Рассказ о калуге на английском языке

Калуга – классический пример города-крепости. Kaluga is a classic example of a fortified city.

Исторический центр и главные достопримечательности Калуги сконцентрированы на возвышенностях.

The historical center and the main sights of Kaluga are concentrated on the hills.

Современная Калуга изначально организовывалась как форпост. Modern Kaluga was initially organized as an outpost.

Речка Ока служила естественной преградой от набегов кочевников. he Oka River served as a natural barrier against nomadic raids.

Значительная часть территории области покрыта лесами. A significant part of the region is covered with forests.

Калуга является крупным транспортным узлом. Kaluga is a major transport hub.

По территории Калужской области осуществляются транзитные, межрегиональные и внутриобластные грузовые и пассажирские перевозки.

Through the territory of the Kaluga region, transit, interregional and intraregional freight and passenger transportation are carried out.

В черте города Калуга находится 4 пассажирские железнодорожные станции.  Within the city of Kaluga there are 4 passenger railway stations.

Калужская земля видела многих великих людей России. The Kaluga land saw many great people of Russia

В Калуге жил выдающийся исследователь, крупнейший ученый в области воздухоплавания, авиации и космонавтики Циолковский К.Э. In Kaluga lived an outstanding researcher, the largest scientist in the field of aeronautics, aviation and cosmonautics Tsiolkovsky K.E.

В Калуге работал основоположник гелиобиологии биолог А.Л.Чижевский. In Kaluga worked the founder of heliobiology, the biologist AL Chizhevsky.

Необычные достопримечательности Калуги: Unusual attractions in Kaluga:

В историческом центре города сохранился целый ряд памятников архитектуры. In the historic center of the city there are a number of architectural monuments.

• Каменные палаты Коробова.
  The stone chambers of Korobov
• Каменные жилые дома восемнадцатого века.
  Stone houses of the eighteenth century.
• Дубликат ракеты-носителя «Восток».
  Duplicate of the Vostok launch vehicle.
• Скульптура Кот Ученый.
  Sculpture Cat Scientist.

Найдется занятие и для любителей природных красот. There is also an occupation for lovers of natural beauty.

Здесь встречают рассвет, катаются на велосипеде по лесным тропинкам. Here they meet the dawn, wander or ride a bicycle along forest paths.

Kaluga Калуга
City[1]
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Kaluga
Kaluga Location of Kaluga Kaluga Kaluga (Kaluga Oblast)
Coordinates: 54°33′N 36°17′E / 54.550°N 36.283°ECoordinates: 54°33′N 36°17′E / 54.550°N 36.283°E
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Kaluga Oblast[1]
First mentioned	1371[2]
Government
• Body	City Duma[3]
• City Head[5]	Dmitry Denisov[4]
Area [6]
• Total	170.5 km2 (65.8 sq mi)
Elevation	190 m (620 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[7]
• Total	324,698
• Estimate  (2018)[8]	340,851 (+5%)
• Rank	55th in 2010
• Density	1,900/km2 (4,900/sq mi)
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	City of Kaluga[1]
• Capital of	Kaluga Oblast[1], City of Kaluga[1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Kaluga Urban Okrug[9]
• Capital of	Kaluga Urban Okrug[9]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [10])
Postal code(s)[11]	248xxx
Dialing code(s)	+7 4842[12]
OKTMO ID	29701000001
City Day	Second Saturday of September[13]
Website	www.kaluga-gov.ru

Kaluga (Russian: Калу́га, IPA: [kɐˈɫuɡə]), a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast in Russia, stands on the Oka River 150 kilometers (93 mi) southwest of Moscow. Population: 337,058 (2021 Census);^[14] 324,698 (2010 Census);^[7] 334,751 (2002 Census);^[15] 311,319 (1989 Census).^[16]

Kaluga’s most famous resident, the space travel pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, worked there as a school teacher from 1892 to 1935. The Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga is dedicated to his theoretical achievements and to their practical implementations for modern space research, hence the motto on the city’s coat of arms: Колыбель Космонавтики, Kolybélʹ kosmonávtiki (The Cradle of Space-Exploration«).

History[edit]

Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as Koluga; the name comes from Old Russian kaluga — «bog, quagmire».^[17] During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank defense line. The Great stand on the Ugra River was fought just to the west. In the Middle Ages Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes Vorotynsky. The ancestral home of these princes lies southwest of the modern city.

On 19 January 1777 the Kaluga drama theatre opened its first theatrical season, established with the direct participation of the Governor-General M. N. Krechetnikov.

Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and by the ancient roadway, the Kaluga Road (now partly within Moscow (as Starokaluzhskoye Shosse — the Old Kaluga Highway), partly the A101 road). This road offered Napoleon his favored escape route from the Moscow trap in the fall of 1812. But General Kutuzov repelled Napoleon’s advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the old Smolensk road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia.

On several occasions during the Russian Empire Kaluga was the residence of political exiles and prisoners such as the last Crimean khan Şahin Giray (1786), the Kyrgyz sultan Arigazi-Abdul-Aziz (1828), the Georgian princess Thecla (1834–1835), and the Avar leader Imam Shamil (1859–1868).

The German army briefly occupied Kaluga during the climactic Battle of Moscow, as part of Operation Barbarossa. The city was under full or partial German occupation from October 12 to December 30, 1941. In 1944, the Soviet Government used its local military buildings to intern hundreds of Polish prisoners of war — soldiers of the Polish underground Home Army — whom the advancing Soviet front had arrested in the area around Vilnius.

Administrative and municipal status[edit]

Kaluga is the administrative center of the oblast.^[1] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with seventy-two rural localities, incorporated as the City of Kaluga—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] As a municipal division, the City of Kaluga, together with one rural locality in Ferzikovsky District (the selo of Novozhdamirovo), is incorporated as Kaluga Urban Okrug.^[9]

Economy[edit]

In Kaluga, Kaluga Turbine Plant is located, is part of the company Power Machines; Kaluga Machine Works manufactures track machines for railways, plant a foreign company MACO Door & Window.

In recent years Kaluga has become one center of the Russian automotive industry, with a number of foreign companies opening assembly plants in the area:

On November 28, 2007, Volkswagen Group opened a new assembly plant in Kaluga, which further expanded by 2009. The investment has reached more than 500 million Euro. As of 2014 the plant assembled the Volkswagen Passat, Škoda Fabia and Škoda Rapid.^[18]

On October 15, 2007, the Volvo Group broke ground on a new truck assembly plant, that was inaugurated on January 19, 2009,^[19] with a yearly capacity of 10,000 Volvo and 5,000 Renault trucks.^[20]

On December 12, 2007, PSA Peugeot Citroën announced its decision to build a new assembly plant in Kaluga.^[21] By March 2010 the plant was operational, building Peugeot 308s for the Russian market and would also produce Citroën and Mitsubishi models.^[22]

Transportation[edit]

The city is served by the Grabtsevo Airport. Since 1899, there has been a railway connection between Kaluga and Moscow.^[23]

Public transportation is represented by the trolleybuses, buses, and marshrutkas (routed taxis).

• 

  ZiU-682 trolleybus

• 

  ZiU-682 trolleybus

• 

  BKM-321 low-floor trolleybus

• 

  Kaluga Airport

• 

  Kaluga Railway Station

Climate[edit]

Kaluga has a humid temperate continental (Köppen climate classification: Dfb), with warm and humid summers; and long, cold and snowy winters. Winter extreme records can be as low as −45 °C (−49 °F), while summer heat may reach up +40 °C (104 °F), but normal variation is between −5 °C (23 °F) and −20 °C (−4 °F) during winter and between 15 °C (59 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F) during summer in Kaluga.

Notable people[edit]

Kaluga’s most famous resident was rocket science pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

Other notable people include:

• Alexander Amfiteatrov
• Yuri Averbakh, chess grandmaster
• Mykola Azarov
• Pafnuty Chebyshev, mathematician
• Alexander Chizhevsky
• David Edelstadt
• Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian-American composer
• Jonah of Hankou
• Andrei Kalaychev
• Valery Kobelev, ski jumper
• Mikhail Linge
• Pavel Popovich, cosmonaut, the only person to receive two honorary citizenships of Kaluga (1962 and 1964)^[24]
• Nikolai Rakov
• Imam Shamil
• Nikolay Skvortsov, swimmer
• Yuliya Tabakova
• Georgy Zhukov
• Olesya Zykina, 400m athlete
• Bulat Okudzhava, lived and taught Literature in public school in 1980th.
• Serafim Tulikov
• Ivan Kuliak

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Kaluga is twinned with:^[25]

Partner cities[edit]

In addition to twin towns, Kaluga cooperates with:^[25]

Gallery[edit]

• 

  Kaluga. Main Square

• 

  Kaluga. Polman House

• 

  Kaluga Region Drama Theatre building

• 

  Kaluga. Eastern archway at the Administration Building

• 

  Kaluga. Moscow State Technical University (local branch)

• 

  Streetside stores in Kaluga

• 

  Kaluga. Region administration

• 

  Trolleybus in Kaluga

• 

  Astronautics Museum

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

Media related to Kaluga at Wikimedia Commons

• «Kaluga (town)» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 644.
• Official website of Kaluga
• Kaluga Business Directory (in Russian)
• Article in German about Kaluga plant
• Kaluga, Russia at JewishGen

The main places of interest of Kaluga

• The main places of interest of Kaluga

ГАОУ СПО «Калужский колледж сервиса и дизайна»

Автор: Панова Валентина Николаевна, учитель истории и английского языка г. Калуга 2015

Kaluga city flag

Kaluga city coat of arms

History of Kaluga

Kaluga is situated in Central Russia on the beautiful Oka River. It is roughly 188 kilometers southwest of   Moscow and it serves as the administrative center of the Kaluga Oblast.

The first official mention of the city by its current name was made in 1371. Kaluga population is about 326,000 (2012)

History of Kaluga

In the 15th century Kaluga became part of the principality of Moscow.

In 1607, Kaluga was the center of a peasant uprising led by I. I. Bolotnikov.

Kaluga became a part of Moscow Province in 1708; in 1777 it was made the center of the Kaluga namestnichestvo;

and in 1796 it became the capital of Kaluga Province. From the 17th through the 19th century it played an important role as a trade center.

The Memorial House of Tsiolkovsky

The Memorial House of Tsiolkovsky had been opened on September 19, 1936.

The house was ruined by the Nazis, but it was rebuilt two months after the invasion was over.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (17 September 1857 — 19 September 1935 )

Kaluga is «The Cradle of Space Exploration». Kaluga is known for its most famous resident, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, a rocket science pioneer who lived and worked here for 30 years and is buried there.

Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics

The Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics  is the first museum   in the world dedicated to the history of space exploration. It was opened on 3 October 1967, and is named after  Konstantin Tsiolkovsky . The first stone of the foundation was laid by Y. Gagarin himself in June 1961.

Among the main places of interest of Kaluga are:

Stone bridge over Berezuevsky gulley constructed in 1777 by the same architect, Petr Romanovich Nikitin, is still one of the biggest viaducts in Russia.

The Korobovs’ Chambers (one of the rare examples of “chamber architecture”, the end of the 17th century

Kaluga Regional Museum of local lore was built in the early XIX century. It’s a typical example of Russian classicism. It was once the estate of the merchant of the first guild M.P. Zolotarev

Gostiny Dvor ( 1785 – 1811)

Kaluga Gostiny Dvor built according to draft of the famous architect Pyotr Romanovich Nikitin, the ensemble was begun in 1784

Bilibin house (Shamil house)

The monumental three floors palace with reliefs and monograms on the facade was built in the XVIII century by Ivan Bilibin. The house has a glorious history associated with big names. In the middle of the XIX century building in disrepair was sold by auction, and later the tribal Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya Shamil settled in it. 

The House of Masters of Kaluga city

The following wooden building constructed in the beginning of the 20th century hosts the municipal House of Masters and the Museum of local people handicrafts and art. There are nice exhibits of national costumes and fancywork.

Victory Square is a symbolic place for Kaluga’s citizens and indispensable point of all excursions. Today there is a memorial complex, built as a tribute to the fallen in the battles for Kaluga in the Great Patriotic War. 30 meter-high obelisk topped by 8 meter-high statue of Motherland.

A.V.Lunacharsky Drama Theater

Kaluga Regional Art Museum was founded in 1918, the basis of its collection was the collection of Kaluga resident Nicanor Vasiliev.  

January 19, 1777 opened the curtain of the Kaluga drama theatre

The Holy Trinity Cathedral

The main Cathedral of the Kaluga region, consecrated in 1815 and dedicated to the victory over Napoleon.

• http://www.russia-channel.com/central/kaluga/
• http://www.russiajournal.com/node/13603
• http://russiatrek.org/kaluga-city
• http://russiatrek.org/blog/architecture/the-house-of-masters-of-kaluga-city/
• http://www.kalugaplaza.ru/en/place/bilibin-house-shamil-house
• http://www.suvenirograd.ru/sights.php?id=1642&lang=1..
• http://www.prosv.ru/Maxim/PresentationsHorizonte290452012/KalugaMuseumOfCosmo.pdf
• http://www.testpilot.ru/espace/bibl/fant/tsiolk/put_k_zv/grezy05.html
• http://wallpapers.ssdn.ru/view.php?id=602
• http://www.babyblog.ru/user/Lesly/3000966

The history of the Kaluga’s Land goes back to the far past. Kaluga is mentioned for the first time in the chronicle of 1371. Being situated on the South borderland of Moscow State, Kaluga has served as the forward outpost for many centuries, beating off raids of numerous outlandish conquerors. Here severe battles with tatar — mongol hordes occurred. In 1606-1607 Kaluga was a centre of Peasants War under Ivan Bolotnikov’s leadership.

Great events took place on the Kaluga’s Land in the days of the Patriotic War of 1812. During the known battles near Tarutino village the Russian Army inflicted destructive onslaught to the Napoleon Army and after that it was from here, starting from the Kaluga’s Land that the panic retreat of the Napoleon Army began.

Kalugians showed mass heroism during the Great Patriotic War. The best people went to the Army with the arms in their handsto defendthe country, showing the miracles of bravity and courage. Many of them gave their lives for the freedom and independence of the Motherland. About 150 of them became Heroes of the Soviet Union and among them the marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov, who has received this title four times, and a former turner of Kaluga’s machinery plant, an airman A.T.Tupolev- twice. Five Kalugians repeated Alexander Matrosovs feat, fifteen became full Knights of the Order of Glory. Thousands of our countrymen were awarded with orders and medals.

During the first five-year years, all previous enterprises are reconstructed and expanded here, and new ones are being built: the «Giant» spoke factory, the sewing factory. In 1939, Kaluga laid down Europe’s largest Synthetic Fragrance Mill (SFM). However, the main enterprises appeared in the post-war years. Today it is mechanical engineering, instrument making, metal working and electrical engineering industry. Diesel locomotives, turbines, pyrometric devices are produced here; woodworking, chemical and food industry enterprises operate.

Today, the Kaluga region is one of the most developed sub-projects of R.F. Region occupies the leading position in Russia in terms of the growth rate of industry and the level of advanced technologies introduced annually into the production. A special place is occupied by the automotive cluster. It includes Russian and foreign enterprises. The core of the cluster is three manufacturers: Volkswagen Group Rus, Peugeot-CitroenMitsubishi Auto and Volvo. It was from the automotive industry that the history of Kaluga’s new economy began, fundamentally changing the structure of the industrial complex. Within the framework of the pharmaceutical cluster, which has become the basis for the development of the knowledge economy, the production of the world leaders of the pharmaceutical industry «Berlin — Chemie/Menarini,» AstraZeneca, «etc. In 2015, Kaluga International Airport was reconstructed. Thus, the new economic policy allowed creating conditions for the development of high-tech production, to form a quality infrastructure and social environment.

Kaluga is famous for scientists, writers, artists, and public figures. The famous mathematician P. L. Chebyshev, the first female President of the Russian Academy of Sciences E. R. Dashkova, the outstanding architect V. I. Bazhenov and the famous Navigator S. I. Chelyuskin were born here.In Kaluga there were classics of Russian literature A. Radishchev, G. Derzhavin, A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, A. Polezhaev, L. Tolstoy, I. Turgenev, F. Dostoevsky and A. Chekhov, artists I. Levitan, V. Polenov, N. Yaroshenko, P. Konchalovsky and others. The pride of Kaluga is the outstanding figure of Russian science and the founder of cosmonautics, K. E. Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935).

All those who are interested in this branch of science, seek to visit our city, visit the state Museum of the history of cosmonautics named after K. E. Tsiolkovsky, visit the house near the Oka, where the scientist lived and worked, lay flowers on his grave, wander under the shade of age-old lime trees in the favorite place of rest of Konstantin Eduardovich.

A great friend of Kaluga was the discoverer of outer space Yuri Gagarin.He often visited Kaluga, met with its residents, and even put thestone in the foundation of the Museum of the history of cosmonautics.

He was the first to be awarded the title of honorary citizen of Kaluga. Following the example of Yuri Gagarin, all cosmonauts, returning from flights, visit Kaluga.Various exhibitions are held on the ground floor of the cosmonautics Museum, and the entrance to the planetarium is located. On the second floor there is a permanent exhibition dedicated to the history of aviation and aeronautics.

Here you can see the scientific heritage of K. E. Tsiolkovsky, as well as a life-size model of the Soviet Mir space station. You can go inside and see what conditions the astronauts lived and worked in. More than 650 thousand people visit the cosmonautics Museum every year.

ACTIVITY SHEET

Choose the correct answer

1. When was Kaluga founded?

a) 1812
b) 1917
c) 1371
d) 1731

2. Kaluga was the center of the peasant war 1606-1607 under the leadership of…

a) Lzhedmitriy 2
b) Ivan Groznyj
c) Napoleon
d) Bolotnikov

3. Where did the Russian army deliver a devastating blow to Napoleon’s army?

a) Moscow
b) Tula
c) Tarutino
d) St. Petersburg

4. How many times has G.K. Zhukov been awarded the star of a Hero of the Soviet Union?

a) 5
b) 4
c) 2
d) 3

5. Europe’s largest plant of synthetic aromatic substances was built in.

a) 1962
b) 1939
c)1941
d)1974

6. What kind of industry gave rise to a new history of the economy in Kaluga?

a) mining
b) chemical
c) fuel
d) automobile

7. The core of the Kaluga automotive cluster is…

а) Renault
b) Volkswagen Group Rus
c) Ford
d) Mercedes Benz

8. The pride of Kaluga is an outstanding figure in Russian science and the founder of astronautics.

а) Gagarin
b) Tsiolkovsky
c) Korolev
d) Titov

9. Who laid the first stone in the foundation of the Cosmonautics Museum in Kaluga?

а) Leonov
b) Tereshkova
c) Gagarin
d) Savitskaya

10. What Gagarin’s tradition is still observed by all cosmonauts in Russia?

a) dance the waltz
b) drink coffee
c) visit Kaluga
d) swim in the pool

11. What was the name of the first Soviet space station?

а) Vostok
b) Belka and Strelka
c) Mir
d) Falcon

12. Why do people like to visit Kaluga?

a) to buy souvenirs
b) to visit the Museum of Cosmonautics
c) to visit attractions
d) to open the mind

Welcome to Russia! Kaluga

• Актуальность так как там много заводов, где работают иностранцы, мы решили посвятить наш проект с привлечения туристов в г. Калугу.
• Цель: создать буклет, отражающий культурное и архитектурное наследие нашей области, а конкретно областного центра Калужской области – г. Калуги, историческими памятниками, прославившими русский народ.
• Задачи:
• выяснить какие города любят посещать иностранные туристы
• узнать, чем привлекает туристов г. Калуга
• собрать информацию о достопримечательностях города

Этапы проекта:

• Организационный этап — определяем цели и задачи проекта.
• Поисковый этап: сбор информации о достопримечательностях города.
• Сбор и переработка информации о Калуге.
• Оформление элементов буклета.
• Предъявление продукта.
• Выводы.

Практическая значимость заключается в том, что созданные буклеты, которые содержат полезную информацию об истории и достопримечательностях г. Калуги, помогут ребятам и взрослым расширить свои знания о городе. Кроме того, собранный материал может использоваться на уроках страноведения в школе, а также может быть интересен и полезен всем тем, кто часто путешествует, изучает английский язык.

Калуга — это старый город России со своей историей и традициями. История Калуги начинается с 14 века. В первые о ней упоминается в 1371г. В то время это была всего лишь небольшая крепость, в дальнейшем превратившаяся в красивейший город. Сейчас Калуга – один из красивых городов русской провинции. Красивых не только по расположению, но и «своими прямыми широкими улицами, массой зелени, художественными постройками».

Анкета «Какие бы достопримечательности вы посетили в г. Калуге в первую очередь?»

1.Государственный музей истории космонавтики –

2. Каменный мост

3. Золотая аллея

4. Церковь Космы и Дамиана

5. Палаты Коробовых

6. Монумент 600-летию Калуги

7. Сквер Мира.

8. Памятник театральному зрителю

9. Центральный парк культуры и отдыха

10. Мешок счастья

11. Церковь Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы «на рву»

12. Дом мастеров

13. Площадь Победы

14. Гостиный двор

15. Ладья

16. Ансамбль Присутственных мест

17. Калужский Арбат

18. Усадьба Золотарева

19. Калужский областной драматический театр

20. Памятник Ю.А.Гагарину

Спасибо!

The climate and ecology of Kaluga, or Water consecrated by nitrates
The climate of Kaluga, a typical Central Russia: all the seasons are very pronounced, although in recent years in connection with global warming «autumn» period is often delayed, but ZIM completely free of snow and frost does not happen.
With nature kalugians luck. No wonder the residents of the district TV tower and the old city cemetery (it is almost the center) in the morning listen to nightingales, and in the Central Park is still tenacious and mighty oak – the famous age of the city.
Where else can you see a real pine grove with centuries-old pine trees in the city Of course, in Kaluga. The famous Kaluga forest, a natural monument, is a special conversation. If not for him, gaspedd Kaluga in unbearable summer heat from the smoke and stench of burning in the Moscow region peat bogs, and Moscow. The wind of smoky air brought, but filters of boron in the town are almost never allowed. In the ecological rating of Russian cities Kaluga is located in the middle, maintaining the stability of the situation.
Климат и экология Калуги, или Вода с освященными нитратами

Климат в Калуге — типичный для центральной России: все сезоны очень ярко выражены, хотя в последнее время в связи с глобальным потеплением «осенний» период часто затягивается, но зим совсем без снега и мороза не бывает.

С природой калужанам повезло. Не зря жители района телевышки и старого городского кладбища (это почти центр) по утрам слушают соловьев, а в центральном парке до сих пор живуч и могуч дуб – знаменитый ровесник города.

Где еще можно увидеть настоящую сосновую рощу с многовековыми соснами в городской черте Конечно, в Калуге. Знаменитый калужский бор, памятник природы, — вообще особый разговор. Если бы не он, задыхалась бы Калуга в невыносимую летнюю жару от дыма и смрада горящих в Подмосковье торфяников, как и Москва. Ветер дымный воздух приносил, но фильтры бора в город его почти не пускали. В экологическом рейтинге городов России Калуга находится в самой серединке, сохраняя стабильность ситуации.