Про что рассказ муму

Mumu

First publication in 1854
Author	Ivan Turgenev
Original title	Муму
Country	Russian Empire
Language	Russian
Subject	serfdom, cruelty
Set in	Moscow, early 19th century
Publisher	Sovremennik
Publication date	1854
Dewey Decimal	891.733
LC Class	PG3420 .A15
Original text	Муму at Russian Wikisource
Translation	Mumu at Wikisource

Mumu (Russian: «Муму») is a short story by Ivan Turgenev, a Russian novelist and story writer, written in 1852.

The story of Gerasim, a deaf and mute serf whose life of poverty is brought into sharp relief by his connection with Mumu, a dog he rescued, brought greater national attention to the cruelties of serfdom, and received praise for its brutal portrayal of this institution in Russian society.

Background[edit]

Originally published in 1854, Mumu was written by Turgenev in 1852 while he was in custody for writing an obituary for fellow writer Nikolai Gogol.^[1]

From a good family,^[2] Turgenev was well-read, and had spent extensive time in the West (he was fluent in German, French, and English). His primary concern, and the main topic of his writings, was Russia, and he wrote only in Russian.^[2] Although attempting to improve and distinguish Russia, he was not a Slavophile, but voiced his alignment with the west.^[2] Turgenev was most concerned with writing about and discussing serfdom.^[2] One reason Mumu was such an indirectly powerful critique of serfdom was the ways in which it showed the terror of absolute power of one human being over another. For this story, and his writings for Gogol’s obituary, Turgenev was banished to his estate.^[2]

Although part of the intelligentsia, Turgenev was criticized from both the left and right, as his views were not radical enough for the more revolutionary members of the intelligentsia. Instead, he was viewed as holding consistent liberal, romantic ideals.^[2] He was, however, one of the few writers who wrote on behalf of serfs, and against serfdom, treating serfs as humans with complex emotional lives.^[3] He once went so far as to take up arms in defense of a serf.^[4] This was reflected in his first work, A Sportsman’s Sketches, which was both a condemnation of his mother’s treatment of serfs, and the beginnings of his sympathetic portrayals of the peasantry.

Mumu, therefore, is an intense exploration of serfdom and the position of the Russian peasantry. Gerasim, the main character, is meant to represent the Russian peasant at his most raw: strong but mute, submissive yet resistant.^[3] His work and situation is a direct tie to the peasantry, including his portrayal as a Russian folk hero. Turgenev evokes themes of the Russian folk hero, using words such as bogatyri to evoke a strong connection between the peasantry and the heroes of Russia’s past.^[3]

Characters[edit]

• The landlady (barinya) — The lady of the house. An old, lonely and bitter widow who adheres to everything in the ancient ways. She cruelly decides and manipulates the fate of her serfs. In the story, she is the contrast to Gerasim, but she too is without love and has grown cruel and isolated.^[3] Based on Turgenev’s mother, Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva.^[5]
• Gerasim — The porter in the household and protagonist of the story. Of remarkable size and strength, but deaf since birth. Gerasim is portrayed as a classical Russian folk figure, as both terrible and wonderful: mighty and sympathetic. He is also a symbol of the peasantry, while also very much his own person.^[3] Based on Andrey, who however did not leave the mistress.^[5]
• Mumu — The dog rescued, raised, and pampered by Gerasim. The dog is an orphan, like Tatiana, but unlike her is not afraid of Gerasim, but rather loves him unconditionally.^[3] She serves as an excellent watch-dog and devoted companion to her master. Ultimately, Gerasim is forced by the lady to drown Mumu in the river after she becomes angered by her rejection and barking.
• Tatiana — A household laundress. Described as a meek and timid woman, with few relations and abundant suffering. Like Gerasim, she is orphaned and alone. She becomes the object of Gerasim’s desire, to which she responds with fear.^[3] She is ultimately forced by the lady to marry Kapiton.
• Kapiton Klimov — The shoemaker in the household, and resident drunkard. He is absorbed by self-pity, and forced by the lady of the house to marry Tatiana, whom he does not love.
• Volchok — The old guard dog that sits chained on the property: he does not try to obtain freedom, unlike Mumu, nor is he ever censured: He is meant to represent the downtrodden peasant.^[3]
• Gavrila Andreyevich — The head steward of the household who does his mistress’ bidding while also stealing from her.^[3]
• Liubov Lubimovna — A household maid, who attends to the mistress, as well as an old companion of Gavrila’s who helps him steal from the mistress.

Plot summary[edit]

The story opens in Moscow, at the home of an unnamed, wealthy, and elderly widow. Mean and spiteful, she has been abandoned by whatever living friends and relatives she still has. The exposition then focuses on one of her porters, Gerasim, a man from the countryside. Born deaf and mute, he communicates with the other servants of the estate via hand signs. He is a man of almost superhuman strength, and was renowned in the country for his work in the fields. After being taken from his village, he eventually settles into life in the city, and, while his presence inspires fear in the other servants, he is able to remain on at least cordial terms with them.

During this time, Gerasim becomes infatuated with Tatiana, the mistress’ laundress. He offers her gifts, including a gingerbread chicken, and follows her, smiling and making his characteristic unintelligible noises. His affection is quite protective, and he threatens a servant who “nags” her too severely. In another incident, Kapiton Klimov, the widow’s shoemaker, speaks “too attentively” with Tatiana, and is, too, threatened by Gerasim.

Kapiton, a drunkard who feels unfairly castigated for his vices, is chosen by the mistress to be married off. Speaking with her head steward, Gavrila, the widow decides that Kapiton shall marry Tatiana. Gavrila, aware of Gerasim’s affections but unable to disagree with his master, relates this to Kapiton, who reacts with fear but ultimately agrees. He then informs Tatiana, who acquiesces but echoes the same concerns. Gavrila comes up with a plan, and, noting Gerasim’s hatred of drunkards, has Tatiana pretend to be drunk in his presence. The plot succeeds, and Tatiana and Kapiton are married. However, Kapiton’s drinking only worsens, and he and his wife are sent away after a year to a small village. As they depart, Gerasim follows them, and hands Tatiana a red handkerchief, causing her to burst into tears.

During this walk, Gerasim encounters a dog drowning in a river. He saves her, whom he names Mumu, and nurses her back to health. He loves Mumu passionately, and she follows him around throughout his daily activities. After a year, the mistress sees Mumu in the yard, and has the dog brought to her. Mumu reacts poorly to the mistress, baring her teeth. The following day, Gavrila is ordered to get rid of Mumu, whose barking disturbs the widow, and he has the footman, Stepan, ambush the dog behind Gerasim’s back and sell her in the market.

Gerasim, distraught, searches for Mumu for the entire day, but Mumu returns. He learns that Mumu’s disappearance was an order from his lady, and begins hiding his dog in his room. However, Mumu’s “whining” is still audible, and when she is finally brought into the yard, her barking alerts the mistress to her presence. Knowing that the servants will be coming for Mumu, Gerasim barricades himself with her in his room, but, after Gavrila signs to him, explaining the situation, he promises to get rid of Mumu himself.

He brings her to a cookshop, giving her a final treat before travelling to the river where he found her, commandeering a rowboat, and eventually drowns her—bringing his rescue of her full circle. He is followed by Eroshka, another servant, who reports back to the others. However, Gerasim does not return until night, when he gathers his things and then departs walking back to his old village. The mistress, initially angry, decides not to search for him, and soon dies. The story concludes with Gerasim returned to his fields, helping reap the harvest.

Prototypes[edit]

The real story with the dog happened at Turgenevs’ house in Moscow. The landlady was Turgenev’s mother, Varvara Turgeneva, and the strong mute serf was Andrey. Unlike Gerasim, Andrey stayed with his mistress.^[5]

Varvara Zhitova, Varvara Turgeneva’s adoptive or real daughter, tells a story of a marriage the mistress arranged for two of her favorite serfs, Agafya Semyonovna and Andrey Polyakov. That marriage turned out well, although the mistress demanded that all babies be put away, but they were kept at home secretly, so one day one of them had to have her mouth shut to hide her presence.^[5]

Interpretations and Themes[edit]

The Role of Chance:

Chance and coincidence are themes throughout Turgenev’s short works, and Mumu is no exception.^[6] Several incidents in the story are based entirely upon coincidence. For instance, Gerasim finds Mumu exactly as his beloved, Tatiana departs with her husband.^[6] Mumu is then reduced to a victim of fate; the mistress’s arbitrary cruelty acting as an agent of destiny.^[7] While some critics, notably Briggs, have called Turgenev’s use of this device as clumsy, and even “egregious,»^[6] it is less pronounced in this particular work than some of his others.

Love and Isolation:

A common theme discussed in this story is the presence and absence of love, and feelings of isolation which drive many of the characters’ decisions.

There are many instances and relationships lacking in affection in this story: Kapiton is not in love with Tatiana, the old woman has no family, and indeed, there is no mention of family in the entire story.^[3] At the beginning, this lack of affection seems like an insurmountable barrier: In Gerasim’s love with Tatiana he is unable to overcome his muteness, to express his feelings and bridge this gap.^[8] This, however, changes when Gerasim finds Mumu. Mumu represents love in its purest form:^[3] Gerasim’s muteness does not limit his ability to express his feelings, and Mumu is unquestionably devoted to him.

These different loves of Gerasim tie the story together:^[3] from Tatiana’s departure, to the discovery of Mumu, and ultimately Mumu’s death. The scene where Gerasim drowns Mumu seems almost like a wedding, drawing out the theme of tragic love.^[3] This love is, in part, so tragic because of Gerasim’s lack of agency in finding and keeping love.

Gerasim is alone because he has no say, and the old lady forced him to leave his home,^[3] thus isolating him and forcing him to give up love. Gerasim goes on to reject love and thus ends the story alone.^[3]

Muteness:

In the act of rendering Gerasim both deaf and mute, scholars discuss how Turgenev takes the role of an external observer to the greatest extreme.^[8] Due to his sensory failings, the author is unable to accurately represent his consciousness, or to infer his inner thoughts and feelings.^[8] In the first scenes of the story, Gerasim’s inability to effectively communicate with his peers leaves him isolated and misunderstood.^[9]

Scholars suggest that by naming the dog Mumu, Gerasim finally acquires speech.^[8] His once meaningless moans become a meaningful word, that he can share with others. This language does not last long, however, for he is soon ordered to put the dog to death. With the death of Mumu, Gerasim also loses the only language he could possess.^[8]

Final Rebellion:

Critics are divided in their interpretations of Gerasims’ two final acts. To some the murder of Mumu represents the “ultimate manifestation of the hero’s enslavement,»^[8] and his return to his Homeland represents his defeat. There remains debate whether Gerasim represents a slave resigned to fate or a rebel finally liberated.^[8] Some scholars believe that while killing the dog was an act of ultimate submission, it is only after killing Mumu that Gerasim finds the strength to break free.^[8]

Textual evidence implies that Gerasim did not plan his escape prior to the killing, because he had to return home to gather his things before breaking away.^[9] Furthermore, this idea of ultimate liberation is also supported by Turgenev’s use of animal symbolism.^[8] When Gerasim is first brought to the estate he is described as an ox, a strong yet domesticated animal.^[9] In contrast, at the end of the story, he is compared to a lion, a wild and uninhibited creature.^[9]

Adaptations[edit]

As an extremely influential work, which was taught in schools during the Soviet Regime, Mumu has had many adaptations. Several film and media adaptations have been created since its publication, as this work was extremely influential for many Russian-speaking children.

Several movie adaptations are listed below:

A 1959 Live-Action movie (in Russian)

A 1987 animated film (in Russian) made for TV

A 1998 Live-Action movie (in Russian)

Many songs have also been written referencing the work, including “Why did Gerasim drown Mumu?”

There are also several monuments to Mumu in Russia, the most notable in Turgenev Square, next to Cafe Mumu (see header photo).

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Story Text (Russian)
• 1987 Animated Movie (Russian)
• 1998 Live-Action Movie (Russian)
• Song: «Why did Gerasim Drown Mumu» (Russian)

Mumu

First publication in 1854
Author	Ivan Turgenev
Original title	Муму
Country	Russian Empire
Language	Russian
Subject	serfdom, cruelty
Set in	Moscow, early 19th century
Publisher	Sovremennik
Publication date	1854
Dewey Decimal	891.733
LC Class	PG3420 .A15
Original text	Муму at Russian Wikisource
Translation	Mumu at Wikisource

Mumu (Russian: «Муму») is a short story by Ivan Turgenev, a Russian novelist and story writer, written in 1852.

The story of Gerasim, a deaf and mute serf whose life of poverty is brought into sharp relief by his connection with Mumu, a dog he rescued, brought greater national attention to the cruelties of serfdom, and received praise for its brutal portrayal of this institution in Russian society.

Background[edit]

Originally published in 1854, Mumu was written by Turgenev in 1852 while he was in custody for writing an obituary for fellow writer Nikolai Gogol.^[1]

From a good family,^[2] Turgenev was well-read, and had spent extensive time in the West (he was fluent in German, French, and English). His primary concern, and the main topic of his writings, was Russia, and he wrote only in Russian.^[2] Although attempting to improve and distinguish Russia, he was not a Slavophile, but voiced his alignment with the west.^[2] Turgenev was most concerned with writing about and discussing serfdom.^[2] One reason Mumu was such an indirectly powerful critique of serfdom was the ways in which it showed the terror of absolute power of one human being over another. For this story, and his writings for Gogol’s obituary, Turgenev was banished to his estate.^[2]

Although part of the intelligentsia, Turgenev was criticized from both the left and right, as his views were not radical enough for the more revolutionary members of the intelligentsia. Instead, he was viewed as holding consistent liberal, romantic ideals.^[2] He was, however, one of the few writers who wrote on behalf of serfs, and against serfdom, treating serfs as humans with complex emotional lives.^[3] He once went so far as to take up arms in defense of a serf.^[4] This was reflected in his first work, A Sportsman’s Sketches, which was both a condemnation of his mother’s treatment of serfs, and the beginnings of his sympathetic portrayals of the peasantry.

Mumu, therefore, is an intense exploration of serfdom and the position of the Russian peasantry. Gerasim, the main character, is meant to represent the Russian peasant at his most raw: strong but mute, submissive yet resistant.^[3] His work and situation is a direct tie to the peasantry, including his portrayal as a Russian folk hero. Turgenev evokes themes of the Russian folk hero, using words such as bogatyri to evoke a strong connection between the peasantry and the heroes of Russia’s past.^[3]

Characters[edit]

• The landlady (barinya) — The lady of the house. An old, lonely and bitter widow who adheres to everything in the ancient ways. She cruelly decides and manipulates the fate of her serfs. In the story, she is the contrast to Gerasim, but she too is without love and has grown cruel and isolated.^[3] Based on Turgenev’s mother, Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva.^[5]
• Gerasim — The porter in the household and protagonist of the story. Of remarkable size and strength, but deaf since birth. Gerasim is portrayed as a classical Russian folk figure, as both terrible and wonderful: mighty and sympathetic. He is also a symbol of the peasantry, while also very much his own person.^[3] Based on Andrey, who however did not leave the mistress.^[5]
• Mumu — The dog rescued, raised, and pampered by Gerasim. The dog is an orphan, like Tatiana, but unlike her is not afraid of Gerasim, but rather loves him unconditionally.^[3] She serves as an excellent watch-dog and devoted companion to her master. Ultimately, Gerasim is forced by the lady to drown Mumu in the river after she becomes angered by her rejection and barking.
• Tatiana — A household laundress. Described as a meek and timid woman, with few relations and abundant suffering. Like Gerasim, she is orphaned and alone. She becomes the object of Gerasim’s desire, to which she responds with fear.^[3] She is ultimately forced by the lady to marry Kapiton.
• Kapiton Klimov — The shoemaker in the household, and resident drunkard. He is absorbed by self-pity, and forced by the lady of the house to marry Tatiana, whom he does not love.
• Volchok — The old guard dog that sits chained on the property: he does not try to obtain freedom, unlike Mumu, nor is he ever censured: He is meant to represent the downtrodden peasant.^[3]
• Gavrila Andreyevich — The head steward of the household who does his mistress’ bidding while also stealing from her.^[3]
• Liubov Lubimovna — A household maid, who attends to the mistress, as well as an old companion of Gavrila’s who helps him steal from the mistress.

Plot summary[edit]

The story opens in Moscow, at the home of an unnamed, wealthy, and elderly widow. Mean and spiteful, she has been abandoned by whatever living friends and relatives she still has. The exposition then focuses on one of her porters, Gerasim, a man from the countryside. Born deaf and mute, he communicates with the other servants of the estate via hand signs. He is a man of almost superhuman strength, and was renowned in the country for his work in the fields. After being taken from his village, he eventually settles into life in the city, and, while his presence inspires fear in the other servants, he is able to remain on at least cordial terms with them.

During this time, Gerasim becomes infatuated with Tatiana, the mistress’ laundress. He offers her gifts, including a gingerbread chicken, and follows her, smiling and making his characteristic unintelligible noises. His affection is quite protective, and he threatens a servant who “nags” her too severely. In another incident, Kapiton Klimov, the widow’s shoemaker, speaks “too attentively” with Tatiana, and is, too, threatened by Gerasim.

Kapiton, a drunkard who feels unfairly castigated for his vices, is chosen by the mistress to be married off. Speaking with her head steward, Gavrila, the widow decides that Kapiton shall marry Tatiana. Gavrila, aware of Gerasim’s affections but unable to disagree with his master, relates this to Kapiton, who reacts with fear but ultimately agrees. He then informs Tatiana, who acquiesces but echoes the same concerns. Gavrila comes up with a plan, and, noting Gerasim’s hatred of drunkards, has Tatiana pretend to be drunk in his presence. The plot succeeds, and Tatiana and Kapiton are married. However, Kapiton’s drinking only worsens, and he and his wife are sent away after a year to a small village. As they depart, Gerasim follows them, and hands Tatiana a red handkerchief, causing her to burst into tears.

During this walk, Gerasim encounters a dog drowning in a river. He saves her, whom he names Mumu, and nurses her back to health. He loves Mumu passionately, and she follows him around throughout his daily activities. After a year, the mistress sees Mumu in the yard, and has the dog brought to her. Mumu reacts poorly to the mistress, baring her teeth. The following day, Gavrila is ordered to get rid of Mumu, whose barking disturbs the widow, and he has the footman, Stepan, ambush the dog behind Gerasim’s back and sell her in the market.

Gerasim, distraught, searches for Mumu for the entire day, but Mumu returns. He learns that Mumu’s disappearance was an order from his lady, and begins hiding his dog in his room. However, Mumu’s “whining” is still audible, and when she is finally brought into the yard, her barking alerts the mistress to her presence. Knowing that the servants will be coming for Mumu, Gerasim barricades himself with her in his room, but, after Gavrila signs to him, explaining the situation, he promises to get rid of Mumu himself.

He brings her to a cookshop, giving her a final treat before travelling to the river where he found her, commandeering a rowboat, and eventually drowns her—bringing his rescue of her full circle. He is followed by Eroshka, another servant, who reports back to the others. However, Gerasim does not return until night, when he gathers his things and then departs walking back to his old village. The mistress, initially angry, decides not to search for him, and soon dies. The story concludes with Gerasim returned to his fields, helping reap the harvest.

Prototypes[edit]

The real story with the dog happened at Turgenevs’ house in Moscow. The landlady was Turgenev’s mother, Varvara Turgeneva, and the strong mute serf was Andrey. Unlike Gerasim, Andrey stayed with his mistress.^[5]

Varvara Zhitova, Varvara Turgeneva’s adoptive or real daughter, tells a story of a marriage the mistress arranged for two of her favorite serfs, Agafya Semyonovna and Andrey Polyakov. That marriage turned out well, although the mistress demanded that all babies be put away, but they were kept at home secretly, so one day one of them had to have her mouth shut to hide her presence.^[5]

Interpretations and Themes[edit]

The Role of Chance:

Chance and coincidence are themes throughout Turgenev’s short works, and Mumu is no exception.^[6] Several incidents in the story are based entirely upon coincidence. For instance, Gerasim finds Mumu exactly as his beloved, Tatiana departs with her husband.^[6] Mumu is then reduced to a victim of fate; the mistress’s arbitrary cruelty acting as an agent of destiny.^[7] While some critics, notably Briggs, have called Turgenev’s use of this device as clumsy, and even “egregious,»^[6] it is less pronounced in this particular work than some of his others.

Love and Isolation:

A common theme discussed in this story is the presence and absence of love, and feelings of isolation which drive many of the characters’ decisions.

There are many instances and relationships lacking in affection in this story: Kapiton is not in love with Tatiana, the old woman has no family, and indeed, there is no mention of family in the entire story.^[3] At the beginning, this lack of affection seems like an insurmountable barrier: In Gerasim’s love with Tatiana he is unable to overcome his muteness, to express his feelings and bridge this gap.^[8] This, however, changes when Gerasim finds Mumu. Mumu represents love in its purest form:^[3] Gerasim’s muteness does not limit his ability to express his feelings, and Mumu is unquestionably devoted to him.

These different loves of Gerasim tie the story together:^[3] from Tatiana’s departure, to the discovery of Mumu, and ultimately Mumu’s death. The scene where Gerasim drowns Mumu seems almost like a wedding, drawing out the theme of tragic love.^[3] This love is, in part, so tragic because of Gerasim’s lack of agency in finding and keeping love.

Gerasim is alone because he has no say, and the old lady forced him to leave his home,^[3] thus isolating him and forcing him to give up love. Gerasim goes on to reject love and thus ends the story alone.^[3]

Muteness:

In the act of rendering Gerasim both deaf and mute, scholars discuss how Turgenev takes the role of an external observer to the greatest extreme.^[8] Due to his sensory failings, the author is unable to accurately represent his consciousness, or to infer his inner thoughts and feelings.^[8] In the first scenes of the story, Gerasim’s inability to effectively communicate with his peers leaves him isolated and misunderstood.^[9]

Scholars suggest that by naming the dog Mumu, Gerasim finally acquires speech.^[8] His once meaningless moans become a meaningful word, that he can share with others. This language does not last long, however, for he is soon ordered to put the dog to death. With the death of Mumu, Gerasim also loses the only language he could possess.^[8]

Final Rebellion:

Critics are divided in their interpretations of Gerasims’ two final acts. To some the murder of Mumu represents the “ultimate manifestation of the hero’s enslavement,»^[8] and his return to his Homeland represents his defeat. There remains debate whether Gerasim represents a slave resigned to fate or a rebel finally liberated.^[8] Some scholars believe that while killing the dog was an act of ultimate submission, it is only after killing Mumu that Gerasim finds the strength to break free.^[8]

Textual evidence implies that Gerasim did not plan his escape prior to the killing, because he had to return home to gather his things before breaking away.^[9] Furthermore, this idea of ultimate liberation is also supported by Turgenev’s use of animal symbolism.^[8] When Gerasim is first brought to the estate he is described as an ox, a strong yet domesticated animal.^[9] In contrast, at the end of the story, he is compared to a lion, a wild and uninhibited creature.^[9]

Adaptations[edit]

As an extremely influential work, which was taught in schools during the Soviet Regime, Mumu has had many adaptations. Several film and media adaptations have been created since its publication, as this work was extremely influential for many Russian-speaking children.

Several movie adaptations are listed below:

A 1959 Live-Action movie (in Russian)

A 1987 animated film (in Russian) made for TV

A 1998 Live-Action movie (in Russian)

Many songs have also been written referencing the work, including “Why did Gerasim drown Mumu?”

There are also several monuments to Mumu in Russia, the most notable in Turgenev Square, next to Cafe Mumu (see header photo).

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Story Text (Russian)
• 1987 Animated Movie (Russian)
• 1998 Live-Action Movie (Russian)
• Song: «Why did Gerasim Drown Mumu» (Russian)

Опубликовано:

18 сентября 2020, 20:40

В середине XIX века в России еще не отменили крепостное право. В это время Иван Сергеевич Тургенев написал и опубликовал рассказ «Муму». Краткое содержание раскроет всю глубину этого произведения, созданного в жанре критического реализма. В статье представлена также история создания «Муму» и общий анализ рассказа.

«Муму»: краткое содержание

Имена Герасим и Муму на слуху у многих, но с полным текстом рассказа Тургенева знаком не каждый. Чтобы это исправить, предлагаем вашему вниманию краткое содержание «Муму».

В этом рассказе Тургенев мастерски раскрыл свободолюбие и отважность русского народа в собирательном образе Герасима, а также затронул широкий ряд социальных проблем того времени.

О чем именно написал Тургенев? «Муму» начинается с описания серого дома с белыми колоннами и его хозяйки — вдовствующей барыни, которую окружают многочисленные слуги. Среди челяди выделяется глухонемой от рождения дворник Герасим. Силач, настоящий богатырь, он работает на славу, но жизнь его непроста по таким причинам:

• Герасима барыня забрала из его родной деревни. Он долго скучал и никак не мог привыкнуть к городу. К тому же жил замкнуто, с другими слугами практически не пересекался.
• Спустя время Герасиму приглянулась прачка Татьяна. Девушка его вначале боялась, но он сумел расположить ее к себе, защищал и помогал. Герасим решил на ней жениться, но хотел дождаться нового кафтана для такого случая.
• Тем временем вздорная барыня твердо решила выдать Татьяну за пьяницу Капитона в надежде на исправление последнего. Чтобы избежать гнева Герасима, дворецкий Гаврила научил Татьяну пройти мимо него, изображая пьяную. Дворник хмельных людей на дух не переносил и не стал после этого случая препятствовать свадьбе.
• Но спустя год Капитон спился, и барыня отправила его вместе с женой в деревню. Трудно было Герасиму прощаться с Татьяной, хоть она и не стала его женой.

• Он поехал провожать возлюбленную, а на обратном пути вытащил из речушки щенка и забрал с собой. Так в произведении появляется Муму. Тургенев дал собачонке такое имя, потому что похожими звуками к ней обращался Герасим. Главный герой выходил щенка и искренно привязался к нему. Но случилось следующее:

1. Однажды барыня пожелала увидеть собачку в своих покоях. Напуганная Муму, которую внезапно принесли в дом, оскалилась и не дала себя погладить. Барыня отдала Гавриле приказание убрать животное со двора.
2. Пока Герасим занимался работой, собачонку продали в Охотничьем ряду. Как ни искал ее дворник, ничего у него не вышло.
3. Спустя время Муму нашла дорогу обратно, и Герасим вновь приютил ее.
4. С этого дня собаку пришлось прятать. Слуги догадались о ее присутствии, но барыне ничего не сказали. Однажды ночью Муму разразилась лаем, разбудила барыню, и та снова приказала ее убрать.
5. Поутру Герасиму передали этот приказ, и он знаками показал, что все понял и сделает это сам.
6. Дворник в праздничном кафтане пошел с Муму в трактир и купил ей мясные щи. Затем отправился с собакой к тому самому месту, где когда-то нашел ее, посадил в лодку и вдали от берега, привязав к кирпичам, выбросил за борт.

Больше служить барыне Герасим не захотел. Он вернулся в родные места и жил, чураясь женщин и собак, что особенно подчеркнул в эпилоге Тургенев. «Муму», краткое содержание которого теперь вам известно, невозможно читать без эмоций. Рассказ находит живой отклик в душе читателя даже сегодня, несмотря на то что времена крепостного права остались далеко позади.

«Муму»: анализ произведения

Уже упоминалось, кто написал «Муму». Автор рассказа — Иван Сергеевич Тургенев. Время создания произведения — 1852 год, а опубликован он был через два года в журнале «Современник». Автор впервые остановился на пороках крепостного строя. Анализ рассказа включает такие моменты:

«Муму»: автор и история написания

Весной 1852 года новый рассказ Тургенева уже был готов. Но понадобилось два года препираний с цензурой, чтобы его напечатать. Для того времени такой сюжет и постановка вопроса о крепостном праве были поистине революционными.

Отметим, что произведение создано на основе реальных воспоминаний Ивана Сергеевича о детском и юношеском времени. Со своей матери Варвары Петровны он срисовал образ капризной барыни. Служил у Тургеневых и похожий на Герасима дворник Андрей, у которого приключилась аналогичная история с собачкой. Вот только Андрей не ушел со двора и службу не бросил.

Иван Сергеевич, которого всегда волновала судьба крепостных, добавил главному герою сложности и драматичности. Герасим — олицетворение народа, который угнетен помещиками, но оковы, по мнению автора, будут однажды разорваны.

О чем рассказ «Муму»: тематика

Главная тема рассказа — жизнь крепостных. Во времена, которые описывает автор, помещик распоряжался ими по своему собственному усмотрению, у людей не было никаких прав. Их продавали, проигрывали в карты и дарили, а за побег часто убивали.

Герасим — собирательный образ. Персонаж наделен лучшими чертами, которые присущи простым людям, такими как:

• трудолюбие;
• доброта;
• выносливость;
• неисчерпаемые запасы физических и духовных сил;
• способность к сопереживанию.

Но всю описанную мощь безропотно угнетает положение крепостного, свобода для которого невозможна и недостижима. Таким образом, название рассказа передает его смысл и идею: как и Герасим, все крепостные безмолвны, а в ответ на жестокость только безропотно «мычали».

Также в своем рассказе Тургенев коснулся проблем:

• взаимоотношений человека и социума. На примере главного героя показал как немота оттолкнула от Герасима других слуг;
• любви и преданности. Этот аспект раскрывается в отношении дворника к Татьяне, в его заботе и поддержке, которую он оказал бедной девушке. Затем те же чувства герой переносит на собачонку, к которой привязывается всей душой;
• умения сохранять в себе человека, несмотря на страдания. Так, Герасим не стал жестоким, хоть и пережил горе.

История Герасима с трогательной привязанностью к собачке получает трагическую развязку: дворник не может вступить в конфликт с барыней и спорить с ней, а потому решает сам утопить любимое животное.

Этот поступок передает рабскую привычку к беспрекословному подчинению воле господ. Но после столь сильного душевного потрясения Герасим уже не может сдерживать внутренний протест и покидает дом. Автор показывает читателю, что часто путь к истинной свободе лежит в потере всего, что человеку дорого.

«Муму»: композиция

Сюжет рассказа автор выстроил линейно:

1. Начал с обширной экспозиции: общей характеристики места событий, образов челяди, акцентировал внимание на нелюдимом богатыре Герасиме.
2. Завязка — момент, когда у барыня решила устроить свадьбу Татьяны и Капитона. Этот удар Герасиму, тайно влюбленному в девушку, было пережить очень тяжело. Отрадой в горе для дворника стала собачка, которую он случайно спас, вытащив из воды.
3. Кульминационный момент в произведении не один. Первый из них — эпизод прощания Герасима и Татьяны, личное счастье которых стало невозможно из-за барской прихоти. Вторая сцена связана с возвращением Муму к хозяину после того, как ее тайно вынесли со двора и продали. Третий и самый сильный момент рассказа повествует о трагической гибели собаки. Почему Герасим утопил Муму? Он не мог не подчиниться приказу барыни, но и жить так дальше не захотел.

Заканчивается рассказ тем, что дворник без предупреждения покидает вздорную барыню и отправляется в родные края. Больше в жизни не остается для него радости, и так он и доживает свой век в одиночестве и печали.

«Муму»: жанр

Тургенев «Муму» создал в краткой повествовательной форме, с одной сюжетной линией и маленьким количеством главных действующих лиц. Поэтому его определяют как рассказ, написанный в реалистическом ключе. К тому же история взята из реальной жизни.

Такова трагическая история крепостного Герасима и собачки по кличке Муму. Краткое содержание позволяет понять, насколько это произведение сильное и глубокое. Прочтение полной версии не займет много времени, но поможет понять и прочувствовать замысел Тургенева.

Оригинал статьи: https://www.nur.kz/family/school/1874996-mumu-kratkoe-soderzanie-i-analiz-proizvedenia/

⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ «Му-му» менее 1 минуты и подробно за 3 минуты. 

Очень краткий пересказ рассказа «Му-му»

В век крепостничества одна барыня творила всё, что желала. И как правило это были жестокие поступки.

Например, она отдала в жены тихую Татьяну пьянице Капитону, сделав таким образом невыносимой жизни двух хороших людей: бедной девушки и влюблённого в неё глухонемого Герасима.

Супругов она переправила в другую деревню, а осиротевший без любимой Герасим приютил у себя дворняжку. Собака стала его утешением и всеобщей любимицей.

И как только барыня поняла это, она взъелась на бедное животное и потребовала его убрать. Герасим, не смея ослушаться госпожи, утопил своего питомца в реке. А после в знак протеста покинул двор барыни.

Главные герои и их характеристика:

•  Дворник Герасим  — глухонемой «богатырь», влюблённый в крепостную Татьяну. После её отъезда приютил собаку, которую убил по принуждению барыни.
•  Барыня  — вдовствующая дама с ужасным характером, которую все родные оставили. Обиду за это она вымещала на своих крепостных.
•  Татьяна  — крепостная девушка, по роду занятий прачка. Худенькая, скромная, тихая. Татьяну выдали замуж и выслали в деревню.
•  Капитон Климов  — пьяница, назначенный Татьяне в мужья.
•  Гаврила  — дворецкий при доме барыни.
•  Степан  — лакей.

Краткое содержание рассказа «Му-му» подробно

В Москве в большом сером доме доживала свой век одинокая вдова. Окружали её лишь слуги. Одним из самых заметных был дворник Герасим, глухонемой от рождения мужчина богатырского телосложения. Он был очень умелым и покорным крепостным. Остальные слуги его немного побаивались, но уважали. Жил Герасим в комнатке над кухней.

Дворник полюбил простую, тихую прачку Татьяну, которая более всех его боялась. Но он не унывал и ухаживал за девушкой как мог: дарил подарки, помогал с работой и не давал никому в обиду. Герасим хотел просить руки Татьяны у барыни, как только ему дошьют новый кафтан, но не успел.

Барыня решила выдать Татьяну за спивающегося Капитона, думая, что так он может исправиться и ещё для чего-то сгодиться. Подготовку к свадьбе доверили дворецкому Гавриле, а тот, зная о чувствах Герасима, упросил Татьяну изобразить из себя пьяную.

Уж очень Гаврила боялся реакции здоровенного дворника на новость о скорой свадьбе. Коварный план сработал, увидев свою любимую «пьяной», Герасим отвернулся от неё и потом целые сутки не выходил из своей комнаты.

Спустя год Капитон совсем спился, и барыня приняла решение выслать его и Татьяну в деревню. Прощаясь, Герасим подарил любимой на память красный платочек, а она всплакнула и расцеловала его по-христиански.

Дворник проводил супругов, а на обратном пути вытащил из грязной лужи щенка. Он принёс собаку в свою комнату, стал ухаживать за ней и полюбил её всем сердцем. Питомица Герасима, которую он назвал Му-му, понравилась всей челяди во дворе. Но дворник старался никого к ней не подпускать, словно боясь, что и она исчезнет из его жизни.

Однажды Му-му заметила барыня. Она потребовала принести собаку к ней. Испугавшись такого напора, Му-му оскалила зубы, чем очень разозлила барыню. Старуха велела избавиться от неё. Степан отвёз и продал собаку Герасима покупщику. Он велел новому владельцу не спускать животное с верёвки.

Герасим после пропажи любимицы совсем сник, словно окаменел, утеряв единственный смысл жизни. Но Му-му оказалась не так проста — она сорвалась с привязи и вернулась к своему хозяину.

После этого случая Герасим стал закрывать собаку в комнате. Жалея несчастного дворника и Му-му, слуги не спешили к барыне с докладом. Но тайна раскрылась, когда Му-му как-то ночью принялась яростно облаивать проходившего мимо пьяницу. Барыня снова приказала убрать животное со двора. Герасим, понимая, что прятать и дальше собаку бессмысленно, на следующее утро нарядно оделся и отправился вместе со своей любимицей в трактир. Там он хорошо покормил Му-му, а затем отвёл к реке.

Он взял лодку, отплыл от берега и утопил собаку, привязав к её шее верёвку с кирпичами на другом конце. Он вернулся в деревню, откуда был родом. Там он жил ещё долго, но ни разу больше не взглянул ни на одну женщину и собак больше не заводил.

Кратко об истории создания произведения

Рассказ Иван Сергеевич написал в 1852 году. Через два года он был впервые опубликован в журнале «Современник».

В результате исследований творчества Тургенева литературоведы определили, что образ барыни писатель «списал» с образа собственной матери.

Подобный сюжет развернулся прямо на глазах будущего писателя в детстве. Его мама была весьма жестокой барыней, и у неё на дворе тоже жил немой дворник крупного телосложения.