This article describes the origins and historical development of the current French state. For information on its organization and structure, see Politics of France.
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French Republic République française (French) |
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Flag
Emblem[I] |
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| Motto: «Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité» (French)
«Liberty, Equality, Fraternity» |
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| Anthem: «La Marseillaise» | ||||||
| Great Seal:
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Location of France (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) |
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| Capital
and largest city |
Paris 48°51.4′N 2°21.05′E / 48.8567°N 2.35083°E |
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| Official language and national language |
French[II] | |||||
| Religion | Secular State [a] In Alsace-Moselle
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| Government | Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic | |||||
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• President |
Emmanuel Macron | |||||
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• Prime Minister |
Élisabeth Borne | |||||
| Legislature | Parliament | |||||
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• Upper house |
Senate | |||||
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• Lower house |
National Assembly | |||||
| Establishment | ||||||
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• Current constitution |
4 October 1958 (64 years) | |||||
| Currency |
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| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) | |||||
| Calling code | +33[III] | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | FR | |||||
| Internet TLD | .fr[IV] | |||||
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![Emblem[I] of France](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/85px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png)
The Fifth Republic (French: Cinquième République) is France’s current republican system of government. It was established on 4 October 1958 by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic.[3] The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system[4] that split powers between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government.[5] De Gaulle, who was the first French president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a strong head of state, which he described as embodying l’esprit de la nation («the spirit of the nation»).[6]
The Fifth Republic is France’s third-longest-lasting political regime, after the hereditary, feudal monarchy of the Ancien Régime (which suffered its nadir under an Anglo-Burgandian alliance so decamped from Paris 1418 to 1435 but nonetheless wielded monarchic power from its scion Hugh Capet who rebelled against the Holy Roman Empire in 987 to the year 1792) and the parliamentary Third Republic (1870–1940). The Fifth Republic will overtake that as the second-longest French regime and the longest-lasting French republic on 11 August 2028 if it remains unreplaced.
Origins[edit]
The trigger for the collapse of the Fourth French Republic was the Algiers crisis of 1958. France was still a colonial power, although conflict and revolt had begun the process of decolonization. French West Africa, French Indochina, and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the French Union. Algeria in particular, despite being the colony with the largest French population, saw rising pressure for separation from Metropolitan France. The situation was complicated by those in Algeria, such as European settlers, native Jews, and Harkis (native Muslims who were loyal to France) who wanted to maintain the union with France. The Algerian War was not just a separatist movement but had elements of a civil war. Further complications came when a section of the French Army rebelled and openly backed the Algérie française movement to defeat separation.[7][page needed] Charles de Gaulle, who had retired from politics a decade before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis, calling on the nation to suspend the government and create a new constitutional system. De Gaulle was carried to power by the inability of the parliament to choose a government, popular protest, and the last parliament of the Fourth Republic voting for their dissolution and the convening of a constitutional convention.[8]
The Fourth Republic suffered from a lack of political consensus, a weak executive, and governments forming and falling in quick succession since 1946. With no party or coalition able to sustain a parliamentary majority, prime ministers found themselves unable to risk their political position with unpopular reforms.[9][page needed]
De Gaulle and his supporters proposed a system of strong presidents elected for seven-year terms. The president, under the proposed constitution, would have executive powers to run the country in consultation with a prime minister whom he would appoint. On 1 June 1958, Charles de Gaulle was appointed head of the government;[10] on 3 June 1958, a constitutional law empowered the new government to draft a new constitution of France,[3] and another law granted Charles de Gaulle and his cabinet the power to rule by decree for up to six months, except on certain matters related to the basic rights of citizens (criminal law, etc.[vague]).[11] These plans were approved by more than 80% of those who voted in the referendum of 28 September 1958.[12] The new constitution was signed into law on 4 October 1958.[13] Since each new constitution established a new republic, France moved from the Fourth to the Fifth Republic.
The new constitution contained transitional clauses (articles 90–92) extending the period of rule by decree until the new institutions were operating. René Coty remained president of the Republic until the new president was proclaimed. On 21 December 1958, Charles de Gaulle was elected president of France by an electoral college.[14] The provisional constitutional commission, acting in lieu of the constitutional council, proclaimed the results of the election on 9 January 1959. The new president began his office on that date, appointing Michel Debré as prime minister.
The 1958 constitution also replaced the French Union with the French Community, which allowed fourteen member territories (excluding Algeria) to assert their independence.[15] 1960 became known as the «Year of Africa» because of this wave of newly independent states.[16] Algeria became independent on 5 July 1962.
Evolution[edit]
The president was initially elected by an electoral college but in 1962 de Gaulle proposed that the president be directly elected by the citizens and held a referendum on the change. Although the method and intent of de Gaulle in that referendum were contested by most political groups except for the Gaullists, the change was approved by the French electorate.[17] The Constitutional Council declined to rule on the constitutionality of the referendum.[18]
The president is now elected every five years, changed from seven by a constitutional referendum in 2000, to reduce the probability of cohabitation due to former differences in the length of terms for the National Assembly and presidency. The president is elected in one or two rounds of voting: if one candidate gets a majority of votes in the first round that person is president-elect; if no one gets a majority in the first round, the two candidates with the greatest number of votes go to a second round.
Two major changes occurred in the 1970s regarding constitutional checks and balances.[19] Traditionally, France operated according to parliamentary supremacy: no authority was empowered to rule on whether statutes passed by Parliament respected the constitutional rights of the citizens.[20] In 1971, however, the Constitutional Council, arguing that the preamble of the constitution referenced the rights defined in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the preamble of the 1946 constitution, concluded that statutes must respect these rights and so declared partially unconstitutional a statute because it violated freedom of association.[21] Only the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, or the president of either house of Parliament could ask for a constitutional review before a statute was signed into law—which greatly reduces the likelihood of such a review if all these officeholders happened to be from the same side of politics, which was the case at the time. Then in 1974, a constitutional amendment widened this prerogative to 60 members of the National Assembly or 60 members of the senate.[22] From that date, the opposition has been able to have controversial new statutes examined for constitutionality.[23]
Presidents of the Fifth Republic[edit]
Socialist (PS)
Centrist (CD)
Centrist (REM)
Republican (UDF)
Gaullist (UDR; RPR)
Neo-Gaullist (UMP)
| No. | President | Lived | from | to | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Charles de Gaulle | 1890–1970 | 8 January 1959 | 28 April 1969 (resigned) | Independent | |
| – | Alain Poher | 1909–1996 | 28 April 1969 | 15 June 1969 (interim) | CD | |
| 2 | Georges Pompidou | 1911–1974 | 15 June 1969 | 2 April 1974 (died in office) | UDR | |
| – | Alain Poher | 1909–1996 | 2 April 1974 | 19 May 1974 (interim) | CD | |
| 3 | Valéry Giscard d’Estaing | 1926–2020 | 19 May 1974 | 21 May 1981 | UDF | |
| 4 | François Mitterrand | 1916–1996 | 21 May 1981 | 17 May 1995 | Socialist | |
| 5 | Jacques Chirac | 1932–2019 | 17 May 1995 | 16 May 2007 | RPR then UMP | |
| 6 | Nicolas Sarkozy | b. 1955 | 16 May 2007 | 15 May 2012 | UMP | |
| 7 | François Hollande | b. 1954 | 15 May 2012 | 14 May 2017 | Socialist | |
| 8 | Emmanuel Macron | b. 1977 | 14 May 2017 | Incumbent | REM |
Source: «Les présidents de la République depuis 1848» [Presidents of the Republic Since 1848] (in French). Présidence de la République française.
President image gallery[edit]
Prime Ministers of the Fifth Republic[edit]
Socialist (PS)
Centrist (REM)
Republican (UDF)
Gaullist (UNR; UDR; RPR)
Neo-Gaullist (UMP; LR)
| Name | Term start | Term end | Political party | President | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Michel Debré | 8 January 1959 | 14 April 1962 | UNR | Charles de Gaulle (1959–1969) |
||
| Georges Pompidou | 14 April 1962 | 10 July 1968 | UNR then UDR | |||
| Maurice Couve de Murville | 10 July 1968 | 20 June 1969 | UDR | |||
| Jacques Chaban-Delmas | 20 June 1969 | 6 July 1972 | UDR | Georges Pompidou (1969–1974) |
||
| Pierre Messmer | 6 July 1972 | 27 May 1974 | UDR | |||
| Jacques Chirac (1st term) | 27 May 1974 | 26 August 1976 | UDR | Valéry Giscard d’Estaing (1974–1981) |
||
| Raymond Barre | 26 August 1976 | 21 May 1981 | Independent | |||
| Pierre Mauroy | 21 May 1981 | 17 July 1984 | Socialist | François Mitterrand (1981–1995) |
||
| Laurent Fabius | 17 July 1984 | 20 March 1986 | Socialist | |||
| Jacques Chirac (2nd term) | 20 March 1986 | 10 May 1988 | RPR | |||
| Michel Rocard | 10 May 1988 | 15 May 1991 | Socialist | |||
| Édith Cresson | 15 May 1991 | 2 April 1992 | Socialist | |||
| Pierre Bérégovoy | 2 April 1992 | 29 March 1993 | Socialist | |||
| Édouard Balladur | 29 March 1993 | 18 May 1995 | RPR | |||
| Alain Juppé | 18 May 1995 | 3 June 1997 | RPR | Jacques Chirac (1995–2007) |
||
| Lionel Jospin | 3 June 1997 | 6 May 2002 | Socialist | |||
| Jean-Pierre Raffarin | 6 May 2002 | 31 May 2005 | UMP | |||
| Dominique de Villepin | 31 May 2005 | 17 May 2007 | UMP | |||
| François Fillon | 17 May 2007 | 15 May 2012 | UMP | Nicolas Sarkozy (2007–2012) |
||
| Jean-Marc Ayrault | 15 May 2012 | 31 March 2014 | Socialist | François Hollande (2012–2017) |
||
| Manuel Valls | 31 March 2014 | 6 December 2016 | Socialist | |||
| Bernard Cazeneuve | 6 December 2016 | 10 May 2017 | Socialist | |||
| Édouard Philippe | 15 May 2017 | 3 July 2020 | LR then Independent |
Emmanuel Macron (since 2017) |
||
| Jean Castex | 3 July 2020 | 16 May 2022 | REM | |||
| Élisabeth Borne | 16 May 2022 | Incumbent | REM |
Source: «Former Prime Ministers of the Fifth Republic». Government of France.
Institutions of the Fifth Republic[edit]
Institutions of the Fifth Republic
See also[edit]
- 1958 Guinean constitutional referendum
- French colonial empire
- List of French possessions and colonies
- Politics of France
Notes[edit]
- ^ The current Constitution of France does not specify a national emblem.[1] This emblem is used by the President, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs,[2] and is on the cover of French passports. For other symbols, see National symbols of France.
- ^ For information about regional languages see Languages of France.
- ^ The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the French telephone numbering plan, but have their own country calling codes: Guadeloupe +590; Martinique +596; French Guiana +594, Réunion and Mayotte +262; Saint Pierre and Miquelon +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: New Caledonia +687, French Polynesia +689; Wallis and Futuna +681.
- ^ In addition to .fr, several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas départements and territories: .re, .mq, .gp, .tf, .nc, .pf, .wf, .pm, .gf and .yt. France also uses .eu, shared with other members of the European Union. The .cat domain is used in Catalan-speaking territories.
- ^ Excluding Alsace-Moselle
References[edit]
- ^ Article II of the Constitution of France (1958)
- ^ «The lictor’s fasces». elysee.fr. 20 November 2012.
- ^ a b Loi constitutionnelle du 3 juin 1957 portant dérogation transitoire aux dispositions de l’article 90 de la Constitution (in French).
- ^ Lessig, Lawrence (1993). «The Path of the Presidency». East European Constitutional Review. Fall 1993 / Winter 1994 (2/3): 104 – via Chicago Unbound, University of Chicago Law School.
- ^ Richburg, Keith B. (25 September 2000). «French President’s Term Cut to Five Years». The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
- ^ Kubicek, Paul (2015). European Politics. Routledge. pp. 154–56, 163. ISBN 978-1-317-34853-5.
- ^ John E. Talbott, The War Without a Name: France in Algeria, 1954–1962 (1980).
- ^ Jonathan Fenby, The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved (2010) pp 375–408.
- ^ Philip M. Williams, Crisis and Compromise: Politics in the Fourth Republic (1958)
- ^ «Fac-similé JO du 02/06/1958, page 05279 – Legifrance». www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
- ^ Loi no 58–520 du 3 juin 1958 relative aux pleins pouvoirs (in French).
- ^ Proclamation des résultats des votes émis par le peuple français à l’occasion de sa consultation par voie de référendum, le 28 septembre 1958
- ^ Constitution, Journal Officiel de la République Française, 5 October 1958
- ^ «Fac-similé JO du 09/01/1959, page 00673 – Legifrance». www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
- ^ Cooper, Frederick (July 2008). «Possibility and Constraint: African Independence in Historical Perspective». Journal of African History. 49 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1017/S0021853708003915. S2CID 145273499.
- ^ Abayomi Azikiwe, «50th Anniversary of the ‘Year of Africa’ 1960», Pan-African News Wire, 21 April 2010.
- ^ Constitutional Council, Proclamation Archived 21 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine of the results of the 28 October 1962 referendum on the bill related to the election of the President of the Republic by universal suffrage
- ^ Constitutional Council, Decision 62-20 DC Archived 10 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine of 6 November 1962
- ^ F. L. Morton, Judicial Review in France: A Comparative Analysis, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Winter, 1988), pp. 89–110
- ^ M. Letourneur, R. Drago, The Rule of Law as Understood in France, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Spring, 1958), pp. 147–177
- ^ Constitutional Council, Decision 71-44 DC Archived 10 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine of 16 July 1971
- ^ Loi constitutionnelle no 74-904 du 29 octobre 1974 portant révision de l’article 61 de la Constitution (in French).
- ^ Alain Lancelot, La réforme de 1974, avancée libéral ou progrès de la démocratie ?
Further reading[edit]
- Atkin, Nicholas. The Fifth French Republic (European History in Perspective) (2005) excerpt and text search
- Bell, David S. and John Gaffney, eds. The Presidents of the French Fifth Republic (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)
- Bell,David, et al. A Biographical Dictionary of French Political Leaders since 1870 (1990)
- Bell, David S., and Byron Criddle. Exceptional Socialists: The Case of the French Socialist Party (2014)
- Berstein, Serge, and Jean-Pierre Rioux. The Pompidou Years, 1969–1974 (The Cambridge History of Modern France) (2000) excerpt
- Brouard, Sylvain et al. The French Fifth Republic at Fifty: Beyond Stereotypes (French Politics, Society and Culture) (2009)
- Chabal, Emile, ed. France since the 1970s: History, Politics and Memory in an Age of Uncertainty (2015) Excerpt
- Cole, Alistair. François Mitterrand: A study in political leadership (1994)
- Corbett, Anne, and Bob Moon, eds. Education in France: continuity and change in the Mitterrand years 1981–1995 (Routledge, 2002)
- Fenby, Jonathan The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved (2010) pp. 375–635.
- Fenby, Jonathan France: A Modern History from the Revolution to the War with Terror (2016) pp. 359–484
- Gaffney, John. France in the Hollande presidency: The unhappy republic (Springer, 2015).
- Gaffney, John. Political Leadership in France. From Charles de Gaulle to Nicolas Sarkozy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
- Gaffney, John (2012). «Leadership and Style in the French Fifth Republic: Nicolas Sarkozy’s Presidency in Historical and Cultural Perspective» (PDF). French Politics. 10 (4): 345–363. doi:10.1057/fp.2012.18. S2CID 143199648.
- Jackson, Julian. De Gaulle (2018) 887pp; the most recent major biography
- Kuhn, Raymond. «Mister unpopular: François Hollande and the exercise of presidential leadership, 2012–14.» Modern & Contemporary France 22.4 (2014): 435-457. online
- Kulski, W. W. De Gaulle and the World: The Foreign Policy of the Fifth French Republic (1966) online free to borrow
- Lewis-Beck, Michael S., et al. eds. French Presidential Elections (Palgrave Macmillan; 2012)
- Nester, William R. De Gaulle’s Legacy: The Art of Power in France’s Fifth Republic (2014)
- Praud, Jocelyne and Sandrine Dauphin, eds. Parity Democracy: Women’s Political Representation in Fifth Republic France (2011)
- Raymond, Gino G., The French Communist Party During Fifth Republic: A Crisis of Leadership and Ideology. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005)
- Rogoff, Martin A. French Constitutional Law: Cases and Materials (Durham, Carolina Academic Press, 2010.
- Short, Philip. Mitterrand: A Study in Ambiguity (2013)
- Thody, Philip. The Fifth French Republic: Presidents, Politics and Personalities: A Study of French Political Culture (1998) excerpt and text search
- Wall, Irwin. France Votes: The Election of François Hollande (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.)
- Williams, Charles. The Last Great Frenchman: A Life of General De Gaulle (1997)
- In French
- Chevallier, Jean-Jacques; Guy Carcassonne; Olivier Duhamel (2017). Histoire de la Ve République: 1958–2017 (in French) (16th ed.). Paris: Dalloz. ISBN 978-2247169221.
- Mayaffre, Damon (2012). Le Discours présidentiel sous la Ve République. Chirac, Mitterrand, Giscard, Pompidou, de Gaulle (in French). Paris: Presses de Sciences Po. ISBN 2724612442.
External links[edit]
- LegiFrance: French Constitution of 1958 (in English)
This article describes the origins and historical development of the current French state. For information on its organization and structure, see Politics of France.
|
French Republic République française (French) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Flag
Emblem[I] |
||||||
| Motto: «Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité» (French)
«Liberty, Equality, Fraternity» |
||||||
| Anthem: «La Marseillaise» | ||||||
| Great Seal:
|
||||||
|
Location of France (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) |
||||||
| Capital
and largest city |
Paris 48°51.4′N 2°21.05′E / 48.8567°N 2.35083°E |
|||||
| Official language and national language |
French[II] | |||||
| Religion | Secular State [a] In Alsace-Moselle
|
|||||
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic | |||||
|
• President |
Emmanuel Macron | |||||
|
• Prime Minister |
Élisabeth Borne | |||||
| Legislature | Parliament | |||||
|
• Upper house |
Senate | |||||
|
• Lower house |
National Assembly | |||||
| Establishment | ||||||
|
• Current constitution |
4 October 1958 (64 years) | |||||
| Currency |
|
|||||
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) | |||||
| Calling code | +33[III] | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | FR | |||||
| Internet TLD | .fr[IV] | |||||
|
The Fifth Republic (French: Cinquième République) is France’s current republican system of government. It was established on 4 October 1958 by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic.[3] The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system[4] that split powers between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government.[5] De Gaulle, who was the first French president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a strong head of state, which he described as embodying l’esprit de la nation («the spirit of the nation»).[6]
The Fifth Republic is France’s third-longest-lasting political regime, after the hereditary, feudal monarchy of the Ancien Régime (which suffered its nadir under an Anglo-Burgandian alliance so decamped from Paris 1418 to 1435 but nonetheless wielded monarchic power from its scion Hugh Capet who rebelled against the Holy Roman Empire in 987 to the year 1792) and the parliamentary Third Republic (1870–1940). The Fifth Republic will overtake that as the second-longest French regime and the longest-lasting French republic on 11 August 2028 if it remains unreplaced.
Origins[edit]
The trigger for the collapse of the Fourth French Republic was the Algiers crisis of 1958. France was still a colonial power, although conflict and revolt had begun the process of decolonization. French West Africa, French Indochina, and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the French Union. Algeria in particular, despite being the colony with the largest French population, saw rising pressure for separation from Metropolitan France. The situation was complicated by those in Algeria, such as European settlers, native Jews, and Harkis (native Muslims who were loyal to France) who wanted to maintain the union with France. The Algerian War was not just a separatist movement but had elements of a civil war. Further complications came when a section of the French Army rebelled and openly backed the Algérie française movement to defeat separation.[7][page needed] Charles de Gaulle, who had retired from politics a decade before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis, calling on the nation to suspend the government and create a new constitutional system. De Gaulle was carried to power by the inability of the parliament to choose a government, popular protest, and the last parliament of the Fourth Republic voting for their dissolution and the convening of a constitutional convention.[8]
The Fourth Republic suffered from a lack of political consensus, a weak executive, and governments forming and falling in quick succession since 1946. With no party or coalition able to sustain a parliamentary majority, prime ministers found themselves unable to risk their political position with unpopular reforms.[9][page needed]
De Gaulle and his supporters proposed a system of strong presidents elected for seven-year terms. The president, under the proposed constitution, would have executive powers to run the country in consultation with a prime minister whom he would appoint. On 1 June 1958, Charles de Gaulle was appointed head of the government;[10] on 3 June 1958, a constitutional law empowered the new government to draft a new constitution of France,[3] and another law granted Charles de Gaulle and his cabinet the power to rule by decree for up to six months, except on certain matters related to the basic rights of citizens (criminal law, etc.[vague]).[11] These plans were approved by more than 80% of those who voted in the referendum of 28 September 1958.[12] The new constitution was signed into law on 4 October 1958.[13] Since each new constitution established a new republic, France moved from the Fourth to the Fifth Republic.
The new constitution contained transitional clauses (articles 90–92) extending the period of rule by decree until the new institutions were operating. René Coty remained president of the Republic until the new president was proclaimed. On 21 December 1958, Charles de Gaulle was elected president of France by an electoral college.[14] The provisional constitutional commission, acting in lieu of the constitutional council, proclaimed the results of the election on 9 January 1959. The new president began his office on that date, appointing Michel Debré as prime minister.
The 1958 constitution also replaced the French Union with the French Community, which allowed fourteen member territories (excluding Algeria) to assert their independence.[15] 1960 became known as the «Year of Africa» because of this wave of newly independent states.[16] Algeria became independent on 5 July 1962.
Evolution[edit]
The president was initially elected by an electoral college but in 1962 de Gaulle proposed that the president be directly elected by the citizens and held a referendum on the change. Although the method and intent of de Gaulle in that referendum were contested by most political groups except for the Gaullists, the change was approved by the French electorate.[17] The Constitutional Council declined to rule on the constitutionality of the referendum.[18]
The president is now elected every five years, changed from seven by a constitutional referendum in 2000, to reduce the probability of cohabitation due to former differences in the length of terms for the National Assembly and presidency. The president is elected in one or two rounds of voting: if one candidate gets a majority of votes in the first round that person is president-elect; if no one gets a majority in the first round, the two candidates with the greatest number of votes go to a second round.
Two major changes occurred in the 1970s regarding constitutional checks and balances.[19] Traditionally, France operated according to parliamentary supremacy: no authority was empowered to rule on whether statutes passed by Parliament respected the constitutional rights of the citizens.[20] In 1971, however, the Constitutional Council, arguing that the preamble of the constitution referenced the rights defined in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the preamble of the 1946 constitution, concluded that statutes must respect these rights and so declared partially unconstitutional a statute because it violated freedom of association.[21] Only the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, or the president of either house of Parliament could ask for a constitutional review before a statute was signed into law—which greatly reduces the likelihood of such a review if all these officeholders happened to be from the same side of politics, which was the case at the time. Then in 1974, a constitutional amendment widened this prerogative to 60 members of the National Assembly or 60 members of the senate.[22] From that date, the opposition has been able to have controversial new statutes examined for constitutionality.[23]
Presidents of the Fifth Republic[edit]
Socialist (PS)
Centrist (CD)
Centrist (REM)
Republican (UDF)
Gaullist (UDR; RPR)
Neo-Gaullist (UMP)
| No. | President | Lived | from | to | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Charles de Gaulle | 1890–1970 | 8 January 1959 | 28 April 1969 (resigned) | Independent | |
| – | Alain Poher | 1909–1996 | 28 April 1969 | 15 June 1969 (interim) | CD | |
| 2 | Georges Pompidou | 1911–1974 | 15 June 1969 | 2 April 1974 (died in office) | UDR | |
| – | Alain Poher | 1909–1996 | 2 April 1974 | 19 May 1974 (interim) | CD | |
| 3 | Valéry Giscard d’Estaing | 1926–2020 | 19 May 1974 | 21 May 1981 | UDF | |
| 4 | François Mitterrand | 1916–1996 | 21 May 1981 | 17 May 1995 | Socialist | |
| 5 | Jacques Chirac | 1932–2019 | 17 May 1995 | 16 May 2007 | RPR then UMP | |
| 6 | Nicolas Sarkozy | b. 1955 | 16 May 2007 | 15 May 2012 | UMP | |
| 7 | François Hollande | b. 1954 | 15 May 2012 | 14 May 2017 | Socialist | |
| 8 | Emmanuel Macron | b. 1977 | 14 May 2017 | Incumbent | REM |
Source: «Les présidents de la République depuis 1848» [Presidents of the Republic Since 1848] (in French). Présidence de la République française.
President image gallery[edit]
Prime Ministers of the Fifth Republic[edit]
Socialist (PS)
Centrist (REM)
Republican (UDF)
Gaullist (UNR; UDR; RPR)
Neo-Gaullist (UMP; LR)
| Name | Term start | Term end | Political party | President | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Michel Debré | 8 January 1959 | 14 April 1962 | UNR | Charles de Gaulle (1959–1969) |
||
| Georges Pompidou | 14 April 1962 | 10 July 1968 | UNR then UDR | |||
| Maurice Couve de Murville | 10 July 1968 | 20 June 1969 | UDR | |||
| Jacques Chaban-Delmas | 20 June 1969 | 6 July 1972 | UDR | Georges Pompidou (1969–1974) |
||
| Pierre Messmer | 6 July 1972 | 27 May 1974 | UDR | |||
| Jacques Chirac (1st term) | 27 May 1974 | 26 August 1976 | UDR | Valéry Giscard d’Estaing (1974–1981) |
||
| Raymond Barre | 26 August 1976 | 21 May 1981 | Independent | |||
| Pierre Mauroy | 21 May 1981 | 17 July 1984 | Socialist | François Mitterrand (1981–1995) |
||
| Laurent Fabius | 17 July 1984 | 20 March 1986 | Socialist | |||
| Jacques Chirac (2nd term) | 20 March 1986 | 10 May 1988 | RPR | |||
| Michel Rocard | 10 May 1988 | 15 May 1991 | Socialist | |||
| Édith Cresson | 15 May 1991 | 2 April 1992 | Socialist | |||
| Pierre Bérégovoy | 2 April 1992 | 29 March 1993 | Socialist | |||
| Édouard Balladur | 29 March 1993 | 18 May 1995 | RPR | |||
| Alain Juppé | 18 May 1995 | 3 June 1997 | RPR | Jacques Chirac (1995–2007) |
||
| Lionel Jospin | 3 June 1997 | 6 May 2002 | Socialist | |||
| Jean-Pierre Raffarin | 6 May 2002 | 31 May 2005 | UMP | |||
| Dominique de Villepin | 31 May 2005 | 17 May 2007 | UMP | |||
| François Fillon | 17 May 2007 | 15 May 2012 | UMP | Nicolas Sarkozy (2007–2012) |
||
| Jean-Marc Ayrault | 15 May 2012 | 31 March 2014 | Socialist | François Hollande (2012–2017) |
||
| Manuel Valls | 31 March 2014 | 6 December 2016 | Socialist | |||
| Bernard Cazeneuve | 6 December 2016 | 10 May 2017 | Socialist | |||
| Édouard Philippe | 15 May 2017 | 3 July 2020 | LR then Independent |
Emmanuel Macron (since 2017) |
||
| Jean Castex | 3 July 2020 | 16 May 2022 | REM | |||
| Élisabeth Borne | 16 May 2022 | Incumbent | REM |
Source: «Former Prime Ministers of the Fifth Republic». Government of France.
Institutions of the Fifth Republic[edit]
Institutions of the Fifth Republic
See also[edit]
- 1958 Guinean constitutional referendum
- French colonial empire
- List of French possessions and colonies
- Politics of France
Notes[edit]
- ^ The current Constitution of France does not specify a national emblem.[1] This emblem is used by the President, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs,[2] and is on the cover of French passports. For other symbols, see National symbols of France.
- ^ For information about regional languages see Languages of France.
- ^ The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the French telephone numbering plan, but have their own country calling codes: Guadeloupe +590; Martinique +596; French Guiana +594, Réunion and Mayotte +262; Saint Pierre and Miquelon +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: New Caledonia +687, French Polynesia +689; Wallis and Futuna +681.
- ^ In addition to .fr, several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas départements and territories: .re, .mq, .gp, .tf, .nc, .pf, .wf, .pm, .gf and .yt. France also uses .eu, shared with other members of the European Union. The .cat domain is used in Catalan-speaking territories.
- ^ Excluding Alsace-Moselle
References[edit]
- ^ Article II of the Constitution of France (1958)
- ^ «The lictor’s fasces». elysee.fr. 20 November 2012.
- ^ a b Loi constitutionnelle du 3 juin 1957 portant dérogation transitoire aux dispositions de l’article 90 de la Constitution (in French).
- ^ Lessig, Lawrence (1993). «The Path of the Presidency». East European Constitutional Review. Fall 1993 / Winter 1994 (2/3): 104 – via Chicago Unbound, University of Chicago Law School.
- ^ Richburg, Keith B. (25 September 2000). «French President’s Term Cut to Five Years». The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
- ^ Kubicek, Paul (2015). European Politics. Routledge. pp. 154–56, 163. ISBN 978-1-317-34853-5.
- ^ John E. Talbott, The War Without a Name: France in Algeria, 1954–1962 (1980).
- ^ Jonathan Fenby, The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved (2010) pp 375–408.
- ^ Philip M. Williams, Crisis and Compromise: Politics in the Fourth Republic (1958)
- ^ «Fac-similé JO du 02/06/1958, page 05279 – Legifrance». www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
- ^ Loi no 58–520 du 3 juin 1958 relative aux pleins pouvoirs (in French).
- ^ Proclamation des résultats des votes émis par le peuple français à l’occasion de sa consultation par voie de référendum, le 28 septembre 1958
- ^ Constitution, Journal Officiel de la République Française, 5 October 1958
- ^ «Fac-similé JO du 09/01/1959, page 00673 – Legifrance». www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
- ^ Cooper, Frederick (July 2008). «Possibility and Constraint: African Independence in Historical Perspective». Journal of African History. 49 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1017/S0021853708003915. S2CID 145273499.
- ^ Abayomi Azikiwe, «50th Anniversary of the ‘Year of Africa’ 1960», Pan-African News Wire, 21 April 2010.
- ^ Constitutional Council, Proclamation Archived 21 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine of the results of the 28 October 1962 referendum on the bill related to the election of the President of the Republic by universal suffrage
- ^ Constitutional Council, Decision 62-20 DC Archived 10 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine of 6 November 1962
- ^ F. L. Morton, Judicial Review in France: A Comparative Analysis, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Winter, 1988), pp. 89–110
- ^ M. Letourneur, R. Drago, The Rule of Law as Understood in France, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Spring, 1958), pp. 147–177
- ^ Constitutional Council, Decision 71-44 DC Archived 10 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine of 16 July 1971
- ^ Loi constitutionnelle no 74-904 du 29 octobre 1974 portant révision de l’article 61 de la Constitution (in French).
- ^ Alain Lancelot, La réforme de 1974, avancée libéral ou progrès de la démocratie ?
Further reading[edit]
- Atkin, Nicholas. The Fifth French Republic (European History in Perspective) (2005) excerpt and text search
- Bell, David S. and John Gaffney, eds. The Presidents of the French Fifth Republic (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)
- Bell,David, et al. A Biographical Dictionary of French Political Leaders since 1870 (1990)
- Bell, David S., and Byron Criddle. Exceptional Socialists: The Case of the French Socialist Party (2014)
- Berstein, Serge, and Jean-Pierre Rioux. The Pompidou Years, 1969–1974 (The Cambridge History of Modern France) (2000) excerpt
- Brouard, Sylvain et al. The French Fifth Republic at Fifty: Beyond Stereotypes (French Politics, Society and Culture) (2009)
- Chabal, Emile, ed. France since the 1970s: History, Politics and Memory in an Age of Uncertainty (2015) Excerpt
- Cole, Alistair. François Mitterrand: A study in political leadership (1994)
- Corbett, Anne, and Bob Moon, eds. Education in France: continuity and change in the Mitterrand years 1981–1995 (Routledge, 2002)
- Fenby, Jonathan The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved (2010) pp. 375–635.
- Fenby, Jonathan France: A Modern History from the Revolution to the War with Terror (2016) pp. 359–484
- Gaffney, John. France in the Hollande presidency: The unhappy republic (Springer, 2015).
- Gaffney, John. Political Leadership in France. From Charles de Gaulle to Nicolas Sarkozy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
- Gaffney, John (2012). «Leadership and Style in the French Fifth Republic: Nicolas Sarkozy’s Presidency in Historical and Cultural Perspective» (PDF). French Politics. 10 (4): 345–363. doi:10.1057/fp.2012.18. S2CID 143199648.
- Jackson, Julian. De Gaulle (2018) 887pp; the most recent major biography
- Kuhn, Raymond. «Mister unpopular: François Hollande and the exercise of presidential leadership, 2012–14.» Modern & Contemporary France 22.4 (2014): 435-457. online
- Kulski, W. W. De Gaulle and the World: The Foreign Policy of the Fifth French Republic (1966) online free to borrow
- Lewis-Beck, Michael S., et al. eds. French Presidential Elections (Palgrave Macmillan; 2012)
- Nester, William R. De Gaulle’s Legacy: The Art of Power in France’s Fifth Republic (2014)
- Praud, Jocelyne and Sandrine Dauphin, eds. Parity Democracy: Women’s Political Representation in Fifth Republic France (2011)
- Raymond, Gino G., The French Communist Party During Fifth Republic: A Crisis of Leadership and Ideology. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005)
- Rogoff, Martin A. French Constitutional Law: Cases and Materials (Durham, Carolina Academic Press, 2010.
- Short, Philip. Mitterrand: A Study in Ambiguity (2013)
- Thody, Philip. The Fifth French Republic: Presidents, Politics and Personalities: A Study of French Political Culture (1998) excerpt and text search
- Wall, Irwin. France Votes: The Election of François Hollande (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.)
- Williams, Charles. The Last Great Frenchman: A Life of General De Gaulle (1997)
- In French
- Chevallier, Jean-Jacques; Guy Carcassonne; Olivier Duhamel (2017). Histoire de la Ve République: 1958–2017 (in French) (16th ed.). Paris: Dalloz. ISBN 978-2247169221.
- Mayaffre, Damon (2012). Le Discours présidentiel sous la Ve République. Chirac, Mitterrand, Giscard, Pompidou, de Gaulle (in French). Paris: Presses de Sciences Po. ISBN 2724612442.
External links[edit]
- LegiFrance: French Constitution of 1958 (in English)
А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Э Ю Я
Пя́тая респу́блика, (во Франции)
Рядом по алфавиту:
пя́лящий(ся)
пя́нджский , (от Пяндж)
пя́нджцы , -ев, ед. -жец, -жца, тв. -жцем
пя́рнуский , (от Пя́рну)
пя́рнусцы , -ев, ед. -сец, -сца, тв. -сцем
пя́ртнерс , -а (мор.)
пя́стка , -и, р. мн. -ток
пя́стный
пя́сточка , -и, р. мн. -чек
пясть , -и
пята́ , -ы́, мн. пя́ты, пят, пята́м
пята́к , -ака́
пятако́вый
пятачко́вый
пятачо́к , -чка́
Пя́тая респу́блика , (во Франции)
пятери́к , -ика́ (ед. измер.; упряжка)
пятерико́вый
пятери́ца , -ы, тв. -ей (лит.)
пятери́чный
пятёрка , -и, р. мн. -рок
пятерно́й
пятерня́ , -и́, р. мн. -е́й
пя́теро , -ы́х
пятёрочка , -и, р. мн. -чек
пятёрочник , -а
пятёрочница , -ы, тв. -ей
пятёрочный
пятерча́тка , -и, р. мн. -ток
пятиа́ктный
пятиалты́нный , -ого
§ 17. Названия исторических эпох, событий, съездов, геологических периодов
1. В названиях исторических эпох и событий первое слово (и все имена собственные) пишется с прописной буквы; родовые наименования (эпоха, век и т. п.) пишутся со строчной буквы: Древний Китай, Древняя Греция, Древний Рим (‘государство’; но: древний Рим — ‘город’), Римская империя, Киевская Русь; Крестовые походы, эпоха Возрождения, Высокое Возрождение, Ренессанс, Реформация, эпоха Просвещения, Смутное время, Петровская эпоха (но: допетровская эпоха, послепетровская эпоха); Куликовская битва, Бородинский бой; Семилетняя война, Великая Отечественная война (традиционное написание), Война за независимость (в Северной Америке); Июльская монархия, Вторая империя, Пятая республика; Парижская коммуна, Версальский мир, Декабрьское вооружённое восстание 1905 года (но: декабрьское восстание 1825 года).
2. В официальных названиях конгрессов, съездов, конференций первое слово (обычно это слова Первый, Второй и т. д.; Всероссийский, Всесоюзный, Всемирный, Международный и т. п.) и все имена собственные пишутся с прописной буквы: Всероссийский съезд учителей, Первый всесоюзный съезд писателей, Всемирный конгресс сторонников мира, Международный астрономический съезд, Женевская конференция, Базельский конгресс I Интернационала.
После порядкового числительного, обозначенного цифрой, сохраняется написание первого слова с прописной буквы: 5-й Международный конгресс преподавателей, XX Международный Каннский кинофестиваль.
3. Названия исторических эпох, периодов и событий, не являющиеся именами собственными, а также названия геологических периодов пишутся со строчной буквы: античный мир, средневековье, феодализм, русско-турецкие войны, наполеоновские войны; гражданская война (но: Гражданская война в России и США); мезозойская эра, меловой период, эпоха палеолита, каменный век, ледниковый период.
Задаетесь вопросом: 25, как пишется буквами? Мы поймем это, если вспомним нормы правописания числительных. Сделаем это вместе.
Правильно пишется
Правила правописания требуют писать составное числительное в два слова – двадцать пять.
Какое правило
Это числительное относится к разряду составных, то есть они состоят из двух или более слов. Определить нормативное написание очень легко. Посмотри на число – 25. Оно состоит из двух цифр.
По правилу количество слов будет столько же, сколько цифр, нули мы, при этом, не учитываем. Сравните: 25 – двадцать пять, 678 – шестьсот семьдесят восемь, 709 – семьсот девять.
Примеры предложений
- В нашей группе учится двадцать пять студентов.
- Осталось двадцать пять дней до экзамена, и я очень волнуюсь.
Неправильно пишется
Слитное написание этого числительного является ошибкой – двадцатьпять.
Правильное написание слова пятая республика:
пятая республика
Крутая NFT игра. Играй и зарабатывай!
Правильный транслит слова: pyataya respublika
Написание с не правильной раскладкой клавиатуры: gznfz htcge,kbrf
Тест на правописание
Ответ:
Правильное написание слова — пятое
Выберите, на какой слог падает ударение в слове — ГОФРИРОВАННЫЕ?
или
Слово состоит из букв:
П,
Я,
Т,
О,
Е,
Похожие слова:
пятнышко
пятнышком
пято
пятог
пятого
пятой
пяток
пятом
пятому
пяточек
Рифма к слову пятое
снятое, предпринятое, святое, занятое, взятое, прикрытое, открытое, пустое, надетое, убитое, разбитое, покрытое, начатое, мускулистое, выпитое, добытое, скуластое, забытое, четвертое, густое, толстое, сердитое, желтое, обмытое, подшитое, желтоватое, золотое, упомянутое, простое, глуповатое, знаменитое, продолговатое, изрытое, порывистое, закрытое, скрытое, черноволосатое, виноватое, чистое, одетое, тое, натянутое, воздвигнутое, неодетое, раскрытое, пятнадцатое, учтивое, розовое, некрасивое, двое, несчастливое, надвое, красивое, насмешливое, правдивое, моложавое, каковое, завистливое, торговое, недоверчивое, яровое, несправедливое, брильянтовое, свое, счастливое, грубое, дымковое, багровое, первое, одинаковое, боевое, нетерпеливое, слабое, особое, вое, шутливое, голубое, ласковое, коричневое, шаловливое, лиловое, дешевое, бедовое, здоровое, правое, живое, мостовое, басовое, задумчивое, вдвое, готовое, двухчасовое, скучливое, левое, трутневое, новое
Толкование слова. Правильное произношение слова. Значение слова.
Пятая республика
- Пятая республика
-
П’ятая респ’ублика (во Франции)
Русский орфографический словарь. / Российская академия наук. Ин-т рус. яз. им. В. В. Виноградова. — М.: «Азбуковник».
.
1999.
Синонимы:
Смотреть что такое «Пятая республика» в других словарях:
-
ПЯТАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА — республика во Франции, установившаяся после принятия действующей конституции 1958, подготовленной правительством де Голля … Большой Энциклопедический словарь
-
пятая республика — сущ., кол во синонимов: 1 • франция (6) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 … Словарь синонимов
-
Пятая республика — История Франции Портал Франция Доисторическая Франция До кроманьонцев: Олдувай, Аббевиль, Ашёль, Мустье Кроманьонцы … Википедия
-
Пятая Республика — История Франции Портал Франция Доисторическая Франция До кроманьонцев: Олдувай, Аббевиль, Ашёль, Мустье Кроманьонцы … Википедия
-
Пятая республика — республика во Франции после принятия действующей конституции 1958, подготовленной правительством Ш. де Голля. * * * ПЯТАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА ПЯТАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА, республика во Франции, установившаяся после принятия действующей конституции 1958,… … Энциклопедический словарь
-
ПЯТАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА, ФРАНЦУЗСКАЯ — (Fifth Republic, French) Создана в качестве ответной меры на военный мятеж, который произошел в мае 1958 г. в Алжире и был направлен скорее против политики парижского правительства, чем против режима вообще. Армия, перед лицом непрекращающихся… … Политология. Словарь.
-
Пятая республика Южной Кореи — Хангыль 제5공화국 Ханча 第五共和國 Маккьюн Райшауэр Che oh Konghwaguk Новая романизация Je oh Gonghwaguk Пятая республика Южной Кореи правительство стр … Википедия
-
Пятая Республика Южной Кореи — Хангыль: 제5공화국 Ханчча: 第五共和國 Новая романизация: Je oh Gonghwaguk Маккюн Райшауэр: Che oh Konghwaguk Пятая республика Южной Кореи правительство страны с 1979 до 1987 г … Википедия
-
Пятая республика — во Франции, политический режим, установленный по конституции 1958 (конституция была подготовлена правительством Ш. де Голля (См. Голль), одобрена референдумом 28 сентября 1958, вступила в силу 5 октября 1958). Для режима П. р. характерно… … Большая советская энциклопедия
-
ПЯТАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА — во Франции существует с окт. 1958, когда вступила в силу новая конституция (т. н. конституция П. р.), гл. отличит. черта к рой усиление исполнит. власти (особенно власти президента республики) за счет ограничения полномочий парламента. С янв.… … Советская историческая энциклопедия
Как правильно пишется словосочетание «Пятая республика»
Пя́тая респу́блика
Пя́тая респу́блика (во Франции)
Источник: Орфографический
академический ресурс «Академос» Института русского языка им. В.В. Виноградова РАН (словарная база
2020)
Делаем Карту слов лучше вместе
Привет! Меня зовут Лампобот, я компьютерная программа, которая помогает делать
Карту слов. Я отлично
умею считать, но пока плохо понимаю, как устроен ваш мир. Помоги мне разобраться!
Спасибо! Я стал чуточку лучше понимать мир эмоций.
Вопрос: досуговый — это что-то нейтральное, положительное или отрицательное?
Ассоциации к слову «пятый»
Ассоциации к слову «республика»
Синонимы к слову «пятый»
Синонимы к слову «республика»
Предложения со словосочетанием «Пятая республика»
- Что стало его звёздным часом – война, Пятая республика или президентство?
- Пятая республика переживает далеко не лучший период своей истории.
- (все предложения)
Сочетаемость слова «республика»
- союзные республики
советская республика
советские социалистические республики - республика советов
нерушимый республик свободных
в федеративной республике германии - президент республики
союз советских социалистических республик
территория республики - республика пала
республика погибла - стала республикой
создать республику
провозгласить республику - (полная таблица сочетаемости)
Значение слова «пятый»
-
ПЯ́ТЫЙ, —ая, —ое. 1. Числ. порядк. к пять. Пятая страница. Пятое апреля. Пятый этаж. (Малый академический словарь, МАС)
Все значения слова ПЯТЫЙ
Значение слова «республика»
-
РЕСПУ́БЛИКА, -и, ж. 1. Форма государственного правления, при которой высшие органы власти избираются на определенный срок или формируются общенациональными представительными учреждениями (парламентами), а также сама страна с такой формой правления. (Малый академический словарь, МАС)
Все значения слова РЕСПУБЛИКА
Афоризмы русских писателей со словом «пятый»
- Стадами смертных зависть правит;
Посредственность при ней стоит
И тяжкою пятою давит… - Карл Пятый, римский император, говаривал, что ишпанским языком с богом, французским — с друзьями, немецким — с неприятельми, италиянским — с женским полом говорить прилично. Но если бы он российскому языку был искусен, то, конечно, к тому присовокупил бы, что им со всеми оными говорить пристойно, ибо нашёл бы в нём великолепие ишпанского, живость французского, крепость немецкого, нежность итальянского, сверх того богатство и сильную в изображениях краткость греческого и латинского языков.
- Чтобы перекричать век, а также другой, и третий, и пятый, легенде нет нужды напрягать глотку. Легенда кричит красотой и будто бы бессмысленностью и ясным сознанием того, что здравомыслящие будут похоронены и забыты.
- (все афоризмы русских писателей)