Пятьдесят римскими цифрами как пишется

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  • Большая таблица Римских цифр от 1 до 1000

Римские цифры — это натуральные числа, записанные при помощи повторения 7 латинских букв, в определённой прописанной правилами последовательности:

I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), M (1000)

Арабские цифры Римские цифры
1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV
5 V
6 VI
7 VII
8 VIII
9 IX
10 X
11 XI
12 XII
13 XIII
14 XIV
15 XV
16 XVI
17 XVII
18 XVIII
19 XIX
20 XX
21 XXI
22 XXII
23 XXIII
24 XXIV
25 XXV
26 XXVI
27 XXVII
28 XXVIII
29 XXIX
30 XXX
31 XXXI
32 XXXII
33 XXXIII
34 XXXIV
35 XXXV
36 XXXVI
37 XXXVII
38 XXXVIII
39 XXXIX
40 XL
41 XLI
42 XLII
43 XLIII
44 XLIV
45 XLV
46 XLVI
47 XLVII
48 XLVIII
49 XLIX
50 L
51 LI
52 LII
53 LIII
54 LIV
55 LV
56 LVI
57 LVII
58 LVIII
59 LIX
60 LX
61 LXI
62 LXII
63 LXIII
64 LXIV
65 LXV
66 LXVI
67 LXVII
68 LXVIII
69 LXIX
70 LXX
71 LXXI
72 LXXII
73 LXXIII
74 LXXIV
75 LXXV
76 LXXVI
77 LXXVII
78 LXXVIII
79 LXXIX
80 LXXX
81 LXXXI
82 LXXXII
83 LXXXIII
84 LXXXIV
85 LXXXV
86 LXXXVI
87 LXXXVII
88 LXXXVIII
89 LXXXIX
90 XC
91 XCI
92 XCII
93 XCIII
94 XCIV
95 XCV
96 XCVI
97 XCVII
98 XCVIII
99 XCIX
100 C
101 CI
102 CII
103 CIII
104 CIV
105 CV
106 CVI
107 CVII
108 CVIII
109 CIX
110 CX
111 CXI
112 CXII
113 CXIII
114 CXIV
115 CXV
116 CXVI
117 CXVII
118 CXVIII
119 CXIX
120 CXX
121 CXXI
122 CXXII
123 CXXIII
124 CXXIV
125 CXXV
126 CXXVI
127 CXXVII
128 CXXVIII
129 CXXIX
130 CXXX
131 CXXXI
132 CXXXII
133 CXXXIII
134 CXXXIV
135 CXXXV
136 CXXXVI
137 CXXXVII
138 CXXXVIII
139 CXXXIX
140 CXL
141 CXLI
142 CXLII
143 CXLIII
144 CXLIV
145 CXLV
146 CXLVI
147 CXLVII
148 CXLVIII
149 CXLIX
150 CL
151 CLI
152 CLII
153 CLIII
154 CLIV
155 CLV
156 CLVI
157 CLVII
158 CLVIII
159 CLIX
160 CLX
161 CLXI
162 CLXII
163 CLXIII
164 CLXIV
165 CLXV
166 CLXVI
167 CLXVII
168 CLXVIII
169 CLXIX
170 CLXX
171 CLXXI
172 CLXXII
173 CLXXIII
174 CLXXIV
175 CLXXV
176 CLXXVI
177 CLXXVII
178 CLXXVIII
179 CLXXIX
180 CLXXX
181 CLXXXI
182 CLXXXII
183 CLXXXIII
184 CLXXXIV
185 CLXXXV
186 CLXXXVI
187 CLXXXVII
188 CLXXXVIII
189 CLXXXIX
190 CXC
191 CXCI
192 CXCII
193 CXCIII
194 CXCIV
195 CXCV
196 CXCVI
197 CXCVII
198 CXCVIII
199 CXCIX
200 CC
201 CCI
202 CCII
203 CCIII
204 CCIV
205 CCV
206 CCVI
207 CCVII
208 CCVIII
209 CCIX
210 CCX
211 CCXI
212 CCXII
213 CCXIII
214 CCXIV
215 CCXV
216 CCXVI
217 CCXVII
218 CCXVIII
219 CCXIX
220 CCXX
221 CCXXI
222 CCXXII
223 CCXXIII
224 CCXXIV
225 CCXXV
226 CCXXVI
227 CCXXVII
228 CCXXVIII
229 CCXXIX
230 CCXXX
231 CCXXXI
232 CCXXXII
233 CCXXXIII
234 CCXXXIV
235 CCXXXV
236 CCXXXVI
237 CCXXXVII
238 CCXXXVIII
239 CCXXXIX
240 CCXL
241 CCXLI
242 CCXLII
243 CCXLIII
244 CCXLIV
245 CCXLV
246 CCXLVI
247 CCXLVII
248 CCXLVIII
249 CCXLIX
250 CCL
251 CCLI
252 CCLII
253 CCLIII
254 CCLIV
255 CCLV
256 CCLVI
257 CCLVII
258 CCLVIII
259 CCLIX
260 CCLX
261 CCLXI
262 CCLXII
263 CCLXIII
264 CCLXIV
265 CCLXV
266 CCLXVI
267 CCLXVII
268 CCLXVIII
269 CCLXIX
270 CCLXX
271 CCLXXI
272 CCLXXII
273 CCLXXIII
274 CCLXXIV
275 CCLXXV
276 CCLXXVI
277 CCLXXVII
278 CCLXXVIII
279 CCLXXIX
280 CCLXXX
281 CCLXXXI
282 CCLXXXII
283 CCLXXXIII
284 CCLXXXIV
285 CCLXXXV
286 CCLXXXVI
287 CCLXXXVII
288 CCLXXXVIII
289 CCLXXXIX
290 CCXC
291 CCXCI
292 CCXCII
293 CCXCIII
294 CCXCIV
295 CCXCV
296 CCXCVI
297 CCXCVII
298 CCXCVIII
299 CCXCIX
300 CCC
301 CCCI
302 CCCII
303 CCCIII
304 CCCIV
305 CCCV
306 CCCVI
307 CCCVII
308 CCCVIII
309 CCCIX
310 CCCX
311 CCCXI
312 CCCXII
313 CCCXIII
314 CCCXIV
315 CCCXV
316 CCCXVI
317 CCCXVII
318 CCCXVIII
319 CCCXIX
320 CCCXX
321 CCCXXI
322 CCCXXII
323 CCCXXIII
324 CCCXXIV
325 CCCXXV
326 CCCXXVI
327 CCCXXVII
328 CCCXXVIII
329 CCCXXIX
330 CCCXXX
331 CCCXXXI
332 CCCXXXII
333 CCCXXXIII
334 CCCXXXIV
335 CCCXXXV
336 CCCXXXVI
337 CCCXXXVII
338 CCCXXXVIII
339 CCCXXXIX
340 CCCXL
341 CCCXLI
342 CCCXLII
343 CCCXLIII
344 CCCXLIV
345 CCCXLV
346 CCCXLVI
347 CCCXLVII
348 CCCXLVIII
349 CCCXLIX
350 CCCL
351 CCCLI
352 CCCLII
353 CCCLIII
354 CCCLIV
355 CCCLV
356 CCCLVI
357 CCCLVII
358 CCCLVIII
359 CCCLIX
360 CCCLX
361 CCCLXI
362 CCCLXII
363 CCCLXIII
364 CCCLXIV
365 CCCLXV
366 CCCLXVI
367 CCCLXVII
368 CCCLXVIII
369 CCCLXIX
370 CCCLXX
371 CCCLXXI
372 CCCLXXII
373 CCCLXXIII
374 CCCLXXIV
375 CCCLXXV
376 CCCLXXVI
377 CCCLXXVII
378 CCCLXXVIII
379 CCCLXXIX
380 CCCLXXX
381 CCCLXXXI
382 CCCLXXXII
383 CCCLXXXIII
384 CCCLXXXIV
385 CCCLXXXV
386 CCCLXXXVI
387 CCCLXXXVII
388 CCCLXXXVIII
389 CCCLXXXIX
390 CCCXC
391 CCCXCI
392 CCCXCII
393 CCCXCIII
394 CCCXCIV
395 CCCXCV
396 CCCXCVI
397 CCCXCVII
398 CCCXCVIII
399 CCCXCIX
400 CD
401 CDI
402 CDII
403 CDIII
404 CDIV
405 CDV
406 CDVI
407 CDVII
408 CDVIII
409 CDIX
410 CDX
411 CDXI
412 CDXII
413 CDXIII
414 CDXIV
415 CDXV
416 CDXVI
417 CDXVII
418 CDXVIII
419 CDXIX
420 CDXX
421 CDXXI
422 CDXXII
423 CDXXIII
424 CDXXIV
425 CDXXV
426 CDXXVI
427 CDXXVII
428 CDXXVIII
429 CDXXIX
430 CDXXX
431 CDXXXI
432 CDXXXII
433 CDXXXIII
434 CDXXXIV
435 CDXXXV
436 CDXXXVI
437 CDXXXVII
438 CDXXXVIII
439 CDXXXIX
440 CDXL
441 CDXLI
442 CDXLII
443 CDXLIII
444 CDXLIV
445 CDXLV
446 CDXLVI
447 CDXLVII
448 CDXLVIII
449 CDXLIX
450 CDL
451 CDLI
452 CDLII
453 CDLIII
454 CDLIV
455 CDLV
456 CDLVI
457 CDLVII
458 CDLVIII
459 CDLIX
460 CDLX
461 CDLXI
462 CDLXII
463 CDLXIII
464 CDLXIV
465 CDLXV
466 CDLXVI
467 CDLXVII
468 CDLXVIII
469 CDLXIX
470 CDLXX
471 CDLXXI
472 CDLXXII
473 CDLXXIII
474 CDLXXIV
475 CDLXXV
476 CDLXXVI
477 CDLXXVII
478 CDLXXVIII
479 CDLXXIX
480 CDLXXX
481 CDLXXXI
482 CDLXXXII
483 CDLXXXIII
484 CDLXXXIV
485 CDLXXXV
486 CDLXXXVI
487 CDLXXXVII
488 CDLXXXVIII
489 CDLXXXIX
490 CDXC
491 CDXCI
492 CDXCII
493 CDXCIII
494 CDXCIV
495 CDXCV
496 CDXCVI
497 CDXCVII
498 CDXCVIII
499 CDXCIX
500 D
501 DI
502 DII
503 DIII
504 DIV
505 DV
506 DVI
507 DVII
508 DVIII
509 DIX
510 DX
511 DXI
512 DXII
513 DXIII
514 DXIV
515 DXV
516 DXVI
517 DXVII
518 DXVIII
519 DXIX
520 DXX
521 DXXI
522 DXXII
523 DXXIII
524 DXXIV
525 DXXV
526 DXXVI
527 DXXVII
528 DXXVIII
529 DXXIX
530 DXXX
531 DXXXI
532 DXXXII
533 DXXXIII
534 DXXXIV
535 DXXXV
536 DXXXVI
537 DXXXVII
538 DXXXVIII
539 DXXXIX
540 DXL
541 DXLI
542 DXLII
543 DXLIII
544 DXLIV
545 DXLV
546 DXLVI
547 DXLVII
548 DXLVIII
549 DXLIX
550 DL
551 DLI
552 DLII
553 DLIII
554 DLIV
555 DLV
556 DLVI
557 DLVII
558 DLVIII
559 DLIX
560 DLX
561 DLXI
562 DLXII
563 DLXIII
564 DLXIV
565 DLXV
566 DLXVI
567 DLXVII
568 DLXVIII
569 DLXIX
570 DLXX
571 DLXXI
572 DLXXII
573 DLXXIII
574 DLXXIV
575 DLXXV
576 DLXXVI
577 DLXXVII
578 DLXXVIII
579 DLXXIX
580 DLXXX
581 DLXXXI
582 DLXXXII
583 DLXXXIII
584 DLXXXIV
585 DLXXXV
586 DLXXXVI
587 DLXXXVII
588 DLXXXVIII
589 DLXXXIX
590 DXC
591 DXCI
592 DXCII
593 DXCIII
594 DXCIV
595 DXCV
596 DXCVI
597 DXCVII
598 DXCVIII
599 DXCIX
600 DC
601 DCI
602 DCII
603 DCIII
604 DCIV
605 DCV
606 DCVI
607 DCVII
608 DCVIII
609 DCIX
610 DCX
611 DCXI
612 DCXII
613 DCXIII
614 DCXIV
615 DCXV
616 DCXVI
617 DCXVII
618 DCXVIII
619 DCXIX
620 DCXX
621 DCXXI
622 DCXXII
623 DCXXIII
624 DCXXIV
625 DCXXV
626 DCXXVI
627 DCXXVII
628 DCXXVIII
629 DCXXIX
630 DCXXX
631 DCXXXI
632 DCXXXII
633 DCXXXIII
634 DCXXXIV
635 DCXXXV
636 DCXXXVI
637 DCXXXVII
638 DCXXXVIII
639 DCXXXIX
640 DCXL
641 DCXLI
642 DCXLII
643 DCXLIII
644 DCXLIV
645 DCXLV
646 DCXLVI
647 DCXLVII
648 DCXLVIII
649 DCXLIX
650 DCL
651 DCLI
652 DCLII
653 DCLIII
654 DCLIV
655 DCLV
656 DCLVI
657 DCLVII
658 DCLVIII
659 DCLIX
660 DCLX
661 DCLXI
662 DCLXII
663 DCLXIII
664 DCLXIV
665 DCLXV
666 DCLXVI
667 DCLXVII
668 DCLXVIII
669 DCLXIX
670 DCLXX
671 DCLXXI
672 DCLXXII
673 DCLXXIII
674 DCLXXIV
675 DCLXXV
676 DCLXXVI
677 DCLXXVII
678 DCLXXVIII
679 DCLXXIX
680 DCLXXX
681 DCLXXXI
682 DCLXXXII
683 DCLXXXIII
684 DCLXXXIV
685 DCLXXXV
686 DCLXXXVI
687 DCLXXXVII
688 DCLXXXVIII
689 DCLXXXIX
690 DCXC
691 DCXCI
692 DCXCII
693 DCXCIII
694 DCXCIV
695 DCXCV
696 DCXCVI
697 DCXCVII
698 DCXCVIII
699 DCXCIX
700 DCC
701 DCCI
702 DCCII
703 DCCIII
704 DCCIV
705 DCCV
706 DCCVI
707 DCCVII
708 DCCVIII
709 DCCIX
710 DCCX
711 DCCXI
712 DCCXII
713 DCCXIII
714 DCCXIV
715 DCCXV
716 DCCXVI
717 DCCXVII
718 DCCXVIII
719 DCCXIX
720 DCCXX
721 DCCXXI
722 DCCXXII
723 DCCXXIII
724 DCCXXIV
725 DCCXXV
726 DCCXXVI
727 DCCXXVII
728 DCCXXVIII
729 DCCXXIX
730 DCCXXX
731 DCCXXXI
732 DCCXXXII
733 DCCXXXIII
734 DCCXXXIV
735 DCCXXXV
736 DCCXXXVI
737 DCCXXXVII
738 DCCXXXVIII
739 DCCXXXIX
740 DCCXL
741 DCCXLI
742 DCCXLII
743 DCCXLIII
744 DCCXLIV
745 DCCXLV
746 DCCXLVI
747 DCCXLVII
748 DCCXLVIII
749 DCCXLIX
750 DCCL
751 DCCLI
752 DCCLII
753 DCCLIII
754 DCCLIV
755 DCCLV
756 DCCLVI
757 DCCLVII
758 DCCLVIII
759 DCCLIX
760 DCCLX
761 DCCLXI
762 DCCLXII
763 DCCLXIII
764 DCCLXIV
765 DCCLXV
766 DCCLXVI
767 DCCLXVII
768 DCCLXVIII
769 DCCLXIX
770 DCCLXX
771 DCCLXXI
772 DCCLXXII
773 DCCLXXIII
774 DCCLXXIV
775 DCCLXXV
776 DCCLXXVI
777 DCCLXXVII
778 DCCLXXVIII
779 DCCLXXIX
780 DCCLXXX
781 DCCLXXXI
782 DCCLXXXII
783 DCCLXXXIII
784 DCCLXXXIV
785 DCCLXXXV
786 DCCLXXXVI
787 DCCLXXXVII
788 DCCLXXXVIII
789 DCCLXXXIX
790 DCCXC
791 DCCXCI
792 DCCXCII
793 DCCXCIII
794 DCCXCIV
795 DCCXCV
796 DCCXCVI
797 DCCXCVII
798 DCCXCVIII
799 DCCXCIX
800 DCCC
801 DCCCI
802 DCCCII
803 DCCCIII
804 DCCCIV
805 DCCCV
806 DCCCVI
807 DCCCVII
808 DCCCVIII
809 DCCCIX
810 DCCCX
811 DCCCXI
812 DCCCXII
813 DCCCXIII
814 DCCCXIV
815 DCCCXV
816 DCCCXVI
817 DCCCXVII
818 DCCCXVIII
819 DCCCXIX
820 DCCCXX
821 DCCCXXI
822 DCCCXXII
823 DCCCXXIII
824 DCCCXXIV
825 DCCCXXV
826 DCCCXXVI
827 DCCCXXVII
828 DCCCXXVIII
829 DCCCXXIX
830 DCCCXXX
831 DCCCXXXI
832 DCCCXXXII
833 DCCCXXXIII
834 DCCCXXXIV
835 DCCCXXXV
836 DCCCXXXVI
837 DCCCXXXVII
838 DCCCXXXVIII
839 DCCCXXXIX
840 DCCCXL
841 DCCCXLI
842 DCCCXLII
843 DCCCXLIII
844 DCCCXLIV
845 DCCCXLV
846 DCCCXLVI
847 DCCCXLVII
848 DCCCXLVIII
849 DCCCXLIX
850 DCCCL
851 DCCCLI
852 DCCCLII
853 DCCCLIII
854 DCCCLIV
855 DCCCLV
856 DCCCLVI
857 DCCCLVII
858 DCCCLVIII
859 DCCCLIX
860 DCCCLX
861 DCCCLXI
862 DCCCLXII
863 DCCCLXIII
864 DCCCLXIV
865 DCCCLXV
866 DCCCLXVI
867 DCCCLXVII
868 DCCCLXVIII
869 DCCCLXIX
870 DCCCLXX
871 DCCCLXXI
872 DCCCLXXII
873 DCCCLXXIII
874 DCCCLXXIV
875 DCCCLXXV
876 DCCCLXXVI
877 DCCCLXXVII
878 DCCCLXXVIII
879 DCCCLXXIX
880 DCCCLXXX
881 DCCCLXXXI
882 DCCCLXXXII
883 DCCCLXXXIII
884 DCCCLXXXIV
885 DCCCLXXXV
886 DCCCLXXXVI
887 DCCCLXXXVII
888 DCCCLXXXVIII
889 DCCCLXXXIX
890 DCCCXC
891 DCCCXCI
892 DCCCXCII
893 DCCCXCIII
894 DCCCXCIV
895 DCCCXCV
896 DCCCXCVI
897 DCCCXCVII
898 DCCCXCVIII
899 DCCCXCIX
900 CM
901 CMI
902 CMII
903 CMIII
904 CMIV
905 CMV
906 CMVI
907 CMVII
908 CMVIII
909 CMIX
910 CMX
911 CMXI
912 CMXII
913 CMXIII
914 CMXIV
915 CMXV
916 CMXVI
917 CMXVII
918 CMXVIII
919 CMXIX
920 CMXX
921 CMXXI
922 CMXXII
923 CMXXIII
924 CMXXIV
925 CMXXV
926 CMXXVI
927 CMXXVII
928 CMXXVIII
929 CMXXIX
930 CMXXX
931 CMXXXI
932 CMXXXII
933 CMXXXIII
934 CMXXXIV
935 CMXXXV
936 CMXXXVI
937 CMXXXVII
938 CMXXXVIII
939 CMXXXIX
940 CMXL
941 CMXLI
942 CMXLII
943 CMXLIII
944 CMXLIV
945 CMXLV
946 CMXLVI
947 CMXLVII
948 CMXLVIII
949 CMXLIX
950 CML
951 CMLI
952 CMLII
953 CMLIII
954 CMLIV
955 CMLV
956 CMLVI
957 CMLVII
958 CMLVIII
959 CMLIX
960 CMLX
961 CMLXI
962 CMLXII
963 CMLXIII
964 CMLXIV
965 CMLXV
966 CMLXVI
967 CMLXVII
968 CMLXVIII
969 CMLXIX
970 CMLXX
971 CMLXXI
972 CMLXXII
973 CMLXXIII
974 CMLXXIV
975 CMLXXV
976 CMLXXVI
977 CMLXXVII
978 CMLXXVIII
979 CMLXXIX
980 CMLXXX
981 CMLXXXI
982 CMLXXXII
983 CMLXXXIII
984 CMLXXXIV
985 CMLXXXV
986 CMLXXXVI
987 CMLXXXVII
988 CMLXXXVIII
989 CMLXXXIX
990 CMXC
991 CMXCI
992 CMXCII
993 CMXCIII
994 CMXCIV
995 CMXCV
996 CMXCVI
997 CMXCVII
998 CMXCVIII
999 CMXCIX
1000 M

На сегодняшний день в рамках общих правил число 15 правильно записывать в такой последовательности XV и не VVV или XIIIII.

Источник

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  • Обзор веса нескольких животных

  • Чтобы узнать вес человека, достаточно знать его рост в сантиметрах, из этой цифры вычесть 100, а к полученному числу либо прибавить 10, если речь идет о мужчине, либо отнять 10, если вычисляется вес женщины.

  • Суммой двух векторов a и b называется третий вектор c, проведенный из начала a к концу b, если начало вектора b совпадает с концом вектора a. Разностью двух векторов a и b называется вектор c при условии: c = a − b, если c + b =a.

Источник

тату с цифрами

Если вы планируете татуировку с какой-то датой, вам пригодится эта таблица, чтобы составить своё число для тату.

Арабские цифры

Римские цифры

1

I

2

II

3

III

4

IV

5

V

6

VI

7

VII

8

VIII

9

IX

10

X

11

XI

12

XII

13

XIII

14

XIV

15

XV

16

XVI

17

XVII

18

XVIII

19

XIX

20

XX

21

XXI

22

XXII

23

XXIII

24

XXIV

25

XXV

26

XXVI

27

XXVII

28

XXVIII

29

XXIX

30

XXX

31

XXXI

32

XXXII

33

XXXIII

34

XXXIV

35

XXXV

36

XXXVI

37

XXXVII

38

XXXVIII

39

XXXIX

40

XL

41

XLI

42

XLII

43

XLIII

44

XLIV

45

XLV

46

XLVI

47

XLVII

48

XLVIII

49

XLIX

50

L

51

LI

52

LII

53

LIII

54

LIV

55

LV

56

LVI

57

LVII

58

LVIII

59

LIX

60

LX

61

LXI

62

LXII

63

LXIII

64

LXIV

65

LXV

66

LXVI

67

LXVII

68

LXVIII

69

LXIX

70

LXX

71

LXXI

72

LXXII

73

LXXIII

74

LXXIV

75

LXXV

76

LXXVI

77

LXXVII

78

LXXVIII

79

LXXIX

80

LXXX

81

LXXXI

82

LXXXII

83

LXXXIII

84

LXXXIV

85

LXXXV

86

LXXXVI

87

LXXXVII

88

LXXXVIII

89

LXXXIX

90

XC

91

XCI

92

XCII

93

XCIII

94

XCIV

95

XCV

96

XCVI

97

XCVII

98

XCVIII

99

XCIX

100

C

101

CI

102

CII

103

CIII

104

CIV

105

CV

106

CVI

107

CVII

108

CVIII

109

CIX

110

CX

111

CXI

112

CXII

113

CXIII

114

CXIV

115

CXV

116

CXVI

117

CXVII

118

CXVIII

119

CXIX

120

CXX

121

CXXI

122

CXXII

123

CXXIII

124

CXXIV

125

CXXV

126

CXXVI

127

CXXVII

128

CXXVIII

129

CXXIX

130

CXXX

131

CXXXI

132

CXXXII

133

CXXXIII

134

CXXXIV

135

CXXXV

136

CXXXVI

137

CXXXVII

138

CXXXVIII

139

CXXXIX

140

CXL

141

CXLI

142

CXLII

143

CXLIII

144

CXLIV

145

CXLV

146

CXLVI

147

CXLVII

148

CXLVIII

149

CXLIX

150

CL

151

CLI

152

CLII

153

CLIII

154

CLIV

155

CLV

156

CLVI

157

CLVII

158

CLVIII

159

CLIX

160

CLX

161

CLXI

162

CLXII

163

CLXIII

164

CLXIV

165

CLXV

166

CLXVI

167

CLXVII

168

CLXVIII

169

CLXIX

170

CLXX

171

CLXXI

172

CLXXII

173

CLXXIII

174

CLXXIV

175

CLXXV

176

CLXXVI

177

CLXXVII

178

CLXXVIII

179

CLXXIX

180

CLXXX

181

CLXXXI

182

CLXXXII

183

CLXXXIII

184

CLXXXIV

185

CLXXXV

186

CLXXXVI

187

CLXXXVII

188

CLXXXVIII

189

CLXXXIX

190

CXC

191

CXCI

192

CXCII

193

CXCIII

194

CXCIV

195

CXCV

196

CXCVI

197

CXCVII

198

CXCVIII

199

CXCIX

200

CC

201

CCI

202

CCII

203

CCIII

204

CCIV

205

CCV

206

CCVI

207

CCVII

208

CCVIII

209

CCIX

210

CCX

211

CCXI

212

CCXII

213

CCXIII

214

CCXIV

215

CCXV

216

CCXVI

217

CCXVII

218

CCXVIII

219

CCXIX

220

CCXX

221

CCXXI

222

CCXXII

223

CCXXIII

224

CCXXIV

225

CCXXV

226

CCXXVI

227

CCXXVII

228

CCXXVIII

229

CCXXIX

230

CCXXX

231

CCXXXI

232

CCXXXII

233

CCXXXIII

234

CCXXXIV

235

CCXXXV

236

CCXXXVI

237

CCXXXVII

238

CCXXXVIII

239

CCXXXIX

240

CCXL

241

CCXLI

242

CCXLII

243

CCXLIII

244

CCXLIV

245

CCXLV

246

CCXLVI

247

CCXLVII

248

CCXLVIII

249

CCXLIX

250

CCL

251

CCLI

252

CCLII

253

CCLIII

254

CCLIV

255

CCLV

256

CCLVI

257

CCLVII

258

CCLVIII

259

CCLIX

260

CCLX

261

CCLXI

262

CCLXII

263

CCLXIII

264

CCLXIV

265

CCLXV

266

CCLXVI

267

CCLXVII

268

CCLXVIII

269

CCLXIX

270

CCLXX

271

CCLXXI

272

CCLXXII

273

CCLXXIII

274

CCLXXIV

275

CCLXXV

276

CCLXXVI

277

CCLXXVII

278

CCLXXVIII

279

CCLXXIX

280

CCLXXX

281

CCLXXXI

282

CCLXXXII

283

CCLXXXIII

284

CCLXXXIV

285

CCLXXXV

286

CCLXXXVI

287

CCLXXXVII

288

CCLXXXVIII

289

CCLXXXIX

290

CCXC

291

CCXCI

292

CCXCII

293

CCXCIII

294

CCXCIV

295

CCXCV

296

CCXCVI

297

CCXCVII

298

CCXCVIII

299

CCXCIX

300

CCC

301

CCCI

302

CCCII

303

CCCIII

304

CCCIV

305

CCCV

306

CCCVI

307

CCCVII

308

CCCVIII

309

CCCIX

310

CCCX

311

CCCXI

312

CCCXII

313

CCCXIII

314

CCCXIV

315

CCCXV

316

CCCXVI

317

CCCXVII

318

CCCXVIII

319

CCCXIX

320

CCCXX

321

CCCXXI

322

CCCXXII

323

CCCXXIII

324

CCCXXIV

325

CCCXXV

326

CCCXXVI

327

CCCXXVII

328

CCCXXVIII

329

CCCXXIX

330

CCCXXX

331

CCCXXXI

332

CCCXXXII

333

CCCXXXIII

334

CCCXXXIV

335

CCCXXXV

336

CCCXXXVI

337

CCCXXXVII

338

CCCXXXVIII

339

CCCXXXIX

340

CCCXL

341

CCCXLI

342

CCCXLII

343

CCCXLIII

344

CCCXLIV

345

CCCXLV

346

CCCXLVI

347

CCCXLVII

348

CCCXLVIII

349

CCCXLIX

350

CCCL

351

CCCLI

352

CCCLII

353

CCCLIII

354

CCCLIV

355

CCCLV

356

CCCLVI

357

CCCLVII

358

CCCLVIII

359

CCCLIX

360

CCCLX

361

CCCLXI

362

CCCLXII

363

CCCLXIII

364

CCCLXIV

365

CCCLXV

366

CCCLXVI

367

CCCLXVII

368

CCCLXVIII

369

CCCLXIX

370

CCCLXX

371

CCCLXXI

372

CCCLXXII

373

CCCLXXIII

374

CCCLXXIV

375

CCCLXXV

376

CCCLXXVI

377

CCCLXXVII

378

CCCLXXVIII

379

CCCLXXIX

380

CCCLXXX

381

CCCLXXXI

382

CCCLXXXII

383

CCCLXXXIII

384

CCCLXXXIV

385

CCCLXXXV

386

CCCLXXXVI

387

CCCLXXXVII

388

CCCLXXXVIII

389

CCCLXXXIX

390

CCCXC

391

CCCXCI

392

CCCXCII

393

CCCXCIII

394

CCCXCIV

395

CCCXCV

396

CCCXCVI

397

CCCXCVII

398

CCCXCVIII

399

CCCXCIX

400

CD

401

CDI

402

CDII

403

CDIII

404

CDIV

405

CDV

406

CDVI

407

CDVII

408

CDVIII

409

CDIX

410

CDX

411

CDXI

412

CDXII

413

CDXIII

414

CDXIV

415

CDXV

416

CDXVI

417

CDXVII

418

CDXVIII

419

CDXIX

420

CDXX

421

CDXXI

422

CDXXII

423

CDXXIII

424

CDXXIV

425

CDXXV

426

CDXXVI

427

CDXXVII

428

CDXXVIII

429

CDXXIX

430

CDXXX

431

CDXXXI

432

CDXXXII

433

CDXXXIII

434

CDXXXIV

435

CDXXXV

436

CDXXXVI

437

CDXXXVII

438

CDXXXVIII

439

CDXXXIX

440

CDXL

441

CDXLI

442

CDXLII

443

CDXLIII

444

CDXLIV

445

CDXLV

446

CDXLVI

447

CDXLVII

448

CDXLVIII

449

CDXLIX

450

CDL

451

CDLI

452

CDLII

453

CDLIII

454

CDLIV

455

CDLV

456

CDLVI

457

CDLVII

458

CDLVIII

459

CDLIX

460

CDLX

461

CDLXI

462

CDLXII

463

CDLXIII

464

CDLXIV

465

CDLXV

466

CDLXVI

467

CDLXVII

468

CDLXVIII

469

CDLXIX

470

CDLXX

471

CDLXXI

472

CDLXXII

473

CDLXXIII

474

CDLXXIV

475

CDLXXV

476

CDLXXVI

477

CDLXXVII

478

CDLXXVIII

479

CDLXXIX

480

CDLXXX

481

CDLXXXI

482

CDLXXXII

483

CDLXXXIII

484

CDLXXXIV

485

CDLXXXV

486

CDLXXXVI

487

CDLXXXVII

488

CDLXXXVIII

489

CDLXXXIX

490

CDXC

491

CDXCI

492

CDXCII

493

CDXCIII

494

CDXCIV

495

CDXCV

496

CDXCVI

497

CDXCVII

498

CDXCVIII

499

CDXCIX

500

D

501

DI

502

DII

503

DIII

504

DIV

505

DV

506

DVI

507

DVII

508

DVIII

509

DIX

510

DX

511

DXI

512

DXII

513

DXIII

514

DXIV

515

DXV

516

DXVI

517

DXVII

518

DXVIII

519

DXIX

520

DXX

521

DXXI

522

DXXII

523

DXXIII

524

DXXIV

525

DXXV

526

DXXVI

527

DXXVII

528

DXXVIII

529

DXXIX

530

DXXX

531

DXXXI

532

DXXXII

533

DXXXIII

534

DXXXIV

535

DXXXV

536

DXXXVI

537

DXXXVII

538

DXXXVIII

539

DXXXIX

540

DXL

541

DXLI

542

DXLII

543

DXLIII

544

DXLIV

545

DXLV

546

DXLVI

547

DXLVII

548

DXLVIII

549

DXLIX

550

DL

551

DLI

552

DLII

553

DLIII

554

DLIV

555

DLV

556

DLVI

557

DLVII

558

DLVIII

559

DLIX

560

DLX

561

DLXI

562

DLXII

563

DLXIII

564

DLXIV

565

DLXV

566

DLXVI

567

DLXVII

568

DLXVIII

569

DLXIX

570

DLXX

571

DLXXI

572

DLXXII

573

DLXXIII

574

DLXXIV

575

DLXXV

576

DLXXVI

577

DLXXVII

578

DLXXVIII

579

DLXXIX

580

DLXXX

581

DLXXXI

582

DLXXXII

583

DLXXXIII

584

DLXXXIV

585

DLXXXV

586

DLXXXVI

587

DLXXXVII

588

DLXXXVIII

589

DLXXXIX

590

DXC

591

DXCI

592

DXCII

593

DXCIII

594

DXCIV

595

DXCV

596

DXCVI

597

DXCVII

598

DXCVIII

599

DXCIX

600

DC

601

DCI

602

DCII

603

DCIII

604

DCIV

605

DCV

606

DCVI

607

DCVII

608

DCVIII

609

DCIX

610

DCX

611

DCXI

612

DCXII

613

DCXIII

614

DCXIV

615

DCXV

616

DCXVI

617

DCXVII

618

DCXVIII

619

DCXIX

620

DCXX

621

DCXXI

622

DCXXII

623

DCXXIII

624

DCXXIV

625

DCXXV

626

DCXXVI

627

DCXXVII

628

DCXXVIII

629

DCXXIX

630

DCXXX

631

DCXXXI

632

DCXXXII

633

DCXXXIII

634

DCXXXIV

635

DCXXXV

636

DCXXXVI

637

DCXXXVII

638

DCXXXVIII

639

DCXXXIX

640

DCXL

641

DCXLI

642

DCXLII

643

DCXLIII

644

DCXLIV

645

DCXLV

646

DCXLVI

647

DCXLVII

648

DCXLVIII

649

DCXLIX

650

DCL

651

DCLI

652

DCLII

653

DCLIII

654

DCLIV

655

DCLV

656

DCLVI

657

DCLVII

658

DCLVIII

659

DCLIX

660

DCLX

661

DCLXI

662

DCLXII

663

DCLXIII

664

DCLXIV

665

DCLXV

666

DCLXVI

667

DCLXVII

668

DCLXVIII

669

DCLXIX

670

DCLXX

671

DCLXXI

672

DCLXXII

673

DCLXXIII

674

DCLXXIV

675

DCLXXV

676

DCLXXVI

677

DCLXXVII

678

DCLXXVIII

679

DCLXXIX

680

DCLXXX

681

DCLXXXI

682

DCLXXXII

683

DCLXXXIII

684

DCLXXXIV

685

DCLXXXV

686

DCLXXXVI

687

DCLXXXVII

688

DCLXXXVIII

689

DCLXXXIX

690

DCXC

691

DCXCI

692

DCXCII

693

DCXCIII

694

DCXCIV

695

DCXCV

696

DCXCVI

697

DCXCVII

698

DCXCVIII

699

DCXCIX

700

DCC

701

DCCI

702

DCCII

703

DCCIII

704

DCCIV

705

DCCV

706

DCCVI

707

DCCVII

708

DCCVIII

709

DCCIX

710

DCCX

711

DCCXI

712

DCCXII

713

DCCXIII

714

DCCXIV

715

DCCXV

716

DCCXVI

717

DCCXVII

718

DCCXVIII

719

DCCXIX

720

DCCXX

721

DCCXXI

722

DCCXXII

723

DCCXXIII

724

DCCXXIV

725

DCCXXV

726

DCCXXVI

727

DCCXXVII

728

DCCXXVIII

729

DCCXXIX

730

DCCXXX

731

DCCXXXI

732

DCCXXXII

733

DCCXXXIII

734

DCCXXXIV

735

DCCXXXV

736

DCCXXXVI

737

DCCXXXVII

738

DCCXXXVIII

739

DCCXXXIX

740

DCCXL

741

DCCXLI

742

DCCXLII

743

DCCXLIII

744

DCCXLIV

745

DCCXLV

746

DCCXLVI

747

DCCXLVII

748

DCCXLVIII

749

DCCXLIX

750

DCCL

751

DCCLI

752

DCCLII

753

DCCLIII

754

DCCLIV

755

DCCLV

756

DCCLVI

757

DCCLVII

758

DCCLVIII

759

DCCLIX

760

DCCLX

761

DCCLXI

762

DCCLXII

763

DCCLXIII

764

DCCLXIV

765

DCCLXV

766

DCCLXVI

767

DCCLXVII

768

DCCLXVIII

769

DCCLXIX

770

DCCLXX

771

DCCLXXI

772

DCCLXXII

773

DCCLXXIII

774

DCCLXXIV

775

DCCLXXV

776

DCCLXXVI

777

DCCLXXVII

778

DCCLXXVIII

779

DCCLXXIX

780

DCCLXXX

781

DCCLXXXI

782

DCCLXXXII

783

DCCLXXXIII

784

DCCLXXXIV

785

DCCLXXXV

786

DCCLXXXVI

787

DCCLXXXVII

788

DCCLXXXVIII

789

DCCLXXXIX

790

DCCXC

791

DCCXCI

792

DCCXCII

793

DCCXCIII

794

DCCXCIV

795

DCCXCV

796

DCCXCVI

797

DCCXCVII

798

DCCXCVIII

799

DCCXCIX

800

DCCC

801

DCCCI

802

DCCCII

803

DCCCIII

804

DCCCIV

805

DCCCV

806

DCCCVI

807

DCCCVII

808

DCCCVIII

809

DCCCIX

810

DCCCX

811

DCCCXI

812

DCCCXII

813

DCCCXIII

814

DCCCXIV

815

DCCCXV

816

DCCCXVI

817

DCCCXVII

818

DCCCXVIII

819

DCCCXIX

820

DCCCXX

821

DCCCXXI

822

DCCCXXII

823

DCCCXXIII

824

DCCCXXIV

825

DCCCXXV

826

DCCCXXVI

827

DCCCXXVII

828

DCCCXXVIII

829

DCCCXXIX

830

DCCCXXX

831

DCCCXXXI

832

DCCCXXXII

833

DCCCXXXIII

834

DCCCXXXIV

835

DCCCXXXV

836

DCCCXXXVI

837

DCCCXXXVII

838

DCCCXXXVIII

839

DCCCXXXIX

840

DCCCXL

841

DCCCXLI

842

DCCCXLII

843

DCCCXLIII

844

DCCCXLIV

845

DCCCXLV

846

DCCCXLVI

847

DCCCXLVII

848

DCCCXLVIII

849

DCCCXLIX

850

DCCCL

851

DCCCLI

852

DCCCLII

853

DCCCLIII

854

DCCCLIV

855

DCCCLV

856

DCCCLVI

857

DCCCLVII

858

DCCCLVIII

859

DCCCLIX

860

DCCCLX

861

DCCCLXI

862

DCCCLXII

863

DCCCLXIII

864

DCCCLXIV

865

DCCCLXV

866

DCCCLXVI

867

DCCCLXVII

868

DCCCLXVIII

869

DCCCLXIX

870

DCCCLXX

871

DCCCLXXI

872

DCCCLXXII

873

DCCCLXXIII

874

DCCCLXXIV

875

DCCCLXXV

876

DCCCLXXVI

877

DCCCLXXVII

878

DCCCLXXVIII

879

DCCCLXXIX

880

DCCCLXXX

881

DCCCLXXXI

882

DCCCLXXXII

883

DCCCLXXXIII

884

DCCCLXXXIV

885

DCCCLXXXV

886

DCCCLXXXVI

887

DCCCLXXXVII

888

DCCCLXXXVIII

889

DCCCLXXXIX

890

DCCCXC

891

DCCCXCI

892

DCCCXCII

893

DCCCXCIII

894

DCCCXCIV

895

DCCCXCV

896

DCCCXCVI

897

DCCCXCVII

898

DCCCXCVIII

899

DCCCXCIX

900

CM

901

CMI

902

CMII

903

CMIII

904

CMIV

905

CMV

906

CMVI

907

CMVII

908

CMVIII

909

CMIX

910

CMX

911

CMXI

912

CMXII

913

CMXIII

914

CMXIV

915

CMXV

916

CMXVI

917

CMXVII

918

CMXVIII

919

CMXIX

920

CMXX

921

CMXXI

922

CMXXII

923

CMXXIII

924

CMXXIV

925

CMXXV

926

CMXXVI

927

CMXXVII

928

CMXXVIII

929

CMXXIX

930

CMXXX

931

CMXXXI

932

CMXXXII

933

CMXXXIII

934

CMXXXIV

935

CMXXXV

936

CMXXXVI

937

CMXXXVII

938

CMXXXVIII

939

CMXXXIX

940

CMXL

941

CMXLI

942

CMXLII

943

CMXLIII

944

CMXLIV

945

CMXLV

946

CMXLVI

947

CMXLVII

948

CMXLVIII

949

CMXLIX

950

CML

951

CMLI

952

CMLII

953

CMLIII

954

CMLIV

955

CMLV

956

CMLVI

957

CMLVII

958

CMLVIII

959

CMLIX

960

CMLX

961

CMLXI

962

CMLXII

963

CMLXIII

964

CMLXIV

965

CMLXV

966

CMLXVI

967

CMLXVII

968

CMLXVIII

969

CMLXIX

970

CMLXX

971

CMLXXI

972

CMLXXII

973

CMLXXIII

974

CMLXXIV

975

CMLXXV

976

CMLXXVI

977

CMLXXVII

978

CMLXXVIII

979

CMLXXIX

980

CMLXXX

981

CMLXXXI

982

CMLXXXII

983

CMLXXXIII

984

CMLXXXIV

985

CMLXXXV

986

CMLXXXVI

987

CMLXXXVII

988

CMLXXXVIII

989

CMLXXXIX

990

CMXC

991

CMXCI

992

CMXCII

993

CMXCIII

994

CMXCIV

995

CMXCV

996

CMXCVI

997

CMXCVII

998

CMXCVIII

999

CMXCIX

1000

M

* Римские цифры — это натуральные числа, записанные при помощи повторения 7 латинских букв, в определённой прописанной правилами последовательности: I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), M (1000).

Источник

PHILOLOGIA CLASSICA

Сайт кафедры классической филологии БГУ

Римские цифры и числа

Конвертер римских чисел онлайн

Введите число, используя арабские (0…9) или римские (I, V, X, L, C, D, M) цифры, и нажмите кнопку Конвертировать.
Корректно конвертируются целые числа от 1 до 3 999 (от I до MMMCMXCIX).

Принципы римской системы счисления

В настоящее время в римской системе счисления используются следующие знаки:

  • I = 1;
  • V = 5;
  • X = 10;
  • L = 50;
  • C = 100;
  • D = 500;
  • M = 1000.

Все целые числа от 1 до 3999 записываются с помощью приведенных выше цифр. При этом:

  • если большая цифра стоит перед меньшей, они складываются:
  • VI = 5 + 1 = 6;
  • XV = 10 + 5 = 15;
  • LX = 50 + 10 = 60;
  • CL = 100 + 50 = 150;
  • если меньшая цифра стоит перед большей (в этом случае она не может повторяться), то меньшая вычитается из большей; вычитаться могут только цифры, обозначающие 1 или степени 10; уменьшаемым может быть только цифра, ближайшая в числовом ряду к вычитаемой:
  • IV = 5 — 1 = 4;
  • IX = 10 — 1 = 9;
  • XL = 50 — 10 = 40;
  • XC = 100 — 10 = 90;
  • цифры V, L, D не могут повторяться; цифры I, X, C, M могут повторяться не более трех раз подряд:
  • VIII = 8;
  • LXXX = 80;
  • DCCC = 800;
  • MMMD = 3500.
  • черта над цифрой увеличивает ее значение в 1 000 раз:
  • V = 5 000;
  • X = 10 000;
  • L = 50 000;
  • C = 100 000;
  • D = 500 000;
  • M = 1 000 000.

Основные римские числа

  • 1 = I
    2 = II
    3 = III
    4 = IV
    5 = V
    6 = VI
    7 = VII
    8 = VIII
    9 = IX
    10 = X
    20 = XX
    30 = XXX
    40 = XL
    50 = L
    60 = LX
    70 = LXX
    80 = LXXX
    90 = XC
  • 100 = C
    200 = CC
    300 = CCC
    400 = CD
    500 = D
    600 = DC
    700 = DCC
    800 = DCCC
    900 = CM
    1 000 = M
    2 000 = MM
    3 000 = MMM
    4 000 = MV
    5 000 = V
    6 000 = VM
    7 000 = VMM
    8 000 = VMMM
    9 000 = MX
  • 10 000 = X
    20 000 = XX
    30 000 = XXX
    40 000 = XL
    50 000 = L
    60 000 = LX
    70 000 = LXX
    80 000 = LXXX
    90 000 = XC
    100 000 = C
    200 000 = CC
    300 000 = CCC
    400 000 = CD
    500 000 = D
    600 000 = DC
    700 000 = DCC
    800 000 = DCCC
    900 000 = CM
    1 000 000 = M
 
Источник

В данной таблице представлены все римские цифры от 1 до 3 999

Вы можете воспользоваться калькулятором римских цифр, чтобы перевести число из римского в арабское и из арабского в римское

Римские цифры Арабские цифры
1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV
5 V
6 VI
7 VII
8 VIII
9 IX
10 X
11 XI
12 XII
13 XIII
14 XIV
15 XV
16 XVI
17 XVII
18 XVIII
19 XIX
20 XX
21 XXI
22 XXII
23 XXIII
24 XXIV
25 XXV
26 XXVI
27 XXVII
28 XXVIII
29 XXIX
30 XXX
31 XXXI
32 XXXII
33 XXXIII
34 XXXIV
35 XXXV
36 XXXVI
37 XXXVII
38 XXXVIII
39 XXXIX
40 XL
41 XLI
42 XLII
43 XLIII
44 XLIV
45 XLV
46 XLVI
47 XLVII
48 XLVIII
49 XLIX
50 L
51 LI
52 LII
53 LIII
54 LIV
55 LV
56 LVI
57 LVII
58 LVIII
59 LIX
60 LX
61 LXI
62 LXII
63 LXIII
64 LXIV
65 LXV
66 LXVI
67 LXVII
68 LXVIII
69 LXIX
70 LXX
71 LXXI
72 LXXII
73 LXXIII
74 LXXIV
75 LXXV
76 LXXVI
77 LXXVII
78 LXXVIII
79 LXXIX
80 LXXX
81 LXXXI
82 LXXXII
83 LXXXIII
84 LXXXIV
85 LXXXV
86 LXXXVI
87 LXXXVII
88 LXXXVIII
89 LXXXIX
90 XC
91 XCI
92 XCII
93 XCIII
94 XCIV
95 XCV
96 XCVI
97 XCVII
98 XCVIII
99 XCIX
100 C
101 CI
102 CII
103 CIII
104 CIV
105 CV
106 CVI
107 CVII
108 CVIII
109 CIX
110 CX
111 CXI
112 CXII
113 CXIII
114 CXIV
115 CXV
116 CXVI
117 CXVII
118 CXVIII
119 CXIX
120 CXX
121 CXXI
122 CXXII
123 CXXIII
124 CXXIV
125 CXXV
126 CXXVI
127 CXXVII
128 CXXVIII
129 CXXIX
130 CXXX
131 CXXXI
132 CXXXII
133 CXXXIII
134 CXXXIV
135 CXXXV
136 CXXXVI
137 CXXXVII
138 CXXXVIII
139 CXXXIX
140 CXL
141 CXLI
142 CXLII
143 CXLIII
144 CXLIV
145 CXLV
146 CXLVI
147 CXLVII
148 CXLVIII
149 CXLIX
150 CL
151 CLI
152 CLII
153 CLIII
154 CLIV
155 CLV
156 CLVI
157 CLVII
158 CLVIII
159 CLIX
160 CLX
161 CLXI
162 CLXII
163 CLXIII
164 CLXIV
165 CLXV
166 CLXVI
167 CLXVII
168 CLXVIII
169 CLXIX
170 CLXX
171 CLXXI
172 CLXXII
173 CLXXIII
174 CLXXIV
175 CLXXV
176 CLXXVI
177 CLXXVII
178 CLXXVIII
179 CLXXIX
180 CLXXX
181 CLXXXI
182 CLXXXII
183 CLXXXIII
184 CLXXXIV
185 CLXXXV
186 CLXXXVI
187 CLXXXVII
188 CLXXXVIII
189 CLXXXIX
190 CXC
191 CXCI
192 CXCII
193 CXCIII
194 CXCIV
195 CXCV
196 CXCVI
197 CXCVII
198 CXCVIII
199 CXCIX
200 CC
201 CCI
202 CCII
203 CCIII
204 CCIV
205 CCV
206 CCVI
207 CCVII
208 CCVIII
209 CCIX
210 CCX
211 CCXI
212 CCXII
213 CCXIII
214 CCXIV
215 CCXV
216 CCXVI
217 CCXVII
218 CCXVIII
219 CCXIX
220 CCXX
221 CCXXI
222 CCXXII
223 CCXXIII
224 CCXXIV
225 CCXXV
226 CCXXVI
227 CCXXVII
228 CCXXVIII
229 CCXXIX
230 CCXXX
231 CCXXXI
232 CCXXXII
233 CCXXXIII
234 CCXXXIV
235 CCXXXV
236 CCXXXVI
237 CCXXXVII
238 CCXXXVIII
239 CCXXXIX
240 CCXL
241 CCXLI
242 CCXLII
243 CCXLIII
244 CCXLIV
245 CCXLV
246 CCXLVI
247 CCXLVII
248 CCXLVIII
249 CCXLIX
250 CCL
251 CCLI
252 CCLII
253 CCLIII
254 CCLIV
255 CCLV
256 CCLVI
257 CCLVII
258 CCLVIII
259 CCLIX
260 CCLX
261 CCLXI
262 CCLXII
263 CCLXIII
264 CCLXIV
265 CCLXV
266 CCLXVI
267 CCLXVII
268 CCLXVIII
269 CCLXIX
270 CCLXX
271 CCLXXI
272 CCLXXII
273 CCLXXIII
274 CCLXXIV
275 CCLXXV
276 CCLXXVI
277 CCLXXVII
278 CCLXXVIII
279 CCLXXIX
280 CCLXXX
281 CCLXXXI
282 CCLXXXII
283 CCLXXXIII
284 CCLXXXIV
285 CCLXXXV
286 CCLXXXVI
287 CCLXXXVII
288 CCLXXXVIII
289 CCLXXXIX
290 CCXC
291 CCXCI
292 CCXCII
293 CCXCIII
294 CCXCIV
295 CCXCV
296 CCXCVI
297 CCXCVII
298 CCXCVIII
299 CCXCIX
300 CCC
301 CCCI
302 CCCII
303 CCCIII
304 CCCIV
305 CCCV
306 CCCVI
307 CCCVII
308 CCCVIII
309 CCCIX
310 CCCX
311 CCCXI
312 CCCXII
313 CCCXIII
314 CCCXIV
315 CCCXV
316 CCCXVI
317 CCCXVII
318 CCCXVIII
319 CCCXIX
320 CCCXX
321 CCCXXI
322 CCCXXII
323 CCCXXIII
324 CCCXXIV
325 CCCXXV
326 CCCXXVI
327 CCCXXVII
328 CCCXXVIII
329 CCCXXIX
330 CCCXXX
331 CCCXXXI
332 CCCXXXII
333 CCCXXXIII
334 CCCXXXIV
335 CCCXXXV
336 CCCXXXVI
337 CCCXXXVII
338 CCCXXXVIII
339 CCCXXXIX
340 CCCXL
341 CCCXLI
342 CCCXLII
343 CCCXLIII
344 CCCXLIV
345 CCCXLV
346 CCCXLVI
347 CCCXLVII
348 CCCXLVIII
349 CCCXLIX
350 CCCL
351 CCCLI
352 CCCLII
353 CCCLIII
354 CCCLIV
355 CCCLV
356 CCCLVI
357 CCCLVII
358 CCCLVIII
359 CCCLIX
360 CCCLX
361 CCCLXI
362 CCCLXII
363 CCCLXIII
364 CCCLXIV
365 CCCLXV
366 CCCLXVI
367 CCCLXVII
368 CCCLXVIII
369 CCCLXIX
370 CCCLXX
371 CCCLXXI
372 CCCLXXII
373 CCCLXXIII
374 CCCLXXIV
375 CCCLXXV
376 CCCLXXVI
377 CCCLXXVII
378 CCCLXXVIII
379 CCCLXXIX
380 CCCLXXX
381 CCCLXXXI
382 CCCLXXXII
383 CCCLXXXIII
384 CCCLXXXIV
385 CCCLXXXV
386 CCCLXXXVI
387 CCCLXXXVII
388 CCCLXXXVIII
389 CCCLXXXIX
390 CCCXC
391 CCCXCI
392 CCCXCII
393 CCCXCIII
394 CCCXCIV
395 CCCXCV
396 CCCXCVI
397 CCCXCVII
398 CCCXCVIII
399 CCCXCIX
400 CD
401 CDI
402 CDII
403 CDIII
404 CDIV
405 CDV
406 CDVI
407 CDVII
408 CDVIII
409 CDIX
410 CDX
411 CDXI
412 CDXII
413 CDXIII
414 CDXIV
415 CDXV
416 CDXVI
417 CDXVII
418 CDXVIII
419 CDXIX
420 CDXX
421 CDXXI
422 CDXXII
423 CDXXIII
424 CDXXIV
425 CDXXV
426 CDXXVI
427 CDXXVII
428 CDXXVIII
429 CDXXIX
430 CDXXX
431 CDXXXI
432 CDXXXII
433 CDXXXIII
434 CDXXXIV
435 CDXXXV
436 CDXXXVI
437 CDXXXVII
438 CDXXXVIII
439 CDXXXIX
440 CDXL
441 CDXLI
442 CDXLII
443 CDXLIII
444 CDXLIV
445 CDXLV
446 CDXLVI
447 CDXLVII
448 CDXLVIII
449 CDXLIX
450 CDL
451 CDLI
452 CDLII
453 CDLIII
454 CDLIV
455 CDLV
456 CDLVI
457 CDLVII
458 CDLVIII
459 CDLIX
460 CDLX
461 CDLXI
462 CDLXII
463 CDLXIII
464 CDLXIV
465 CDLXV
466 CDLXVI
467 CDLXVII
468 CDLXVIII
469 CDLXIX
470 CDLXX
471 CDLXXI
472 CDLXXII
473 CDLXXIII
474 CDLXXIV
475 CDLXXV
476 CDLXXVI
477 CDLXXVII
478 CDLXXVIII
479 CDLXXIX
480 CDLXXX
481 CDLXXXI
482 CDLXXXII
483 CDLXXXIII
484 CDLXXXIV
485 CDLXXXV
486 CDLXXXVI
487 CDLXXXVII
488 CDLXXXVIII
489 CDLXXXIX
490 CDXC
491 CDXCI
492 CDXCII
493 CDXCIII
494 CDXCIV
495 CDXCV
496 CDXCVI
497 CDXCVII
498 CDXCVIII
499 CDXCIX
500 D
501 DI
502 DII
503 DIII
504 DIV
505 DV
506 DVI
507 DVII
508 DVIII
509 DIX
510 DX
511 DXI
512 DXII
513 DXIII
514 DXIV
515 DXV
516 DXVI
517 DXVII
518 DXVIII
519 DXIX
520 DXX
521 DXXI
522 DXXII
523 DXXIII
524 DXXIV
525 DXXV
526 DXXVI
527 DXXVII
528 DXXVIII
529 DXXIX
530 DXXX
531 DXXXI
532 DXXXII
533 DXXXIII
534 DXXXIV
535 DXXXV
536 DXXXVI
537 DXXXVII
538 DXXXVIII
539 DXXXIX
540 DXL
541 DXLI
542 DXLII
543 DXLIII
544 DXLIV
545 DXLV
546 DXLVI
547 DXLVII
548 DXLVIII
549 DXLIX
550 DL
551 DLI
552 DLII
553 DLIII
554 DLIV
555 DLV
556 DLVI
557 DLVII
558 DLVIII
559 DLIX
560 DLX
561 DLXI
562 DLXII
563 DLXIII
564 DLXIV
565 DLXV
566 DLXVI
567 DLXVII
568 DLXVIII
569 DLXIX
570 DLXX
571 DLXXI
572 DLXXII
573 DLXXIII
574 DLXXIV
575 DLXXV
576 DLXXVI
577 DLXXVII
578 DLXXVIII
579 DLXXIX
580 DLXXX
581 DLXXXI
582 DLXXXII
583 DLXXXIII
584 DLXXXIV
585 DLXXXV
586 DLXXXVI
587 DLXXXVII
588 DLXXXVIII
589 DLXXXIX
590 DXC
591 DXCI
592 DXCII
593 DXCIII
594 DXCIV
595 DXCV
596 DXCVI
597 DXCVII
598 DXCVIII
599 DXCIX
600 DC
601 DCI
602 DCII
603 DCIII
604 DCIV
605 DCV
606 DCVI
607 DCVII
608 DCVIII
609 DCIX
610 DCX
611 DCXI
612 DCXII
613 DCXIII
614 DCXIV
615 DCXV
616 DCXVI
617 DCXVII
618 DCXVIII
619 DCXIX
620 DCXX
621 DCXXI
622 DCXXII
623 DCXXIII
624 DCXXIV
625 DCXXV
626 DCXXVI
627 DCXXVII
628 DCXXVIII
629 DCXXIX
630 DCXXX
631 DCXXXI
632 DCXXXII
633 DCXXXIII
634 DCXXXIV
635 DCXXXV
636 DCXXXVI
637 DCXXXVII
638 DCXXXVIII
639 DCXXXIX
640 DCXL
641 DCXLI
642 DCXLII
643 DCXLIII
644 DCXLIV
645 DCXLV
646 DCXLVI
647 DCXLVII
648 DCXLVIII
649 DCXLIX
650 DCL
651 DCLI
652 DCLII
653 DCLIII
654 DCLIV
655 DCLV
656 DCLVI
657 DCLVII
658 DCLVIII
659 DCLIX
660 DCLX
661 DCLXI
662 DCLXII
663 DCLXIII
664 DCLXIV
665 DCLXV
666 DCLXVI
667 DCLXVII
668 DCLXVIII
669 DCLXIX
670 DCLXX
671 DCLXXI
672 DCLXXII
673 DCLXXIII
674 DCLXXIV
675 DCLXXV
676 DCLXXVI
677 DCLXXVII
678 DCLXXVIII
679 DCLXXIX
680 DCLXXX
681 DCLXXXI
682 DCLXXXII
683 DCLXXXIII
684 DCLXXXIV
685 DCLXXXV
686 DCLXXXVI
687 DCLXXXVII
688 DCLXXXVIII
689 DCLXXXIX
690 DCXC
691 DCXCI
692 DCXCII
693 DCXCIII
694 DCXCIV
695 DCXCV
696 DCXCVI
697 DCXCVII
698 DCXCVIII
699 DCXCIX
700 DCC
701 DCCI
702 DCCII
703 DCCIII
704 DCCIV
705 DCCV
706 DCCVI
707 DCCVII
708 DCCVIII
709 DCCIX
710 DCCX
711 DCCXI
712 DCCXII
713 DCCXIII
714 DCCXIV
715 DCCXV
716 DCCXVI
717 DCCXVII
718 DCCXVIII
719 DCCXIX
720 DCCXX
721 DCCXXI
722 DCCXXII
723 DCCXXIII
724 DCCXXIV
725 DCCXXV
726 DCCXXVI
727 DCCXXVII
728 DCCXXVIII
729 DCCXXIX
730 DCCXXX
731 DCCXXXI
732 DCCXXXII
733 DCCXXXIII
734 DCCXXXIV
735 DCCXXXV
736 DCCXXXVI
737 DCCXXXVII
738 DCCXXXVIII
739 DCCXXXIX
740 DCCXL
741 DCCXLI
742 DCCXLII
743 DCCXLIII
744 DCCXLIV
745 DCCXLV
746 DCCXLVI
747 DCCXLVII
748 DCCXLVIII
749 DCCXLIX
750 DCCL
751 DCCLI
752 DCCLII
753 DCCLIII
754 DCCLIV
755 DCCLV
756 DCCLVI
757 DCCLVII
758 DCCLVIII
759 DCCLIX
760 DCCLX
761 DCCLXI
762 DCCLXII
763 DCCLXIII
764 DCCLXIV
765 DCCLXV
766 DCCLXVI
767 DCCLXVII
768 DCCLXVIII
769 DCCLXIX
770 DCCLXX
771 DCCLXXI
772 DCCLXXII
773 DCCLXXIII
774 DCCLXXIV
775 DCCLXXV
776 DCCLXXVI
777 DCCLXXVII
778 DCCLXXVIII
779 DCCLXXIX
780 DCCLXXX
781 DCCLXXXI
782 DCCLXXXII
783 DCCLXXXIII
784 DCCLXXXIV
785 DCCLXXXV
786 DCCLXXXVI
787 DCCLXXXVII
788 DCCLXXXVIII
789 DCCLXXXIX
790 DCCXC
791 DCCXCI
792 DCCXCII
793 DCCXCIII
794 DCCXCIV
795 DCCXCV
796 DCCXCVI
797 DCCXCVII
798 DCCXCVIII
799 DCCXCIX
800 DCCC
801 DCCCI
802 DCCCII
803 DCCCIII
804 DCCCIV
805 DCCCV
806 DCCCVI
807 DCCCVII
808 DCCCVIII
809 DCCCIX
810 DCCCX
811 DCCCXI
812 DCCCXII
813 DCCCXIII
814 DCCCXIV
815 DCCCXV
816 DCCCXVI
817 DCCCXVII
818 DCCCXVIII
819 DCCCXIX
820 DCCCXX
821 DCCCXXI
822 DCCCXXII
823 DCCCXXIII
824 DCCCXXIV
825 DCCCXXV
826 DCCCXXVI
827 DCCCXXVII
828 DCCCXXVIII
829 DCCCXXIX
830 DCCCXXX
831 DCCCXXXI
832 DCCCXXXII
833 DCCCXXXIII
834 DCCCXXXIV
835 DCCCXXXV
836 DCCCXXXVI
837 DCCCXXXVII
838 DCCCXXXVIII
839 DCCCXXXIX
840 DCCCXL
841 DCCCXLI
842 DCCCXLII
843 DCCCXLIII
844 DCCCXLIV
845 DCCCXLV
846 DCCCXLVI
847 DCCCXLVII
848 DCCCXLVIII
849 DCCCXLIX
850 DCCCL
851 DCCCLI
852 DCCCLII
853 DCCCLIII
854 DCCCLIV
855 DCCCLV
856 DCCCLVI
857 DCCCLVII
858 DCCCLVIII
859 DCCCLIX
860 DCCCLX
861 DCCCLXI
862 DCCCLXII
863 DCCCLXIII
864 DCCCLXIV
865 DCCCLXV
866 DCCCLXVI
867 DCCCLXVII
868 DCCCLXVIII
869 DCCCLXIX
870 DCCCLXX
871 DCCCLXXI
872 DCCCLXXII
873 DCCCLXXIII
874 DCCCLXXIV
875 DCCCLXXV
876 DCCCLXXVI
877 DCCCLXXVII
878 DCCCLXXVIII
879 DCCCLXXIX
880 DCCCLXXX
881 DCCCLXXXI
882 DCCCLXXXII
883 DCCCLXXXIII
884 DCCCLXXXIV
885 DCCCLXXXV
886 DCCCLXXXVI
887 DCCCLXXXVII
888 DCCCLXXXVIII
889 DCCCLXXXIX
890 DCCCXC
891 DCCCXCI
892 DCCCXCII
893 DCCCXCIII
894 DCCCXCIV
895 DCCCXCV
896 DCCCXCVI
897 DCCCXCVII
898 DCCCXCVIII
899 DCCCXCIX
900 CM
901 CMI
902 CMII
903 CMIII
904 CMIV
905 CMV
906 CMVI
907 CMVII
908 CMVIII
909 CMIX
910 CMX
911 CMXI
912 CMXII
913 CMXIII
914 CMXIV
915 CMXV
916 CMXVI
917 CMXVII
918 CMXVIII
919 CMXIX
920 CMXX
921 CMXXI
922 CMXXII
923 CMXXIII
924 CMXXIV
925 CMXXV
926 CMXXVI
927 CMXXVII
928 CMXXVIII
929 CMXXIX
930 CMXXX
931 CMXXXI
932 CMXXXII
933 CMXXXIII
934 CMXXXIV
935 CMXXXV
936 CMXXXVI
937 CMXXXVII
938 CMXXXVIII
939 CMXXXIX
940 CMXL
941 CMXLI
942 CMXLII
943 CMXLIII
944 CMXLIV
945 CMXLV
946 CMXLVI
947 CMXLVII
948 CMXLVIII
949 CMXLIX
950 CML
951 CMLI
952 CMLII
953 CMLIII
954 CMLIV
955 CMLV
956 CMLVI
957 CMLVII
958 CMLVIII
959 CMLIX
960 CMLX
961 CMLXI
962 CMLXII
963 CMLXIII
964 CMLXIV
965 CMLXV
966 CMLXVI
967 CMLXVII
968 CMLXVIII
969 CMLXIX
970 CMLXX
971 CMLXXI
972 CMLXXII
973 CMLXXIII
974 CMLXXIV
975 CMLXXV
976 CMLXXVI
977 CMLXXVII
978 CMLXXVIII
979 CMLXXIX
980 CMLXXX
981 CMLXXXI
982 CMLXXXII
983 CMLXXXIII
984 CMLXXXIV
985 CMLXXXV
986 CMLXXXVI
987 CMLXXXVII
988 CMLXXXVIII
989 CMLXXXIX
990 CMXC
991 CMXCI
992 CMXCII
993 CMXCIII
994 CMXCIV
995 CMXCV
996 CMXCVI
997 CMXCVII
998 CMXCVIII
999 CMXCIX
1000 M
1001 MI
1002 MII
1003 MIII
1004 MIV
1005 MV
1006 MVI
1007 MVII
1008 MVIII
1009 MIX
1010 MX
1011 MXI
1012 MXII
1013 MXIII
1014 MXIV
1015 MXV
1016 MXVI
1017 MXVII
1018 MXVIII
1019 MXIX
1020 MXX
1021 MXXI
1022 MXXII
1023 MXXIII
1024 MXXIV
1025 MXXV
1026 MXXVI
1027 MXXVII
1028 MXXVIII
1029 MXXIX
1030 MXXX
1031 MXXXI
1032 MXXXII
1033 MXXXIII
1034 MXXXIV
1035 MXXXV
1036 MXXXVI
1037 MXXXVII
1038 MXXXVIII
1039 MXXXIX
1040 MXL
1041 MXLI
1042 MXLII
1043 MXLIII
1044 MXLIV
1045 MXLV
1046 MXLVI
1047 MXLVII
1048 MXLVIII
1049 MXLIX
1050 ML
1051 MLI
1052 MLII
1053 MLIII
1054 MLIV
1055 MLV
1056 MLVI
1057 MLVII
1058 MLVIII
1059 MLIX
1060 MLX
1061 MLXI
1062 MLXII
1063 MLXIII
1064 MLXIV
1065 MLXV
1066 MLXVI
1067 MLXVII
1068 MLXVIII
1069 MLXIX
1070 MLXX
1071 MLXXI
1072 MLXXII
1073 MLXXIII
1074 MLXXIV
1075 MLXXV
1076 MLXXVI
1077 MLXXVII
1078 MLXXVIII
1079 MLXXIX
1080 MLXXX
1081 MLXXXI
1082 MLXXXII
1083 MLXXXIII
1084 MLXXXIV
1085 MLXXXV
1086 MLXXXVI
1087 MLXXXVII
1088 MLXXXVIII
1089 MLXXXIX
1090 MXC
1091 MXCI
1092 MXCII
1093 MXCIII
1094 MXCIV
1095 MXCV
1096 MXCVI
1097 MXCVII
1098 MXCVIII
1099 MXCIX
1100 MC
1101 MCI
1102 MCII
1103 MCIII
1104 MCIV
1105 MCV
1106 MCVI
1107 MCVII
1108 MCVIII
1109 MCIX
1110 MCX
1111 MCXI
1112 MCXII
1113 MCXIII
1114 MCXIV
1115 MCXV
1116 MCXVI
1117 MCXVII
1118 MCXVIII
1119 MCXIX
1120 MCXX
1121 MCXXI
1122 MCXXII
1123 MCXXIII
1124 MCXXIV
1125 MCXXV
1126 MCXXVI
1127 MCXXVII
1128 MCXXVIII
1129 MCXXIX
1130 MCXXX
1131 MCXXXI
1132 MCXXXII
1133 MCXXXIII
1134 MCXXXIV
1135 MCXXXV
1136 MCXXXVI
1137 MCXXXVII
1138 MCXXXVIII
1139 MCXXXIX
1140 MCXL
1141 MCXLI
1142 MCXLII
1143 MCXLIII
1144 MCXLIV
1145 MCXLV
1146 MCXLVI
1147 MCXLVII
1148 MCXLVIII
1149 MCXLIX
1150 MCL
1151 MCLI
1152 MCLII
1153 MCLIII
1154 MCLIV
1155 MCLV
1156 MCLVI
1157 MCLVII
1158 MCLVIII
1159 MCLIX
1160 MCLX
1161 MCLXI
1162 MCLXII
1163 MCLXIII
1164 MCLXIV
1165 MCLXV
1166 MCLXVI
1167 MCLXVII
1168 MCLXVIII
1169 MCLXIX
1170 MCLXX
1171 MCLXXI
1172 MCLXXII
1173 MCLXXIII
1174 MCLXXIV
1175 MCLXXV
1176 MCLXXVI
1177 MCLXXVII
1178 MCLXXVIII
1179 MCLXXIX
1180 MCLXXX
1181 MCLXXXI
1182 MCLXXXII
1183 MCLXXXIII
1184 MCLXXXIV
1185 MCLXXXV
1186 MCLXXXVI
1187 MCLXXXVII
1188 MCLXXXVIII
1189 MCLXXXIX
1190 MCXC
1191 MCXCI
1192 MCXCII
1193 MCXCIII
1194 MCXCIV
1195 MCXCV
1196 MCXCVI
1197 MCXCVII
1198 MCXCVIII
1199 MCXCIX
1200 MCC
1201 MCCI
1202 MCCII
1203 MCCIII
1204 MCCIV
1205 MCCV
1206 MCCVI
1207 MCCVII
1208 MCCVIII
1209 MCCIX
1210 MCCX
1211 MCCXI
1212 MCCXII
1213 MCCXIII
1214 MCCXIV
1215 MCCXV
1216 MCCXVI
1217 MCCXVII
1218 MCCXVIII
1219 MCCXIX
1220 MCCXX
1221 MCCXXI
1222 MCCXXII
1223 MCCXXIII
1224 MCCXXIV
1225 MCCXXV
1226 MCCXXVI
1227 MCCXXVII
1228 MCCXXVIII
1229 MCCXXIX
1230 MCCXXX
1231 MCCXXXI
1232 MCCXXXII
1233 MCCXXXIII
1234 MCCXXXIV
1235 MCCXXXV
1236 MCCXXXVI
1237 MCCXXXVII
1238 MCCXXXVIII
1239 MCCXXXIX
1240 MCCXL
1241 MCCXLI
1242 MCCXLII
1243 MCCXLIII
1244 MCCXLIV
1245 MCCXLV
1246 MCCXLVI
1247 MCCXLVII
1248 MCCXLVIII
1249 MCCXLIX
1250 MCCL
1251 MCCLI
1252 MCCLII
1253 MCCLIII
1254 MCCLIV
1255 MCCLV
1256 MCCLVI
1257 MCCLVII
1258 MCCLVIII
1259 MCCLIX
1260 MCCLX
1261 MCCLXI
1262 MCCLXII
1263 MCCLXIII
1264 MCCLXIV
1265 MCCLXV
1266 MCCLXVI
1267 MCCLXVII
1268 MCCLXVIII
1269 MCCLXIX
1270 MCCLXX
1271 MCCLXXI
1272 MCCLXXII
1273 MCCLXXIII
1274 MCCLXXIV
1275 MCCLXXV
1276 MCCLXXVI
1277 MCCLXXVII
1278 MCCLXXVIII
1279 MCCLXXIX
1280 MCCLXXX
1281 MCCLXXXI
1282 MCCLXXXII
1283 MCCLXXXIII
1284 MCCLXXXIV
1285 MCCLXXXV
1286 MCCLXXXVI
1287 MCCLXXXVII
1288 MCCLXXXVIII
1289 MCCLXXXIX
1290 MCCXC
1291 MCCXCI
1292 MCCXCII
1293 MCCXCIII
1294 MCCXCIV
1295 MCCXCV
1296 MCCXCVI
1297 MCCXCVII
1298 MCCXCVIII
1299 MCCXCIX
1300 MCCC
1301 MCCCI
1302 MCCCII
1303 MCCCIII
1304 MCCCIV
1305 MCCCV
1306 MCCCVI
1307 MCCCVII
1308 MCCCVIII
1309 MCCCIX
1310 MCCCX
1311 MCCCXI
1312 MCCCXII
1313 MCCCXIII
1314 MCCCXIV
1315 MCCCXV
1316 MCCCXVI
1317 MCCCXVII
1318 MCCCXVIII
1319 MCCCXIX
1320 MCCCXX
1321 MCCCXXI
1322 MCCCXXII
1323 MCCCXXIII
1324 MCCCXXIV
1325 MCCCXXV
1326 MCCCXXVI
1327 MCCCXXVII
1328 MCCCXXVIII
1329 MCCCXXIX
1330 MCCCXXX
1331 MCCCXXXI
1332 MCCCXXXII
1333 MCCCXXXIII
1334 MCCCXXXIV
1335 MCCCXXXV
1336 MCCCXXXVI
1337 MCCCXXXVII
1338 MCCCXXXVIII
1339 MCCCXXXIX
1340 MCCCXL
1341 MCCCXLI
1342 MCCCXLII
1343 MCCCXLIII
1344 MCCCXLIV
1345 MCCCXLV
1346 MCCCXLVI
1347 MCCCXLVII
1348 MCCCXLVIII
1349 MCCCXLIX
1350 MCCCL
1351 MCCCLI
1352 MCCCLII
1353 MCCCLIII
1354 MCCCLIV
1355 MCCCLV
1356 MCCCLVI
1357 MCCCLVII
1358 MCCCLVIII
1359 MCCCLIX
1360 MCCCLX
1361 MCCCLXI
1362 MCCCLXII
1363 MCCCLXIII
1364 MCCCLXIV
1365 MCCCLXV
1366 MCCCLXVI
1367 MCCCLXVII
1368 MCCCLXVIII
1369 MCCCLXIX
1370 MCCCLXX
1371 MCCCLXXI
1372 MCCCLXXII
1373 MCCCLXXIII
1374 MCCCLXXIV
1375 MCCCLXXV
1376 MCCCLXXVI
1377 MCCCLXXVII
1378 MCCCLXXVIII
1379 MCCCLXXIX
1380 MCCCLXXX
1381 MCCCLXXXI
1382 MCCCLXXXII
1383 MCCCLXXXIII
1384 MCCCLXXXIV
1385 MCCCLXXXV
1386 MCCCLXXXVI
1387 MCCCLXXXVII
1388 MCCCLXXXVIII
1389 MCCCLXXXIX
1390 MCCCXC
1391 MCCCXCI
1392 MCCCXCII
1393 MCCCXCIII
1394 MCCCXCIV
1395 MCCCXCV
1396 MCCCXCVI
1397 MCCCXCVII
1398 MCCCXCVIII
1399 MCCCXCIX
1400 MCD
1401 MCDI
1402 MCDII
1403 MCDIII
1404 MCDIV
1405 MCDV
1406 MCDVI
1407 MCDVII
1408 MCDVIII
1409 MCDIX
1410 MCDX
1411 MCDXI
1412 MCDXII
1413 MCDXIII
1414 MCDXIV
1415 MCDXV
1416 MCDXVI
1417 MCDXVII
1418 MCDXVIII
1419 MCDXIX
1420 MCDXX
1421 MCDXXI
1422 MCDXXII
1423 MCDXXIII
1424 MCDXXIV
1425 MCDXXV
1426 MCDXXVI
1427 MCDXXVII
1428 MCDXXVIII
1429 MCDXXIX
1430 MCDXXX
1431 MCDXXXI
1432 MCDXXXII
1433 MCDXXXIII
1434 MCDXXXIV
1435 MCDXXXV
1436 MCDXXXVI
1437 MCDXXXVII
1438 MCDXXXVIII
1439 MCDXXXIX
1440 MCDXL
1441 MCDXLI
1442 MCDXLII
1443 MCDXLIII
1444 MCDXLIV
1445 MCDXLV
1446 MCDXLVI
1447 MCDXLVII
1448 MCDXLVIII
1449 MCDXLIX
1450 MCDL
1451 MCDLI
1452 MCDLII
1453 MCDLIII
1454 MCDLIV
1455 MCDLV
1456 MCDLVI
1457 MCDLVII
1458 MCDLVIII
1459 MCDLIX
1460 MCDLX
1461 MCDLXI
1462 MCDLXII
1463 MCDLXIII
1464 MCDLXIV
1465 MCDLXV
1466 MCDLXVI
1467 MCDLXVII
1468 MCDLXVIII
1469 MCDLXIX
1470 MCDLXX
1471 MCDLXXI
1472 MCDLXXII
1473 MCDLXXIII
1474 MCDLXXIV
1475 MCDLXXV
1476 MCDLXXVI
1477 MCDLXXVII
1478 MCDLXXVIII
1479 MCDLXXIX
1480 MCDLXXX
1481 MCDLXXXI
1482 MCDLXXXII
1483 MCDLXXXIII
1484 MCDLXXXIV
1485 MCDLXXXV
1486 MCDLXXXVI
1487 MCDLXXXVII
1488 MCDLXXXVIII
1489 MCDLXXXIX
1490 MCDXC
1491 MCDXCI
1492 MCDXCII
1493 MCDXCIII
1494 MCDXCIV
1495 MCDXCV
1496 MCDXCVI
1497 MCDXCVII
1498 MCDXCVIII
1499 MCDXCIX
1500 MD
1501 MDI
1502 MDII
1503 MDIII
1504 MDIV
1505 MDV
1506 MDVI
1507 MDVII
1508 MDVIII
1509 MDIX
1510 MDX
1511 MDXI
1512 MDXII
1513 MDXIII
1514 MDXIV
1515 MDXV
1516 MDXVI
1517 MDXVII
1518 MDXVIII
1519 MDXIX
1520 MDXX
1521 MDXXI
1522 MDXXII
1523 MDXXIII
1524 MDXXIV
1525 MDXXV
1526 MDXXVI
1527 MDXXVII
1528 MDXXVIII
1529 MDXXIX
1530 MDXXX
1531 MDXXXI
1532 MDXXXII
1533 MDXXXIII
1534 MDXXXIV
1535 MDXXXV
1536 MDXXXVI
1537 MDXXXVII
1538 MDXXXVIII
1539 MDXXXIX
1540 MDXL
1541 MDXLI
1542 MDXLII
1543 MDXLIII
1544 MDXLIV
1545 MDXLV
1546 MDXLVI
1547 MDXLVII
1548 MDXLVIII
1549 MDXLIX
1550 MDL
1551 MDLI
1552 MDLII
1553 MDLIII
1554 MDLIV
1555 MDLV
1556 MDLVI
1557 MDLVII
1558 MDLVIII
1559 MDLIX
1560 MDLX
1561 MDLXI
1562 MDLXII
1563 MDLXIII
1564 MDLXIV
1565 MDLXV
1566 MDLXVI
1567 MDLXVII
1568 MDLXVIII
1569 MDLXIX
1570 MDLXX
1571 MDLXXI
1572 MDLXXII
1573 MDLXXIII
1574 MDLXXIV
1575 MDLXXV
1576 MDLXXVI
1577 MDLXXVII
1578 MDLXXVIII
1579 MDLXXIX
1580 MDLXXX
1581 MDLXXXI
1582 MDLXXXII
1583 MDLXXXIII
1584 MDLXXXIV
1585 MDLXXXV
1586 MDLXXXVI
1587 MDLXXXVII
1588 MDLXXXVIII
1589 MDLXXXIX
1590 MDXC
1591 MDXCI
1592 MDXCII
1593 MDXCIII
1594 MDXCIV
1595 MDXCV
1596 MDXCVI
1597 MDXCVII
1598 MDXCVIII
1599 MDXCIX
1600 MDC
1601 MDCI
1602 MDCII
1603 MDCIII
1604 MDCIV
1605 MDCV
1606 MDCVI
1607 MDCVII
1608 MDCVIII
1609 MDCIX
1610 MDCX
1611 MDCXI
1612 MDCXII
1613 MDCXIII
1614 MDCXIV
1615 MDCXV
1616 MDCXVI
1617 MDCXVII
1618 MDCXVIII
1619 MDCXIX
1620 MDCXX
1621 MDCXXI
1622 MDCXXII
1623 MDCXXIII
1624 MDCXXIV
1625 MDCXXV
1626 MDCXXVI
1627 MDCXXVII
1628 MDCXXVIII
1629 MDCXXIX
1630 MDCXXX
1631 MDCXXXI
1632 MDCXXXII
1633 MDCXXXIII
1634 MDCXXXIV
1635 MDCXXXV
1636 MDCXXXVI
1637 MDCXXXVII
1638 MDCXXXVIII
1639 MDCXXXIX
1640 MDCXL
1641 MDCXLI
1642 MDCXLII
1643 MDCXLIII
1644 MDCXLIV
1645 MDCXLV
1646 MDCXLVI
1647 MDCXLVII
1648 MDCXLVIII
1649 MDCXLIX
1650 MDCL
1651 MDCLI
1652 MDCLII
1653 MDCLIII
1654 MDCLIV
1655 MDCLV
1656 MDCLVI
1657 MDCLVII
1658 MDCLVIII
1659 MDCLIX
1660 MDCLX
1661 MDCLXI
1662 MDCLXII
1663 MDCLXIII
1664 MDCLXIV
1665 MDCLXV
1666 MDCLXVI
1667 MDCLXVII
1668 MDCLXVIII
1669 MDCLXIX
1670 MDCLXX
1671 MDCLXXI
1672 MDCLXXII
1673 MDCLXXIII
1674 MDCLXXIV
1675 MDCLXXV
1676 MDCLXXVI
1677 MDCLXXVII
1678 MDCLXXVIII
1679 MDCLXXIX
1680 MDCLXXX
1681 MDCLXXXI
1682 MDCLXXXII
1683 MDCLXXXIII
1684 MDCLXXXIV
1685 MDCLXXXV
1686 MDCLXXXVI
1687 MDCLXXXVII
1688 MDCLXXXVIII
1689 MDCLXXXIX
1690 MDCXC
1691 MDCXCI
1692 MDCXCII
1693 MDCXCIII
1694 MDCXCIV
1695 MDCXCV
1696 MDCXCVI
1697 MDCXCVII
1698 MDCXCVIII
1699 MDCXCIX
1700 MDCC
1701 MDCCI
1702 MDCCII
1703 MDCCIII
1704 MDCCIV
1705 MDCCV
1706 MDCCVI
1707 MDCCVII
1708 MDCCVIII
1709 MDCCIX
1710 MDCCX
1711 MDCCXI
1712 MDCCXII
1713 MDCCXIII
1714 MDCCXIV
1715 MDCCXV
1716 MDCCXVI
1717 MDCCXVII
1718 MDCCXVIII
1719 MDCCXIX
1720 MDCCXX
1721 MDCCXXI
1722 MDCCXXII
1723 MDCCXXIII
1724 MDCCXXIV
1725 MDCCXXV
1726 MDCCXXVI
1727 MDCCXXVII
1728 MDCCXXVIII
1729 MDCCXXIX
1730 MDCCXXX
1731 MDCCXXXI
1732 MDCCXXXII
1733 MDCCXXXIII
1734 MDCCXXXIV
1735 MDCCXXXV
1736 MDCCXXXVI
1737 MDCCXXXVII
1738 MDCCXXXVIII
1739 MDCCXXXIX
1740 MDCCXL
1741 MDCCXLI
1742 MDCCXLII
1743 MDCCXLIII
1744 MDCCXLIV
1745 MDCCXLV
1746 MDCCXLVI
1747 MDCCXLVII
1748 MDCCXLVIII
1749 MDCCXLIX
1750 MDCCL
1751 MDCCLI
1752 MDCCLII
1753 MDCCLIII
1754 MDCCLIV
1755 MDCCLV
1756 MDCCLVI
1757 MDCCLVII
1758 MDCCLVIII
1759 MDCCLIX
1760 MDCCLX
1761 MDCCLXI
1762 MDCCLXII
1763 MDCCLXIII
1764 MDCCLXIV
1765 MDCCLXV
1766 MDCCLXVI
1767 MDCCLXVII
1768 MDCCLXVIII
1769 MDCCLXIX
1770 MDCCLXX
1771 MDCCLXXI
1772 MDCCLXXII
1773 MDCCLXXIII
1774 MDCCLXXIV
1775 MDCCLXXV
1776 MDCCLXXVI
1777 MDCCLXXVII
1778 MDCCLXXVIII
1779 MDCCLXXIX
1780 MDCCLXXX
1781 MDCCLXXXI
1782 MDCCLXXXII
1783 MDCCLXXXIII
1784 MDCCLXXXIV
1785 MDCCLXXXV
1786 MDCCLXXXVI
1787 MDCCLXXXVII
1788 MDCCLXXXVIII
1789 MDCCLXXXIX
1790 MDCCXC
1791 MDCCXCI
1792 MDCCXCII
1793 MDCCXCIII
1794 MDCCXCIV
1795 MDCCXCV
1796 MDCCXCVI
1797 MDCCXCVII
1798 MDCCXCVIII
1799 MDCCXCIX
1800 MDCCC
1801 MDCCCI
1802 MDCCCII
1803 MDCCCIII
1804 MDCCCIV
1805 MDCCCV
1806 MDCCCVI
1807 MDCCCVII
1808 MDCCCVIII
1809 MDCCCIX
1810 MDCCCX
1811 MDCCCXI
1812 MDCCCXII
1813 MDCCCXIII
1814 MDCCCXIV
1815 MDCCCXV
1816 MDCCCXVI
1817 MDCCCXVII
1818 MDCCCXVIII
1819 MDCCCXIX
1820 MDCCCXX
1821 MDCCCXXI
1822 MDCCCXXII
1823 MDCCCXXIII
1824 MDCCCXXIV
1825 MDCCCXXV
1826 MDCCCXXVI
1827 MDCCCXXVII
1828 MDCCCXXVIII
1829 MDCCCXXIX
1830 MDCCCXXX
1831 MDCCCXXXI
1832 MDCCCXXXII
1833 MDCCCXXXIII
1834 MDCCCXXXIV
1835 MDCCCXXXV
1836 MDCCCXXXVI
1837 MDCCCXXXVII
1838 MDCCCXXXVIII
1839 MDCCCXXXIX
1840 MDCCCXL
1841 MDCCCXLI
1842 MDCCCXLII
1843 MDCCCXLIII
1844 MDCCCXLIV
1845 MDCCCXLV
1846 MDCCCXLVI
1847 MDCCCXLVII
1848 MDCCCXLVIII
1849 MDCCCXLIX
1850 MDCCCL
1851 MDCCCLI
1852 MDCCCLII
1853 MDCCCLIII
1854 MDCCCLIV
1855 MDCCCLV
1856 MDCCCLVI
1857 MDCCCLVII
1858 MDCCCLVIII
1859 MDCCCLIX
1860 MDCCCLX
1861 MDCCCLXI
1862 MDCCCLXII
1863 MDCCCLXIII
1864 MDCCCLXIV
1865 MDCCCLXV
1866 MDCCCLXVI
1867 MDCCCLXVII
1868 MDCCCLXVIII
1869 MDCCCLXIX
1870 MDCCCLXX
1871 MDCCCLXXI
1872 MDCCCLXXII
1873 MDCCCLXXIII
1874 MDCCCLXXIV
1875 MDCCCLXXV
1876 MDCCCLXXVI
1877 MDCCCLXXVII
1878 MDCCCLXXVIII
1879 MDCCCLXXIX
1880 MDCCCLXXX
1881 MDCCCLXXXI
1882 MDCCCLXXXII
1883 MDCCCLXXXIII
1884 MDCCCLXXXIV
1885 MDCCCLXXXV
1886 MDCCCLXXXVI
1887 MDCCCLXXXVII
1888 MDCCCLXXXVIII
1889 MDCCCLXXXIX
1890 MDCCCXC
1891 MDCCCXCI
1892 MDCCCXCII
1893 MDCCCXCIII
1894 MDCCCXCIV
1895 MDCCCXCV
1896 MDCCCXCVI
1897 MDCCCXCVII
1898 MDCCCXCVIII
1899 MDCCCXCIX
1900 MCM
1901 MCMI
1902 MCMII
1903 MCMIII
1904 MCMIV
1905 MCMV
1906 MCMVI
1907 MCMVII
1908 MCMVIII
1909 MCMIX
1910 MCMX
1911 MCMXI
1912 MCMXII
1913 MCMXIII
1914 MCMXIV
1915 MCMXV
1916 MCMXVI
1917 MCMXVII
1918 MCMXVIII
1919 MCMXIX
1920 MCMXX
1921 MCMXXI
1922 MCMXXII
1923 MCMXXIII
1924 MCMXXIV
1925 MCMXXV
1926 MCMXXVI
1927 MCMXXVII
1928 MCMXXVIII
1929 MCMXXIX
1930 MCMXXX
1931 MCMXXXI
1932 MCMXXXII
1933 MCMXXXIII
1934 MCMXXXIV
1935 MCMXXXV
1936 MCMXXXVI
1937 MCMXXXVII
1938 MCMXXXVIII
1939 MCMXXXIX
1940 MCMXL
1941 MCMXLI
1942 MCMXLII
1943 MCMXLIII
1944 MCMXLIV
1945 MCMXLV
1946 MCMXLVI
1947 MCMXLVII
1948 MCMXLVIII
1949 MCMXLIX
1950 MCML
1951 MCMLI
1952 MCMLII
1953 MCMLIII
1954 MCMLIV
1955 MCMLV
1956 MCMLVI
1957 MCMLVII
1958 MCMLVIII
1959 MCMLIX
1960 MCMLX
1961 MCMLXI
1962 MCMLXII
1963 MCMLXIII
1964 MCMLXIV
1965 MCMLXV
1966 MCMLXVI
1967 MCMLXVII
1968 MCMLXVIII
1969 MCMLXIX
1970 MCMLXX
1971 MCMLXXI
1972 MCMLXXII
1973 MCMLXXIII
1974 MCMLXXIV
1975 MCMLXXV
1976 MCMLXXVI
1977 MCMLXXVII
1978 MCMLXXVIII
1979 MCMLXXIX
1980 MCMLXXX
1981 MCMLXXXI
1982 MCMLXXXII
1983 MCMLXXXIII
1984 MCMLXXXIV
1985 MCMLXXXV
1986 MCMLXXXVI
1987 MCMLXXXVII
1988 MCMLXXXVIII
1989 MCMLXXXIX
1990 MCMXC
1991 MCMXCI
1992 MCMXCII
1993 MCMXCIII
1994 MCMXCIV
1995 MCMXCV
1996 MCMXCVI
1997 MCMXCVII
1998 MCMXCVIII
1999 MCMXCIX
2000 MM
2001 MMI
2002 MMII
2003 MMIII
2004 MMIV
2005 MMV
2006 MMVI
2007 MMVII
2008 MMVIII
2009 MMIX
2010 MMX
2011 MMXI
2012 MMXII
2013 MMXIII
2014 MMXIV
2015 MMXV
2016 MMXVI
2017 MMXVII
2018 MMXVIII
2019 MMXIX
2020 MMXX
2021 MMXXI
2022 MMXXII
2023 MMXXIII
2024 MMXXIV
2025 MMXXV
2026 MMXXVI
2027 MMXXVII
2028 MMXXVIII
2029 MMXXIX
2030 MMXXX
2031 MMXXXI
2032 MMXXXII
2033 MMXXXIII
2034 MMXXXIV
2035 MMXXXV
2036 MMXXXVI
2037 MMXXXVII
2038 MMXXXVIII
2039 MMXXXIX
2040 MMXL
2041 MMXLI
2042 MMXLII
2043 MMXLIII
2044 MMXLIV
2045 MMXLV
2046 MMXLVI
2047 MMXLVII
2048 MMXLVIII
2049 MMXLIX
2050 MML
2051 MMLI
2052 MMLII
2053 MMLIII
2054 MMLIV
2055 MMLV
2056 MMLVI
2057 MMLVII
2058 MMLVIII
2059 MMLIX
2060 MMLX
2061 MMLXI
2062 MMLXII
2063 MMLXIII
2064 MMLXIV
2065 MMLXV
2066 MMLXVI
2067 MMLXVII
2068 MMLXVIII
2069 MMLXIX
2070 MMLXX
2071 MMLXXI
2072 MMLXXII
2073 MMLXXIII
2074 MMLXXIV
2075 MMLXXV
2076 MMLXXVI
2077 MMLXXVII
2078 MMLXXVIII
2079 MMLXXIX
2080 MMLXXX
2081 MMLXXXI
2082 MMLXXXII
2083 MMLXXXIII
2084 MMLXXXIV
2085 MMLXXXV
2086 MMLXXXVI
2087 MMLXXXVII
2088 MMLXXXVIII
2089 MMLXXXIX
2090 MMXC
2091 MMXCI
2092 MMXCII
2093 MMXCIII
2094 MMXCIV
2095 MMXCV
2096 MMXCVI
2097 MMXCVII
2098 MMXCVIII
2099 MMXCIX
2100 MMC
2101 MMCI
2102 MMCII
2103 MMCIII
2104 MMCIV
2105 MMCV
2106 MMCVI
2107 MMCVII
2108 MMCVIII
2109 MMCIX
2110 MMCX
2111 MMCXI
2112 MMCXII
2113 MMCXIII
2114 MMCXIV
2115 MMCXV
2116 MMCXVI
2117 MMCXVII
2118 MMCXVIII
2119 MMCXIX
2120 MMCXX
2121 MMCXXI
2122 MMCXXII
2123 MMCXXIII
2124 MMCXXIV
2125 MMCXXV
2126 MMCXXVI
2127 MMCXXVII
2128 MMCXXVIII
2129 MMCXXIX
2130 MMCXXX
2131 MMCXXXI
2132 MMCXXXII
2133 MMCXXXIII
2134 MMCXXXIV
2135 MMCXXXV
2136 MMCXXXVI
2137 MMCXXXVII
2138 MMCXXXVIII
2139 MMCXXXIX
2140 MMCXL
2141 MMCXLI
2142 MMCXLII
2143 MMCXLIII
2144 MMCXLIV
2145 MMCXLV
2146 MMCXLVI
2147 MMCXLVII
2148 MMCXLVIII
2149 MMCXLIX
2150 MMCL
2151 MMCLI
2152 MMCLII
2153 MMCLIII
2154 MMCLIV
2155 MMCLV
2156 MMCLVI
2157 MMCLVII
2158 MMCLVIII
2159 MMCLIX
2160 MMCLX
2161 MMCLXI
2162 MMCLXII
2163 MMCLXIII
2164 MMCLXIV
2165 MMCLXV
2166 MMCLXVI
2167 MMCLXVII
2168 MMCLXVIII
2169 MMCLXIX
2170 MMCLXX
2171 MMCLXXI
2172 MMCLXXII
2173 MMCLXXIII
2174 MMCLXXIV
2175 MMCLXXV
2176 MMCLXXVI
2177 MMCLXXVII
2178 MMCLXXVIII
2179 MMCLXXIX
2180 MMCLXXX
2181 MMCLXXXI
2182 MMCLXXXII
2183 MMCLXXXIII
2184 MMCLXXXIV
2185 MMCLXXXV
2186 MMCLXXXVI
2187 MMCLXXXVII
2188 MMCLXXXVIII
2189 MMCLXXXIX
2190 MMCXC
2191 MMCXCI
2192 MMCXCII
2193 MMCXCIII
2194 MMCXCIV
2195 MMCXCV
2196 MMCXCVI
2197 MMCXCVII
2198 MMCXCVIII
2199 MMCXCIX
2200 MMCC
2201 MMCCI
2202 MMCCII
2203 MMCCIII
2204 MMCCIV
2205 MMCCV
2206 MMCCVI
2207 MMCCVII
2208 MMCCVIII
2209 MMCCIX
2210 MMCCX
2211 MMCCXI
2212 MMCCXII
2213 MMCCXIII
2214 MMCCXIV
2215 MMCCXV
2216 MMCCXVI
2217 MMCCXVII
2218 MMCCXVIII
2219 MMCCXIX
2220 MMCCXX
2221 MMCCXXI
2222 MMCCXXII
2223 MMCCXXIII
2224 MMCCXXIV
2225 MMCCXXV
2226 MMCCXXVI
2227 MMCCXXVII
2228 MMCCXXVIII
2229 MMCCXXIX
2230 MMCCXXX
2231 MMCCXXXI
2232 MMCCXXXII
2233 MMCCXXXIII
2234 MMCCXXXIV
2235 MMCCXXXV
2236 MMCCXXXVI
2237 MMCCXXXVII
2238 MMCCXXXVIII
2239 MMCCXXXIX
2240 MMCCXL
2241 MMCCXLI
2242 MMCCXLII
2243 MMCCXLIII
2244 MMCCXLIV
2245 MMCCXLV
2246 MMCCXLVI
2247 MMCCXLVII
2248 MMCCXLVIII
2249 MMCCXLIX
2250 MMCCL
2251 MMCCLI
2252 MMCCLII
2253 MMCCLIII
2254 MMCCLIV
2255 MMCCLV
2256 MMCCLVI
2257 MMCCLVII
2258 MMCCLVIII
2259 MMCCLIX
2260 MMCCLX
2261 MMCCLXI
2262 MMCCLXII
2263 MMCCLXIII
2264 MMCCLXIV
2265 MMCCLXV
2266 MMCCLXVI
2267 MMCCLXVII
2268 MMCCLXVIII
2269 MMCCLXIX
2270 MMCCLXX
2271 MMCCLXXI
2272 MMCCLXXII
2273 MMCCLXXIII
2274 MMCCLXXIV
2275 MMCCLXXV
2276 MMCCLXXVI
2277 MMCCLXXVII
2278 MMCCLXXVIII
2279 MMCCLXXIX
2280 MMCCLXXX
2281 MMCCLXXXI
2282 MMCCLXXXII
2283 MMCCLXXXIII
2284 MMCCLXXXIV
2285 MMCCLXXXV
2286 MMCCLXXXVI
2287 MMCCLXXXVII
2288 MMCCLXXXVIII
2289 MMCCLXXXIX
2290 MMCCXC
2291 MMCCXCI
2292 MMCCXCII
2293 MMCCXCIII
2294 MMCCXCIV
2295 MMCCXCV
2296 MMCCXCVI
2297 MMCCXCVII
2298 MMCCXCVIII
2299 MMCCXCIX
2300 MMCCC
2301 MMCCCI
2302 MMCCCII
2303 MMCCCIII
2304 MMCCCIV
2305 MMCCCV
2306 MMCCCVI
2307 MMCCCVII
2308 MMCCCVIII
2309 MMCCCIX
2310 MMCCCX
2311 MMCCCXI
2312 MMCCCXII
2313 MMCCCXIII
2314 MMCCCXIV
2315 MMCCCXV
2316 MMCCCXVI
2317 MMCCCXVII
2318 MMCCCXVIII
2319 MMCCCXIX
2320 MMCCCXX
2321 MMCCCXXI
2322 MMCCCXXII
2323 MMCCCXXIII
2324 MMCCCXXIV
2325 MMCCCXXV
2326 MMCCCXXVI
2327 MMCCCXXVII
2328 MMCCCXXVIII
2329 MMCCCXXIX
2330 MMCCCXXX
2331 MMCCCXXXI
2332 MMCCCXXXII
2333 MMCCCXXXIII
2334 MMCCCXXXIV
2335 MMCCCXXXV
2336 MMCCCXXXVI
2337 MMCCCXXXVII
2338 MMCCCXXXVIII
2339 MMCCCXXXIX
2340 MMCCCXL
2341 MMCCCXLI
2342 MMCCCXLII
2343 MMCCCXLIII
2344 MMCCCXLIV
2345 MMCCCXLV
2346 MMCCCXLVI
2347 MMCCCXLVII
2348 MMCCCXLVIII
2349 MMCCCXLIX
2350 MMCCCL
2351 MMCCCLI
2352 MMCCCLII
2353 MMCCCLIII
2354 MMCCCLIV
2355 MMCCCLV
2356 MMCCCLVI
2357 MMCCCLVII
2358 MMCCCLVIII
2359 MMCCCLIX
2360 MMCCCLX
2361 MMCCCLXI
2362 MMCCCLXII
2363 MMCCCLXIII
2364 MMCCCLXIV
2365 MMCCCLXV
2366 MMCCCLXVI
2367 MMCCCLXVII
2368 MMCCCLXVIII
2369 MMCCCLXIX
2370 MMCCCLXX
2371 MMCCCLXXI
2372 MMCCCLXXII
2373 MMCCCLXXIII
2374 MMCCCLXXIV
2375 MMCCCLXXV
2376 MMCCCLXXVI
2377 MMCCCLXXVII
2378 MMCCCLXXVIII
2379 MMCCCLXXIX
2380 MMCCCLXXX
2381 MMCCCLXXXI
2382 MMCCCLXXXII
2383 MMCCCLXXXIII
2384 MMCCCLXXXIV
2385 MMCCCLXXXV
2386 MMCCCLXXXVI
2387 MMCCCLXXXVII
2388 MMCCCLXXXVIII
2389 MMCCCLXXXIX
2390 MMCCCXC
2391 MMCCCXCI
2392 MMCCCXCII
2393 MMCCCXCIII
2394 MMCCCXCIV
2395 MMCCCXCV
2396 MMCCCXCVI
2397 MMCCCXCVII
2398 MMCCCXCVIII
2399 MMCCCXCIX
2400 MMCD
2401 MMCDI
2402 MMCDII
2403 MMCDIII
2404 MMCDIV
2405 MMCDV
2406 MMCDVI
2407 MMCDVII
2408 MMCDVIII
2409 MMCDIX
2410 MMCDX
2411 MMCDXI
2412 MMCDXII
2413 MMCDXIII
2414 MMCDXIV
2415 MMCDXV
2416 MMCDXVI
2417 MMCDXVII
2418 MMCDXVIII
2419 MMCDXIX
2420 MMCDXX
2421 MMCDXXI
2422 MMCDXXII
2423 MMCDXXIII
2424 MMCDXXIV
2425 MMCDXXV
2426 MMCDXXVI
2427 MMCDXXVII
2428 MMCDXXVIII
2429 MMCDXXIX
2430 MMCDXXX
2431 MMCDXXXI
2432 MMCDXXXII
2433 MMCDXXXIII
2434 MMCDXXXIV
2435 MMCDXXXV
2436 MMCDXXXVI
2437 MMCDXXXVII
2438 MMCDXXXVIII
2439 MMCDXXXIX
2440 MMCDXL
2441 MMCDXLI
2442 MMCDXLII
2443 MMCDXLIII
2444 MMCDXLIV
2445 MMCDXLV
2446 MMCDXLVI
2447 MMCDXLVII
2448 MMCDXLVIII
2449 MMCDXLIX
2450 MMCDL
2451 MMCDLI
2452 MMCDLII
2453 MMCDLIII
2454 MMCDLIV
2455 MMCDLV
2456 MMCDLVI
2457 MMCDLVII
2458 MMCDLVIII
2459 MMCDLIX
2460 MMCDLX
2461 MMCDLXI
2462 MMCDLXII
2463 MMCDLXIII
2464 MMCDLXIV
2465 MMCDLXV
2466 MMCDLXVI
2467 MMCDLXVII
2468 MMCDLXVIII
2469 MMCDLXIX
2470 MMCDLXX
2471 MMCDLXXI
2472 MMCDLXXII
2473 MMCDLXXIII
2474 MMCDLXXIV
2475 MMCDLXXV
2476 MMCDLXXVI
2477 MMCDLXXVII
2478 MMCDLXXVIII
2479 MMCDLXXIX
2480 MMCDLXXX
2481 MMCDLXXXI
2482 MMCDLXXXII
2483 MMCDLXXXIII
2484 MMCDLXXXIV
2485 MMCDLXXXV
2486 MMCDLXXXVI
2487 MMCDLXXXVII
2488 MMCDLXXXVIII
2489 MMCDLXXXIX
2490 MMCDXC
2491 MMCDXCI
2492 MMCDXCII
2493 MMCDXCIII
2494 MMCDXCIV
2495 MMCDXCV
2496 MMCDXCVI
2497 MMCDXCVII
2498 MMCDXCVIII
2499 MMCDXCIX
2500 MMD
2501 MMDI
2502 MMDII
2503 MMDIII
2504 MMDIV
2505 MMDV
2506 MMDVI
2507 MMDVII
2508 MMDVIII
2509 MMDIX
2510 MMDX
2511 MMDXI
2512 MMDXII
2513 MMDXIII
2514 MMDXIV
2515 MMDXV
2516 MMDXVI
2517 MMDXVII
2518 MMDXVIII
2519 MMDXIX
2520 MMDXX
2521 MMDXXI
2522 MMDXXII
2523 MMDXXIII
2524 MMDXXIV
2525 MMDXXV
2526 MMDXXVI
2527 MMDXXVII
2528 MMDXXVIII
2529 MMDXXIX
2530 MMDXXX
2531 MMDXXXI
2532 MMDXXXII
2533 MMDXXXIII
2534 MMDXXXIV
2535 MMDXXXV
2536 MMDXXXVI
2537 MMDXXXVII
2538 MMDXXXVIII
2539 MMDXXXIX
2540 MMDXL
2541 MMDXLI
2542 MMDXLII
2543 MMDXLIII
2544 MMDXLIV
2545 MMDXLV
2546 MMDXLVI
2547 MMDXLVII
2548 MMDXLVIII
2549 MMDXLIX
2550 MMDL
2551 MMDLI
2552 MMDLII
2553 MMDLIII
2554 MMDLIV
2555 MMDLV
2556 MMDLVI
2557 MMDLVII
2558 MMDLVIII
2559 MMDLIX
2560 MMDLX
2561 MMDLXI
2562 MMDLXII
2563 MMDLXIII
2564 MMDLXIV
2565 MMDLXV
2566 MMDLXVI
2567 MMDLXVII
2568 MMDLXVIII
2569 MMDLXIX
2570 MMDLXX
2571 MMDLXXI
2572 MMDLXXII
2573 MMDLXXIII
2574 MMDLXXIV
2575 MMDLXXV
2576 MMDLXXVI
2577 MMDLXXVII
2578 MMDLXXVIII
2579 MMDLXXIX
2580 MMDLXXX
2581 MMDLXXXI
2582 MMDLXXXII
2583 MMDLXXXIII
2584 MMDLXXXIV
2585 MMDLXXXV
2586 MMDLXXXVI
2587 MMDLXXXVII
2588 MMDLXXXVIII
2589 MMDLXXXIX
2590 MMDXC
2591 MMDXCI
2592 MMDXCII
2593 MMDXCIII
2594 MMDXCIV
2595 MMDXCV
2596 MMDXCVI
2597 MMDXCVII
2598 MMDXCVIII
2599 MMDXCIX
2600 MMDC
2601 MMDCI
2602 MMDCII
2603 MMDCIII
2604 MMDCIV
2605 MMDCV
2606 MMDCVI
2607 MMDCVII
2608 MMDCVIII
2609 MMDCIX
2610 MMDCX
2611 MMDCXI
2612 MMDCXII
2613 MMDCXIII
2614 MMDCXIV
2615 MMDCXV
2616 MMDCXVI
2617 MMDCXVII
2618 MMDCXVIII
2619 MMDCXIX
2620 MMDCXX
2621 MMDCXXI
2622 MMDCXXII
2623 MMDCXXIII
2624 MMDCXXIV
2625 MMDCXXV
2626 MMDCXXVI
2627 MMDCXXVII
2628 MMDCXXVIII
2629 MMDCXXIX
2630 MMDCXXX
2631 MMDCXXXI
2632 MMDCXXXII
2633 MMDCXXXIII
2634 MMDCXXXIV
2635 MMDCXXXV
2636 MMDCXXXVI
2637 MMDCXXXVII
2638 MMDCXXXVIII
2639 MMDCXXXIX
2640 MMDCXL
2641 MMDCXLI
2642 MMDCXLII
2643 MMDCXLIII
2644 MMDCXLIV
2645 MMDCXLV
2646 MMDCXLVI
2647 MMDCXLVII
2648 MMDCXLVIII
2649 MMDCXLIX
2650 MMDCL
2651 MMDCLI
2652 MMDCLII
2653 MMDCLIII
2654 MMDCLIV
2655 MMDCLV
2656 MMDCLVI
2657 MMDCLVII
2658 MMDCLVIII
2659 MMDCLIX
2660 MMDCLX
2661 MMDCLXI
2662 MMDCLXII
2663 MMDCLXIII
2664 MMDCLXIV
2665 MMDCLXV
2666 MMDCLXVI
2667 MMDCLXVII
2668 MMDCLXVIII
2669 MMDCLXIX
2670 MMDCLXX
2671 MMDCLXXI
2672 MMDCLXXII
2673 MMDCLXXIII
2674 MMDCLXXIV
2675 MMDCLXXV
2676 MMDCLXXVI
2677 MMDCLXXVII
2678 MMDCLXXVIII
2679 MMDCLXXIX
2680 MMDCLXXX
2681 MMDCLXXXI
2682 MMDCLXXXII
2683 MMDCLXXXIII
2684 MMDCLXXXIV
2685 MMDCLXXXV
2686 MMDCLXXXVI
2687 MMDCLXXXVII
2688 MMDCLXXXVIII
2689 MMDCLXXXIX
2690 MMDCXC
2691 MMDCXCI
2692 MMDCXCII
2693 MMDCXCIII
2694 MMDCXCIV
2695 MMDCXCV
2696 MMDCXCVI
2697 MMDCXCVII
2698 MMDCXCVIII
2699 MMDCXCIX
2700 MMDCC
2701 MMDCCI
2702 MMDCCII
2703 MMDCCIII
2704 MMDCCIV
2705 MMDCCV
2706 MMDCCVI
2707 MMDCCVII
2708 MMDCCVIII
2709 MMDCCIX
2710 MMDCCX
2711 MMDCCXI
2712 MMDCCXII
2713 MMDCCXIII
2714 MMDCCXIV
2715 MMDCCXV
2716 MMDCCXVI
2717 MMDCCXVII
2718 MMDCCXVIII
2719 MMDCCXIX
2720 MMDCCXX
2721 MMDCCXXI
2722 MMDCCXXII
2723 MMDCCXXIII
2724 MMDCCXXIV
2725 MMDCCXXV
2726 MMDCCXXVI
2727 MMDCCXXVII
2728 MMDCCXXVIII
2729 MMDCCXXIX
2730 MMDCCXXX
2731 MMDCCXXXI
2732 MMDCCXXXII
2733 MMDCCXXXIII
2734 MMDCCXXXIV
2735 MMDCCXXXV
2736 MMDCCXXXVI
2737 MMDCCXXXVII
2738 MMDCCXXXVIII
2739 MMDCCXXXIX
2740 MMDCCXL
2741 MMDCCXLI
2742 MMDCCXLII
2743 MMDCCXLIII
2744 MMDCCXLIV
2745 MMDCCXLV
2746 MMDCCXLVI
2747 MMDCCXLVII
2748 MMDCCXLVIII
2749 MMDCCXLIX
2750 MMDCCL
2751 MMDCCLI
2752 MMDCCLII
2753 MMDCCLIII
2754 MMDCCLIV
2755 MMDCCLV
2756 MMDCCLVI
2757 MMDCCLVII
2758 MMDCCLVIII
2759 MMDCCLIX
2760 MMDCCLX
2761 MMDCCLXI
2762 MMDCCLXII
2763 MMDCCLXIII
2764 MMDCCLXIV
2765 MMDCCLXV
2766 MMDCCLXVI
2767 MMDCCLXVII
2768 MMDCCLXVIII
2769 MMDCCLXIX
2770 MMDCCLXX
2771 MMDCCLXXI
2772 MMDCCLXXII
2773 MMDCCLXXIII
2774 MMDCCLXXIV
2775 MMDCCLXXV
2776 MMDCCLXXVI
2777 MMDCCLXXVII
2778 MMDCCLXXVIII
2779 MMDCCLXXIX
2780 MMDCCLXXX
2781 MMDCCLXXXI
2782 MMDCCLXXXII
2783 MMDCCLXXXIII
2784 MMDCCLXXXIV
2785 MMDCCLXXXV
2786 MMDCCLXXXVI
2787 MMDCCLXXXVII
2788 MMDCCLXXXVIII
2789 MMDCCLXXXIX
2790 MMDCCXC
2791 MMDCCXCI
2792 MMDCCXCII
2793 MMDCCXCIII
2794 MMDCCXCIV
2795 MMDCCXCV
2796 MMDCCXCVI
2797 MMDCCXCVII
2798 MMDCCXCVIII
2799 MMDCCXCIX
2800 MMDCCC
2801 MMDCCCI
2802 MMDCCCII
2803 MMDCCCIII
2804 MMDCCCIV
2805 MMDCCCV
2806 MMDCCCVI
2807 MMDCCCVII
2808 MMDCCCVIII
2809 MMDCCCIX
2810 MMDCCCX
2811 MMDCCCXI
2812 MMDCCCXII
2813 MMDCCCXIII
2814 MMDCCCXIV
2815 MMDCCCXV
2816 MMDCCCXVI
2817 MMDCCCXVII
2818 MMDCCCXVIII
2819 MMDCCCXIX
2820 MMDCCCXX
2821 MMDCCCXXI
2822 MMDCCCXXII
2823 MMDCCCXXIII
2824 MMDCCCXXIV
2825 MMDCCCXXV
2826 MMDCCCXXVI
2827 MMDCCCXXVII
2828 MMDCCCXXVIII
2829 MMDCCCXXIX
2830 MMDCCCXXX
2831 MMDCCCXXXI
2832 MMDCCCXXXII
2833 MMDCCCXXXIII
2834 MMDCCCXXXIV
2835 MMDCCCXXXV
2836 MMDCCCXXXVI
2837 MMDCCCXXXVII
2838 MMDCCCXXXVIII
2839 MMDCCCXXXIX
2840 MMDCCCXL
2841 MMDCCCXLI
2842 MMDCCCXLII
2843 MMDCCCXLIII
2844 MMDCCCXLIV
2845 MMDCCCXLV
2846 MMDCCCXLVI
2847 MMDCCCXLVII
2848 MMDCCCXLVIII
2849 MMDCCCXLIX
2850 MMDCCCL
2851 MMDCCCLI
2852 MMDCCCLII
2853 MMDCCCLIII
2854 MMDCCCLIV
2855 MMDCCCLV
2856 MMDCCCLVI
2857 MMDCCCLVII
2858 MMDCCCLVIII
2859 MMDCCCLIX
2860 MMDCCCLX
2861 MMDCCCLXI
2862 MMDCCCLXII
2863 MMDCCCLXIII
2864 MMDCCCLXIV
2865 MMDCCCLXV
2866 MMDCCCLXVI
2867 MMDCCCLXVII
2868 MMDCCCLXVIII
2869 MMDCCCLXIX
2870 MMDCCCLXX
2871 MMDCCCLXXI
2872 MMDCCCLXXII
2873 MMDCCCLXXIII
2874 MMDCCCLXXIV
2875 MMDCCCLXXV
2876 MMDCCCLXXVI
2877 MMDCCCLXXVII
2878 MMDCCCLXXVIII
2879 MMDCCCLXXIX
2880 MMDCCCLXXX
2881 MMDCCCLXXXI
2882 MMDCCCLXXXII
2883 MMDCCCLXXXIII
2884 MMDCCCLXXXIV
2885 MMDCCCLXXXV
2886 MMDCCCLXXXVI
2887 MMDCCCLXXXVII
2888 MMDCCCLXXXVIII
2889 MMDCCCLXXXIX
2890 MMDCCCXC
2891 MMDCCCXCI
2892 MMDCCCXCII
2893 MMDCCCXCIII
2894 MMDCCCXCIV
2895 MMDCCCXCV
2896 MMDCCCXCVI
2897 MMDCCCXCVII
2898 MMDCCCXCVIII
2899 MMDCCCXCIX
2900 MMCM
2901 MMCMI
2902 MMCMII
2903 MMCMIII
2904 MMCMIV
2905 MMCMV
2906 MMCMVI
2907 MMCMVII
2908 MMCMVIII
2909 MMCMIX
2910 MMCMX
2911 MMCMXI
2912 MMCMXII
2913 MMCMXIII
2914 MMCMXIV
2915 MMCMXV
2916 MMCMXVI
2917 MMCMXVII
2918 MMCMXVIII
2919 MMCMXIX
2920 MMCMXX
2921 MMCMXXI
2922 MMCMXXII
2923 MMCMXXIII
2924 MMCMXXIV
2925 MMCMXXV
2926 MMCMXXVI
2927 MMCMXXVII
2928 MMCMXXVIII
2929 MMCMXXIX
2930 MMCMXXX
2931 MMCMXXXI
2932 MMCMXXXII
2933 MMCMXXXIII
2934 MMCMXXXIV
2935 MMCMXXXV
2936 MMCMXXXVI
2937 MMCMXXXVII
2938 MMCMXXXVIII
2939 MMCMXXXIX
2940 MMCMXL
2941 MMCMXLI
2942 MMCMXLII
2943 MMCMXLIII
2944 MMCMXLIV
2945 MMCMXLV
2946 MMCMXLVI
2947 MMCMXLVII
2948 MMCMXLVIII
2949 MMCMXLIX
2950 MMCML
2951 MMCMLI
2952 MMCMLII
2953 MMCMLIII
2954 MMCMLIV
2955 MMCMLV
2956 MMCMLVI
2957 MMCMLVII
2958 MMCMLVIII
2959 MMCMLIX
2960 MMCMLX
2961 MMCMLXI
2962 MMCMLXII
2963 MMCMLXIII
2964 MMCMLXIV
2965 MMCMLXV
2966 MMCMLXVI
2967 MMCMLXVII
2968 MMCMLXVIII
2969 MMCMLXIX
2970 MMCMLXX
2971 MMCMLXXI
2972 MMCMLXXII
2973 MMCMLXXIII
2974 MMCMLXXIV
2975 MMCMLXXV
2976 MMCMLXXVI
2977 MMCMLXXVII
2978 MMCMLXXVIII
2979 MMCMLXXIX
2980 MMCMLXXX
2981 MMCMLXXXI
2982 MMCMLXXXII
2983 MMCMLXXXIII
2984 MMCMLXXXIV
2985 MMCMLXXXV
2986 MMCMLXXXVI
2987 MMCMLXXXVII
2988 MMCMLXXXVIII
2989 MMCMLXXXIX
2990 MMCMXC
2991 MMCMXCI
2992 MMCMXCII
2993 MMCMXCIII
2994 MMCMXCIV
2995 MMCMXCV
2996 MMCMXCVI
2997 MMCMXCVII
2998 MMCMXCVIII
2999 MMCMXCIX
3000 MMM
3001 MMMI
3002 MMMII
3003 MMMIII
3004 MMMIV
3005 MMMV
3006 MMMVI
3007 MMMVII
3008 MMMVIII
3009 MMMIX
3010 MMMX
3011 MMMXI
3012 MMMXII
3013 MMMXIII
3014 MMMXIV
3015 MMMXV
3016 MMMXVI
3017 MMMXVII
3018 MMMXVIII
3019 MMMXIX
3020 MMMXX
3021 MMMXXI
3022 MMMXXII
3023 MMMXXIII
3024 MMMXXIV
3025 MMMXXV
3026 MMMXXVI
3027 MMMXXVII
3028 MMMXXVIII
3029 MMMXXIX
3030 MMMXXX
3031 MMMXXXI
3032 MMMXXXII
3033 MMMXXXIII
3034 MMMXXXIV
3035 MMMXXXV
3036 MMMXXXVI
3037 MMMXXXVII
3038 MMMXXXVIII
3039 MMMXXXIX
3040 MMMXL
3041 MMMXLI
3042 MMMXLII
3043 MMMXLIII
3044 MMMXLIV
3045 MMMXLV
3046 MMMXLVI
3047 MMMXLVII
3048 MMMXLVIII
3049 MMMXLIX
3050 MMML
3051 MMMLI
3052 MMMLII
3053 MMMLIII
3054 MMMLIV
3055 MMMLV
3056 MMMLVI
3057 MMMLVII
3058 MMMLVIII
3059 MMMLIX
3060 MMMLX
3061 MMMLXI
3062 MMMLXII
3063 MMMLXIII
3064 MMMLXIV
3065 MMMLXV
3066 MMMLXVI
3067 MMMLXVII
3068 MMMLXVIII
3069 MMMLXIX
3070 MMMLXX
3071 MMMLXXI
3072 MMMLXXII
3073 MMMLXXIII
3074 MMMLXXIV
3075 MMMLXXV
3076 MMMLXXVI
3077 MMMLXXVII
3078 MMMLXXVIII
3079 MMMLXXIX
3080 MMMLXXX
3081 MMMLXXXI
3082 MMMLXXXII
3083 MMMLXXXIII
3084 MMMLXXXIV
3085 MMMLXXXV
3086 MMMLXXXVI
3087 MMMLXXXVII
3088 MMMLXXXVIII
3089 MMMLXXXIX
3090 MMMXC
3091 MMMXCI
3092 MMMXCII
3093 MMMXCIII
3094 MMMXCIV
3095 MMMXCV
3096 MMMXCVI
3097 MMMXCVII
3098 MMMXCVIII
3099 MMMXCIX
3100 MMMC
3101 MMMCI
3102 MMMCII
3103 MMMCIII
3104 MMMCIV
3105 MMMCV
3106 MMMCVI
3107 MMMCVII
3108 MMMCVIII
3109 MMMCIX
3110 MMMCX
3111 MMMCXI
3112 MMMCXII
3113 MMMCXIII
3114 MMMCXIV
3115 MMMCXV
3116 MMMCXVI
3117 MMMCXVII
3118 MMMCXVIII
3119 MMMCXIX
3120 MMMCXX
3121 MMMCXXI
3122 MMMCXXII
3123 MMMCXXIII
3124 MMMCXXIV
3125 MMMCXXV
3126 MMMCXXVI
3127 MMMCXXVII
3128 MMMCXXVIII
3129 MMMCXXIX
3130 MMMCXXX
3131 MMMCXXXI
3132 MMMCXXXII
3133 MMMCXXXIII
3134 MMMCXXXIV
3135 MMMCXXXV
3136 MMMCXXXVI
3137 MMMCXXXVII
3138 MMMCXXXVIII
3139 MMMCXXXIX
3140 MMMCXL
3141 MMMCXLI
3142 MMMCXLII
3143 MMMCXLIII
3144 MMMCXLIV
3145 MMMCXLV
3146 MMMCXLVI
3147 MMMCXLVII
3148 MMMCXLVIII
3149 MMMCXLIX
3150 MMMCL
3151 MMMCLI
3152 MMMCLII
3153 MMMCLIII
3154 MMMCLIV
3155 MMMCLV
3156 MMMCLVI
3157 MMMCLVII
3158 MMMCLVIII
3159 MMMCLIX
3160 MMMCLX
3161 MMMCLXI
3162 MMMCLXII
3163 MMMCLXIII
3164 MMMCLXIV
3165 MMMCLXV
3166 MMMCLXVI
3167 MMMCLXVII
3168 MMMCLXVIII
3169 MMMCLXIX
3170 MMMCLXX
3171 MMMCLXXI
3172 MMMCLXXII
3173 MMMCLXXIII
3174 MMMCLXXIV
3175 MMMCLXXV
3176 MMMCLXXVI
3177 MMMCLXXVII
3178 MMMCLXXVIII
3179 MMMCLXXIX
3180 MMMCLXXX
3181 MMMCLXXXI
3182 MMMCLXXXII
3183 MMMCLXXXIII
3184 MMMCLXXXIV
3185 MMMCLXXXV
3186 MMMCLXXXVI
3187 MMMCLXXXVII
3188 MMMCLXXXVIII
3189 MMMCLXXXIX
3190 MMMCXC
3191 MMMCXCI
3192 MMMCXCII
3193 MMMCXCIII
3194 MMMCXCIV
3195 MMMCXCV
3196 MMMCXCVI
3197 MMMCXCVII
3198 MMMCXCVIII
3199 MMMCXCIX
3200 MMMCC
3201 MMMCCI
3202 MMMCCII
3203 MMMCCIII
3204 MMMCCIV
3205 MMMCCV
3206 MMMCCVI
3207 MMMCCVII
3208 MMMCCVIII
3209 MMMCCIX
3210 MMMCCX
3211 MMMCCXI
3212 MMMCCXII
3213 MMMCCXIII
3214 MMMCCXIV
3215 MMMCCXV
3216 MMMCCXVI
3217 MMMCCXVII
3218 MMMCCXVIII
3219 MMMCCXIX
3220 MMMCCXX
3221 MMMCCXXI
3222 MMMCCXXII
3223 MMMCCXXIII
3224 MMMCCXXIV
3225 MMMCCXXV
3226 MMMCCXXVI
3227 MMMCCXXVII
3228 MMMCCXXVIII
3229 MMMCCXXIX
3230 MMMCCXXX
3231 MMMCCXXXI
3232 MMMCCXXXII
3233 MMMCCXXXIII
3234 MMMCCXXXIV
3235 MMMCCXXXV
3236 MMMCCXXXVI
3237 MMMCCXXXVII
3238 MMMCCXXXVIII
3239 MMMCCXXXIX
3240 MMMCCXL
3241 MMMCCXLI
3242 MMMCCXLII
3243 MMMCCXLIII
3244 MMMCCXLIV
3245 MMMCCXLV
3246 MMMCCXLVI
3247 MMMCCXLVII
3248 MMMCCXLVIII
3249 MMMCCXLIX
3250 MMMCCL
3251 MMMCCLI
3252 MMMCCLII
3253 MMMCCLIII
3254 MMMCCLIV
3255 MMMCCLV
3256 MMMCCLVI
3257 MMMCCLVII
3258 MMMCCLVIII
3259 MMMCCLIX
3260 MMMCCLX
3261 MMMCCLXI
3262 MMMCCLXII
3263 MMMCCLXIII
3264 MMMCCLXIV
3265 MMMCCLXV
3266 MMMCCLXVI
3267 MMMCCLXVII
3268 MMMCCLXVIII
3269 MMMCCLXIX
3270 MMMCCLXX
3271 MMMCCLXXI
3272 MMMCCLXXII
3273 MMMCCLXXIII
3274 MMMCCLXXIV
3275 MMMCCLXXV
3276 MMMCCLXXVI
3277 MMMCCLXXVII
3278 MMMCCLXXVIII
3279 MMMCCLXXIX
3280 MMMCCLXXX
3281 MMMCCLXXXI
3282 MMMCCLXXXII
3283 MMMCCLXXXIII
3284 MMMCCLXXXIV
3285 MMMCCLXXXV
3286 MMMCCLXXXVI
3287 MMMCCLXXXVII
3288 MMMCCLXXXVIII
3289 MMMCCLXXXIX
3290 MMMCCXC
3291 MMMCCXCI
3292 MMMCCXCII
3293 MMMCCXCIII
3294 MMMCCXCIV
3295 MMMCCXCV
3296 MMMCCXCVI
3297 MMMCCXCVII
3298 MMMCCXCVIII
3299 MMMCCXCIX
3300 MMMCCC
3301 MMMCCCI
3302 MMMCCCII
3303 MMMCCCIII
3304 MMMCCCIV
3305 MMMCCCV
3306 MMMCCCVI
3307 MMMCCCVII
3308 MMMCCCVIII
3309 MMMCCCIX
3310 MMMCCCX
3311 MMMCCCXI
3312 MMMCCCXII
3313 MMMCCCXIII
3314 MMMCCCXIV
3315 MMMCCCXV
3316 MMMCCCXVI
3317 MMMCCCXVII
3318 MMMCCCXVIII
3319 MMMCCCXIX
3320 MMMCCCXX
3321 MMMCCCXXI
3322 MMMCCCXXII
3323 MMMCCCXXIII
3324 MMMCCCXXIV
3325 MMMCCCXXV
3326 MMMCCCXXVI
3327 MMMCCCXXVII
3328 MMMCCCXXVIII
3329 MMMCCCXXIX
3330 MMMCCCXXX
3331 MMMCCCXXXI
3332 MMMCCCXXXII
3333 MMMCCCXXXIII
3334 MMMCCCXXXIV
3335 MMMCCCXXXV
3336 MMMCCCXXXVI
3337 MMMCCCXXXVII
3338 MMMCCCXXXVIII
3339 MMMCCCXXXIX
3340 MMMCCCXL
3341 MMMCCCXLI
3342 MMMCCCXLII
3343 MMMCCCXLIII
3344 MMMCCCXLIV
3345 MMMCCCXLV
3346 MMMCCCXLVI
3347 MMMCCCXLVII
3348 MMMCCCXLVIII
3349 MMMCCCXLIX
3350 MMMCCCL
3351 MMMCCCLI
3352 MMMCCCLII
3353 MMMCCCLIII
3354 MMMCCCLIV
3355 MMMCCCLV
3356 MMMCCCLVI
3357 MMMCCCLVII
3358 MMMCCCLVIII
3359 MMMCCCLIX
3360 MMMCCCLX
3361 MMMCCCLXI
3362 MMMCCCLXII
3363 MMMCCCLXIII
3364 MMMCCCLXIV
3365 MMMCCCLXV
3366 MMMCCCLXVI
3367 MMMCCCLXVII
3368 MMMCCCLXVIII
3369 MMMCCCLXIX
3370 MMMCCCLXX
3371 MMMCCCLXXI
3372 MMMCCCLXXII
3373 MMMCCCLXXIII
3374 MMMCCCLXXIV
3375 MMMCCCLXXV
3376 MMMCCCLXXVI
3377 MMMCCCLXXVII
3378 MMMCCCLXXVIII
3379 MMMCCCLXXIX
3380 MMMCCCLXXX
3381 MMMCCCLXXXI
3382 MMMCCCLXXXII
3383 MMMCCCLXXXIII
3384 MMMCCCLXXXIV
3385 MMMCCCLXXXV
3386 MMMCCCLXXXVI
3387 MMMCCCLXXXVII
3388 MMMCCCLXXXVIII
3389 MMMCCCLXXXIX
3390 MMMCCCXC
3391 MMMCCCXCI
3392 MMMCCCXCII
3393 MMMCCCXCIII
3394 MMMCCCXCIV
3395 MMMCCCXCV
3396 MMMCCCXCVI
3397 MMMCCCXCVII
3398 MMMCCCXCVIII
3399 MMMCCCXCIX
3400 MMMCD
3401 MMMCDI
3402 MMMCDII
3403 MMMCDIII
3404 MMMCDIV
3405 MMMCDV
3406 MMMCDVI
3407 MMMCDVII
3408 MMMCDVIII
3409 MMMCDIX
3410 MMMCDX
3411 MMMCDXI
3412 MMMCDXII
3413 MMMCDXIII
3414 MMMCDXIV
3415 MMMCDXV
3416 MMMCDXVI
3417 MMMCDXVII
3418 MMMCDXVIII
3419 MMMCDXIX
3420 MMMCDXX
3421 MMMCDXXI
3422 MMMCDXXII
3423 MMMCDXXIII
3424 MMMCDXXIV
3425 MMMCDXXV
3426 MMMCDXXVI
3427 MMMCDXXVII
3428 MMMCDXXVIII
3429 MMMCDXXIX
3430 MMMCDXXX
3431 MMMCDXXXI
3432 MMMCDXXXII
3433 MMMCDXXXIII
3434 MMMCDXXXIV
3435 MMMCDXXXV
3436 MMMCDXXXVI
3437 MMMCDXXXVII
3438 MMMCDXXXVIII
3439 MMMCDXXXIX
3440 MMMCDXL
3441 MMMCDXLI
3442 MMMCDXLII
3443 MMMCDXLIII
3444 MMMCDXLIV
3445 MMMCDXLV
3446 MMMCDXLVI
3447 MMMCDXLVII
3448 MMMCDXLVIII
3449 MMMCDXLIX
3450 MMMCDL
3451 MMMCDLI
3452 MMMCDLII
3453 MMMCDLIII
3454 MMMCDLIV
3455 MMMCDLV
3456 MMMCDLVI
3457 MMMCDLVII
3458 MMMCDLVIII
3459 MMMCDLIX
3460 MMMCDLX
3461 MMMCDLXI
3462 MMMCDLXII
3463 MMMCDLXIII
3464 MMMCDLXIV
3465 MMMCDLXV
3466 MMMCDLXVI
3467 MMMCDLXVII
3468 MMMCDLXVIII
3469 MMMCDLXIX
3470 MMMCDLXX
3471 MMMCDLXXI
3472 MMMCDLXXII
3473 MMMCDLXXIII
3474 MMMCDLXXIV
3475 MMMCDLXXV
3476 MMMCDLXXVI
3477 MMMCDLXXVII
3478 MMMCDLXXVIII
3479 MMMCDLXXIX
3480 MMMCDLXXX
3481 MMMCDLXXXI
3482 MMMCDLXXXII
3483 MMMCDLXXXIII
3484 MMMCDLXXXIV
3485 MMMCDLXXXV
3486 MMMCDLXXXVI
3487 MMMCDLXXXVII
3488 MMMCDLXXXVIII
3489 MMMCDLXXXIX
3490 MMMCDXC
3491 MMMCDXCI
3492 MMMCDXCII
3493 MMMCDXCIII
3494 MMMCDXCIV
3495 MMMCDXCV
3496 MMMCDXCVI
3497 MMMCDXCVII
3498 MMMCDXCVIII
3499 MMMCDXCIX
3500 MMMD
3501 MMMDI
3502 MMMDII
3503 MMMDIII
3504 MMMDIV
3505 MMMDV
3506 MMMDVI
3507 MMMDVII
3508 MMMDVIII
3509 MMMDIX
3510 MMMDX
3511 MMMDXI
3512 MMMDXII
3513 MMMDXIII
3514 MMMDXIV
3515 MMMDXV
3516 MMMDXVI
3517 MMMDXVII
3518 MMMDXVIII
3519 MMMDXIX
3520 MMMDXX
3521 MMMDXXI
3522 MMMDXXII
3523 MMMDXXIII
3524 MMMDXXIV
3525 MMMDXXV
3526 MMMDXXVI
3527 MMMDXXVII
3528 MMMDXXVIII
3529 MMMDXXIX
3530 MMMDXXX
3531 MMMDXXXI
3532 MMMDXXXII
3533 MMMDXXXIII
3534 MMMDXXXIV
3535 MMMDXXXV
3536 MMMDXXXVI
3537 MMMDXXXVII
3538 MMMDXXXVIII
3539 MMMDXXXIX
3540 MMMDXL
3541 MMMDXLI
3542 MMMDXLII
3543 MMMDXLIII
3544 MMMDXLIV
3545 MMMDXLV
3546 MMMDXLVI
3547 MMMDXLVII
3548 MMMDXLVIII
3549 MMMDXLIX
3550 MMMDL
3551 MMMDLI
3552 MMMDLII
3553 MMMDLIII
3554 MMMDLIV
3555 MMMDLV
3556 MMMDLVI
3557 MMMDLVII
3558 MMMDLVIII
3559 MMMDLIX
3560 MMMDLX
3561 MMMDLXI
3562 MMMDLXII
3563 MMMDLXIII
3564 MMMDLXIV
3565 MMMDLXV
3566 MMMDLXVI
3567 MMMDLXVII
3568 MMMDLXVIII
3569 MMMDLXIX
3570 MMMDLXX
3571 MMMDLXXI
3572 MMMDLXXII
3573 MMMDLXXIII
3574 MMMDLXXIV
3575 MMMDLXXV
3576 MMMDLXXVI
3577 MMMDLXXVII
3578 MMMDLXXVIII
3579 MMMDLXXIX
3580 MMMDLXXX
3581 MMMDLXXXI
3582 MMMDLXXXII
3583 MMMDLXXXIII
3584 MMMDLXXXIV
3585 MMMDLXXXV
3586 MMMDLXXXVI
3587 MMMDLXXXVII
3588 MMMDLXXXVIII
3589 MMMDLXXXIX
3590 MMMDXC
3591 MMMDXCI
3592 MMMDXCII
3593 MMMDXCIII
3594 MMMDXCIV
3595 MMMDXCV
3596 MMMDXCVI
3597 MMMDXCVII
3598 MMMDXCVIII
3599 MMMDXCIX
3600 MMMDC
3601 MMMDCI
3602 MMMDCII
3603 MMMDCIII
3604 MMMDCIV
3605 MMMDCV
3606 MMMDCVI
3607 MMMDCVII
3608 MMMDCVIII
3609 MMMDCIX
3610 MMMDCX
3611 MMMDCXI
3612 MMMDCXII
3613 MMMDCXIII
3614 MMMDCXIV
3615 MMMDCXV
3616 MMMDCXVI
3617 MMMDCXVII
3618 MMMDCXVIII
3619 MMMDCXIX
3620 MMMDCXX
3621 MMMDCXXI
3622 MMMDCXXII
3623 MMMDCXXIII
3624 MMMDCXXIV
3625 MMMDCXXV
3626 MMMDCXXVI
3627 MMMDCXXVII
3628 MMMDCXXVIII
3629 MMMDCXXIX
3630 MMMDCXXX
3631 MMMDCXXXI
3632 MMMDCXXXII
3633 MMMDCXXXIII
3634 MMMDCXXXIV
3635 MMMDCXXXV
3636 MMMDCXXXVI
3637 MMMDCXXXVII
3638 MMMDCXXXVIII
3639 MMMDCXXXIX
3640 MMMDCXL
3641 MMMDCXLI
3642 MMMDCXLII
3643 MMMDCXLIII
3644 MMMDCXLIV
3645 MMMDCXLV
3646 MMMDCXLVI
3647 MMMDCXLVII
3648 MMMDCXLVIII
3649 MMMDCXLIX
3650 MMMDCL
3651 MMMDCLI
3652 MMMDCLII
3653 MMMDCLIII
3654 MMMDCLIV
3655 MMMDCLV
3656 MMMDCLVI
3657 MMMDCLVII
3658 MMMDCLVIII
3659 MMMDCLIX
3660 MMMDCLX
3661 MMMDCLXI
3662 MMMDCLXII
3663 MMMDCLXIII
3664 MMMDCLXIV
3665 MMMDCLXV
3666 MMMDCLXVI
3667 MMMDCLXVII
3668 MMMDCLXVIII
3669 MMMDCLXIX
3670 MMMDCLXX
3671 MMMDCLXXI
3672 MMMDCLXXII
3673 MMMDCLXXIII
3674 MMMDCLXXIV
3675 MMMDCLXXV
3676 MMMDCLXXVI
3677 MMMDCLXXVII
3678 MMMDCLXXVIII
3679 MMMDCLXXIX
3680 MMMDCLXXX
3681 MMMDCLXXXI
3682 MMMDCLXXXII
3683 MMMDCLXXXIII
3684 MMMDCLXXXIV
3685 MMMDCLXXXV
3686 MMMDCLXXXVI
3687 MMMDCLXXXVII
3688 MMMDCLXXXVIII
3689 MMMDCLXXXIX
3690 MMMDCXC
3691 MMMDCXCI
3692 MMMDCXCII
3693 MMMDCXCIII
3694 MMMDCXCIV
3695 MMMDCXCV
3696 MMMDCXCVI
3697 MMMDCXCVII
3698 MMMDCXCVIII
3699 MMMDCXCIX
3700 MMMDCC
3701 MMMDCCI
3702 MMMDCCII
3703 MMMDCCIII
3704 MMMDCCIV
3705 MMMDCCV
3706 MMMDCCVI
3707 MMMDCCVII
3708 MMMDCCVIII
3709 MMMDCCIX
3710 MMMDCCX
3711 MMMDCCXI
3712 MMMDCCXII
3713 MMMDCCXIII
3714 MMMDCCXIV
3715 MMMDCCXV
3716 MMMDCCXVI
3717 MMMDCCXVII
3718 MMMDCCXVIII
3719 MMMDCCXIX
3720 MMMDCCXX
3721 MMMDCCXXI
3722 MMMDCCXXII
3723 MMMDCCXXIII
3724 MMMDCCXXIV
3725 MMMDCCXXV
3726 MMMDCCXXVI
3727 MMMDCCXXVII
3728 MMMDCCXXVIII
3729 MMMDCCXXIX
3730 MMMDCCXXX
3731 MMMDCCXXXI
3732 MMMDCCXXXII
3733 MMMDCCXXXIII
3734 MMMDCCXXXIV
3735 MMMDCCXXXV
3736 MMMDCCXXXVI
3737 MMMDCCXXXVII
3738 MMMDCCXXXVIII
3739 MMMDCCXXXIX
3740 MMMDCCXL
3741 MMMDCCXLI
3742 MMMDCCXLII
3743 MMMDCCXLIII
3744 MMMDCCXLIV
3745 MMMDCCXLV
3746 MMMDCCXLVI
3747 MMMDCCXLVII
3748 MMMDCCXLVIII
3749 MMMDCCXLIX
3750 MMMDCCL
3751 MMMDCCLI
3752 MMMDCCLII
3753 MMMDCCLIII
3754 MMMDCCLIV
3755 MMMDCCLV
3756 MMMDCCLVI
3757 MMMDCCLVII
3758 MMMDCCLVIII
3759 MMMDCCLIX
3760 MMMDCCLX
3761 MMMDCCLXI
3762 MMMDCCLXII
3763 MMMDCCLXIII
3764 MMMDCCLXIV
3765 MMMDCCLXV
3766 MMMDCCLXVI
3767 MMMDCCLXVII
3768 MMMDCCLXVIII
3769 MMMDCCLXIX
3770 MMMDCCLXX
3771 MMMDCCLXXI
3772 MMMDCCLXXII
3773 MMMDCCLXXIII
3774 MMMDCCLXXIV
3775 MMMDCCLXXV
3776 MMMDCCLXXVI
3777 MMMDCCLXXVII
3778 MMMDCCLXXVIII
3779 MMMDCCLXXIX
3780 MMMDCCLXXX
3781 MMMDCCLXXXI
3782 MMMDCCLXXXII
3783 MMMDCCLXXXIII
3784 MMMDCCLXXXIV
3785 MMMDCCLXXXV
3786 MMMDCCLXXXVI
3787 MMMDCCLXXXVII
3788 MMMDCCLXXXVIII
3789 MMMDCCLXXXIX
3790 MMMDCCXC
3791 MMMDCCXCI
3792 MMMDCCXCII
3793 MMMDCCXCIII
3794 MMMDCCXCIV
3795 MMMDCCXCV
3796 MMMDCCXCVI
3797 MMMDCCXCVII
3798 MMMDCCXCVIII
3799 MMMDCCXCIX
3800 MMMDCCC
3801 MMMDCCCI
3802 MMMDCCCII
3803 MMMDCCCIII
3804 MMMDCCCIV
3805 MMMDCCCV
3806 MMMDCCCVI
3807 MMMDCCCVII
3808 MMMDCCCVIII
3809 MMMDCCCIX
3810 MMMDCCCX
3811 MMMDCCCXI
3812 MMMDCCCXII
3813 MMMDCCCXIII
3814 MMMDCCCXIV
3815 MMMDCCCXV
3816 MMMDCCCXVI
3817 MMMDCCCXVII
3818 MMMDCCCXVIII
3819 MMMDCCCXIX
3820 MMMDCCCXX
3821 MMMDCCCXXI
3822 MMMDCCCXXII
3823 MMMDCCCXXIII
3824 MMMDCCCXXIV
3825 MMMDCCCXXV
3826 MMMDCCCXXVI
3827 MMMDCCCXXVII
3828 MMMDCCCXXVIII
3829 MMMDCCCXXIX
3830 MMMDCCCXXX
3831 MMMDCCCXXXI
3832 MMMDCCCXXXII
3833 MMMDCCCXXXIII
3834 MMMDCCCXXXIV
3835 MMMDCCCXXXV
3836 MMMDCCCXXXVI
3837 MMMDCCCXXXVII
3838 MMMDCCCXXXVIII
3839 MMMDCCCXXXIX
3840 MMMDCCCXL
3841 MMMDCCCXLI
3842 MMMDCCCXLII
3843 MMMDCCCXLIII
3844 MMMDCCCXLIV
3845 MMMDCCCXLV
3846 MMMDCCCXLVI
3847 MMMDCCCXLVII
3848 MMMDCCCXLVIII
3849 MMMDCCCXLIX
3850 MMMDCCCL
3851 MMMDCCCLI
3852 MMMDCCCLII
3853 MMMDCCCLIII
3854 MMMDCCCLIV
3855 MMMDCCCLV
3856 MMMDCCCLVI
3857 MMMDCCCLVII
3858 MMMDCCCLVIII
3859 MMMDCCCLIX
3860 MMMDCCCLX
3861 MMMDCCCLXI
3862 MMMDCCCLXII
3863 MMMDCCCLXIII
3864 MMMDCCCLXIV
3865 MMMDCCCLXV
3866 MMMDCCCLXVI
3867 MMMDCCCLXVII
3868 MMMDCCCLXVIII
3869 MMMDCCCLXIX
3870 MMMDCCCLXX
3871 MMMDCCCLXXI
3872 MMMDCCCLXXII
3873 MMMDCCCLXXIII
3874 MMMDCCCLXXIV
3875 MMMDCCCLXXV
3876 MMMDCCCLXXVI
3877 MMMDCCCLXXVII
3878 MMMDCCCLXXVIII
3879 MMMDCCCLXXIX
3880 MMMDCCCLXXX
3881 MMMDCCCLXXXI
3882 MMMDCCCLXXXII
3883 MMMDCCCLXXXIII
3884 MMMDCCCLXXXIV
3885 MMMDCCCLXXXV
3886 MMMDCCCLXXXVI
3887 MMMDCCCLXXXVII
3888 MMMDCCCLXXXVIII
3889 MMMDCCCLXXXIX
3890 MMMDCCCXC
3891 MMMDCCCXCI
3892 MMMDCCCXCII
3893 MMMDCCCXCIII
3894 MMMDCCCXCIV
3895 MMMDCCCXCV
3896 MMMDCCCXCVI
3897 MMMDCCCXCVII
3898 MMMDCCCXCVIII
3899 MMMDCCCXCIX
3900 MMMCM
3901 MMMCMI
3902 MMMCMII
3903 MMMCMIII
3904 MMMCMIV
3905 MMMCMV
3906 MMMCMVI
3907 MMMCMVII
3908 MMMCMVIII
3909 MMMCMIX
3910 MMMCMX
3911 MMMCMXI
3912 MMMCMXII
3913 MMMCMXIII
3914 MMMCMXIV
3915 MMMCMXV
3916 MMMCMXVI
3917 MMMCMXVII
3918 MMMCMXVIII
3919 MMMCMXIX
3920 MMMCMXX
3921 MMMCMXXI
3922 MMMCMXXII
3923 MMMCMXXIII
3924 MMMCMXXIV
3925 MMMCMXXV
3926 MMMCMXXVI
3927 MMMCMXXVII
3928 MMMCMXXVIII
3929 MMMCMXXIX
3930 MMMCMXXX
3931 MMMCMXXXI
3932 MMMCMXXXII
3933 MMMCMXXXIII
3934 MMMCMXXXIV
3935 MMMCMXXXV
3936 MMMCMXXXVI
3937 MMMCMXXXVII
3938 MMMCMXXXVIII
3939 MMMCMXXXIX
3940 MMMCMXL
3941 MMMCMXLI
3942 MMMCMXLII
3943 MMMCMXLIII
3944 MMMCMXLIV
3945 MMMCMXLV
3946 MMMCMXLVI
3947 MMMCMXLVII
3948 MMMCMXLVIII
3949 MMMCMXLIX
3950 MMMCML
3951 MMMCMLI
3952 MMMCMLII
3953 MMMCMLIII
3954 MMMCMLIV
3955 MMMCMLV
3956 MMMCMLVI
3957 MMMCMLVII
3958 MMMCMLVIII
3959 MMMCMLIX
3960 MMMCMLX
3961 MMMCMLXI
3962 MMMCMLXII
3963 MMMCMLXIII
3964 MMMCMLXIV
3965 MMMCMLXV
3966 MMMCMLXVI
3967 MMMCMLXVII
3968 MMMCMLXVIII
3969 MMMCMLXIX
3970 MMMCMLXX
3971 MMMCMLXXI
3972 MMMCMLXXII
3973 MMMCMLXXIII
3974 MMMCMLXXIV
3975 MMMCMLXXV
3976 MMMCMLXXVI
3977 MMMCMLXXVII
3978 MMMCMLXXVIII
3979 MMMCMLXXIX
3980 MMMCMLXXX
3981 MMMCMLXXXI
3982 MMMCMLXXXII
3983 MMMCMLXXXIII
3984 MMMCMLXXXIV
3985 MMMCMLXXXV
3986 MMMCMLXXXVI
3987 MMMCMLXXXVII
3988 MMMCMLXXXVIII
3989 MMMCMLXXXIX
3990 MMMCMXC
3991 MMMCMXCI
3992 MMMCMXCII
3993 MMMCMXCIII
3994 MMMCMXCIV
3995 MMMCMXCV
3996 MMMCMXCVI
3997 MMMCMXCVII
3998 MMMCMXCVIII
3999 MMMCMXCIX
Источник

наСравнительная таблица римских цифр 1-1000:

Полная таблица сравнения римских цифр от 1 до 1000.

Римские цифры:

Римские цифры используют латинские буквы для обозначения чисел ("I" :"1", "V" :"5", "X" :"10", "L" :"50", "C" :"100", "D" :"500", "M" :"1000") . Римская система счисления часто используется при сортировке бумаг и книг.

Таблица сравнения римских цифр (1-1000):

Арабские цифры (1-100) Римские цифры Арабские цифры (101-200) Римские цифры Арабские цифры (201-300) Римские цифры
1 I 101 CI 201 CCI
2 II 102 CII 202 CCII
3 III 103 CIII 203 CCIII
4 IV 104 CIV 204 CCIV
5 V 105 CV 205 CCV
6 VI 106 CVI 206 CCVI
7 VII 107 CVII 207 CCVII
8 VIII 108 CVIII 208 CCVIII
9 IX 109 CIX 209 CCIX
10 X 110 CX 210 CCX
11 XI 111 CXI 211 CCXI
12 XII 112 CXII 212 CCXII
13 XIII 113 CXIII 213 CCXIII
14 XIV 114 CXIV 214 CCXIV
15 XV 115 CXV 215 CCXV
16 XVI 116 CXVI 216 CCXVI
17 XVII 117 CXVII 217 CCXVII
18 XVIII 118 CXVIII 218 CCXVIII
19 XIX 119 CXIX 219 CCXIX
20 XX 120 CXX 220 CCXX
21 XXI 121 CXXI 221 CCXXI
22 XXII 122 CXXII 222 CCXXII
23 XXIII 123 CXXIII 223 CCXXIII
24 XXIV 124 CXXIV 224 CCXXIV
25 XXV 125 CXXV 225 CCXXV
26 XXVI 126 CXXVI 226 CCXXVI
27 XXVII 127 CXXVII 227 CCXXVII
28 XXVIII 128 CXXVIII 228 CCXXVIII
29 XXIX 129 CXXIX 229 CCXXIX
30 XXX 130 CXXX 230 CCXXX
31 XXXI 131 CXXXI 231 CCXXXI
32 XXXII 132 CXXXII 232 CCXXXII
33 XXXIII 133 CXXXIII 233 CCXXXIII
34 XXXIV 134 CXXXIV 234 CCXXXIV
35 XXXV 135 CXXXV 235 CCXXXV
36 XXXVI 136 CXXXVI 236 CCXXXVI
37 XXXVII 137 CXXXVII 237 CCXXXVII
38 XXXVIII 138 CXXXVIII 238 CCXXXVIII
39 XXXIX 139 CXXXIX 239 CCXXXIX
40 XL 140 CXL 240 CCXL
41 XLI 141 CXLI 241 CCXLI
42 XLII 142 CXLII 242 CCXLII
43 XLIII 143 CXLIII 243 CCXLIII
44 XLIV 144 CXLIV 244 CCXLIV
45 XLV 145 CXLV 245 CCXLV
46 XLVI 146 CXLVI 246 CCXLVI
47 XLVII 147 CXLVII 247 CCXLVII
48 XLVIII 148 CXLVIII 248 CCXLVIII
49 XLIX 149 CXLIX 249 CCXLIX
50 L 150 CL 250 CCL
51 LI 151 CLI 251 CCLI
52 LII 152 CLII 252 CCLII
53 LIII 153 CLIII 253 CCLIII
54 LIV 154 CLIV 254 CCLIV
55 LV 155 CLV 255 CCLV
56 LVI 156 CLVI 256 CCLVI
57 LVII 157 CLVII 257 CCLVII
58 LVIII 158 CLVIII 258 CCLVIII
59 LIX 159 CLIX 259 CCLIX
60 LX 160 CLX 260 CCLX
61 LXI 161 CLXI 261 CCLXI
62 LXII 162 CLXII 262 CCLXII
63 LXIII 163 CLXIII 263 CCLXIII
64 LXIV 164 CLXIV 264 CCLXIV
65 LXV 165 CLXV 265 CCLXV
66 LXVI 166 CLXVI 266 CCLXVI
67 LXVII 167 CLXVII 267 CCLXVII
68 LXVIII 168 CLXVIII 268 CCLXVIII
69 LXIX 169 CLXIX 269 CCLXIX
70 LXX 170 CLXX 270 CCLXX
71 LXXI 171 CLXXI 271 CCLXXI
72 LXXII 172 CLXXII 272 CCLXXII
73 LXXIII 173 CLXXIII 273 CCLXXIII
74 LXXIV 174 CLXXIV 274 CCLXXIV
75 LXXV 175 CLXXV 275 CCLXXV
76 LXXVI 176 CLXXVI 276 CCLXXVI
77 LXXVII 177 CLXXVII 277 CCLXXVII
78 LXXVIII 178 CLXXVIII 278 CCLXXVIII
79 LXXIX 179 CLXXIX 279 CCLXXIX
80 LXXX 180 CLXXX 280 CCLXXX
81 LXXXI 181 CLXXXI 281 CCLXXXI
82 LXXXII 182 CLXXXII 282 CCLXXXII
83 LXXXIII 183 CLXXXIII 283 CCLXXXIII
84 LXXXIV 184 CLXXXIV 284 CCLXXXIV
85 LXXXV 185 CLXXXV 285 CCLXXXV
86 LXXXVI 186 CLXXXVI 286 CCLXXXVI
87 LXXXVII 187 CLXXXVII 287 CCLXXXVII
88 LXXXVIII 188 CLXXXVIII 288 CCLXXXVIII
89 LXXXIX 189 CLXXXIX 289 CCLXXXIX
90 XC 190 CXC 290 CCXC
91 XCI 191 CXCI 291 CCXCI
92 XCII 192 CXCII 292 CCXCII
93 XCIII 193 CXCIII 293 CCXCIII
94 XCIV 194 CXCIV 294 CCXCIV
95 XCV 195 CXCV 295 CCXCV
96 XCVI 196 CXCVI 296 CCXCVI
97 XCVII 197 CXCVII 297 CCXCVII
98 XCVIII 198 CXCVIII 298 CCXCVIII
99 XCIX 199 CXCIX 299 CCXCIX
100 C 200 CC 300 CCC

Арабские цифры (301-400) Римские цифры Арабские цифры (401-500) Римские цифры Арабские цифры (501-600) Римские цифры
301 CCCI 401 CDI 501 DI
302 CCCII 402 CDII 502 DII
303 CCCIII 403 CDIII 503 DIII
304 CCCIV 404 CDIV 504 DIV
305 CCCV 405 CDV 505 DV
306 CCCVI 406 CDVI 506 DVI
307 CCCVII 407 CDVII 507 DVII
308 CCCVIII 408 CDVIII 508 DVIII
309 CCCIX 409 CDIX 509 DIX
310 CCCX 410 CDX 510 DX
311 CCCXI 411 CDXI 511 DXI
312 CCCXII 412 CDXII 512 DXII
313 CCCXIII 413 CDXIII 513 DXIII
314 CCCXIV 414 CDXIV 514 DXIV
315 CCCXV 415 CDXV 515 DXV
316 CCCXVI 416 CDXVI 516 DXVI
317 CCCXVII 417 CDXVII 517 DXVII
318 CCCXVIII 418 CDXVIII 518 DXVIII
319 CCCXIX 419 CDXIX 519 DXIX
320 CCCXX 420 CDXX 520 DXX
321 CCCXXI 421 CDXXI 521 DXXI
322 CCCXXII 422 CDXXII 522 DXXII
323 CCCXXIII 423 CDXXIII 523 DXXIII
324 CCCXXIV 424 CDXXIV 524 DXXIV
325 CCCXXV 425 CDXXV 525 DXXV
326 CCCXXVI 426 CDXXVI 526 DXXVI
327 CCCXXVII 427 CDXXVII 527 DXXVII
328 CCCXXVIII 428 CDXXVIII 528 DXXVIII
329 CCCXXIX 429 CDXXIX 529 DXXIX
330 CCCXXX 430 CDXXX 530 DXXX
331 CCCXXXI 431 CDXXXI 531 DXXXI
332 CCCXXXII 432 CDXXXII 532 DXXXII
333 CCCXXXIII 433 CDXXXIII 533 DXXXIII
334 CCCXXXIV 434 CDXXXIV 534 DXXXIV
335 CCCXXXV 435 CDXXXV 535 DXXXV
336 CCCXXXVI 436 CDXXXVI 536 DXXXVI
337 CCCXXXVII 437 CDXXXVII 537 DXXXVII
338 CCCXXXVIII 438 CDXXXVIII 538 DXXXVIII
339 CCCXXXIX 439 CDXXXIX 539 DXXXIX
340 CCCXL 440 CDXL 540 DXL
341 CCCXLI 441 CDXLI 541 DXLI
342 CCCXLII 442 CDXLII 542 DXLII
343 CCCXLIII 443 CDXLIII 543 DXLIII
344 CCCXLIV 444 CDXLIV 544 DXLIV
345 CCCXLV 445 CDXLV 545 DXLV
346 CCCXLVI 446 CDXLVI 546 DXLVI
347 CCCXLVII 447 CDXLVII 547 DXLVII
348 CCCXLVIII 448 CDXLVIII 548 DXLVIII
349 CCCXLIX 449 CDXLIX 549 DXLIX
350 CCCL 450 CDL 550 DL
351 CCCLI 451 CDLI 551 DLI
352 CCCLII 452 CDLII 552 DLII
353 CCCLIII 453 CDLIII 553 DLIII
354 CCCLIV 454 CDLIV 554 DLIV
355 CCCLV 455 CDLV 555 DLV
356 CCCLVI 456 CDLVI 556 DLVI
357 CCCLVII 457 CDLVII 557 DLVII
358 CCCLVIII 458 CDLVIII 558 DLVIII
359 CCCLIX 459 CDLIX 559 DLIX
360 CCCLX 460 CDLX 560 DLX
361 CCCLXI 461 CDLXI 561 DLXI
362 CCCLXII 462 CDLXII 562 DLXII
363 CCCLXIII 463 CDLXIII 563 DLXIII
364 CCCLXIV 464 CDLXIV 564 DLXIV
365 CCCLXV 465 CDLXV 565 DLXV
366 CCCLXVI 466 CDLXVI 566 DLXVI
367 CCCLXVII 467 CDLXVII 567 DLXVII
368 CCCLXVIII 468 CDLXVIII 568 DLXVIII
369 CCCLXIX 469 CDLXIX 569 DLXIX
370 CCCLXX 470 CDLXX 570 DLXX
371 CCCLXXI 471 CDLXXI 571 DLXXI
372 CCCLXXII 472 CDLXXII 572 DLXXII
373 CCCLXXIII 473 CDLXXIII 573 DLXXIII
374 CCCLXXIV 474 CDLXXIV 574 DLXXIV
375 CCCLXXV 475 CDLXXV 575 DLXXV
376 CCCLXXVI 476 CDLXXVI 576 DLXXVI
377 CCCLXXVII 477 CDLXXVII 577 DLXXVII
378 CCCLXXVIII 478 CDLXXVIII 578 DLXXVIII
379 CCCLXXIX 479 CDLXXIX 579 DLXXIX
380 CCCLXXX 480 CDLXXX 580 DLXXX
381 CCCLXXXI 481 CDLXXXI 581 DLXXXI
382 CCCLXXXII 482 CDLXXXII 582 DLXXXII
383 CCCLXXXIII 483 CDLXXXIII 583 DLXXXIII
384 CCCLXXXIV 484 CDLXXXIV 584 DLXXXIV
385 CCCLXXXV 485 CDLXXXV 585 DLXXXV
386 CCCLXXXVI 486 CDLXXXVI 586 DLXXXVI
387 CCCLXXXVII 487 CDLXXXVII 587 DLXXXVII
388 CCCLXXXVIII 488 CDLXXXVIII 588 DLXXXVIII
389 CCCLXXXIX 489 CDLXXXIX 589 DLXXXIX
390 CCCXC 490 CDXC 590 DXC
391 CCCXCI 491 CDXCI 591 DXCI
392 CCCXCII 492 CDXCII 592 DXCII
393 CCCXCIII 493 CDXCIII 593 DXCIII
394 CCCXCIV 494 CDXCIV 594 DXCIV
395 CCCXCV 495 CDXCV 595 DXCV
396 CCCXCVI 496 CDXCVI 596 DXCVI
397 CCCXCVII 497 CDXCVII 597 DXCVII
398 CCCXCVIII 498 CDXCVIII 598 DXCVIII
399 CCCXCIX 499 CDXCIX 599 DXCIX
400 CD 500 D 600 DC

Арабские цифры (601-700) Римские цифры Арабские цифры (701-800) Римские цифры
601 DCI 701 DCCI
602 DCII 702 DCCII
603 DCIII 703 DCCIII
604 DCIV 704 DCCIV
605 DCV 705 DCCV
606 DCVI 706 DCCVI
607 DCVII 707 DCCVII
608 DCVIII 708 DCCVIII
609 DCIX 709 DCCIX
610 DCX 710 DCCX
611 DCXI 711 DCCXI
612 DCXII 712 DCCXII
613 DCXIII 713 DCCXIII
614 DCXIV 714 DCCXIV
615 DCXV 715 DCCXV
616 DCXVI 716 DCCXVI
617 DCXVII 717 DCCXVII
618 DCXVIII 718 DCCXVIII
619 DCXIX 719 DCCXIX
620 DCXX 720 DCCXX
621 DCXXI 721 DCCXXI
622 DCXXII 722 DCCXXII
623 DCXXIII 723 DCCXXIII
624 DCXXIV 724 DCCXXIV
625 DCXXV 725 DCCXXV
626 DCXXVI 726 DCCXXVI
627 DCXXVII 727 DCCXXVII
628 DCXXVIII 728 DCCXXVIII
629 DCXXIX 729 DCCXXIX
630 DCXXX 730 DCCXXX
631 DCXXXI 731 DCCXXXI
632 DCXXXII 732 DCCXXXII
633 DCXXXIII 733 DCCXXXIII
634 DCXXXIV 734 DCCXXXIV
635 DCXXXV 735 DCCXXXV
636 DCXXXVI 736 DCCXXXVI
637 DCXXXVII 737 DCCXXXVII
638 DCXXXVIII 738 DCCXXXVIII
639 DCXXXIX 739 DCCXXXIX
640 DCXL 740 DCCXL
641 DCXLI 741 DCCXLI
642 DCXLII 742 DCCXLII
643 DCXLIII 743 DCCXLIII
644 DCXLIV 744 DCCXLIV
645 DCXLV 745 DCCXLV
646 DCXLVI 746 DCCXLVI
647 DCXLVII 747 DCCXLVII
648 DCXLVIII 748 DCCXLVIII
649 DCXLIX 749 DCCXLIX
650 DCL 750 DCCL
651 DCLI 751 DCCLI
652 DCLII 752 DCCLII
653 DCLIII 753 DCCLIII
654 DCLIV 754 DCCLIV
655 DCLV 755 DCCLV
656 DCLVI 756 DCCLVI
657 DCLVII 757 DCCLVII
658 DCLVIII 758 DCCLVIII
659 DCLIX 759 DCCLIX
660 DCLX 760 DCCLX
661 DCLXI 761 DCCLXI
662 DCLXII 762 DCCLXII
663 DCLXIII 763 DCCLXIII
664 DCLXIV 764 DCCLXIV
665 DCLXV 765 DCCLXV
666 DCLXVI 766 DCCLXVI
667 DCLXVII 767 DCCLXVII
668 DCLXVIII 768 DCCLXVIII
669 DCLXIX 769 DCCLXIX
670 DCLXX 770 DCCLXX
671 DCLXXI 771 DCCLXXI
672 DCLXXII 772 DCCLXXII
673 DCLXXIII 773 DCCLXXIII
674 DCLXXIV 774 DCCLXXIV
675 DCLXXV 775 DCCLXXV
676 DCLXXVI 776 DCCLXXVI
677 DCLXXVII 777 DCCLXXVII
678 DCLXXVIII 778 DCCLXXVIII
679 DCLXXIX 779 DCCLXXIX
680 DCLXXX 780 DCCLXXX
681 DCLXXXI 781 DCCLXXXI
682 DCLXXXII 782 DCCLXXXII
683 DCLXXXIII 783 DCCLXXXIII
684 DCLXXXIV 784 DCCLXXXIV
685 DCLXXXV 785 DCCLXXXV
686 DCLXXXVI 786 DCCLXXXVI
687 DCLXXXVII 787 DCCLXXXVII
688 DCLXXXVIII 788 DCCLXXXVIII
689 DCLXXXIX 789 DCCLXXXIX
690 DCXC 790 DCCXC
691 DCXCI 791 DCCXCI
692 DCXCII 792 DCCXCII
693 DCXCIII 793 DCCXCIII
694 DCXCIV 794 DCCXCIV
695 DCXCV 795 DCCXCV
696 DCXCVI 796 DCCXCVI
697 DCXCVII 797 DCCXCVII
698 DCXCVIII 798 DCCXCVIII
699 DCXCIX 799 DCCXCIX
700 DCC 800 DCCC

Арабские цифры (801-900) Римские цифры Арабские цифры (901-1000) Римские цифры
801 DCCCI 901 CMI
802 DCCCII 902 CMII
803 DCCCIII 903 CMIII
804 DCCCIV 904 CMIV
805 DCCCV 905 CMV
806 DCCCVI 906 CMVI
807 DCCCVII 907 CMVII
808 DCCCVIII 908 CMVIII
809 DCCCIX 909 CMIX
810 DCCCX 910 CMX
811 DCCCXI 911 CMXI
812 DCCCXII 912 CMXII
813 DCCCXIII 913 CMXIII
814 DCCCXIV 914 CMXIV
815 DCCCXV 915 CMXV
816 DCCCXVI 916 CMXVI
817 DCCCXVII 917 CMXVII
818 DCCCXVIII 918 CMXVIII
819 DCCCXIX 919 CMXIX
820 DCCCXX 920 CMXX
821 DCCCXXI 921 CMXXI
822 DCCCXXII 922 CMXXII
823 DCCCXXIII 923 CMXXIII
824 DCCCXXIV 924 CMXXIV
825 DCCCXXV 925 CMXXV
826 DCCCXXVI 926 CMXXVI
827 DCCCXXVII 927 CMXXVII
828 DCCCXXVIII 928 CMXXVIII
829 DCCCXXIX 929 CMXXIX
830 DCCCXXX 930 CMXXX
831 DCCCXXXI 931 CMXXXI
832 DCCCXXXII 932 CMXXXII
833 DCCCXXXIII 933 CMXXXIII
834 DCCCXXXIV 934 CMXXXIV
835 DCCCXXXV 935 CMXXXV
836 DCCCXXXVI 936 CMXXXVI
837 DCCCXXXVII 937 CMXXXVII
838 DCCCXXXVIII 938 CMXXXVIII
839 DCCCXXXIX 939 CMXXXIX
840 DCCCXL 940 CMXL
841 DCCCXLI 941 CMXLI
842 DCCCXLII 942 CMXLII
843 DCCCXLIII 943 CMXLIII
844 DCCCXLIV 944 CMXLIV
845 DCCCXLV 945 CMXLV
846 DCCCXLVI 946 CMXLVI
847 DCCCXLVII 947 CMXLVII
848 DCCCXLVIII 948 CMXLVIII
849 DCCCXLIX 949 CMXLIX
850 DCCCL 950 CML
851 DCCCLI 951 CMLI
852 DCCCLII 952 CMLII
853 DCCCLIII 953 CMLIII
854 DCCCLIV 954 CMLIV
855 DCCCLV 955 CMLV
856 DCCCLVI 956 CMLVI
857 DCCCLVII 957 CMLVII
858 DCCCLVIII 958 CMLVIII
859 DCCCLIX 959 CMLIX
860 DCCCLX 960 CMLX
861 DCCCLXI 961 CMLXI
862 DCCCLXII 962 CMLXII
863 DCCCLXIII 963 CMLXIII
864 DCCCLXIV 964 CMLXIV
865 DCCCLXV 965 CMLXV
866 DCCCLXVI 966 CMLXVI
867 DCCCLXVII 967 CMLXVII
868 DCCCLXVIII 968 CMLXVIII
869 DCCCLXIX 969 CMLXIX
870 DCCCLXX 970 CMLXX
871 DCCCLXXI 971 CMLXXI
872 DCCCLXXII 972 CMLXXII
873 DCCCLXXIII 973 CMLXXIII
874 DCCCLXXIV 974 CMLXXIV
875 DCCCLXXV 975 CMLXXV
876 DCCCLXXVI 976 CMLXXVI
877 DCCCLXXVII 977 CMLXXVII
878 DCCCLXXVIII 978 CMLXXVIII
879 DCCCLXXIX 979 CMLXXIX
880 DCCCLXXX 980 CMLXXX
881 DCCCLXXXI 981 CMLXXXI
882 DCCCLXXXII 982 CMLXXXII
883 DCCCLXXXIII 983 CMLXXXIII
884 DCCCLXXXIV 984 CMLXXXIV
885 DCCCLXXXV 985 CMLXXXV
886 DCCCLXXXVI 986 CMLXXXVI
887 DCCCLXXXVII 987 CMLXXXVII
888 DCCCLXXXVIII 988 CMLXXXVIII
889 DCCCLXXXIX 989 CMLXXXIX
890 DCCCXC 990 CMXC
891 DCCCXCI 991 CMXCI
892 DCCCXCII 992 CMXCII
893 DCCCXCIII 993 CMXCIII
894 DCCCXCIV 994 CMXCIV
895 DCCCXCV 995 CMXCV
896 DCCCXCVI 996 CMXCVI
897 DCCCXCVII 997 CMXCVII
898 DCCCXCVIII 998 CMXCVIII
899 DCCCXCIX 999 CMXCIX
900 CM 1000 M

ссылка:

Википедия (римская цифровая система): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals

Ezoic

Источник

Roman numerals on stern of the ship Cutty Sark showing draught in feet. The numbers range from 13 to 22, from bottom to top.

Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers are written with combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet, each letter with a fixed integer value, modern style uses only these seven:

I V X L C D M
1 5 10 50 100 500 1000

The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire. From the 14th century on, Roman numerals began to be replaced by Arabic numerals; however, this process was gradual, and the use of Roman numerals persists in some applications to this day.

One place they are often seen is on clock faces. For instance, on the clock of Big Ben (designed in 1852), the hours from 1 to 12 are written as:

I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

The notations IV and IX can be read as «one less than five» (4) and «one less than ten» (9), although there is a tradition favouring representation of «4» as «IIII» on Roman numeral clocks.[1]

Other common uses include year numbers on monuments and buildings and copyright dates on the title screens of movies and television programs. MCM, signifying «a thousand, and a hundred less than another thousand», means 1900, so 1912 is written MCMXII. For the years of this century, MM indicates 2000. The current year is MMXXIII (2023).

Description

Roman numerals use different symbols for each power of ten and no zero symbol, in contrast with the place value notation of Arabic numerals (in which place-keeping zeros enable the same digit to represent different powers of ten).

This allows some flexibility in notation, and there has never been an official or universally accepted standard for Roman numerals. Usage in ancient Rome varied greatly and became thoroughly chaotic in medieval times. Even the post-renaissance restoration of a largely «classical» notation has failed to produce total consistency: variant forms are even defended by some modern writers as offering improved «flexibility».[2] On the other hand, especially where a Roman numeral is considered a legally binding expression of a number, as in U.S. Copyright law (where an «incorrect» or ambiguous numeral may invalidate a copyright claim, or affect the termination date of the copyright period)[3] it is desirable to strictly follow the usual style described below.

Standard form

The following table displays how Roman numerals are usually written:[4]

Individual decimal places

Thousands Hundreds Tens Units
1 M C X I
2 MM CC XX II
3 MMM CCC XXX III
4 CD XL IV
5 D L V
6 DC LX VI
7 DCC LXX VII
8 DCCC LXXX VIII
9 CM XC IX

The numerals for 4 (IV) and 9 (IX) are written using «subtractive notation»,[5] where the first symbol (I) is subtracted from the larger one (V, or X), thus avoiding the clumsier IIII and VIIII.[a] Subtractive notation is also used for 40 (XL), 90 (XC), 400 (CD) and 900 (CM).[6] These are the only subtractive forms in standard use.

A number containing two or more decimal digits is built by appending the Roman numeral equivalent for each, from highest to lowest, as in the following examples:

  •    39 = XXX + IX = XXXIX.
  •   246 = CC + XL + VI = CCXLVI.
  •   789 = DCC + LXXX + IX = DCCLXXXIX.
  • 2,421 = MM + CD + XX + I = MMCDXXI.

Any missing place (represented by a zero in the place-value equivalent) is omitted, as in Latin (and English) speech:

  •   160 = C + LX = CLX
  •   207 = CC + VII = CCVII
  • 1,009 = M + IX = MIX
  • 1,066 = M + LX + VI = MLXVI[7][8]

In practice, Roman numerals for numbers over 1000 [b] are currently used mainly for year numbers, as in these examples:

  • 1776 = M + DCC + LXX + VI = MDCCLXXVI (the date written on the book held by the Statue of Liberty).
  • 1918 = M + CM + X + VIII = MCMXVIII (the first year of the Spanish flu pandemic)
  • 1954 = M + CM + L + IV = MCMLIV (as in the trailer for the movie The Last Time I Saw Paris)[3]
  • 2014 = MM + X + IV = MMXIV (the year of the games of the XXII (22nd) Olympic Winter Games (in Sochi, Russia))

The largest number that can be represented in this notation is 3,999 (MMMCMXCIX), but since the largest Roman numeral likely to be required today is MMXXIII (the current year) there is no practical need for larger Roman numerals. Prior to the introduction of Arabic numerals in the West, ancient and medieval users of the system used various means to write larger numbers; see large numbers below.

Other forms

Forms exist that vary in one way or another from the general standard represented above.

Other additive forms

While subtractive notation for 4, 40 and 400 (IV, XL and CD) has been the usual form since Roman times, additive notation to represent these numbers (IIII, XXXX and CCCC)[9] continued to be used, including in compound numbers like XXIIII,[10] LXXIIII,[11] and CCCCLXXXX.[12] The additive forms for 9, 90, and 900 (VIIII,[9] LXXXX,[13] and DCCCC[14]) have also been used, although less often.

The two conventions could be mixed in the same document or inscription, even in the same numeral. For example, on the numbered gates to the Colosseum, IIII is systematically used instead of IV, but subtractive notation is used for XL; consequently, gate 44 is labelled XLIIII.[15][16]

Modern clock faces that use Roman numerals still very often use IIII for four o’clock but IX for nine o’clock, a practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century.[17][18][19] However, this is far from universal: for example, the clock on the Palace of Westminster tower (commonly known as Big Ben) uses a subtractive IV for 4 o’clock.[18]

Isaac Asimov once mentioned an «interesting theory» that Romans avoided using IV because it was the initial letters of IVPITER, the Latin spelling of Jupiter, and might have seemed impious.[20] He did not say whose theory it was.

The year number on Admiralty Arch, London. The year 1910 is rendered as

MDCCCCX, rather than the more usual

MCMX

Several monumental inscriptions created in the early 20th century use variant forms for «1900» (usually written MCM). These vary from MDCCCCX for 1910 as seen on Admiralty Arch, London, to the more unusual, if not unique MDCDIII for 1903, on the north entrance to the Saint Louis Art Museum.[21]

Especially on tombstones and other funerary inscriptions 5 and 50 have been occasionally written IIIII and XXXXX instead of V and L, and there are instances such as IIIIII and XXXXXX rather than VI or LX.[22][23]

Other subtractive forms

There is a common belief that any smaller digit placed to the left of a larger digit is subtracted from the total, and that by clever choices a long Roman numeral can be «compressed». The best known example of this is the ROMAN() function in Microsoft Excel, which can turn 499 into CDXCIX, LDVLIV, XDIX, VDIV, or ID depending on the «Form» setting.[24] There is no indication this is anything other than an invention by the programmer, and the universal-subtraction belief may be a result of modern users trying to rationalize the syntax of Roman numerals.

Epitaph of centurion Marcus Caelius, showing «

XIIX«

There is, however, some historic use of subtractive notation other than that described in the above «standard»: in particular IIIXX for 17,[25] IIXX for 18,[26] IIIC for 97,[27] IIC for 98,[28][29] and IC for 99.[30] A possible explanation is that the word for 18 in Latin is duodeviginti, literally «two from twenty», 98 is duodecentum (two from hundred), and 99 is undecentum (one from hundred).[31] However, the explanation does not seem to apply to IIIXX and IIIC, since the Latin words for 17 and 97 were septendecim (seven ten) and nonaginta septem (ninety seven), respectively.

There are multiple examples of IIX being used for 8. There does not seem to be a linguistic explanation for this use, although it is one stroke shorter than VIII. XIIX was used by officers of the XVIII Roman Legion to write their number.[32][33] The notation appears prominently on the cenotaph of their senior centurion Marcus Caelius (c. 45 BC – 9 AD). On the publicly displayed official Roman calendars known as Fasti, XIIX is used for the 18 days to the next Kalends, and XXIIX for the 28 days in February. The latter can be seen on the sole extant pre-Julian calendar, the Fasti Antiates Maiores.[34]

Rare variants

While irregular subtractive and additive notation has been used at least occasionally throughout history, some Roman numerals have been observed in documents and inscriptions that do not fit either system. Some of these variants do not seem to have been used outside specific contexts, and may have been regarded as errors even by contemporaries.

Padlock used on the north gate of the Irish town of Athlone. «1613» in the date is rendered

XVIXIII, (literally «16, 13») instead of

MDCXIII.

  • IIXX was how people associated with the XXII Roman Legion used to write their number. The practice may have been due to a common way to say «twenty-second» in Latin, namely duo et vice(n)sima (literally «two and twentieth») rather than the «regular» vice(n)sima secunda (twenty second).[35] Apparently, at least one ancient stonecutter mistakenly thought that the IIXX of «22nd Legion» stood for 18, and «corrected» it to XVIII.[35]

  • There are some examples of year numbers after 1000 written as two Roman numerals 1–99, e.g. 1613 as XVIXIII, corresponding to the common reading «sixteen thirteen» of such year numbers in English, or 1519 as XVCXIX as in French quinze-cent-dix-neuf (fifteen-hundred and nineteen), and similar readings in other languages.[37]
  • In some French texts from the 15th century and later one finds constructions like IIIIXXXIX for 99, reflecting the French reading of that number as quatre-vingt-dix-neuf (four-score and nineteen).[37] Similarly, in some English documents one finds, for example, 77 written as «iiixxxvii» (which could be read «three-score and seventeen»).[38]
  • A medieval accounting text from 1301 renders numbers like 13,573 as «XIII. M. V. C. III. XX. XIII«, that is, «13×1000 + 5×100 + 3×20 + 13».[39]
  • Other numerals that do not fit the usual patterns – such as VXL for 45, instead of the usual XLV — may be due to scribal errors, or the writer’s lack of familiarity with the system, rather than being genuine variant usage.

Non-numeric combinations

As Roman numerals are composed of ordinary alphabetic characters, there may sometimes be confusion with other uses of the same letters. For example, «XXX» and «XL» have other connotations in addition to their values as Roman numerals, while «IXL» more often than not is a gramogram of «I excel», and is in any case not an unambiguous Roman numeral.[40]

Zero

As a non-positional numeral system, Roman numerals have no «place-keeping» zeros. Furthermore, the system as used by the Romans lacked a numeral for the number zero itself (that is, what remains after 1 is subtracted from 1). The word nulla (the Latin word meaning «none») was used to represent 0, although the earliest attested instances are medieval. For instance Dionysius Exiguus used nulla alongside Roman numerals in a manuscript from 525 AD.[41][42] About 725, Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N, the initial of nulla or of nihil (the Latin word for «nothing») for 0, in a table of epacts, all written in Roman numerals.[43]

The use of N to indicate «none» long survived in the historic apothecaries’ system of measurement: used well into the 20th century to designate quantities in pharmaceutical prescriptions.[44]

Fractions

A triens coin (1⁄3 or

4⁄12 of an as). Note the four dots (····) indicating its value.

A semis coin (

1⁄2 or

6⁄12 of an as). Note the

S indicating its value.

The base «Roman fraction» is S, indicating 1⁄2.
The use of S (as in VIIS to indicate 71⁄2) is attested in some ancient inscriptions[45]
and also in the now rare apothecaries’ system (usually in the form SS):[44] but while Roman numerals for whole numbers are essentially decimal S does not correspond to 5⁄10, as one might expect, but 6⁄12.

The Romans used a duodecimal rather than a decimal system for fractions, as the divisibility of twelve (12 = 22 × 3) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1⁄3 and 1⁄4 than does a system based on ten (10 = 2 × 5). Notation for fractions other than 1⁄2 is mainly found on surviving Roman coins, many of which had values that were duodecimal fractions of the unit as. Fractions less than 1⁄2 are indicated by a dot (·) for each uncia «twelfth», the source of the English words inch and ounce; dots are repeated for fractions up to five twelfths. Six twelfths (one half), is S for semis «half». Uncia dots were added to S for fractions from seven to eleven twelfths, just as tallies were added to V for whole numbers from six to nine.[46] The arrangement of the dots was variable and not necessarily linear. Five dots arranged like (⁙) (as on the face of a die) are known as a quincunx, from the name of the Roman fraction/coin. The Latin words sextans and quadrans are the source of the English words sextant and quadrant.

Each fraction from 1⁄12 to 12⁄12 had a name in Roman times; these corresponded to the names of the related coins:

Fraction Roman numeral Name (nominative and genitive) Meaning
1⁄12 · Uncia, unciae «Ounce»
2⁄12 = 1⁄6 ·· or : Sextans, sextantis «Sixth»
3⁄12 = 1⁄4 ··· or ∴ Quadrans, quadrantis «Quarter»
4⁄12 = 1⁄3 ···· or ∷ Triens, trientis «Third»
5⁄12 ····· or ⁙ Quincunx, quincuncis «Five-ounce» (quinque unciae → quincunx)
6⁄12 = 1⁄2 S Semis, semissis «Half»
7⁄12 S· Septunx, septuncis «Seven-ounce» (septem unciae → septunx)
8⁄12 = 2⁄3 S·· or S: Bes, bessis «Twice» (as in «twice a third»)
9⁄12 = 3⁄4 S··· or S∴ Dodrans, dodrantis
or nonuncium, nonuncii 		«Less a quarter» (de-quadrans → dodrans)
or «ninth ounce» (nona uncia → nonuncium)
10⁄12 = 5⁄6 S···· or S∷ Dextans, dextantis
or decunx, decuncis 		«Less a sixth» (de-sextans → dextans)
or «ten ounces» (decem unciae → decunx)
11⁄12 S····· or S⁙ Deunx, deuncis «Less an ounce» (de-uncia → deunx)
12⁄12 = 1 I As, assis «Unit»

Other Roman fractional notations included the following:

Fraction Roman numeral Name (nominative and genitive) Meaning
1⁄1728=12−3 𐆕 Siliqua, siliquae
1⁄288 ℈ Scripulum, scripuli «scruple»
1⁄144=12−2 𐆔 Dimidia sextula, dimidiae sextulae «half a sextula»
1⁄72 𐆓 Sextula, sextulae «1⁄6 of an uncia»
1⁄48 Ↄ Sicilicus, sicilici
1⁄36 𐆓𐆓 Binae sextulae, binarum sextularum «two sextulas» (duella, duellae)
1⁄24 Σ or 𐆒 or Є Semuncia, semunciae «1⁄2 uncia» (semi- + uncia)
1⁄8 Σ· or 𐆒· or Є· Sescuncia, sescunciae «1+1⁄2 uncias» (sesqui- + uncia)

Large numbers

During the centuries that Roman numerals remained the standard way of writing numbers throughout Europe, there were various extensions to the system designed to indicate larger numbers, none of which were ever standardised.

Apostrophus

«1630» on the Westerkerk in Amsterdam. «

M» and «

D» are given archaic «apostrophus» form.

One of these was the apostrophus,[47] in which 500 was written as IↃ, while 1,000 was written as CIↃ.[20] This is a system of encasing numbers to denote thousands (imagine the Cs and Ↄs as parentheses), which has its origins in Etruscan numeral usage.

Each additional set of C and Ↄ surrounding CIↃ raises the value by a factor of ten: CCIↃↃ represents 10,000 and CCCIↃↃↃ represents 100,000. Similarly, each additional Ↄ to the right of IↃ raises the value by a factor of ten: IↃↃ represents 5,000 and IↃↃↃ represents 50,000. Numerals larger than CCCIↃↃↃ do not occur.[48]

Page from a 16th-century manual, showing a mixture of apostrophus and vinculum numbers (see in particular the ways of writing 10,000).

Sometimes CIↃ was reduced to ↀ for 1,000. Similarly, IↃↃ for 5,000 was reduced to ↁ; CCIↃↃ for 10,000 to ↂ; IↃↃↃ for 50,000 to ↇ (ↇ); and CCCIↃↃↃ (ↈ) for 100,000 to ↈ.
[49]

IↃ and CIↃ most likely preceded, and subsequently influenced, the adoption of «D» and «M» in Roman numerals.

John Wallis is often credited for introducing the symbol for infinity ⟨∞⟩, and one conjecture is that he based it on ↀ, since 1,000 was hyperbolically used to represent very large numbers.

Vinculum

Another system was the vinculum, in which conventional Roman numerals were multiplied by 1,000 by adding a «bar» or «overline».[49] It was a common alternative to the apostrophic ↀ during the Imperial era: both systems were in simultaneous use around the Roman world (M for ‘1000’ was not in use until the Medieval period).[50]
[51]
The use of vinculum for multiples of 1,000 can be observed, for example, on the milestones erected by Roman soldiers along the Antonine Wall in the mid-2nd century AD.[52] The vinculum for marking 1,000s continued in use in the Middle Ages, though it became known more commonly as titulus.[53]

Some modern sources describe the vinculum as if it were a part of the current «standard».[54] However, this is largely hypothetical, since no common modern usage requires numbers larger than the current year (MMXXIII). Nonetheless, here are some examples, to give an idea of how it might be used:

  • IV = 4,000
  • IVDCXXVII = 4,627
  • XXV = 25,000
  • XXVCDLIX = 25,459

Use of Roman numeral «

I» (with exaggerated serifs) contrasting with the upper case letter «I».

This use of lines is distinct from the custom, once very common, of adding both underline and overline (or very large serifs) to a Roman numeral, simply to make it clear that it is a number, e.g.
Roman numerals drawn with connecting lines for 1967. There is some scope for confusion when an overline is meant to denote multiples of 1,000, and when not. The Greeks and Romans often overlined letters acting as numerals to highlight them from the general body of the text, without any numerical significance. This stylistic convention was, for example, also in use in the inscriptions of the Antonine Wall,[55] and the reader is required to decipher the intended meaning of the overline from the context.

Another medieval usage was the addition of vertical lines (or brackets) before and after the numeral to multiply it by 10:[citation needed] thus M for 10,000 as an alternative form for X. In combination with the overline the bracketed forms might be used to raise the multiplier to ten thousand, thus:

  • VIII for 80,000
  • XX for 200,000

This same syntax may also have indicated multiplication by 100[citation needed] so the above two examples are 800,000 and 2,000,000.

Origin

The system is closely associated with the ancient city-state of Rome and the Empire that it created. However, due to the scarcity of surviving examples, the origins of the system are obscure and there are several competing theories, all largely conjectural.

Etruscan numerals

Rome was founded sometime between 850 and 750 BC. At the time, the region was inhabited by diverse populations of which the Etruscans were the most advanced. The ancient Romans themselves admitted that the basis of much of their civilization was Etruscan. Rome itself was located next to the southern edge of the Etruscan domain, which covered a large part of north-central Italy.

The Roman numerals, in particular, are directly derived from the Etruscan number symbols: ⟨𐌠⟩, ⟨𐌡⟩, ⟨𐌢⟩, ⟨𐌣⟩, and ⟨𐌟⟩ for 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 (They had more symbols for larger numbers, but it is unknown which symbol represents which number). As in the basic Roman system, the Etruscans wrote the symbols that added to the desired number, from higher to lower value. Thus the number 87, for example, would be written 50 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 𐌣𐌢𐌢𐌢𐌡𐌠𐌠 (this would appear as 𐌠𐌠𐌡𐌢𐌢𐌢𐌣 since Etruscan was written from right to left.)[56]

The symbols ⟨𐌠⟩ and ⟨𐌡⟩ resembled letters of the Etruscan alphabet, but ⟨𐌢⟩, ⟨𐌣⟩, and ⟨𐌟⟩ did not. The Etruscans used the subtractive notation, too, but not like the Romans. They wrote 17, 18, and 19 as 𐌠𐌠𐌠𐌢𐌢, 𐌠𐌠𐌢𐌢, and 𐌠𐌢𐌢, mirroring the way they spoke those numbers («three from twenty», etc.); and similarly for 27, 28, 29, 37, 38, etc. However, they did not write 𐌠𐌡 for 4 (nor 𐌢𐌣 for 40), and wrote 𐌡𐌠𐌠, 𐌡𐌠𐌠𐌠 and 𐌡𐌠𐌠𐌠𐌠 for 7, 8, and 9, respectively.[56]

Early Roman numerals

The early Roman numerals for 1, 10, and 100 were the Etruscan ones: ⟨𐌠⟩, ⟨𐌢⟩, and ⟨𐌟⟩. The symbols for 5 and 50 changed from ⟨𐌡⟩ and ⟨𐌣⟩ to ⟨V⟩ and ⟨ↆ⟩ at some point. The latter had flattened to ⟨⊥⟩ (an inverted T) by the time of Augustus, and soon afterwards became identified with the graphically similar letter ⟨L⟩.[48]

The symbol for 100 was written variously as ⟨𐌟⟩ or ⟨ↃIC⟩, and was then abbreviated to ⟨Ↄ⟩ or ⟨C⟩, with ⟨C⟩ (which matched the Latin letter C) finally winning out. It might have helped that C was the initial letter of CENTUM, Latin for «hundred».

The numbers 500 and 1000 were denoted by V or X overlaid with a box or circle. Thus 500 was like a Ↄ superimposed on a Þ. It became D or Ð by the time of Augustus, under the graphic influence of the letter D. It was later identified as the letter D; an alternative symbol for «thousand» was a CIↃ, and half of a thousand or «five hundred» is the right half of the symbol, IↃ, and this may have been converted into D.[20]

The notation for 1000 was a circled or boxed X: Ⓧ, ⊗, ⊕, and by Augustinian times was partially identified with the Greek letter Φ phi. Over time, the symbol changed to Ψ and ↀ. The latter symbol further evolved into ∞, then ⋈, and eventually changed to M under the influence of the Latin word mille «thousand».[48]

According to Paul Kayser, the basic numerical symbols were I, X, C and Φ (or ⊕) and the intermediate ones were derived by taking half of those (half an X is V, half a C is L and half a Φ/⊕ is D).[57]

Entrance to section

LII (52) of the Colosseum, with numerals still visible

Classical Roman numerals

The Colosseum was constructed in Rome in CE 72–80,[58] and while the original perimeter wall has largely disappeared, the numbered entrances from XXIII (23) to LIIII (54) survive,[59] to demonstrate that in Imperial times Roman numerals had already assumed their classical form: as largely standardised in current use. The most obvious anomaly (a common one that persisted for centuries) is the inconsistent use of subtractive notation — while XL is used for 40, IV is avoided in favour of IIII: in fact gate 44 is labelled XLIIII.

Use in the Middle Ages and Renaissance

Lower case, or minuscule, letters were developed in the Middle Ages, well after the demise of the Western Roman Empire, and since that time lower-case versions of Roman numbers have also been commonly used: i, ii, iii, iv, and so on.

13th century example of

iiij.

Since the Middle Ages, a «j» has sometimes been substituted for the final «i» of a «lower-case» Roman numeral, such as «iij» for 3 or «vij» for 7. This «j» can be considered a swash variant of «i«. Into the early 20th century, the use of a final «j» was still sometimes used in medical prescriptions to prevent tampering with or misinterpretation of a number after it was written.[60]

Numerals in documents and inscriptions from the Middle Ages sometimes include additional symbols, which today are called «medieval Roman numerals». Some simply substitute another letter for the standard one (such as «A» for «V«, or «Q» for «D«), while others serve as abbreviations for compound numerals («O» for «XI«, or «F» for «XL«). Although they are still listed today in some dictionaries, they are long out of use.[61]

Number Medieval
abbreviation 		Notes and etymology
5 A Resembles an upside-down V. Also said to equal 500.
6 ↅ Either from a ligature of VI, or from digamma (ϛ), the Greek numeral 6 (sometimes conflated with the στ ligature).[48]
7 S, Z Presumed abbreviation of septem, Latin for 7.
9.5 X̷ Scribal abbreviation, an x with a slash through it. Likewise, IX̷ represented 8.5
11 O Presumed abbreviation of onze, French for 11.
40 F Presumed abbreviation of English forty.
70 S Also could stand for 7, with the same derivation.
80 R
90 N Presumed abbreviation of nonaginta, Latin for 90. (Ambiguous with N for «nothing» (nihil)).
150 Y Possibly derived from the lowercase y’s shape.
151 K Unusual, origin unknown; also said to stand for 250.[62]
160 T Possibly derived from Greek tetra, as 4 × 40 = 160.
200 H Could also stand for 2 (see also 𐆙, the symbol for the dupondius). From a barring of two I‘s.
250 E
300 B
400 P, G
500 Q Redundant with D; abbreviates quingenti, Latin for 500. Also sometimes used for 500,000.[63]
800 Ω Borrowed from Gothic.
900 ϡ Borrowed from Gothic.
2000 Z

Chronograms, messages with dates encoded into them, were popular during the Renaissance era. The chronogram would be a phrase containing the letters I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. By putting these letters together, the reader would obtain a number, usually indicating a particular year.

Modern use

By the 11th century, Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe from al-Andalus, by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises. Roman numerals, however, proved very persistent, remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus). Replacement by their more convenient «Arabic» equivalents was quite gradual, and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts. A few examples of their current use are:

Spanish Real using

IIII instead of

IV as regnal number of Charles

IV of Spain.

  • Names of monarchs and popes, e.g. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Pope Benedict XVI. These are referred to as regnal numbers and are usually read as ordinals; e.g. II is pronounced «the second». This tradition began in Europe sporadically in the Middle Ages, gaining widespread use in England during the reign of Henry VIII. Previously, the monarch was not known by numeral but by an epithet such as Edward the Confessor. Some monarchs (e.g. Charles IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France) seem to have preferred the use of IIII instead of IV on their coinage (see illustration).
  • Generational suffixes, particularly in the U.S., for people sharing the same name across generations, for example William Howard Taft IV. These are also usually read as ordinals.
  • In the French Republican Calendar, initiated during the French Revolution, years were numbered by Roman numerals – from the year I (1792) when this calendar was introduced to the year XIV (1805) when it was abandoned.
  • The year of production of films, television shows and other works of art within the work itself. Outside reference to the work will use regular Arabic numerals.

The year of construction of the Cambridge Public Library, (USA) 1888, displayed in «standard» Roman numerals on its facade.

  • Hour marks on timepieces. In this context, 4 is often written IIII.
  • The year of construction on building façades and cornerstones.
  • Page numbering of prefaces and introductions of books, and sometimes of appendices and annexes, too.
  • Book volume and chapter numbers, as well as the several acts within a play (e.g. Act iii, Scene 2).
  • Sequels to some films, video games, and other works (as in Rocky II, Grand Theft Auto V).
  • Outlines that use numbers to show hierarchical relationships.
  • Occurrences of a recurring grand event, for instance:
    • The Summer and Winter Olympic Games (e.g. the XXI Olympic Winter Games; the Games of the XXX Olympiad).
    • The Super Bowl, the annual championship game of the National Football League (e.g. Super Bowl XLII; Super Bowl 50 was a one-time exception[64]).
    • WrestleMania, the annual professional wrestling event for the WWE (e.g. WrestleMania XXX). This usage has also been inconsistent.

Specific disciplines

In astronautics, United States rocket model variants are sometimes designated by Roman numerals, e.g. Titan I, Titan II, Titan III, Saturn I, Saturn V.

In astronomy, the natural satellites or «moons» of the planets are traditionally designated by capital Roman numerals appended to the planet’s name. For example, Titan’s designation is Saturn VI.

In chemistry, Roman numerals are often used to denote the groups of the periodic table. They are also used in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, for the oxidation number of cations which can take on several different positive charges. They are also used for naming phases of polymorphic crystals, such as ice.

In education, school grades (in the sense of year-groups rather than test scores) are sometimes referred to by a Roman numeral; for example, «grade IX» is sometimes seen for «grade 9».

In entomology, the broods of the thirteen and seventeen year periodical cicadas are identified by Roman numerals.

In graphic design stylised Roman numerals may represent numeric values.

In law, Roman numerals are commonly used to help organize legal codes as part of an alphanumeric outline.

In advanced mathematics (including trigonometry, statistics, and calculus), when a graph includes negative numbers, its quadrants are named using I, II, III, and IV. These quadrant names signify positive numbers on both axes, negative numbers on the X axis, negative numbers on both axes, and negative numbers on the Y axis, respectively. The use of Roman numerals to designate quadrants avoids confusion, since Arabic numerals are used for the actual data represented in the graph.

In military unit designation, Roman numerals are often used to distinguish between units at different levels. This reduces possible confusion, especially when viewing operational or strategic level maps. In particular, army corps are often numbered using Roman numerals (for example the American XVIII Airborne Corps or the WW2-era German III Panzerkorps) with Arabic numerals being used for divisions and armies.

In music, Roman numerals are used in several contexts:

  • Movements are often numbered using Roman numerals.
  • In Roman Numeral Analysis, harmonic function is identified using Roman Numerals.
  • Individual strings of stringed instruments, such as the violin, are often denoted by Roman numerals, with higher numbers denoting lower strings.

In pharmacy, Roman numerals were used with the now largely obsolete apothecaries’ system of measurement: including SS to denote «one half» and N to denote «zero».[44][65]

In photography, Roman numerals (with zero) are used to denote varying levels of brightness when using the Zone System.

In seismology, Roman numerals are used to designate degrees of the Mercalli intensity scale of earthquakes.

In sport the team containing the «top» players and representing a nation or province, a club or a school at the highest level in (say) rugby union is often called the «1st XV«, while a lower-ranking cricket or American football team might be the «3rd XI«.

In tarot, Roman numerals (with zero) are used to denote the cards of the Major Arcana.

In theology and biblical scholarship, the Septuagint is often referred to as LXX, as this translation of the Old Testament into Greek is named for the legendary number of its translators (septuaginta being Latin for «seventy»).

Modern use in European languages other than English

Some uses that are rare or never seen in English speaking countries may be relatively common in parts of continental Europe and in other regions (e.g. Latin America) that use a European language other than English. For instance:

Capital or small capital Roman numerals are widely used in Romance languages to denote centuries, e.g. the French XVIIIe siècle[66] and the Spanish siglo XVIII mean «18th century». Slavic languages in and adjacent to Russia similarly favor Roman numerals (xviii век). On the other hand, in Slavic languages in Central Europe, like most Germanic languages, one writes «18.» (with a period) before the local word for «century».

Boris Yeltsin’s signature, dated 10 November 1988, rendered as 10.

XI.’88.

Mixed Roman and Arabic numerals are sometimes used in numeric representations of dates (especially in formal letters and official documents, but also on tombstones). The month is written in Roman numerals, while the day is in Arabic numerals: «4.VI.1789″ and «VI.4.1789″ both refer unambiguously to 4 June 1789.

Business hours table on a shop window in Vilnius, Lithuania.

Roman numerals are sometimes used to represent the days of the week in hours-of-operation signs displayed in windows or on doors of businesses,[67] and also sometimes in railway and bus timetables. Monday, taken as the first day of the week, is represented by I. Sunday is represented by VII. The hours of operation signs are tables composed of two columns where the left column is the day of the week in Roman numerals and the right column is a range of hours of operation from starting time to closing time. In the example case (left), the business opens from 10 AM to 7 PM on weekdays, 10 AM to 5 PM on Saturdays and is closed on Sundays. Note that the listing uses 24-hour time.

Sign at 17.9 km on route SS4 Salaria, north of Rome, Italy.

Roman numerals may also be used for floor numbering.[68][69] For instance, apartments in central Amsterdam are indicated as 138-III, with both an Arabic numeral (number of the block or house) and a Roman numeral (floor number). The apartment on the ground floor is indicated as 138-huis.

In Italy, where roads outside built-up areas have kilometre signs, major roads and motorways also mark 100-metre subdivisionals, using Roman numerals from I to IX for the smaller intervals. The sign IX/17 thus marks 17.9 km.

Certain romance-speaking countries use Roman numerals to designate assemblies of their national legislatures. For instance, the composition of the Italian Parliament from 2018 to 2022 (elected in the 2018 Italian general election) is called the XVIII Legislature of the Italian Republic (or more commonly the «XVIII Legislature»).

A notable exception to the use of Roman numerals in Europe is in Greece, where Greek numerals (based on the Greek alphabet) are generally used in contexts where Roman numerals would be used elsewhere.

Unicode

The «Number Forms» block of the Unicode computer character set standard has a number of Roman numeral symbols in the range of code points from U+2160 to U+2188.[70] This range includes both upper- and lowercase numerals, as well as pre-combined characters for numbers up to 12 (Ⅻ or XII). One justification for the existence of pre-combined numbers is to facilitate the setting of multiple-letter numbers (such as VIII) on a single horizontal line in Asian vertical text. The Unicode standard, however, includes special Roman numeral code points for compatibility only, stating that «[f]or most purposes, it is preferable to compose the Roman numerals from sequences of the appropriate Latin letters».[71]
The block also includes some apostrophus symbols for large numbers, an old variant of «L» (50) similar to the Etruscan character, the Claudian letter «reversed C», etc.

Symbol ↀ ↁ ↂ ↅ ↆ ↇ ↈ
Value 1,000 5,000 10,000 6 50 50,000 100,000

See also

  • Biquinary
  • Egyptian numerals
  • Etruscan numerals
  • Greek numerals
  • Hebrew numerals
  • Kharosthi numerals
  • Maya numerals
  • Roman abacus
  • Proto-writing
  • Roman numerals in Unicode

References

Notes

  1. ^ Without theorising about causation, it may be noted that IV and IX not only have fewer characters than IIII and VIIII, but are less likely to be confused (especially at a quick glance) with III and VIII.
  2. ^ For numbers over 3,999 see large numbers

Citations

  1. ^ Judkins, Maura (4 November 2011). «Public clocks do a number on Roman numerals». The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 August 2019. Most clocks using Roman numerals traditionally use IIII instead of IV… One of the rare prominent clocks that uses the IV instead of IIII is Big Ben in London.
  2. ^ Adams, Cecil (23 February 1990). «What is the proper way to style Roman numerals for the 1990s?». The Straight Dope.
  3. ^ a b Hayes, David P. «Guide to Roman Numerals». Copyright Registration and Renewal Information Chart and Web Site.
  4. ^ Reddy, Indra K.; Khan, Mansoor A. (2003). «1 (Working with Arabic and Roman numerals)». Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians. CRC Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-203-49534-6. Table 1-1 Roman and Arabic numerals (table very similar to the table here, apart from inclusion of Vinculum notation.
  5. ^ Stanislas Dehaene (1997): The Number Sense : How the Mind Creates Mathematics. Oxford University Press; 288 pages. ISBN 9780199723096
  6. ^ Ûrij Vasilʹevič Prokhorov and Michiel Hazewinkel, editors (1990): Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, Volume 10, page 502. Springer; 546 pages. ISBN 9781556080050
  7. ^ Dela Cruz, M. L. P.; Torres, H. D. (2009). Number Smart Quest for Mastery: Teacher’s Edition. Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 9789712352164.
  8. ^ Martelli, Alex; Ascher, David (2002). Python Cookbook. O’Reilly Media Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00167-4.
  9. ^ a b Julius Caesar (52–49 BC): Commentarii de Bello Gallico. Book II, Section 4: «… XV milia Atrebates, Ambianos X milia, Morinos XXV milia, Menapios VII milia, Caletos X milia, Veliocasses et Viromanduos totidem, Atuatucos XVIIII milia; …» Section 8: «… ab utroque latere eius collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum CCCC et ad extremas fossas castella constituit…» Book IV, Section 15: «Nostri ad unum omnes incolumes, perpaucis vulneratis, ex tanti belli timore, cum hostium numerus capitum CCCCXXX milium fuisset, se in castra receperunt.» Book VII, Section 4: «…in hiberna remissis ipse se recipit die XXXX Bibracte.»
  10. ^ Angelo Rocca (1612) De campanis commentarius. Published by Guillelmo Faciotti, Rome. Title of a Plate: «Campana a XXIIII hominibus pulsata» («Bell to be sounded by 24 men»).
  11. ^ Gerard Ter Borch (1673): Portrait of Cornelis de Graef. Date on painting: «Out. XXIIII Jaer. // M. DC. LXXIIII».
  12. ^ Pliny the Elder (77–79 AD): Naturalis Historia, Book III: «Saturni vocatur, Caesaream Mauretaniae urbem CCLXXXXVII p[assum]. traiectus. reliqua in ora flumen Tader … ortus in Cantabris haut procul oppido Iuliobrica, per CCCCL p. fluens …» Book IV: «Epiri, Achaiae, Atticae, Thessalia in porrectum longitudo CCCCLXXXX traditur, latitudo CCLXXXXVII.» Book VI: «tam vicinum Arsaniae fluere eum in regione Arrhene Claudius Caesar auctor est, ut, cum intumuere, confluant nec tamen misceantur leviorque Arsanias innatet MMMM ferme spatio, mox divisus in Euphraten mergatur.»
  13. ^ Thomas Bennet (1731): Grammatica Hebræa, cum uberrima praxi in usum tironum … Editio tertia. Published by T. Astley, copy in the British Library; 149 pages. Page 24: «PRÆFIXA duo sunt viz. He emphaticum vel relativum (de quo Cap VI Reg. LXXXX.) & Shin cum Segal sequente Dagesh, quod denotat pronomen relativum…»
  14. ^ Pico Della Mirandola (1486) Conclusiones sive Theses DCCCC («Conclusions, or 900 Theses»).
  15. ^ «360:12 tables, 24 chairs, and plenty of chalk». Roman Numerals…not quite so simple. 2 January 2011.
  16. ^ «Paul Lewis». Roman Numerals…How they work. 13 November 2021.
  17. ^ Milham, W.I. (1947). Time & Timekeepers. New York: Macmillan. p. 196.
  18. ^ a b Pickover, Clifford A. (2003). Wonders of Numbers: Adventures in Mathematics, Mind, and Meaning. Oxford University Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-19-534800-2.
  19. ^ Adams, Cecil; Zotti, Ed (1988). More of the straight dope. Ballantine Books. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-345-35145-6.
  20. ^ a b c Asimov, Isaac (1966). Asimov on Numbers (PDF). Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. p. 12.
  21. ^ «Gallery: Museum’s North Entrance (1910)». Saint Louis Art Museum. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2014. The inscription over the North Entrance to the Museum reads: «Dedicated to Art and Free to All MDCDIII.» These roman numerals translate to 1903, indicating that the engraving was part of the original building designed for the 1904 World’s Fair.
  22. ^ Reynolds, Joyce Maire; Spawforth, Anthony J. S. (1996). «numbers, Roman». In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Anthony (eds.). Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866172-X.
  23. ^ Kennedy, Benjamin Hall (1923). The Revised Latin Primer. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
  24. ^ «ROMAN function». support.microsoft.com.
  25. ^ Michaele Gasp. Lvndorphio (1621): Acta publica inter invictissimos gloriosissimosque&c. … et Ferdinandum II. Romanorum Imperatores…. Printed by Ian-Friderici Weissii. Page 123: «Sub Dato Pragæ IIIXX Decemb. A. C. M. DC. IIXX». Page 126, end of the same document: «Dabantur Pragæ 17 Decemb. M. DC. IIXX».
  26. ^ Raphael Sulpicius à Munscrod (1621): Vera Ac Germana Detecto Clandestinarvm Deliberationvm. Page 16, line 1: «repertum Originale Subdatum IIIXXX Aug. A. C. MDC.IIXX». Page 41, upper right corner: «Decemb. A. C. MDC.IIXX». Page 42, upper left corner: «Febr. A. C. MDC.XIX». Page 70: «IIXX. die Maij sequentia in consilio noua ex Bohemia allata….». Page 71: «XIX. Maij».
  27. ^ Wilhelm Ernst Tentzel (1699): Als Ihre Königl. Majestät in Pohlen und …. Page 39: «… und der Umschrifft: LITHUANIA ASSERTA M. DC. IIIC [1699].»
  28. ^ Joh. Caspar Posner (1698): Mvndvs ante mvndvm sive De Chao Orbis Primordio, title page: «Ad diem jvlii A. O. R. M DC IIC».
  29. ^ Wilhelm Ernst Tentzel (1700): Saxonia Nvmismatica: Das ist: Die Historie Des Durchlauchtigsten…. Page 26: «Die Revers hat eine feine Inscription: SERENISSIMO DN.DN… SENATUS.QVERNF. A. M DC IIC D. 18 OCT [year 1698 day 18 oct].»
  30. ^ Enea Silvio Piccolomini (1698): Opera Geographica et Historica. Helmstadt, J. M. Sustermann. Title page of first edition: «Bibliopolæ ibid. M DC IC».
  31. ^ Kennedy, Benjamin H. (1879). Latin grammar. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 150. ISBN 9781177808293.
  32. ^ Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A (2004). Handbook to life in ancient Rome (2 ed.). p. 270. ISBN 0-8160-5026-0.
  33. ^ Boyne, William (1968). A manual of Roman coins. p. 13.
  34. ^ Degrassi, Atilius, ed. (1963). Inscriptiones Italiae. Vol. 13: Fasti et Elogia. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato. Fasciculus 2: Fasti anni Numani et Iuliani.
  35. ^ a b Stephen James Malone, (2005) Legio XX Valeria Victrix…. PhD thesis. On page 396 it discusses many coins with «Leg. IIXX» and notes that it must be Legion 22. The footnote on that page says: «The form IIXX clearly reflecting the Latin duo et vicensima ‘twenty-second’: cf. X5398, legatus I[eg II] I et vicensim(ae) Pri[mi]g; VI 1551, legatus leg] IIXX Prj; III 14207.7, miles leg IIXX; and III 10471-3, a vexillation drawn from four German legions including ‘XVIII PR’ – surely here the stonecutter’s hypercorrection for IIXX PR.
  36. ^ L’ Atre périlleux et Yvain, le chevalier au lion . 1301–1350.
  37. ^ a b M. Gachard (1862): «II. Analectes historiques, neuvième série (nos CCLXI-CCLXXXIV)». Bulletin de la Commission royale d’Historie, volume 3, pages 345–554. Page 347: Lettre de Philippe le Beau aux échevins…, quote: «Escript en nostre ville de Gand, le XXIIIIme de febvrier, l’an IIIIXXXIX [quatre-vingt-dix-neuf = 99].» Page 356: Lettre de l’achiduchesse Marguerite au conseil de Brabant…, quote: «… Escript à Bruxelles, le dernier jour de juing anno XVcXIX [1519].» Page 374: Letters patentes de la rémission … de la ville de Bruxelles, quote: «… Op heden, tweentwintich [‘twenty-two’] daegen in decembri, anno vyfthien hondert tweendertich [‘fifteen hundred thirty-two’] … Gegeven op ten vyfsten dach in deser jegewoirdige maent van decembri anno XV tweendertich [1532] vorschreven.» Page 419: Acte du duc de Parme portant approbation…, quote»: «Faiet le XVme de juillet XVc huytante-six [1586].» doi:10.3406/bcrh.1862.3033.
  38. ^ Herbert Edward Salter (1923) Registrum Annalium Collegii Mertonensis 1483–1521 Oxford Historical Society, volume 76; 544 pages. Page 184 has the computation in pounds:shillings:pence (li:s:d) x:iii:iiii + xxi:viii:viii + xlv:xiiii:i = iiixxxvii:vi:i, i.e. 10:3:4 + 21:8:8 + 45:14:1 = 77:6:1.
  39. ^ Johannis de Sancto Justo (1301): «E Duo Codicibus Ceratis» («From Two Texts in Wax»). In de Wailly, Delisle (1865): Contenant la deuxieme livraison des monumens des regnes de saint Louis,… Volume 22 of Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France. Page 530: «SUMMA totalis, XIII. M. V. C. III. XX. XIII. l. III s. XI d. [Sum total, 13 thousand 5 hundred 3 score 13 livres, 3 sous, 11 deniers].
  40. ^ «Our Brand Story». SPC Ardmona. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  41. ^ Faith Wallis, trans. Bede: The Reckoning of Time (725), Liverpool, Liverpool Univ. Pr., 2004. ISBN 0-85323-693-3.
  42. ^ Byrhtferth’s Enchiridion (1016). Edited by Peter S. Baker and Michael Lapidge. Early English Text Society 1995. ISBN 978-0-19-722416-8.
  43. ^ C. W. Jones, ed., Opera Didascalica, vol. 123C in Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina.
  44. ^ a b c Bachenheimer, Bonnie S. (2010). Manual for Pharmacy Technicians. ISBN 978-1-58528-307-1.
  45. ^ «RIB 2208. Distance Slab of the Sixth Legion». Roman Inscriptions in Britain. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  46. ^ Maher, David W.; Makowski, John F., «Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions Archived 27 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine», Classical Philology 96 (2011): 376–399.
  47. ^ «Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary».
  48. ^ a b c d Perry, David J. Proposal to Add Additional Ancient Roman Characters to UCS Archived 22 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  49. ^ a b Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. Translated by David Bellos, E. F. Harding, Sophie Wood, Ian Monk. John Wiley & Sons.
  50. ^ Chrisomalis, Stephen (2010). Numerical Notation: A Comparative History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–109. ISBN 978-0-521-87818-0.
  51. ^ Gordon, Arthur E. (1982). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 0-520-05079-7.
  52. ^ «RIB 2208. Distance Slab of the Twentieth Legion». Roman Inscriptions in Britain. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  53. ^ Chrisomalis, Stephen (2010). Numerical Notation: A Comparative History. Cambridge University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-521-87818-0.
  54. ^ «What is Vinculum Notation?». Numerals Converter. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  55. ^ «RIB 2171. Building Inscription of the Second and Twentieth Legions». Roman Inscriptions in Britain. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  56. ^ a b Gilles Van Heems (2009)> «Nombre, chiffre, lettre : Formes et réformes. Des notations chiffrées de l’étrusque» («Between Numbers and Letters: About Etruscan Notations of Numeral Sequences»). Revue de philologie, de littérature et d’histoire anciennes, volume LXXXIII (83), issue 1, pages 103–130. ISSN 0035-1652.
  57. ^ Keyser, Paul (1988). «The Origin of the Latin Numerals 1 to 1000». American Journal of Archaeology. 92 (4): 529–546. doi:10.2307/505248. JSTOR 505248. S2CID 193086234.
  58. ^ Hopkins, Keith (2005). The Colosseum. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01895-2.
  59. ^ Claridge, Amanda (1998). Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-288003-1.
  60. ^ Bastedo, Walter A. Materia Medica: Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Prescription Writing for Students and Practitioners, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, 1919) p582. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  61. ^ Capelli, A. Dictionary of Latin Abbreviations. 1912.
  62. ^ Bang, Jørgen. Fremmedordbog, Berlingske Ordbøger, 1962 (Danish)
  63. ^ Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780520038981. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  64. ^ NFL won’t use Roman numerals for Super Bowl 50 Archived 1 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, National Football League. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  65. ^ Reddy, Indra K.; Khan, Mansoor A. (2003). Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-49534-6.
  66. ^ Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l’imprimerie nationale (in French) (6th ed.). Paris: Imprimerie nationale. March 2011. p. 126. ISBN 978-2-7433-0482-9. On composera en chiffres romains petites capitales les nombres concernant : ↲ 1. Les siècles.
  67. ^ Beginners latin Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  68. ^ Roman Arithmetic Archived 22 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Southwestern Adventist University. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  69. ^ Roman Numerals History Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  70. ^ «Unicode Number Forms» (PDF).
  71. ^ «The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0 – Electronic edition» (PDF). Unicode, Inc. 2011. p. 486.

Sources

  • Menninger, Karl (1992). Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-27096-8.

Further reading

  • Aczel, Amir D. 2015. Finding Zero: A Mathematician’s Odyssey to Uncover the Origins of Numbers. 1st edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Goines, David Lance. A Constructed Roman Alphabet: A Geometric Analysis of the Greek and Roman Capitals and of the Arabic Numerals. Boston: D.R. Godine, 1982.
  • Houston, Stephen D. 2012. The Shape of Script: How and Why Writing Systems Change. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
  • Taisbak, Christian M. 1965. «Roman numerals and the abacus.» Classica et medievalia 26: 147–60.

External links

  • «Roman Numerals (Totally Epic Guide)». Know The Romans.
Источник

Roman numerals on stern of the ship Cutty Sark showing draught in feet. The numbers range from 13 to 22, from bottom to top.

Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers are written with combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet, each letter with a fixed integer value, modern style uses only these seven:

I V X L C D M
1 5 10 50 100 500 1000

The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire. From the 14th century on, Roman numerals began to be replaced by Arabic numerals; however, this process was gradual, and the use of Roman numerals persists in some applications to this day.

One place they are often seen is on clock faces. For instance, on the clock of Big Ben (designed in 1852), the hours from 1 to 12 are written as:

I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

The notations IV and IX can be read as «one less than five» (4) and «one less than ten» (9), although there is a tradition favouring representation of «4» as «IIII» on Roman numeral clocks.[1]

Other common uses include year numbers on monuments and buildings and copyright dates on the title screens of movies and television programs. MCM, signifying «a thousand, and a hundred less than another thousand», means 1900, so 1912 is written MCMXII. For the years of this century, MM indicates 2000. The current year is MMXXIII (2023).

Description

Roman numerals use different symbols for each power of ten and no zero symbol, in contrast with the place value notation of Arabic numerals (in which place-keeping zeros enable the same digit to represent different powers of ten).

This allows some flexibility in notation, and there has never been an official or universally accepted standard for Roman numerals. Usage in ancient Rome varied greatly and became thoroughly chaotic in medieval times. Even the post-renaissance restoration of a largely «classical» notation has failed to produce total consistency: variant forms are even defended by some modern writers as offering improved «flexibility».[2] On the other hand, especially where a Roman numeral is considered a legally binding expression of a number, as in U.S. Copyright law (where an «incorrect» or ambiguous numeral may invalidate a copyright claim, or affect the termination date of the copyright period)[3] it is desirable to strictly follow the usual style described below.

Standard form

The following table displays how Roman numerals are usually written:[4]

Individual decimal places

Thousands Hundreds Tens Units
1 M C X I
2 MM CC XX II
3 MMM CCC XXX III
4 CD XL IV
5 D L V
6 DC LX VI
7 DCC LXX VII
8 DCCC LXXX VIII
9 CM XC IX

The numerals for 4 (IV) and 9 (IX) are written using «subtractive notation»,[5] where the first symbol (I) is subtracted from the larger one (V, or X), thus avoiding the clumsier IIII and VIIII.[a] Subtractive notation is also used for 40 (XL), 90 (XC), 400 (CD) and 900 (CM).[6] These are the only subtractive forms in standard use.

A number containing two or more decimal digits is built by appending the Roman numeral equivalent for each, from highest to lowest, as in the following examples:

  •    39 = XXX + IX = XXXIX.
  •   246 = CC + XL + VI = CCXLVI.
  •   789 = DCC + LXXX + IX = DCCLXXXIX.
  • 2,421 = MM + CD + XX + I = MMCDXXI.

Any missing place (represented by a zero in the place-value equivalent) is omitted, as in Latin (and English) speech:

  •   160 = C + LX = CLX
  •   207 = CC + VII = CCVII
  • 1,009 = M + IX = MIX
  • 1,066 = M + LX + VI = MLXVI[7][8]

In practice, Roman numerals for numbers over 1000 [b] are currently used mainly for year numbers, as in these examples:

  • 1776 = M + DCC + LXX + VI = MDCCLXXVI (the date written on the book held by the Statue of Liberty).
  • 1918 = M + CM + X + VIII = MCMXVIII (the first year of the Spanish flu pandemic)
  • 1954 = M + CM + L + IV = MCMLIV (as in the trailer for the movie The Last Time I Saw Paris)[3]
  • 2014 = MM + X + IV = MMXIV (the year of the games of the XXII (22nd) Olympic Winter Games (in Sochi, Russia))

The largest number that can be represented in this notation is 3,999 (MMMCMXCIX), but since the largest Roman numeral likely to be required today is MMXXIII (the current year) there is no practical need for larger Roman numerals. Prior to the introduction of Arabic numerals in the West, ancient and medieval users of the system used various means to write larger numbers; see large numbers below.

Other forms

Forms exist that vary in one way or another from the general standard represented above.

Other additive forms

While subtractive notation for 4, 40 and 400 (IV, XL and CD) has been the usual form since Roman times, additive notation to represent these numbers (IIII, XXXX and CCCC)[9] continued to be used, including in compound numbers like XXIIII,[10] LXXIIII,[11] and CCCCLXXXX.[12] The additive forms for 9, 90, and 900 (VIIII,[9] LXXXX,[13] and DCCCC[14]) have also been used, although less often.

The two conventions could be mixed in the same document or inscription, even in the same numeral. For example, on the numbered gates to the Colosseum, IIII is systematically used instead of IV, but subtractive notation is used for XL; consequently, gate 44 is labelled XLIIII.[15][16]

Modern clock faces that use Roman numerals still very often use IIII for four o’clock but IX for nine o’clock, a practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century.[17][18][19] However, this is far from universal: for example, the clock on the Palace of Westminster tower (commonly known as Big Ben) uses a subtractive IV for 4 o’clock.[18]

Isaac Asimov once mentioned an «interesting theory» that Romans avoided using IV because it was the initial letters of IVPITER, the Latin spelling of Jupiter, and might have seemed impious.[20] He did not say whose theory it was.

The year number on Admiralty Arch, London. The year 1910 is rendered as

MDCCCCX, rather than the more usual

MCMX

Several monumental inscriptions created in the early 20th century use variant forms for «1900» (usually written MCM). These vary from MDCCCCX for 1910 as seen on Admiralty Arch, London, to the more unusual, if not unique MDCDIII for 1903, on the north entrance to the Saint Louis Art Museum.[21]

Especially on tombstones and other funerary inscriptions 5 and 50 have been occasionally written IIIII and XXXXX instead of V and L, and there are instances such as IIIIII and XXXXXX rather than VI or LX.[22][23]

Other subtractive forms

There is a common belief that any smaller digit placed to the left of a larger digit is subtracted from the total, and that by clever choices a long Roman numeral can be «compressed». The best known example of this is the ROMAN() function in Microsoft Excel, which can turn 499 into CDXCIX, LDVLIV, XDIX, VDIV, or ID depending on the «Form» setting.[24] There is no indication this is anything other than an invention by the programmer, and the universal-subtraction belief may be a result of modern users trying to rationalize the syntax of Roman numerals.

Epitaph of centurion Marcus Caelius, showing «

XIIX«

There is, however, some historic use of subtractive notation other than that described in the above «standard»: in particular IIIXX for 17,[25] IIXX for 18,[26] IIIC for 97,[27] IIC for 98,[28][29] and IC for 99.[30] A possible explanation is that the word for 18 in Latin is duodeviginti, literally «two from twenty», 98 is duodecentum (two from hundred), and 99 is undecentum (one from hundred).[31] However, the explanation does not seem to apply to IIIXX and IIIC, since the Latin words for 17 and 97 were septendecim (seven ten) and nonaginta septem (ninety seven), respectively.

There are multiple examples of IIX being used for 8. There does not seem to be a linguistic explanation for this use, although it is one stroke shorter than VIII. XIIX was used by officers of the XVIII Roman Legion to write their number.[32][33] The notation appears prominently on the cenotaph of their senior centurion Marcus Caelius (c. 45 BC – 9 AD). On the publicly displayed official Roman calendars known as Fasti, XIIX is used for the 18 days to the next Kalends, and XXIIX for the 28 days in February. The latter can be seen on the sole extant pre-Julian calendar, the Fasti Antiates Maiores.[34]

Rare variants

While irregular subtractive and additive notation has been used at least occasionally throughout history, some Roman numerals have been observed in documents and inscriptions that do not fit either system. Some of these variants do not seem to have been used outside specific contexts, and may have been regarded as errors even by contemporaries.

Padlock used on the north gate of the Irish town of Athlone. «1613» in the date is rendered

XVIXIII, (literally «16, 13») instead of

MDCXIII.

  • IIXX was how people associated with the XXII Roman Legion used to write their number. The practice may have been due to a common way to say «twenty-second» in Latin, namely duo et vice(n)sima (literally «two and twentieth») rather than the «regular» vice(n)sima secunda (twenty second).[35] Apparently, at least one ancient stonecutter mistakenly thought that the IIXX of «22nd Legion» stood for 18, and «corrected» it to XVIII.[35]

  • There are some examples of year numbers after 1000 written as two Roman numerals 1–99, e.g. 1613 as XVIXIII, corresponding to the common reading «sixteen thirteen» of such year numbers in English, or 1519 as XVCXIX as in French quinze-cent-dix-neuf (fifteen-hundred and nineteen), and similar readings in other languages.[37]
  • In some French texts from the 15th century and later one finds constructions like IIIIXXXIX for 99, reflecting the French reading of that number as quatre-vingt-dix-neuf (four-score and nineteen).[37] Similarly, in some English documents one finds, for example, 77 written as «iiixxxvii» (which could be read «three-score and seventeen»).[38]
  • A medieval accounting text from 1301 renders numbers like 13,573 as «XIII. M. V. C. III. XX. XIII«, that is, «13×1000 + 5×100 + 3×20 + 13».[39]
  • Other numerals that do not fit the usual patterns – such as VXL for 45, instead of the usual XLV — may be due to scribal errors, or the writer’s lack of familiarity with the system, rather than being genuine variant usage.

Non-numeric combinations

As Roman numerals are composed of ordinary alphabetic characters, there may sometimes be confusion with other uses of the same letters. For example, «XXX» and «XL» have other connotations in addition to their values as Roman numerals, while «IXL» more often than not is a gramogram of «I excel», and is in any case not an unambiguous Roman numeral.[40]

Zero

As a non-positional numeral system, Roman numerals have no «place-keeping» zeros. Furthermore, the system as used by the Romans lacked a numeral for the number zero itself (that is, what remains after 1 is subtracted from 1). The word nulla (the Latin word meaning «none») was used to represent 0, although the earliest attested instances are medieval. For instance Dionysius Exiguus used nulla alongside Roman numerals in a manuscript from 525 AD.[41][42] About 725, Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N, the initial of nulla or of nihil (the Latin word for «nothing») for 0, in a table of epacts, all written in Roman numerals.[43]

The use of N to indicate «none» long survived in the historic apothecaries’ system of measurement: used well into the 20th century to designate quantities in pharmaceutical prescriptions.[44]

Fractions

A triens coin (1⁄3 or

4⁄12 of an as). Note the four dots (····) indicating its value.

A semis coin (

1⁄2 or

6⁄12 of an as). Note the

S indicating its value.

The base «Roman fraction» is S, indicating 1⁄2.
The use of S (as in VIIS to indicate 71⁄2) is attested in some ancient inscriptions[45]
and also in the now rare apothecaries’ system (usually in the form SS):[44] but while Roman numerals for whole numbers are essentially decimal S does not correspond to 5⁄10, as one might expect, but 6⁄12.

The Romans used a duodecimal rather than a decimal system for fractions, as the divisibility of twelve (12 = 22 × 3) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1⁄3 and 1⁄4 than does a system based on ten (10 = 2 × 5). Notation for fractions other than 1⁄2 is mainly found on surviving Roman coins, many of which had values that were duodecimal fractions of the unit as. Fractions less than 1⁄2 are indicated by a dot (·) for each uncia «twelfth», the source of the English words inch and ounce; dots are repeated for fractions up to five twelfths. Six twelfths (one half), is S for semis «half». Uncia dots were added to S for fractions from seven to eleven twelfths, just as tallies were added to V for whole numbers from six to nine.[46] The arrangement of the dots was variable and not necessarily linear. Five dots arranged like (⁙) (as on the face of a die) are known as a quincunx, from the name of the Roman fraction/coin. The Latin words sextans and quadrans are the source of the English words sextant and quadrant.

Each fraction from 1⁄12 to 12⁄12 had a name in Roman times; these corresponded to the names of the related coins:

Fraction Roman numeral Name (nominative and genitive) Meaning
1⁄12 · Uncia, unciae «Ounce»
2⁄12 = 1⁄6 ·· or : Sextans, sextantis «Sixth»
3⁄12 = 1⁄4 ··· or ∴ Quadrans, quadrantis «Quarter»
4⁄12 = 1⁄3 ···· or ∷ Triens, trientis «Third»
5⁄12 ····· or ⁙ Quincunx, quincuncis «Five-ounce» (quinque unciae → quincunx)
6⁄12 = 1⁄2 S Semis, semissis «Half»
7⁄12 S· Septunx, septuncis «Seven-ounce» (septem unciae → septunx)
8⁄12 = 2⁄3 S·· or S: Bes, bessis «Twice» (as in «twice a third»)
9⁄12 = 3⁄4 S··· or S∴ Dodrans, dodrantis
or nonuncium, nonuncii 		«Less a quarter» (de-quadrans → dodrans)
or «ninth ounce» (nona uncia → nonuncium)
10⁄12 = 5⁄6 S···· or S∷ Dextans, dextantis
or decunx, decuncis 		«Less a sixth» (de-sextans → dextans)
or «ten ounces» (decem unciae → decunx)
11⁄12 S····· or S⁙ Deunx, deuncis «Less an ounce» (de-uncia → deunx)
12⁄12 = 1 I As, assis «Unit»

Other Roman fractional notations included the following:

Fraction Roman numeral Name (nominative and genitive) Meaning
1⁄1728=12−3 𐆕 Siliqua, siliquae
1⁄288 ℈ Scripulum, scripuli «scruple»
1⁄144=12−2 𐆔 Dimidia sextula, dimidiae sextulae «half a sextula»
1⁄72 𐆓 Sextula, sextulae «1⁄6 of an uncia»
1⁄48 Ↄ Sicilicus, sicilici
1⁄36 𐆓𐆓 Binae sextulae, binarum sextularum «two sextulas» (duella, duellae)
1⁄24 Σ or 𐆒 or Є Semuncia, semunciae «1⁄2 uncia» (semi- + uncia)
1⁄8 Σ· or 𐆒· or Є· Sescuncia, sescunciae «1+1⁄2 uncias» (sesqui- + uncia)

Large numbers

During the centuries that Roman numerals remained the standard way of writing numbers throughout Europe, there were various extensions to the system designed to indicate larger numbers, none of which were ever standardised.

Apostrophus

«1630» on the Westerkerk in Amsterdam. «

M» and «

D» are given archaic «apostrophus» form.

One of these was the apostrophus,[47] in which 500 was written as IↃ, while 1,000 was written as CIↃ.[20] This is a system of encasing numbers to denote thousands (imagine the Cs and Ↄs as parentheses), which has its origins in Etruscan numeral usage.

Each additional set of C and Ↄ surrounding CIↃ raises the value by a factor of ten: CCIↃↃ represents 10,000 and CCCIↃↃↃ represents 100,000. Similarly, each additional Ↄ to the right of IↃ raises the value by a factor of ten: IↃↃ represents 5,000 and IↃↃↃ represents 50,000. Numerals larger than CCCIↃↃↃ do not occur.[48]

Page from a 16th-century manual, showing a mixture of apostrophus and vinculum numbers (see in particular the ways of writing 10,000).

Sometimes CIↃ was reduced to ↀ for 1,000. Similarly, IↃↃ for 5,000 was reduced to ↁ; CCIↃↃ for 10,000 to ↂ; IↃↃↃ for 50,000 to ↇ (ↇ); and CCCIↃↃↃ (ↈ) for 100,000 to ↈ.
[49]

IↃ and CIↃ most likely preceded, and subsequently influenced, the adoption of «D» and «M» in Roman numerals.

John Wallis is often credited for introducing the symbol for infinity ⟨∞⟩, and one conjecture is that he based it on ↀ, since 1,000 was hyperbolically used to represent very large numbers.

Vinculum

Another system was the vinculum, in which conventional Roman numerals were multiplied by 1,000 by adding a «bar» or «overline».[49] It was a common alternative to the apostrophic ↀ during the Imperial era: both systems were in simultaneous use around the Roman world (M for ‘1000’ was not in use until the Medieval period).[50]
[51]
The use of vinculum for multiples of 1,000 can be observed, for example, on the milestones erected by Roman soldiers along the Antonine Wall in the mid-2nd century AD.[52] The vinculum for marking 1,000s continued in use in the Middle Ages, though it became known more commonly as titulus.[53]

Some modern sources describe the vinculum as if it were a part of the current «standard».[54] However, this is largely hypothetical, since no common modern usage requires numbers larger than the current year (MMXXIII). Nonetheless, here are some examples, to give an idea of how it might be used:

  • IV = 4,000
  • IVDCXXVII = 4,627
  • XXV = 25,000
  • XXVCDLIX = 25,459

Use of Roman numeral «

I» (with exaggerated serifs) contrasting with the upper case letter «I».

This use of lines is distinct from the custom, once very common, of adding both underline and overline (or very large serifs) to a Roman numeral, simply to make it clear that it is a number, e.g.
Roman numerals drawn with connecting lines for 1967. There is some scope for confusion when an overline is meant to denote multiples of 1,000, and when not. The Greeks and Romans often overlined letters acting as numerals to highlight them from the general body of the text, without any numerical significance. This stylistic convention was, for example, also in use in the inscriptions of the Antonine Wall,[55] and the reader is required to decipher the intended meaning of the overline from the context.

Another medieval usage was the addition of vertical lines (or brackets) before and after the numeral to multiply it by 10:[citation needed] thus M for 10,000 as an alternative form for X. In combination with the overline the bracketed forms might be used to raise the multiplier to ten thousand, thus:

  • VIII for 80,000
  • XX for 200,000

This same syntax may also have indicated multiplication by 100[citation needed] so the above two examples are 800,000 and 2,000,000.

Origin

The system is closely associated with the ancient city-state of Rome and the Empire that it created. However, due to the scarcity of surviving examples, the origins of the system are obscure and there are several competing theories, all largely conjectural.

Etruscan numerals

Rome was founded sometime between 850 and 750 BC. At the time, the region was inhabited by diverse populations of which the Etruscans were the most advanced. The ancient Romans themselves admitted that the basis of much of their civilization was Etruscan. Rome itself was located next to the southern edge of the Etruscan domain, which covered a large part of north-central Italy.

The Roman numerals, in particular, are directly derived from the Etruscan number symbols: ⟨𐌠⟩, ⟨𐌡⟩, ⟨𐌢⟩, ⟨𐌣⟩, and ⟨𐌟⟩ for 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 (They had more symbols for larger numbers, but it is unknown which symbol represents which number). As in the basic Roman system, the Etruscans wrote the symbols that added to the desired number, from higher to lower value. Thus the number 87, for example, would be written 50 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 𐌣𐌢𐌢𐌢𐌡𐌠𐌠 (this would appear as 𐌠𐌠𐌡𐌢𐌢𐌢𐌣 since Etruscan was written from right to left.)[56]

The symbols ⟨𐌠⟩ and ⟨𐌡⟩ resembled letters of the Etruscan alphabet, but ⟨𐌢⟩, ⟨𐌣⟩, and ⟨𐌟⟩ did not. The Etruscans used the subtractive notation, too, but not like the Romans. They wrote 17, 18, and 19 as 𐌠𐌠𐌠𐌢𐌢, 𐌠𐌠𐌢𐌢, and 𐌠𐌢𐌢, mirroring the way they spoke those numbers («three from twenty», etc.); and similarly for 27, 28, 29, 37, 38, etc. However, they did not write 𐌠𐌡 for 4 (nor 𐌢𐌣 for 40), and wrote 𐌡𐌠𐌠, 𐌡𐌠𐌠𐌠 and 𐌡𐌠𐌠𐌠𐌠 for 7, 8, and 9, respectively.[56]

Early Roman numerals

The early Roman numerals for 1, 10, and 100 were the Etruscan ones: ⟨𐌠⟩, ⟨𐌢⟩, and ⟨𐌟⟩. The symbols for 5 and 50 changed from ⟨𐌡⟩ and ⟨𐌣⟩ to ⟨V⟩ and ⟨ↆ⟩ at some point. The latter had flattened to ⟨⊥⟩ (an inverted T) by the time of Augustus, and soon afterwards became identified with the graphically similar letter ⟨L⟩.[48]

The symbol for 100 was written variously as ⟨𐌟⟩ or ⟨ↃIC⟩, and was then abbreviated to ⟨Ↄ⟩ or ⟨C⟩, with ⟨C⟩ (which matched the Latin letter C) finally winning out. It might have helped that C was the initial letter of CENTUM, Latin for «hundred».

The numbers 500 and 1000 were denoted by V or X overlaid with a box or circle. Thus 500 was like a Ↄ superimposed on a Þ. It became D or Ð by the time of Augustus, under the graphic influence of the letter D. It was later identified as the letter D; an alternative symbol for «thousand» was a CIↃ, and half of a thousand or «five hundred» is the right half of the symbol, IↃ, and this may have been converted into D.[20]

The notation for 1000 was a circled or boxed X: Ⓧ, ⊗, ⊕, and by Augustinian times was partially identified with the Greek letter Φ phi. Over time, the symbol changed to Ψ and ↀ. The latter symbol further evolved into ∞, then ⋈, and eventually changed to M under the influence of the Latin word mille «thousand».[48]

According to Paul Kayser, the basic numerical symbols were I, X, C and Φ (or ⊕) and the intermediate ones were derived by taking half of those (half an X is V, half a C is L and half a Φ/⊕ is D).[57]

Entrance to section

LII (52) of the Colosseum, with numerals still visible

Classical Roman numerals

The Colosseum was constructed in Rome in CE 72–80,[58] and while the original perimeter wall has largely disappeared, the numbered entrances from XXIII (23) to LIIII (54) survive,[59] to demonstrate that in Imperial times Roman numerals had already assumed their classical form: as largely standardised in current use. The most obvious anomaly (a common one that persisted for centuries) is the inconsistent use of subtractive notation — while XL is used for 40, IV is avoided in favour of IIII: in fact gate 44 is labelled XLIIII.

Use in the Middle Ages and Renaissance

Lower case, or minuscule, letters were developed in the Middle Ages, well after the demise of the Western Roman Empire, and since that time lower-case versions of Roman numbers have also been commonly used: i, ii, iii, iv, and so on.

13th century example of

iiij.

Since the Middle Ages, a «j» has sometimes been substituted for the final «i» of a «lower-case» Roman numeral, such as «iij» for 3 or «vij» for 7. This «j» can be considered a swash variant of «i«. Into the early 20th century, the use of a final «j» was still sometimes used in medical prescriptions to prevent tampering with or misinterpretation of a number after it was written.[60]

Numerals in documents and inscriptions from the Middle Ages sometimes include additional symbols, which today are called «medieval Roman numerals». Some simply substitute another letter for the standard one (such as «A» for «V«, or «Q» for «D«), while others serve as abbreviations for compound numerals («O» for «XI«, or «F» for «XL«). Although they are still listed today in some dictionaries, they are long out of use.[61]

Number Medieval
abbreviation 		Notes and etymology
5 A Resembles an upside-down V. Also said to equal 500.
6 ↅ Either from a ligature of VI, or from digamma (ϛ), the Greek numeral 6 (sometimes conflated with the στ ligature).[48]
7 S, Z Presumed abbreviation of septem, Latin for 7.
9.5 X̷ Scribal abbreviation, an x with a slash through it. Likewise, IX̷ represented 8.5
11 O Presumed abbreviation of onze, French for 11.
40 F Presumed abbreviation of English forty.
70 S Also could stand for 7, with the same derivation.
80 R
90 N Presumed abbreviation of nonaginta, Latin for 90. (Ambiguous with N for «nothing» (nihil)).
150 Y Possibly derived from the lowercase y’s shape.
151 K Unusual, origin unknown; also said to stand for 250.[62]
160 T Possibly derived from Greek tetra, as 4 × 40 = 160.
200 H Could also stand for 2 (see also 𐆙, the symbol for the dupondius). From a barring of two I‘s.
250 E
300 B
400 P, G
500 Q Redundant with D; abbreviates quingenti, Latin for 500. Also sometimes used for 500,000.[63]
800 Ω Borrowed from Gothic.
900 ϡ Borrowed from Gothic.
2000 Z

Chronograms, messages with dates encoded into them, were popular during the Renaissance era. The chronogram would be a phrase containing the letters I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. By putting these letters together, the reader would obtain a number, usually indicating a particular year.

Modern use

By the 11th century, Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe from al-Andalus, by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises. Roman numerals, however, proved very persistent, remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus). Replacement by their more convenient «Arabic» equivalents was quite gradual, and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts. A few examples of their current use are:

Spanish Real using

IIII instead of

IV as regnal number of Charles

IV of Spain.

  • Names of monarchs and popes, e.g. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Pope Benedict XVI. These are referred to as regnal numbers and are usually read as ordinals; e.g. II is pronounced «the second». This tradition began in Europe sporadically in the Middle Ages, gaining widespread use in England during the reign of Henry VIII. Previously, the monarch was not known by numeral but by an epithet such as Edward the Confessor. Some monarchs (e.g. Charles IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France) seem to have preferred the use of IIII instead of IV on their coinage (see illustration).
  • Generational suffixes, particularly in the U.S., for people sharing the same name across generations, for example William Howard Taft IV. These are also usually read as ordinals.
  • In the French Republican Calendar, initiated during the French Revolution, years were numbered by Roman numerals – from the year I (1792) when this calendar was introduced to the year XIV (1805) when it was abandoned.
  • The year of production of films, television shows and other works of art within the work itself. Outside reference to the work will use regular Arabic numerals.

The year of construction of the Cambridge Public Library, (USA) 1888, displayed in «standard» Roman numerals on its facade.

  • Hour marks on timepieces. In this context, 4 is often written IIII.
  • The year of construction on building façades and cornerstones.
  • Page numbering of prefaces and introductions of books, and sometimes of appendices and annexes, too.
  • Book volume and chapter numbers, as well as the several acts within a play (e.g. Act iii, Scene 2).
  • Sequels to some films, video games, and other works (as in Rocky II, Grand Theft Auto V).
  • Outlines that use numbers to show hierarchical relationships.
  • Occurrences of a recurring grand event, for instance:
    • The Summer and Winter Olympic Games (e.g. the XXI Olympic Winter Games; the Games of the XXX Olympiad).
    • The Super Bowl, the annual championship game of the National Football League (e.g. Super Bowl XLII; Super Bowl 50 was a one-time exception[64]).
    • WrestleMania, the annual professional wrestling event for the WWE (e.g. WrestleMania XXX). This usage has also been inconsistent.

Specific disciplines

In astronautics, United States rocket model variants are sometimes designated by Roman numerals, e.g. Titan I, Titan II, Titan III, Saturn I, Saturn V.

In astronomy, the natural satellites or «moons» of the planets are traditionally designated by capital Roman numerals appended to the planet’s name. For example, Titan’s designation is Saturn VI.

In chemistry, Roman numerals are often used to denote the groups of the periodic table. They are also used in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, for the oxidation number of cations which can take on several different positive charges. They are also used for naming phases of polymorphic crystals, such as ice.

In education, school grades (in the sense of year-groups rather than test scores) are sometimes referred to by a Roman numeral; for example, «grade IX» is sometimes seen for «grade 9».

In entomology, the broods of the thirteen and seventeen year periodical cicadas are identified by Roman numerals.

In graphic design stylised Roman numerals may represent numeric values.

In law, Roman numerals are commonly used to help organize legal codes as part of an alphanumeric outline.

In advanced mathematics (including trigonometry, statistics, and calculus), when a graph includes negative numbers, its quadrants are named using I, II, III, and IV. These quadrant names signify positive numbers on both axes, negative numbers on the X axis, negative numbers on both axes, and negative numbers on the Y axis, respectively. The use of Roman numerals to designate quadrants avoids confusion, since Arabic numerals are used for the actual data represented in the graph.

In military unit designation, Roman numerals are often used to distinguish between units at different levels. This reduces possible confusion, especially when viewing operational or strategic level maps. In particular, army corps are often numbered using Roman numerals (for example the American XVIII Airborne Corps or the WW2-era German III Panzerkorps) with Arabic numerals being used for divisions and armies.

In music, Roman numerals are used in several contexts:

  • Movements are often numbered using Roman numerals.
  • In Roman Numeral Analysis, harmonic function is identified using Roman Numerals.
  • Individual strings of stringed instruments, such as the violin, are often denoted by Roman numerals, with higher numbers denoting lower strings.

In pharmacy, Roman numerals were used with the now largely obsolete apothecaries’ system of measurement: including SS to denote «one half» and N to denote «zero».[44][65]

In photography, Roman numerals (with zero) are used to denote varying levels of brightness when using the Zone System.

In seismology, Roman numerals are used to designate degrees of the Mercalli intensity scale of earthquakes.

In sport the team containing the «top» players and representing a nation or province, a club or a school at the highest level in (say) rugby union is often called the «1st XV«, while a lower-ranking cricket or American football team might be the «3rd XI«.

In tarot, Roman numerals (with zero) are used to denote the cards of the Major Arcana.

In theology and biblical scholarship, the Septuagint is often referred to as LXX, as this translation of the Old Testament into Greek is named for the legendary number of its translators (septuaginta being Latin for «seventy»).

Modern use in European languages other than English

Some uses that are rare or never seen in English speaking countries may be relatively common in parts of continental Europe and in other regions (e.g. Latin America) that use a European language other than English. For instance:

Capital or small capital Roman numerals are widely used in Romance languages to denote centuries, e.g. the French XVIIIe siècle[66] and the Spanish siglo XVIII mean «18th century». Slavic languages in and adjacent to Russia similarly favor Roman numerals (xviii век). On the other hand, in Slavic languages in Central Europe, like most Germanic languages, one writes «18.» (with a period) before the local word for «century».

Boris Yeltsin’s signature, dated 10 November 1988, rendered as 10.

XI.’88.

Mixed Roman and Arabic numerals are sometimes used in numeric representations of dates (especially in formal letters and official documents, but also on tombstones). The month is written in Roman numerals, while the day is in Arabic numerals: «4.VI.1789″ and «VI.4.1789″ both refer unambiguously to 4 June 1789.

Business hours table on a shop window in Vilnius, Lithuania.

Roman numerals are sometimes used to represent the days of the week in hours-of-operation signs displayed in windows or on doors of businesses,[67] and also sometimes in railway and bus timetables. Monday, taken as the first day of the week, is represented by I. Sunday is represented by VII. The hours of operation signs are tables composed of two columns where the left column is the day of the week in Roman numerals and the right column is a range of hours of operation from starting time to closing time. In the example case (left), the business opens from 10 AM to 7 PM on weekdays, 10 AM to 5 PM on Saturdays and is closed on Sundays. Note that the listing uses 24-hour time.

Sign at 17.9 km on route SS4 Salaria, north of Rome, Italy.

Roman numerals may also be used for floor numbering.[68][69] For instance, apartments in central Amsterdam are indicated as 138-III, with both an Arabic numeral (number of the block or house) and a Roman numeral (floor number). The apartment on the ground floor is indicated as 138-huis.

In Italy, where roads outside built-up areas have kilometre signs, major roads and motorways also mark 100-metre subdivisionals, using Roman numerals from I to IX for the smaller intervals. The sign IX/17 thus marks 17.9 km.

Certain romance-speaking countries use Roman numerals to designate assemblies of their national legislatures. For instance, the composition of the Italian Parliament from 2018 to 2022 (elected in the 2018 Italian general election) is called the XVIII Legislature of the Italian Republic (or more commonly the «XVIII Legislature»).

A notable exception to the use of Roman numerals in Europe is in Greece, where Greek numerals (based on the Greek alphabet) are generally used in contexts where Roman numerals would be used elsewhere.

Unicode

The «Number Forms» block of the Unicode computer character set standard has a number of Roman numeral symbols in the range of code points from U+2160 to U+2188.[70] This range includes both upper- and lowercase numerals, as well as pre-combined characters for numbers up to 12 (Ⅻ or XII). One justification for the existence of pre-combined numbers is to facilitate the setting of multiple-letter numbers (such as VIII) on a single horizontal line in Asian vertical text. The Unicode standard, however, includes special Roman numeral code points for compatibility only, stating that «[f]or most purposes, it is preferable to compose the Roman numerals from sequences of the appropriate Latin letters».[71]
The block also includes some apostrophus symbols for large numbers, an old variant of «L» (50) similar to the Etruscan character, the Claudian letter «reversed C», etc.

Symbol ↀ ↁ ↂ ↅ ↆ ↇ ↈ
Value 1,000 5,000 10,000 6 50 50,000 100,000

See also

  • Biquinary
  • Egyptian numerals
  • Etruscan numerals
  • Greek numerals
  • Hebrew numerals
  • Kharosthi numerals
  • Maya numerals
  • Roman abacus
  • Proto-writing
  • Roman numerals in Unicode

References

Notes

  1. ^ Without theorising about causation, it may be noted that IV and IX not only have fewer characters than IIII and VIIII, but are less likely to be confused (especially at a quick glance) with III and VIII.
  2. ^ For numbers over 3,999 see large numbers

Citations

  1. ^ Judkins, Maura (4 November 2011). «Public clocks do a number on Roman numerals». The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 August 2019. Most clocks using Roman numerals traditionally use IIII instead of IV… One of the rare prominent clocks that uses the IV instead of IIII is Big Ben in London.
  2. ^ Adams, Cecil (23 February 1990). «What is the proper way to style Roman numerals for the 1990s?». The Straight Dope.
  3. ^ a b Hayes, David P. «Guide to Roman Numerals». Copyright Registration and Renewal Information Chart and Web Site.
  4. ^ Reddy, Indra K.; Khan, Mansoor A. (2003). «1 (Working with Arabic and Roman numerals)». Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians. CRC Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-203-49534-6. Table 1-1 Roman and Arabic numerals (table very similar to the table here, apart from inclusion of Vinculum notation.
  5. ^ Stanislas Dehaene (1997): The Number Sense : How the Mind Creates Mathematics. Oxford University Press; 288 pages. ISBN 9780199723096
  6. ^ Ûrij Vasilʹevič Prokhorov and Michiel Hazewinkel, editors (1990): Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, Volume 10, page 502. Springer; 546 pages. ISBN 9781556080050
  7. ^ Dela Cruz, M. L. P.; Torres, H. D. (2009). Number Smart Quest for Mastery: Teacher’s Edition. Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 9789712352164.
  8. ^ Martelli, Alex; Ascher, David (2002). Python Cookbook. O’Reilly Media Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00167-4.
  9. ^ a b Julius Caesar (52–49 BC): Commentarii de Bello Gallico. Book II, Section 4: «… XV milia Atrebates, Ambianos X milia, Morinos XXV milia, Menapios VII milia, Caletos X milia, Veliocasses et Viromanduos totidem, Atuatucos XVIIII milia; …» Section 8: «… ab utroque latere eius collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum CCCC et ad extremas fossas castella constituit…» Book IV, Section 15: «Nostri ad unum omnes incolumes, perpaucis vulneratis, ex tanti belli timore, cum hostium numerus capitum CCCCXXX milium fuisset, se in castra receperunt.» Book VII, Section 4: «…in hiberna remissis ipse se recipit die XXXX Bibracte.»
  10. ^ Angelo Rocca (1612) De campanis commentarius. Published by Guillelmo Faciotti, Rome. Title of a Plate: «Campana a XXIIII hominibus pulsata» («Bell to be sounded by 24 men»).
  11. ^ Gerard Ter Borch (1673): Portrait of Cornelis de Graef. Date on painting: «Out. XXIIII Jaer. // M. DC. LXXIIII».
  12. ^ Pliny the Elder (77–79 AD): Naturalis Historia, Book III: «Saturni vocatur, Caesaream Mauretaniae urbem CCLXXXXVII p[assum]. traiectus. reliqua in ora flumen Tader … ortus in Cantabris haut procul oppido Iuliobrica, per CCCCL p. fluens …» Book IV: «Epiri, Achaiae, Atticae, Thessalia in porrectum longitudo CCCCLXXXX traditur, latitudo CCLXXXXVII.» Book VI: «tam vicinum Arsaniae fluere eum in regione Arrhene Claudius Caesar auctor est, ut, cum intumuere, confluant nec tamen misceantur leviorque Arsanias innatet MMMM ferme spatio, mox divisus in Euphraten mergatur.»
  13. ^ Thomas Bennet (1731): Grammatica Hebræa, cum uberrima praxi in usum tironum … Editio tertia. Published by T. Astley, copy in the British Library; 149 pages. Page 24: «PRÆFIXA duo sunt viz. He emphaticum vel relativum (de quo Cap VI Reg. LXXXX.) & Shin cum Segal sequente Dagesh, quod denotat pronomen relativum…»
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  26. ^ Raphael Sulpicius à Munscrod (1621): Vera Ac Germana Detecto Clandestinarvm Deliberationvm. Page 16, line 1: «repertum Originale Subdatum IIIXXX Aug. A. C. MDC.IIXX». Page 41, upper right corner: «Decemb. A. C. MDC.IIXX». Page 42, upper left corner: «Febr. A. C. MDC.XIX». Page 70: «IIXX. die Maij sequentia in consilio noua ex Bohemia allata….». Page 71: «XIX. Maij».
  27. ^ Wilhelm Ernst Tentzel (1699): Als Ihre Königl. Majestät in Pohlen und …. Page 39: «… und der Umschrifft: LITHUANIA ASSERTA M. DC. IIIC [1699].»
  28. ^ Joh. Caspar Posner (1698): Mvndvs ante mvndvm sive De Chao Orbis Primordio, title page: «Ad diem jvlii A. O. R. M DC IIC».
  29. ^ Wilhelm Ernst Tentzel (1700): Saxonia Nvmismatica: Das ist: Die Historie Des Durchlauchtigsten…. Page 26: «Die Revers hat eine feine Inscription: SERENISSIMO DN.DN… SENATUS.QVERNF. A. M DC IIC D. 18 OCT [year 1698 day 18 oct].»
  30. ^ Enea Silvio Piccolomini (1698): Opera Geographica et Historica. Helmstadt, J. M. Sustermann. Title page of first edition: «Bibliopolæ ibid. M DC IC».
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  35. ^ a b Stephen James Malone, (2005) Legio XX Valeria Victrix…. PhD thesis. On page 396 it discusses many coins with «Leg. IIXX» and notes that it must be Legion 22. The footnote on that page says: «The form IIXX clearly reflecting the Latin duo et vicensima ‘twenty-second’: cf. X5398, legatus I[eg II] I et vicensim(ae) Pri[mi]g; VI 1551, legatus leg] IIXX Prj; III 14207.7, miles leg IIXX; and III 10471-3, a vexillation drawn from four German legions including ‘XVIII PR’ – surely here the stonecutter’s hypercorrection for IIXX PR.
  36. ^ L’ Atre périlleux et Yvain, le chevalier au lion . 1301–1350.
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  38. ^ Herbert Edward Salter (1923) Registrum Annalium Collegii Mertonensis 1483–1521 Oxford Historical Society, volume 76; 544 pages. Page 184 has the computation in pounds:shillings:pence (li:s:d) x:iii:iiii + xxi:viii:viii + xlv:xiiii:i = iiixxxvii:vi:i, i.e. 10:3:4 + 21:8:8 + 45:14:1 = 77:6:1.
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Sources

  • Menninger, Karl (1992). Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-27096-8.

Further reading

  • Aczel, Amir D. 2015. Finding Zero: A Mathematician’s Odyssey to Uncover the Origins of Numbers. 1st edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Goines, David Lance. A Constructed Roman Alphabet: A Geometric Analysis of the Greek and Roman Capitals and of the Arabic Numerals. Boston: D.R. Godine, 1982.
  • Houston, Stephen D. 2012. The Shape of Script: How and Why Writing Systems Change. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
  • Taisbak, Christian M. 1965. «Roman numerals and the abacus.» Classica et medievalia 26: 147–60.

External links

  • «Roman Numerals (Totally Epic Guide)». Know The Romans.
Источник

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