracle city. This basalt block, weighing 100 poods (1,638 pounds (743 kg)), delivered from Mount Rudnaya. On a plaque attached to it are the words: ‘An obelisk will be built here, an eternal reminder of the feat of the Norilsk people who conquered the tundra, created our city and the plant’. The foundation stone was laid recently by historical standards, on June 26, 1966…»

On July 17, 2020, a monument to the Metallurgists of Norilsk was unveiled at the site of the foundation stone. The foundation stone itself is part of the sculptural composition.^[25]

In the 1980s, the Norilsk Golgotha memorial complex was built on the slope of Mount Schmidtikh to house the mass graves of the prisoners who founded the city. Poland and the (ex-Soviet) Baltic states have erected monuments to their countrymen who died here. Icon lamps also burn in an Orthodox chapel set on the mountainside.

The discovery in 1966 of the Oktyabrskoye deposit of copper-nickel ores, located 40 kilometers northeast of Norilsk, was a milestone in the further development of the region.^[26] The mining settlement of Talnakh was founded at the same time. A new complex, the Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant, was built 15 km west of Norilsk to process the raw materials from the new deposits. Work began in 1971 and the complex was finished in 1981.

A number of Finnish companies assisted in the construction and automation of Norilsk’s No. 2 copper and nickel smelters (in the Nadezhda complex), which led to substantial numbers of Finnish metallurgical and automation experts and their families coming to Norilsk from 1978 onward, creating a Finnish expat community of some hundreds of people for a couple of years.^[27]

Today Talnakh is the area’s major mining/enrichment site. Enriched ore emulsion is pumped from here to Norilsk’s metallurgy plants.

Enriched nickel and copper are transported from Dudinka to Murmansk by sea, and from there to the Monchegorsk enrichment and smelting plant on the Kola Peninsula, while more precious content goes upriver to Krasnoyarsk. This transportation takes place only during the summer. The port of Dudinka is closed and dismantled during spring flooding in late May, when waters can rise by up to 20 meters (66 ft) (a typical spring occurrence on all Siberian rivers, caused by winter ice obstructing meltwater from upstream).^[28]

Norilsk-Talnakh continues to be a dangerous mine to work in. According to the mining company, there were 2.4 accidents per 1,000 workers in 2005. In 2017, Norilsk Nickel claimed that it had reduced its overall lost time injury frequency rate (LTIFR) by almost 60% since 2013.^[29]

In June 2020, 20,000 tons of diesel fuel spilled from the tank of an NTEK power plant, polluting hundreds of square kilometers and causing serious damage to the local ecosystem.

Norilsk remains a closed city, and foreign citizens require special permission to visit the area.^[30]

Administrative and municipal status[edit]

Within the Russian system of administrative divisions, it is, together with the urban-type settlement of Snezhnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory, incorporated as the district city of Norilsk—an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the districts.^[1] As a municipal division, the district city of Norilsk is incorporated as the Norilsk Urban Okrug.^[5]

Since 2005, the city of Norilsk has been divided into three geographically disparate administrative districts:

Central region (including Oganer) — 113,042

Talnakh — 48,478^[31]

Kayerkan — 21,181^[32]

Government[edit]

Norilsk City Council of Deputies[edit]

Elected: 10.09.2017

Formed: 21.09.2017. Executive term: 5 years

Chairman: Aleksandr Pestryakov^[33]

Source: NORILSK CITY DEPUTY COUNCIL^[34]

Mayor of Norilsk[edit]

27.01.2021-present — Dmitry Karasyov. Executive term: 5 years.

Legislative Assembly of the Krasnoyarsk Territory[edit]

In September 2021, the composition of the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnoyarsk Territory was updated. Sergei Sizonenko was elected deputy for Taymyr constituency No. 23.^[35]

Demographics[edit]

Population[edit]

The population of Norilsk is 175,365 (2010 Census).^[3][36] After the fall of the USSR the population dropped by 40,000, but this was offset by the subsequent merger of the towns of Kayerkan and Talnakh into Norilsk, maintaining a permanent population of 175,000. Including temporary residents, the population can reach up to 220,000.

Life expectancy for local residents is about 10 years less than average Russian life expectancy,^[37] which as of 2013 was around 69 years.^[38]

Population history

1939	1959	1962	1967	1970	1973	1976	1979	1982
13,886	109,442	117,000	129,000	135,487	150,000	167,000	180,358	183,000
1989	1992	1995	1998	2002	2005	2010	2020	2021
174,673	165,000	164,000	156,000	134,832	131,900	175,365	181,830	182,701

Ethnic composition[edit]

The city has an ethnically diverse population. As of 2010, the predominant ethnic and cultural groups were Russians, Ukrainians, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Lezgins, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Ossetians, Nogai, and Kazakhs. The population of Norilsk consists almost entirely of people who moved to the city in the second half of the 20th century and their descendants, but many of the descendants of prisoners who were amnestied in 1953 still live in the city. There are very few representatives of indigenous ethnicities — Nenets, Enets, Nganasans and Dolgans — in the city.

There were 77 recognized ethnic groups in Norilsk as of 2010.^[39]

Ethnicity	Population	Percentage
Russians	129,545	73.9%
Ukrainians	9,165	5.2%
Azerbaijanis	5,371	3.1%
Tatars	2,972	1.7%
Chuvash	1,211	0.7%
Bashkirs	1,155	0.7%
Belarusians	1,133	0.6%
Others or undeclared	24,813	14.1%

As of January 1, 2021, in terms of population, the city ranked 103rd out of 1,116 cities in the Russian Federation.

	2009	2017	2018	2019	2020
Born	2,407	2,478	2,381	2,120	2,148
Died	1,205	1,055	1,024	841	1,061
Natural population increase	1,202	1,423	1,357	1,279	1,087
Migration inflow	3,591	13,395	14,207	12,585	11,692
Migration outflow	6,752	13,233	14,139	13,024	11,692
Increase/decrease due to migration	-3,161	162	68	-439	-257

Source — FEDERAL SERVICE OF STATE STATISTICS^[40]

Religion[edit]

Orthodox Christianity is the main religion in Norilsk. There is a Russian Orthodox cathedral, several Russian Orthodox churches and a Ukrainian Orthodox church. There is also a mosque in Norilsk. Built in 1998 and belonging to the local Tatar community, it is considered to be the northernmost Muslim prayer house in the world.^[42]

Since 2014, the city has been the center of the newly formed Norilsk Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Time zone[edit]

Norilsk is on Krasnoyarsk Time, seven hours ahead of UTC (UTC+07:00) and 4 hours ahead of Moscow Time (MSK+4)

Geography and natural environment[edit]

Norilsk sits between the West Siberian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau at the foot of the 1,700-meter-high (5,600 ft) Putorana Mountains. It is one of the world’s most northerly settlements and is both the largest city built on permafrost and the largest city inside the Arctic Circle.^[43] Norilsk has an extremely harsh subarctic climate (according to the Köppen climate classification, it is between subarctic (Dfc) to tundra (ET)). It is one of the coldest cities in the world – far colder than Murmansk, which is located at almost the same latitude.^[44]

As a result of Norilsk’s geographical isolation on the Taimyr Peninsula, the rest of Russia is usually referred to as “the mainland”, and expressions like “move to the mainland” or “on the mainland” are common among locals.

Climate[edit]

Despite being located inside the Arctic Circle, Norilsk has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc) with very long, extremely cold winters (from early October to May) and very short, mild summers. Norilsk experiences negative temperatures for about 240 days a year, and snow cover lasts from seven to nine months, with more than 50 days of snowstorms.^[45] Strong winds are common. The average temperature in January is about -27 °C.^[46]

The midnight sun is above the horizon from May 20 to July 24, and the time when the sun does not rise, polar night, lasts from approximately November 30 to January 13.^[47]

Summer is short (mid-July) and cool, with an average July high of +14.3°C, though temperatures can sometimes rise above 25 °C (77 °F).

Norilsk has an average annual air temperature of −9.6 °C, with an annual variation of absolute temperatures of 85 °C. The average annual relative humidity is about 76%.

Much of the surrounding area is naturally treeless tundra, and there are very few trees in the city itself.

Norilsk-Talnakh nickel deposits[edit]

The nickel deposits of Norilsk-Talnakh are the largest-known nickel-copper-palladium deposits in the world. The deposit was formed 250 million years ago during the eruption of the Siberian Traps igneous province (STIP). The STIP erupted over one million cubic kilometers of lava, a large portion of it through a series of flat-lying lava conduits below Norilsk and the Talnakh Mountains.^[55]

The current resource known for these mineralized intrusion exceeds 1.8 billion tons.^[56]

Norilsk is a center of non-ferrous metallurgy and is home to mining giant Norilsk Nickel’s mining operations.^[57] The smelting of the nickel ore is directly responsible for severe pollution, which generally takes the form of acid rain and smog. By some estimates, Norilsk’s nickel mines produce 1 percent of global sulfur dioxide (SO
₂) emissions.^[58]

Ecology[edit]

Norilsk is a city with an extremely unfavorable ecological and environmental situation, but recent initiatives have begun to tackle some of the region’s most serious pollution issues.

Pollution[edit]

Russia’s Federal State Statistics Service lists Norilsk as the most polluted city in Russia. In 2017, Norilsk produced 1.798 million tons of carbon pollutants—nearly six times more than the 304,600 tons that was generated by Russia’s second-most polluted city, Cherepovets. Norilsk, the report states, decontaminates almost half of its emissions.^[59]

In addition, the Blacksmith Institute has included Norilsk in its list of the 10 most polluted places on Earth. The list cites air pollution by particulates, including radioisotopes strontium-90, and caesium-137; the metals nickel, copper, cobalt, and lead; selenium; and by gases (such as nitrogen and carbon oxides, sulfur dioxide, phenols and hydrogen sulfide). The Institute estimates that 4 million tons of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, arsenic, selenium and zinc are released into the air every year.^[60]

Nickel ore is smelted at the company’s processing site at Norilsk. This smelting is directly responsible for severe pollution, which generally comes in the form of acid rain and smog. By some estimates, Norilsk’s nickel mines produce 1 percent of global sulfur dioxide emissions.^[61][58] Heavy metal pollution near Norilsk is so severe that it has now become economically feasible to mine surface soil, as the soil has acquired such high concentrations of platinum and palladium.^[62]

According to an April 2007 BBC News report,^[63] Norilsk Nickel accepted personal responsibility for what had happened to the forests around the city, and insisted that the company was implementing measures to reduce pollution. In 2016, company chairman Vladimir Potanin admitted that environmental issues were the company’s biggest problem.^[64]

In September 2016, images surfaced on social media of the nearby Daldykan River, which had turned red.^[65] Russia’s Environment Ministry issued a statement claiming that preliminary evidence pointed towards Nornickel-owned wastewater pipes from a nearby smelting plant as the source of the contamination. The company referred to intense rainfall and insisted that the incident of sedimentary coloring presented no danger to people or wildlife. The smelting plant, the company said, was in the process of being modernized.^[66] Nonetheless, accusations of illegal waste dumping continue to plague the company.^[67]

Environmental initiatives[edit]

The closure of the nickel plant in June 2016 was an important step toward the improvement of the environmental situation in the city, and made it possible to cut annual pollutant emissions from the plant by about 400,000 tons.

Norilsk Nickel has stated that the total emissions of its Russian operations were 6% lower in 2016 than in 2015, primarily thanks to the shutdown of the smelter. Following the completion of a large-scale project to upgrade the Talnakh concentrator, the enterprise’s capacity has grown by more than 30%, from 7.6 to 10.2 million tons of ore per year. In addition to achieving higher production rates, the goal of the modernization was also to reduce the negative impact on the environment by increasing the recovery of sulfur from ore to tailings.

In 2017, Norilsk Nickel announced that it had invested $14 billion in a major development program aimed at reducing sulfur dioxide emissions in Norilsk by 75% by 2023, using 2015 as a base year. One of the bigger steps taken to combat pollution was the closure of Nornickel’s old smelter in Norilsk, the main source of SO₂ emissions within the city boundaries since 1942.^[68]

In 2018, Norilsk Nickel announced the Sulfur Project, which includes the modernization of the Copper Plant, located within the city, and the relocation of blister copper production to the Nadezhda plant, outside the city. Norilsk’s Arena sports and entertainment complex has a showroom where you can see information about the Sulfur Program and Norilsk Nickel’s other environmental projects.

In 2021, the Clean Norilsk project was launched, with the support of Federal Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology Alexander Kozlov. The aim of the initiative is to demolish about 500 abandoned buildings and structures, and remove about 2 million square meters of industrial waste. The Clean Norilsk project was included in the nationwide environmental program Clean Arctic.

May 2020 diesel spill[edit]

On May 29, 2020 a fuel reservoir owned by Nornickel subsidiary NTEK at CHPP-3 ruptured during depressurization, spilling approximately 21,000 tons of diesel fuel and directly threatening the ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean. It was one of the largest oil spills in Russian history. As a result of the leak, according to preliminary estimates, 6,000 tons soaked into the ground, and 15,000 tons leaked into the nearby Ambarnaya River and Daldykan River. By June 3, according to Rosprirodnadzor, the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in the water of the Ambarnaya River exceeded the norm by tens of thousands of times. Vladimir Putin, the Russian president, declared a state of emergency.^[70] The fuel was a reserve used as a backup for the main gas supply to a power plant.^[71] The storage tank was built on permafrost, which, according to a statement by the company, could possibly have melted and become unstable due to climate change. An area of 350 square kilometers (135 square miles) was contaminated and it is proving difficult to clean up the area because there are no roads and the river is too shallow for boats and barges. Oleg Mitvol, former deputy head of Rosprirodnadzor, estimated that the clean-up would cost about 100 billion rubles (US$1.5 billion) and take 5–10 years.^[72]

Vice-speaker of the Taymyr Duma Sergey Sizonenko noted that about 700 of Taymyr’s indigenous people live in the affected area.

As a result of the proceedings, Norilsk Nickel was obliged to pay a fine of 146 billion rubles, which went into the federal budget of the Russian Federation, rather than the budget of the municipality. On August 26, 2021, the head of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation Alexander Chupriyan announced that clean-up work was complete.

Water[edit]

At the beginning of 2020, 43 water treatment facilities were operational in Norilsk. The system is constantly being upgraded. The modernization work is partly funded by Norilsk Nickel.

Economy[edit]

MMC Norilsk Nickel (formerly the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine), a mining company, is the principal employer in the Norilsk area.^[73] Norilsk is a major center of non-ferrous metallurgy; the following non-ferrous metals are mined here: copper, nickel, cobalt; precious metals: palladium, osmium, platinum, gold, silver, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium; by-products: technical sulfur, metallic selenium and tellurium, sulfuric acid. The company produces 35% of the world’s palladium, 25% of its platinum, 20% of its nickel, 20% of its rhodium, and 10% of its cobalt. In Russia, 96% of nickel, 95% of cobalt, and 55% of copper is produced by Norilsk Nickel. In 2007 the total volume of commodities produced and services carried out by the company in various manufacturing industries amounted to 321.5 billion rubles. In 2021 Norilsk Nickel’s net profit increased by 92% to $6.974 billion.

The Norilsk industrial region has all the necessary infrastructure for the production of non-ferrous metals: electric power, hydropower, industrial construction and building material production, and repair and service enterprises.

Energy is supplied from the Norilsk CHPP-1, CHPP-2, and CHPP-3 combined cycle power plants, which are located in different parts of the city and are owned by Norilsk Nickel. The company’s industrial enterprises are the principal consumers of electricity in the city.

Transport[edit]

The city is served by Alykel Airport and Valek Airport. The Norilsk railway links Norilsk to the port of Dudinka on the Yenisei River, but has been freight-only since 1998.

There is a road network around Norilsk (such as the A-382 which links to Dudinka and Norilsk Alykel Airport), but the city is not connected to the rest of Russia by road or rail. In essence, Norilsk and Dudinka are an island. As there is no overland communication with the «Big Land», groups of enthusiasts make road trips to Norilsk in off-road vehicles from other cities in Russia.

Freight is transported to and from Norilsk via Dudinka by boat on the Arctic Ocean or on the Yenisei.^[74] Dudinka is connected by sea with Arkhangelsk and Murmansk year-round, and by river with Krasnoyarsk and Dikson during the summer navigation period.

Norilsk has a municipal bus network, and there is also a bus service to Dudinka. Several dozen taxi firms operate in the city. In bad weather, workers from Norilsk Nickel’s industrial enterprises, which are located outside the city, are transported to and from the sites in off-road vehicles.

Norilsk Airport[edit]

Norilsk (Alykel) airport is located 35 kilometers west of the city center. Large-scale reconstruction in 2005-2008 upgraded the passenger terminal building to a modern international standard. In 2016-2018, a large-scale project was carried out to upgrade the airport’s runway. This has made it possible to increase the airport’s capacity, offer more flights and increase air safety.

In the summer of 2020, reconstruction work began on the airport as part of a state program to develop Russia’s transport network. Total investment amounts to more than 12.5 billion rubles (of which 5.8 billion rubles has been invested by Norilsk Nickel).

The vehicle license plate code for Norilsk is 24 RUS and 124 RUS.

Communication[edit]

Norilsk has a six-digit telephone numbering plan. All districts of the city are connected by a single telephone network.

Fixed-line communications for the population and organizations are provided by MTS, Norilsk Telecom, NN-Infocom, and Rostelecom.

Cellular communication began to develop relatively late in Norilsk: the first operator, Yeniseitelecom, began offering services only in December 2001. There are currently four mobile operators in the city: Yeniseitelecom (since 2001; since 2012 — under the Rostelecom brand; since July 31, 2015 — Tele2 Russia), Beeline (since 2002), MTS (since 2003) and MegaFon (since 2006). All of them, in addition to GSM communications, also provide third-generation services in the UMTS standards (Beeline, MTS and MegaFon, Tele2 Russia) and IMT-MC-450 (Tele2 Russia). Apart from MTS, all these mobile operators, built their own networks from scratch. MTS entered the Norilsk market as a result of the purchase of LLC Sibchallenge (the Taymyrsky Telefon (TT) brand) in 2003.

Since September 22, 2017, communication with the «mainland» has been carried out via fiber optic transmission; before that, communication could only be carried out via satellite channels; there were no cable lines connecting Norilsk with other cities.

A characteristic feature of Norilsk’s cable network is the presence of communication cables in sewage pipes (on the surface); on the «mainland» the cables are laid in a cable duct.

Norilsk’s troposcatter communication station was dismantled in the first half of the 2000s.

Since 2017, internet connection speeds have improved due to the installation of a 957-km (595 mi) communications cable laid along the Yenisei River toward Krasnoyarsk.^[75]

On June 3, 2019, the city switched to digital television, and most TV channels stopped broadcasting using an analogue signal.

Fiber optic communication[edit]

Until 2017, Norilsk was the last major city in Russia without high-speed internet access — access to the network was provided by a satellite channel with a speed of only 1 GB/s. The laying of a fiber optic line was complicated by the long distance (956 km) and severe weather conditions (up to -60 degrees in winter). The country’s «big three» telecom operators did not dare to undertake the project, which was instead handled by the Norilsk Nickel subsidiary Unity. Broadband internet started working in the city in September 2017. The launch was attended by Minister of Telecom and Mass Communications Nikolay Nikiforov and President of Norilsk Nickel Vladimir Potanin. Connectivity is now 40 times faster — up to 40 GB/s. The construction of the fiber optic line cost Norilsk Nickel 2.5 billion rubles, an investment that will not pay off, according to Russian business daily Vedomosti.

Education[edit]

Norilsk has a number of higher education institutions:

• Fedorovsky Polar State University [ru]^[76]
• Zabaikalsky State University Polytechnic College^[77]
• Norilsk College of Arts^[78]
• Norilsk Pedagogical College^[79]
• Norilsk Medical College^[80]
• Norilsk College of Industrial Technologies and Service^[81]

There are also several branches of higher educational institutions based in other Russian cities.^[82]

The city has 80 institutions in the general education system: 38 pre-school educational and 29 secondary schools, six preparatory schools, one lyceum, and six further education institutions (the Station for Young Technicians, the Center for Extracurricular Activities, the House of Children’s Creativity, the Social and Educational Center, the Station for Children’s and Youth Tourism and Excursions, and the Palace of Creativity for Children and Youth).^[83]

There are 41 municipal budgetary autonomous preschool educational institutions in Norilsk, including the Child Development Center. Ten of the city’s general education institutions offer specialized professional development classes.

Culture[edit]

Norilsk has a wide range of cultural institutions, including the Norilsk Museum and exhibition complex (which includes an art gallery and the «First House of Norilsk» house-museum),^[84] the Norilsk Municipal Cultural Center,^[85] the Norilsk Polar Drama Theater,^[86] the Norilsk Youth Theater & Studio, cinemas, a sports and entertainment complex,^[87] a music school, and art schools for children and adults, as well as many monuments and historical buildings.^[88]

The Norilsk Polar Drama Theater is one of the world’s most northernmost theaters.^[89] Founded in 1941 in Norillag, the troupe originally consisted mainly of prisoners. Artists such as Georgiy Zhzhonov (1949-1953, after imprisonment), E. Urusova (1950-1954, after imprisonment), Innokenty Smoktunovsky (1946-1951), V. Lukyanov, and V. Abramitskaya, E. Mokienko, A. Shcheglov, and I. Rozovsky all performed in the Norilsk Drama Theater at one time. From 1954-1962, Honored Artist of the RSFSR Efim Gelfand was the chief director of the theater. The theater also collaborated with Grigory Gorin and Yuli Kim, whose musical «How the Soldier Ivan Chonkin Guarded the Plane,» based on Vladimir Voinovich’s novel The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin, was staged in Norilsk for the first time and awarded the Golden Ostap Prize at a satire and humor festival in St. Petersburg (1997). In 2009, the Norilsk Polar Drama Theater was classified as a cultural heritage site of special value in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.^[90]

The city hosts several annual major cultural and entertainment festivals, such as the Bolshoi Argish festival, the Land is Our Common Home festival, and others.^[91][92]

Norilsk’s library system has been recognized as the best in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.^[93] Libraries are found in every district of the city.

Exhibitions, concerts, creative gatherings, performances by local groups and touring artists regularly take place at the museum and exhibition complex, the Norilsk Municipal Cultural Center, and other cultural and leisure centers in the city.

As in other cities built around metallurgical enterprises, Metallurgist’s Day (July 17) is an important festival. Members of indigenous northern ethnicities (Nenets, Dolgans, etc.) celebrate the festival of Heiro, which marks the return of the sun to the sky after the polar night.

In June 2021, Norilsk Nickel announced a RUB 4 billion project to create an Arctic Museum of Contemporary Art (AMMA), which includes the reconstruction of the House of Trade building and the opening of an 8,500-square-meter museum.^[94]

Architecture[edit]

The head of the Norilsk camps, Avraami Zavenyagin, was made responsible for restructuring the camp barracks into a full-fledged city. The architects — Gevorg Kochar, Mikael Mazmanyan, Olgerd Trushinsh — were prisoners of Norillag. They were supervised by Vitold Nepokoichitsky, who arrived from Leningrad in 1939, so the first blocks to be constructed in the city were built in the neoclassical style and resemble St. Petersburg. Nepokoichitsky’s wife, Lydia Minenko, also made a notable contribution.^[95] Local features such as Lake Dolgoye and reservoirs in the southwestern district were taken into account in the masterplan. The layout of the city was based on a main avenue, interrupted in places by squares.

One of the main challenges was to minimize the impact of strong winds. The first solutions were unsuccessful (it was initially assumed that snow would be swept out along the city’s streets, which were specially laid out along the axes of the prevailing winds, but the winds turned out to be too strong, and there was too much snow). After that, the decision was taken to use compact perimeter blocks, which determined the appearance of the city.^[96]

In the 1960s, districts of standardized panel housing were built in the outskirts of Norilsk.

The city is unusual in that its gas and water pipes, which are typically laid underground elsewhere, run overground. This is due to the problems created by the seasonal melting and freezing of the top layer of permafrost.^[97]

The city center is dominated by buildings in neoclassical style, with outlying residential areas consisting of tower blocks.^[97]

Effects of thawing permafrost[edit]

Rising Arctic temperatures are causing permafrost to thaw, cracking foundations and making many of the city’s buildings increasingly unstable. In response, regional authorities have announced a 650-million-ruble (€7.9 million) thermal stabilisation program for 10 Norilsk apartment buildings whose foundations are under threat.^[98]

The system consists of a network of pipes through which refrigerant circulates, helping to freeze the foundations in the ground. Soil cooling systems were installed alongside two buildings in 2019 and 2020, and the thermal stabilisation program is scheduled to be completed in 2024.^[99]

Media[edit]

Television[edit]

The Norilsk Television Station broadcasts the signal from Russia’s First and Second Digital Multiplexes in the DVB-T2 format.

On November 16, 2020, the city launched Norilsk TV, its first municipal round-the-clock channel, broadcast by local cable operators MTS and Norсom under number 24.^[100] Another local channel, Severny Gorod Norilsk (“The Northern City of Norilsk”) presents its news broadcasts on the Klyuch channel several times a day. Until August 2019, news was produced and broadcast by the GTRK Norilsk Television and Radio Company, a division of VGTRK that was subsequently closed due to reorganization.^[101][102]

Radio stations[edit]

• 72.68 MHz — Radio Mayak (silent)
• 87.5 MHz — Radio Mayak
• 87.9 MHz — Radio Rossii / GTRK Krasnoyarsk (Kayerkan)
• 90.3 MHz — Vesti FМ
• 91.1 MHz — Nashe Radio
• 91.5 MHz — Novoye Radio
• 101.0 MHz — Hit FM
• 101.4 MHz — Radio Rossii / GTRK Krasnoyarsk
• 102.0 MHz — Love Radio
• 102.5 MHz — Dorozhnoye Radio
• 103.0 MHz — Delta Radio
• 103.5 MHz — Megapolis FM
• 104.0 MHz — Russkoye Radio
• 104.5 MHz — Radio Iskatel
• 105.0 MHz — Europa Plus
• 105.7 MHz — Radio ENERGY
• 106.0 MHz — AvtoRadio
• 106.5 MHz — Radio Dacha
• 107.0 MHz — Radio Shanson
• 107.4 MHz — Radio Vera
• 107.8 MHz — Retro FM

Print publications[edit]

Norilsk’s city newspaper, Zapolyarnaya Pravda, was founded in 1953. Since then, the newspaper has been a source of relevant information on the city’s day-to-day life, the operation of its enterprises and organizations, and its residents’ lives.

Apart from Zapolyarnaya Pravda, the local print-based press consists of free papers containing adverts and commercial information.

Healthcare[edit]

Norilsk’s residents enjoy a full range of public healthcare services offered by institutions that report to the Ministry of Healthcare of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. All city districts have outpatient clinics for children and adults, emergency rooms, and dentist clinics. An inter-district children’s hospital is also available. The city operates a blood center.

The healthcare sector also features a broad range of private institutions offering a variety of services.

Norilsk’s largest hospital is the general city hospital (KGBUZ Norilsk Interdistrict Hospital No. 1), located in the Oganer residential area.^[103]

In December 2018, Norilsk completed the construction of a maternity center.^[104]

December 2021 saw the inauguration of the first of five healthcare centers Nornickel had promised to build. The remaining four are expected to start operating before 2025.^[105]

Sport[edit]

The city is proud of its futsal club, MFK Norilsk Nickel, which competes in the Super League. Founded in 1993, the club’s current president is Pavel Belkin. Norilsk Nickel won the Russian championship in the 2001/2002 and made it to the Russian Cup finals in 1999/2000, 2014/15, and 2017/18, eventually winning the trophy in 2019/20. In 2020/2021, the team came third in the Russian championship.^[106]

In 2021, Norilsk hosted a basketball match between a representative team from the Norilsk division and PBC CSKA Moscow.^[107]

The city’s range of sports amenities includes the Arktika multidisciplinary sports palace; swimming pools in the Central District, Talnakh, and Kayerkan; the Zapolyarnik outdoor stadium; the BOKMO sports complex; the House of Physical Education in the city center; the Ldinka indoor skating rink; the Solnyshko stadium; and many more sports clubs and centers with a variety of opportunities for sports and fitness. For winter sports Norilsk has the Ol-Gul professional skiing center, the Oganer ski lodge, and the Gora Otdelnaya ski resort. In the summer, suburban tourist centers offer outdoor sports facilities for children and grown-ups. The city also has a junior sports academy.

In 2006, construction work began on a multi-purpose stadium in Metallurgov Square. It was later transformed into the Arena Norilsk shopping mall, which opened its doors in December 2013. In September 2015, the shopping mall welcomed visitors to the new X-Fit-Sever fitness center and the Tropicana water park and swimming pool.

Norilsk has nine municipal extracurricular sports centers, where schoolchildren can choose from a variety of sports and activities: basketball, volleyball, acrobatics, gymnastics, trampoline, track and field, cross-country skiing, fencing, boxing, wrestling, swimming, taekwondo, judo, weightlifting, karate, futsal, figure skating, hockey, and water polo.

Another popular local sport is curling. Norilsk and Dudinka host the international WCT Arctic Cup, which features teams from Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, and Estonia. The championship is supported by the Russian Curling Federation and Nornickel.^[108]

On December 17, 2020, Nornickel announced the opening of Aika, a sports center of over 10,000 square meters. The company has invested 3.6 billion rubles into its construction.^[109]

[edit]

In 2021, the Russian government, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Norilsk and Norilsk Nickel approved^[110] a series of projects for the development of the city through to 2035 with a budget of 120.1 billion rubles (24 billion from the treasury, 14.8 billion from the budget of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 81.3 billion from Norilsk Nickel’s funds). Projects include renovation of the housing stock, repairs to infrastructure, and the relocation of residents to areas with more favorable living conditions.^[111] As of January 1, 2021, 8,064 families from Norilsk and Dudinka had purchased apartments and moved to the «mainland».^[112]

Notable people[edit]

People born in Norilsk:

• Vakha Albakov (born 1985), footballer
• Ahmed Anarbayev (born 1948), swimmer
• Alexander Auzan (born 1954), economist
• Andrey Bartenev (born 1965), artist^[113]
• Vladimir Bure (born 1950), swimmer^[114]
• Mikhail Chachba (1930-1967), diver
• Oksana Cherkasova (born 1951), animator
• Oleksandr Glotov (born 1953), Ukrainian journalist
• Leonid Ilyichov (born 1948), swimmer
• Vladislav Karapuzov (born 2000), footballer
• Mikhail Popkov (born 1964), prolific serial killer
• Yuriy Prodan (born 1959), politician
• Viktor Semchenkov (born 1942), swimmer
• Alexander Shikov (1948-2013), materials scientist^[115]
• Sergey Smagin (born 1958), chess grandmaster
• Evgeny Solovyov (born 1992), ice hockey player
• Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, political activist and member of Pussy Riot^[116]
• Viktor Tomenko (born 1971), statesman
• Dmitri Torbinski (born 1984), footballer
• Andrey Tveryankin (born 1967), Azerbaijani futsai player
• Natalia Yurchenko (born 1965), gymnast^[117]
• Ivan V. Zaitsev (born 1975), Russian-born Kazakhstani water polo player

Twin cities[edit]

Norilsk is twinned with two other cities:

See also[edit]

• Colony
• Human outpost
• Mill town
• Tunguska Basin

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

General sources[edit]

• Законодательное собрание Красноярского края. Закон №10-4765 от 10 июня 2010 г. «О перечне административно-территориальных единиц и территориальных единиц Красноярского края», в ред. Закона №7-3007 от 16 декабря 2014 г. «Об изменении административно-территориального устройства Большеулуйского района и о внесении изменений в Закон края «О перечне административно-территориальных единиц и территориальных единиц Красноярского края»». Вступил в силу 1 июля 2010 г. Опубликован: «Ведомости высших органов государственной власти Красноярского края», №33(404), 5 июля 2010 г. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Law #10-4765 of June 10, 2010 On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Territorial Units of Krasnoyarsk Krai, as amended by the Law #7-3007 of December 16, 2014 On Changing the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Bolsheuluysky District and on Amending the Krai Law «On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Territorial Units of Krasnoyarsk Krai». Effective as of July 1, 2010.).
• Законодательное собрание Красноярского края. Закон №12-2697 от 10 декабря 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального образования город Норильск статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №5-1826 от 21 ноября 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Законы края об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований Красноярского края». Вступил в силу через десять дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Ведомости высших органов государственной власти Красноярского края», №34, 19 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Law #12-2697 of December 10, 2004 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Norilsk, as amended by the Law #5-1826 of November 21, 2013 On Amending the Krai Laws on Establishing the Borders and Granting an Appropriate Status to the Municipal Formations of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Effective as of the day ten days after the official publication.).
• «Norilskaya golgofa»(in Russian) «Memorial», regional Branch «Siberia», publisher: «Klaretianum», Krasnoyarsk, 2002
• Dr Michał Milczarek (2021). «Dymy nad Arktyką». Donikąd. Podróże na skraj Rosji (in Polish). Wołowiec: Czarne. ISBN 9788380499331.

External links[edit]

• Official website of Norilsk (in Russian)
• MMC Norilsk Nickel
• «Would You Live in This Toxic, Closed-Off City?», video profile of city by The Atlantic (2017)