Рассказ о лос анджелесе на английском

Обновлено: 10.01.2023

Los Angeles spans a widely diverse geographic area. Primarily a desert basin, the area is surrounded by the San Gabriel Mountain range and divided by the Santa Monica Mountains. Los Angeles County has 81 miles of coastline. There are such rivers as the Los Angeles, the Rio Hondo, the San Gabriel and the Ventura rivers.

The name Los Angeles is Spanish for the Angels. In the late 18th century, Felipe de Neve, Spanish Governor of California, saw the need to establish a settlement along the River Los Angeles, The primary purpose for the pueblo was to reaffirm Spain’s claim over the territory in the face of encroachments by Russia in the north and Britain from the sea. The settlement

would also help to keep Spain’s California military garrisons supplied and fed. Los Angeles was officially established by Governor Felipe de Neve on September 4,1781.

Governor de Neve’s statue stands today at the Plaza of Olvera Street in downtown Los Angeles. Later, when Mexico became an independent state, California with Los Angeles was governed by Mexicans.

In August of 1846, American soldiers entered Los Angeles and the Stars and Stripes flag has flown over the city since January 1847. On February, 1848 the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed and the Mexican-American War was finished, California was ceded to the United States. In 1851 the first Los Angeles City police force was organized.

Nowadays the city of Los Angeles holds many distinctions. Los Angeles is the entertainment capital of the world, a cultural centre which has more than 300 museums and a paradise of good weather.

It is the only city in the world to host the Summer Olympics twice. Downtown of Los Angeles is the largest government centre outside of Washington, D. C.

has the only remaining wooden lighthouse in the world. It is located in Fermin Park in San Pedro. Los Angeles has the largest historical theatre district, located in Downtown on Broadway.

The population of Los Angeles is about four million people. Los Angeles ranks as the second largest city in the nation behind New York City, In Los Angeles there are people from about 140 countries^speaking approximately 86 different languages and currently call Los Angeles home.

Лос-Анджелес

Лос-Анджелес охватывает очень разнообразную географическую область. В основном это пустынная область, окруженная горной грядой Сан-Габриэль и разделенная горами Санта Моника. Округ Лос-Анджелес имеет 81 милю береговой линии. Здесь находятся такие реки, как река Лос-Анджелес, река Рио-де-Жанейро Ондо, реки Сан Габриэль и Вентура.

Статуя губернатора Неве стоит и по сей день на площади Улица Олвера, расположенной в центре города Лос-Анджелес. Позже, когда Мексика стала независимым государством, Калифорния с Лос-Анджелесом перешла под мексиканское управление.

В августе 1846 года американские солдаты вступили в Лос-Анджелес, и звездно-полосатое полотнище развевается над городом начиная с января 1847 года. В феврале 1848 было подписано Соглашение Гваделупе Идалго и мексиканско-американская война была завершена. Калифорнию уступали Соединенным Штатам. В 1851 году было организовано первое полицейское подразделение.

В настоящее время город Лос-Анджелес является городом контрастов. Лос-Анджелес — это столица мира развлечений, культурный центр, который имеет более 300 музеев и райскую погоду.

Это единственный город в мире, в котором дважды проходили Летние Олимпийские игры. Центр города Лос-Анджелес является самым большим правительственным центром, не считая города Вашингтон, Округ Колумбия.

Лос-Анджелес имеет единственный в мире деревянный маяк, он расположен в Парке Фермин, что в Сан-Педро. Лос-Анджелес имеет самый большой исторический район театров, расположенный в центральной части города на Бродвее.

Население Лос-Анджелеса составляет приблизительно четыре миллиона человек. Лос-Анджелес является вторым по величине городом после Нью-Йорка. В Лос-Анджелесе живут люди приблизительно из 140 стран, говорящие приблизительно на 86 различных языках и в настоящее время называющие Лос-Анджелес своим домом.

Дорогой ученик! В этом материале опубликованы города США на английском языке. Под английским текстом есть перевод на русский язык. Мы подготовили описание 6 городов.

Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C. is the capital of the United States.

Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States. It the 20th most populous city in the United States.

New York City (NYC)

New York City (NYC) is the most populous city in the United States with 8.4 million residents (2018). New York City consists of five boroughs: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens and Staten Island.

New York City is the cultural and financial capital of the world. It also exerts a significant impact on commerce, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, fashion, and sports.

Los Angeles

Los Angeles is the most populous city in California, the second most populous city in the United States, after New York City, and the third most populous city in North America.

Los Angeles is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. It is also the home of Hollywood , a major center of the world entertainment industry.

Chicago

Chicago is the most populous city in Illinois, as well as the third most populous city in the United States. Chicago is an international hub for finance, culture, commerce, technology, telecommunications, and transportation.

San Francisco

San Francisco is the 13th most populous city in the United States. A popular tourist destination, San Francisco is known for the Golden Gate Bridge, cable cars, Alcatraz Island, and Fisherman’s Wharf .

Las Vegas

Las Vegas is the 28th most populated city in the United States. Las Vegas is known primarily for its gambling, shopping, entertainment, and nightlife. Today, Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world’s most visited tourist destinations.

Все самое основное: Где расположен, кем и когда основан, достопримечательности.
Если не сложно скиньте текст + его перевод!
Заранее БЛАГОДАРНА!

1)Los Angeles, with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in the state of California, and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City.

(Тут говорится о населении на 2010 год в 3 млн 792 тыс 621 человек, более густонаселенный город в штатах Калифорнии и второй по населенности после Нью-Йорка) .

2)Los Angeles was founded on September 4, 1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve.

(Лос-Анджелес найден в сентябре 4,1781 года испанским губернатором Филипом Нэве.

3)Nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is a world center of business, international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, and education.

(Город называют Городом ангелов, Лос-Анджелес является мировым центром бизнеса, международной торговли, развлечений, культуры, СМИ, моды, науки, спорта, технологий и образования. )

4)Important landmarks in Los Angeles include Walt Disney Concert Hall, the Kodak Theatre, the Griffith Observatory, the Getty Center, the Getty Villa, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Grauman’s Chinese Theatre, the Hollywood Sign, the Bradbury Building, Hollywood Boulevard, the Capitol Records Building, Los Angeles City Hall, the Hollywood Bowl, the Theme Building, the Watts Towers, Staples Center, Dodger Stadium, and La Placita Olvera/Olvera Street.

(Популярные достопримечательности в Лос-Анджелесе включают в себя. ТУТ НАЗВАНИЯ ИХ)

Ну вот в принципе всё,можешь выбрать отдельные достопримечательности, зачем про все говорить. Как нибудь сократи. Я думаю таких 4-х предложений достаточно будет. Как и просила, с переводом.

Los Angeles (i/lɒs ˈændʒələs/ loss-an-jə-ləs; Spanish: [los ˈaŋxeles]), with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in the state of California, and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City.[5] It has an area of 468.67 square miles (1,213.8 km2), and is located in Southern California. Often known by its initials L.A., the city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area, which contains 12,828,837 people as of 2010, and is one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world[6] and the second largest in the United States.[7] Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically diverse counties[8] in the United States, while the entire Los Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the nation’s largest cities.[9] The city’s inhabitants are referred to as «Angelenos».[10]
Los Angeles was founded on September 4, 1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve.[11] It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence.[12] In 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States.[13] Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood.[14]
Nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is a world center of business, international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, and education. It is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. Los Angeles has been ranked the third richest city and fifth most powerful and influential city in the world.[15][16] The Los Angeles combined statistical area (CSA) has a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $831 billion (as of 2008), making it the third largest economic center in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas.[17] As the home base of Hollywood, it is also known as the «Entertainment Capital of the World,» leading the world in the creation of television and stage production, motion pictures, video games, and recorded music. The importance of the entertainment business to the city has led many celebrities to call Los Angeles and its surrounding suburbs home. Additionally, Los Angeles hosted the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics.

• Для учеников 1-11 классов и дошкольников
• Бесплатные сертификаты учителям и участникам

• Поможем развить концентрацию и внимание с раннего возраста
• Повысим гибкость и раскованность в общении

Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:

Лос-Анджелес — широко известен как «Город ангелов», часто используется сокращение L.A. Лос-Анджелес — 2й город в США по количеству жителей после Нью-Йорка. Число жителей — более 4 млн. Население же Большого Лос-Анджелеса, простирающегося почти на 500 квадратных миль, превышает 17,7 млн. человек. Los Angeles — commonly known as the «City of Angels», often uses the abbreviation L.A. Los Angeles — the 2nd city in the US by the number of residents after New York. The population is more than 4 million. The population of the Greater Los Angeles, which extends for almost 500 square miles, exceeds 17.7 million people.

Однако очевидно, что всемирную славу городу принес Голливуд и индустрия развлечений. Помимо Голливуда, мирового центра по созданию фильмов, в Лос-Анджелесе сконцентрированы и другие виды медиа-бизнеса. Важнейшие из которых: производство телевизионного продукта, компьютерных игр и звукозапись. Все это позволяет обоснованно называть Лос-Анджелес «мировой столицей развлечений». However, it is obvious that Hollywood and the entertainment industry have brought world fame to the city. In addition to Hollywood, the global filmmaking center, Los Angeles has other media business. The most important of which: the production of television product, computer games and sound recording. All this allows us to reasonably call Los Angeles «the world capital of entertainment.»

В настоящее время Лос-Анджелес — многонациональный мегаполис. В настоящее время численность белых — 48%, из которых 29% не испано-латинского происхождения. Остальные группы: афроамериканцы — 11%, 10,5% — американцы азиатского происхождения, более 25% из других рас. В целом, почти половина населения (47%) составляют испаноязычные или латиноамериканцы из любой расы. Currently, Los Angeles is a multinational metropolis. At present, the number of whites is 48%, of which 29% are not Hispanic. The remaining groups: African Americans — 11%, 10.5% — Americans of Asian descent, more than 25% of other races. In general, almost half of the population (47%) are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Обсерватория Гриффита была открыта в 1935 году и с тех пор является значимой достопримечательностью Лос-Анджелеса. Обсерватория расположена на территории парка Гриффита на южном склоне горы Голливуд. The Griffith Observatory was opened in 1935 and has since been a significant landmark in Los Angeles. The observatory is located on the territory of Griffith Park on the southern slope of Mount Hollywood.

Концертный зал имени Уолта Диснея — ультрасовременное здание с новаторским дизайном стиле хай-тек, место проведения симфонических концертов и разнообразных выступлений. The Walt Disney Concert Hall is a state-of-the-art building with innovative high-tech design, a venue for symphony concerts and a variety of performances.

Чайнатаун Лос-Анджелеса китайский район, расположенный к северу от даунтауна, с множеством магазинчиков и ресторанов. Особенно интересно посетить чайнатаун во время многочисленных праздничных мероприятий. Chinatown Los Angeles Chinese district, located north of downtown, with many shops and restaurants. It is especially interesting to visit Chinatown during numerous festive events.

Театр Кодак театр, расположенный на Голливудском бульваре. Является местом проведения ежегодной премии Оскар. Kodak Theater Theater, located on Hollywood Boulevard. It is the venue for the annual Oscar award.

Гетти центр знаменитый музейный комплекс, расположенный в Брентвуде на западе Лос-Анджелеса. В центре выставлены разнообразные художественные экспонаты. С высоты музея открывается красивый вид на город. Getty Center the famous museum complex located in Brentwood in the west of Los Angeles. In the center are exhibited a variety of art exhibits. From the height of the museum you can see a beautiful view of the city.

Стадион «Мемориал Колизеум» единственный стадион в мире, принимавший 2 олимпиады (1932 и 1984). Stadium «Memorial Coliseum» The only stadium in the world that hosted the 2 Olympiads (1932 and 1984).

Музей искусств Лос-Анджелеса один из крупнейших в мире музеев искусства, который ежегодно принимает свыше одного миллиона посетителей. Los Angeles Museum of Art one of the world’s largest art museums, which annually hosts over one million visitors.

Ольвера стрит красочная улица, расположенная в центре исторического района, известного много лет, как Эль Пуэбло де ла Рейна де Лос-Анджелес . Это самая старая часть Лос-Анджелеса, которая сейчас носит название Los Angeles Plaza Historic District. Olvera Street a colorful street located in the center of the historic district, known for many years, like El Pueblo de la Reina de Los Angeles. This is the oldest part of Los Angeles, which is now called the Los Angeles Plaza Historic District.

Венеция район на западе Лос-Анджелеса, известный своими пляжами, причалами, водными каналами, зонами отдыха, уличными артистами и спортивными площадками. Венеция Лос-Анджелеса — один из самых ярких и праздничных районов города. Venice a district in the west of Los Angeles, famous for its beaches, piers, water channels, recreational areas, street artists and sports grounds. Venice of Los Angeles is one of the brightest and most festive areas of the city.

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Los Angeles, California
City
City of Los Angeles
Clockwise from top: Downtown Los Angeles skyline, Griffith Observatory, City Hall, Venice Beach, Theme Building at Los Angeles International Airport, Echo Park, and the Hollywood Sign
Flag Seal
Nickname(s):  L.A., City of Angels,[1] The Entertainment Capital of the World,[1] La-la-land, Tinseltown[1]
Map of Los Angeles County, California, with Los Angeles highlighted
Los Angeles Location within California Los Angeles Location within the United States Los Angeles Location within North America
Coordinates: 34°03′N 118°15′W / 34.050°N 118.250°WCoordinates: 34°03′N 118°15′W / 34.050°N 118.250°W
Country	United States
State	California
County	Los Angeles
Region	Southern California
CSA	Los Angeles-Long Beach
MSA	Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim
Pueblo	September 4, 1781[2]
City status	May 23, 1835[3]
Incorporated	April 4, 1850[4]
Named for	Our Lady, Queen of the Angels
Government
• Type	Strong mayor–council[5]
• Body	Los Angeles City Council
• Mayor	Karen Bass (D)
• City Attorney	Hydee Feldstein Soto (D)
• City Controller	Kenneth Mejia (D)
Area [6]
• Total	501.55 sq mi (1,299.01 km2)
• Land	469.49 sq mi (1,215.97 km2)
• Water	32.06 sq mi (83.04 km2)
Elevation	305 ft (93 m)
Population  (2020)[7]
• Total	3,898,747
• Rank	2nd in the United States 1st in California
• Density	8,304.22/sq mi (3,206.29/km2)
• Urban	12,237,376 (2nd)
• Urban density	7,476.3/sq mi (2,886.6/km2)
• Metro [8]	13,200,998 (2nd)
Demonym(s)	Angeleno, Angelino, Angeleño[9][10]
Time zone	UTC–08:00 (PST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC–07:00 (PDT)
ZIP Codes	List 90001–90084, 90086–90089, 90091, 90093–90097, 90099, 90101–90103, 90174, 90185, 90189, 90291–90293, 91040–91043, 91303–91308, 91311, 91316, 91324–91328, 91330, 91331, 91335, 91340, 91342–91349, 91352–91353, 91356–91357, 91364–91367, 91401–91499, 91504–91505, 91601–91609[11]
Area codes	213/323, 310/424, 747/818
FIPS code	06-44000
GNIS feature IDs	1662328, 2410877
International airport	Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)
Rapid Transit	LA Metro
Website	lacity.gov

Los Angeles ( lawss AN-jəl-əs;^[a] Spanish: Los Ángeles [los ˈaŋxeles], lit. ‘The Angels’), often referred to by its initials L.A.,^[13] is the largest city in the state of California and the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, as well as one of the world’s most populous megacities. Los Angeles is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Southern California. With a population of roughly 3.9 million residents within the city limits as of 2020,^[7] Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic and cultural diversity, being the home of the Hollywood film industry, and its sprawling metropolitan area. The city of Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the west and extending through the Santa Monica Mountains and north into the San Fernando Valley, with the city bordering the San Gabriel Valley to its east. It covers about 469 square miles (1,210 km²),^[6] and is the county seat of Los Angeles County, which is the most populous county in the United States with an estimated 9.86 million residents as of 2022.^[14]

Home to the Chumash and Tongva indigenous peoples, the area that became Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542. The city was founded on September 4, 1781, under Spanish governor Felipe de Neve, on the village of Yaanga.^[15] It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and thus became part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood. The discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city.^[16] The city was further expanded with the completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, which delivers water from Eastern California.

Los Angeles has a diverse economy, and hosts businesses in a broad range of professional and cultural fields. It also has the busiest container port in the Americas.^[17][18] In 2018, the Los Angeles metropolitan area had a gross metropolitan product of over $1.0 trillion,^[19] making it the city with the third-largest GDP in the world, after New York City and Tokyo. Los Angeles hosted the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics and will host the 2028 Summer Olympics. More recently, statewide droughts in California have strained both the city’s and Los Angeles County’s water security.^[20][21]

Pronunciation of the name

The local English pronunciation of the name of the city has varied over time. A 1953 article in the journal of the American Name Society asserts that the pronunciation lawss AN-jəl-əs was established following the 1850 incorporation of the city and that since the 1880s the pronunciation lohss ANG-gəl-əs emerged out of a trend in California to give places Spanish, or Spanish-sounding, names and pronunciations.^[22] In 1908, librarian Charles Fletcher Lummis, who argued for the name’s pronunciation with a hard g (),^[23][24] reported that there were at least 12 pronunciation variants.^[25] In the early 1900s, the Los Angeles Times advocated for pronouncing it Loce AHNG-hayl-ais (), approximating Spanish [los ˈaŋxeles], by printing the respelling under its masthead for several years.^[26] This did not find favor.^[27]

Since the 1930s, has been most common.^[28] In 1934, the United States Board on Geographic Names decreed that this pronunciation be used.^[26] This was also endorsed in 1952 by a «jury» appointed by Mayor Fletcher Bowron to devise an official pronunciation.^[22][26]

History

Pre-colonial history

The Los Angeles coastal area was settled by the Tongva (Gabrieleño) and Chumash tribes. Los Angeles would eventually be founded on the village of iyáanga’ or Yaanga (written «Yang-na» by the Spanish), meaning «poison oak place».^[29][30][15]

Maritime explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area of southern California for the Spanish Empire in 1542 while on an official military exploring expedition moving northward along the Pacific coast from earlier colonizing bases of New Spain in Central and South America.^[31] Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769.^[32]

Spanish rule

In 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area.^[33] On September 4, 1781, a group of forty-four settlers known as «Los Pobladores» founded the pueblo (town) they called El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles, ‘The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels’.^[34] The original name of the settlement is disputed; the Guinness Book of World Records rendered it as «El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula»;^[35] other sources have shortened or alternate versions of the longer name.^[36] The present-day city has the largest Roman Catholic archdiocese in the United States. Two-thirds of the Mexican or (New Spain) settlers were mestizo or mulatto, a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry.^[37] The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820, the population had increased to about 650 residents.^[38] Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street, the oldest part of Los Angeles.^[39]

Mexican rule

New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo now existed within the new Mexican Republic. During Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles, Alta California’s regional capital.^[40] By this time, the new republic introduced more secularization acts within the Los Angeles region.^[41] In 1846, during the wider Mexican-American war, marines from the United States occupied the pueblo. This resulted in the siege of Los Angeles where 150 Mexican militias fought the occupiers which eventually surrendered.^[42]

1847 to present

Mexican rule ended during the Mexican–American War: Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847.^[43]

Railroads arrived with the completion of the transcontinental Southern Pacific line from New Orleans to Los Angeles in 1876 and the Santa Fe Railroad in 1885.^[44] Petroleum was discovered in the city and surrounding area in 1892, and by 1923, the discoveries had helped California become the country’s largest oil producer, accounting for about one-quarter of the world’s petroleum output.^[45]

By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000,^[46] putting pressure on the city’s water supply.^[47] The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, under the supervision of William Mulholland, ensured the continued growth of the city.^[48] Because of clauses in the city’s charter that prevented the City of Los Angeles from selling or providing water from the aqueduct to any area outside its borders, many adjacent cities and communities felt compelled to join Los Angeles.^[49][50][51]

Los Angeles created the first municipal zoning ordinance in the United States. On September 14, 1908, the Los Angeles City Council promulgated residential and industrial land use zones. The new ordinance established three residential zones of a single type, where industrial uses were prohibited. The proscriptions included barns, lumber yards, and any industrial land use employing machine-powered equipment. These laws were enforced against industrial properties after the fact. These prohibitions were in addition to existing activities that were already regulated as nuisances. These included explosives warehousing, gas works, oil drilling, slaughterhouses, and tanneries. Los Angeles City Council also designated seven industrial zones within the city. However, between 1908 and 1915, the Los Angeles City Council created various exceptions to the broad proscriptions that applied to these three residential zones, and as a consequence, some industrial uses emerged within them. There are two differences between the 1908 Residence District Ordinance and later zoning laws in the United States. First, the 1908 laws did not establish a comprehensive zoning map as the 1916 New York City Zoning Ordinance did. Second, the residential zones did not distinguish types of housing; they treated apartments, hotels, and detached-single-family housing equally.^[52]

In 1910, Hollywood merged into Los Angeles, with 10 movie companies already operating in the city at the time. By 1921, more than 80 percent of the world’s film industry was concentrated in L.A.^[53] The money generated by the industry kept the city insulated from much of the economic loss suffered by the rest of the country during the Great Depression.^[54]
By 1930, the population surpassed one million.^[55] In 1932, the city hosted the Summer Olympics.

During World War II Los Angeles was a major center of wartime manufacturing, such as shipbuilding and aircraft. Calship built hundreds of Liberty Ships and Victory Ships on Terminal Island, and the Los Angeles area was the headquarters of six of the country’s major aircraft manufacturers (Douglas Aircraft Company, Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, North American Aviation, Northrop Corporation, and Vultee). During the war, more aircraft were produced in one year than in all the pre-war years since the Wright brothers flew the first airplane in 1903, combined. Manufacturing in Los Angeles skyrocketed, and as William S. Knudsen, of the National Defense Advisory Commission put it, «We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible.»^[56]

After the end of World War II Los Angeles grew more rapidly than ever, sprawling into the San Fernando Valley.^[57] The expansion of the Interstate Highway System during the 1950s and 1960s helped propel suburban growth and signaled the demise of the city’s electrified rail system, once the world’s largest.

As a consequence of World War II, suburban growth, and population density, many amusement parks were built and operated in this area.^[58] An example is Beverly Park, which was located at the corner of Beverly Boulevard and La Cienega before being closed and substituted by the Beverly Center.^[59]

Racial tensions led to the Watts riots in 1965, resulting in 34 deaths and over 1,000 injuries.^[60]

In 1969, California became the birthplace of the Internet, as the first ARPANET transmission was sent from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park.^[61]

In 1973, Tom Bradley was elected as the city’s first African American mayor, serving for five terms until retiring in 1993. Other events in the city during the 1970s included the Symbionese Liberation Army’s South Central standoff in 1974 and the Hillside Stranglers murder cases in 1977–1978.^[62]

In early 1984, the city surpassed Chicago in population, thus becoming the second largest city in the United States.

In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time. Despite being boycotted by 14 Communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became more financially successful than any previous,^[63] and the second Olympics to turn a profit; the other, according to an analysis of contemporary newspaper reports, was the 1932 Summer Olympics, also held in Los Angeles.^[64]

Racial tensions erupted on April 29, 1992, with the acquittal by a Simi Valley jury of four Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers captured on videotape beating Rodney King, culminating in large-scale riots.^[65][66]

In 1994, the magnitude 6.7 Northridge earthquake shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths.^[67] The century ended with the Rampart scandal, one of the most extensive documented cases of police misconduct in American history.^[68]

In 2002, Mayor James Hahn led the campaign against secession, resulting in voters defeating efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city.^[69]

In 2022, Karen Bass became the city’s first female mayor, making Los Angeles the largest US city to have ever had a woman as mayor. ^[70]

Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games, making Los Angeles the third city to host the Olympics three times.^[71][72]

Geography

Topography

The city of Los Angeles covers a total area of 502.7 square miles (1,302 km²), comprising 468.7 square miles (1,214 km²) of land and 34.0 square miles (88 km²) of water.^[73] The city extends for 44 miles (71 km) north-south and for 29 miles (47 km) east-west. The perimeter of the city is 342 miles (550 km).

Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The highest point in the city proper is Mount Lukens at 5,074 ft (1,547 m),^[74][75] located at the northeastern end of the San Fernando Valley. The eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains stretches from Downtown to the Pacific Ocean and separates the Los Angeles Basin from the San Fernando Valley. Other hilly parts of Los Angeles include the Mt. Washington area north of Downtown, eastern parts such as Boyle Heights, the Crenshaw district around the Baldwin Hills, and the San Pedro district.

Surrounding the city are much higher mountains. Immediately to the north lie the San Gabriel Mountains, which is a popular recreation area for Angelenos. Its high point is Mount San Antonio, locally known as Mount Baldy, which reaches 10,064 feet (3,068 m). Further afield, the highest point in southern California is San Gorgonio Mountain, 81 miles (130 km) east of downtown Los Angeles,^[76] with a height of 11,503 feet (3,506 m).

The Los Angeles River, which is largely seasonal, is the primary drainage channel. It was straightened and lined in 51 miles (82 km) of concrete by the Army Corps of Engineers to act as a flood control channel.^[77] The river begins in the Canoga Park district of the city, flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, and turns south through the city center, flowing to its mouth in the Port of Long Beach at the Pacific Ocean. The smaller Ballona Creek flows into the Santa Monica Bay at Playa del Rey.

Vegetation

Los Angeles is rich in native plant species partly because of its diversity of habitats, including beaches, wetlands, and mountains. The most prevalent plant communities are coastal sage scrub, chaparral shrubland, and riparian woodland.^[78] Native plants include: the California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, Ceanothus, Chamise, Coast Live Oak, sycamore, willow and Giant Wildrye. Many of these native species, such as the Los Angeles sunflower, have become so rare as to be considered endangered. Although it is not native to the area, the official tree of Los Angeles is the Coral Tree (Erythrina caffra)^[79] and the official flower of Los Angeles is the Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae).^[80] Mexican Fan Palms, Canary Island Palms, Queen Palms, Date Palms, and California Fan Palms are common in the Los Angeles area, although only the last is native to California, though still not native to the City of Los Angeles.

Geology

Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes because of its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The geologic instability has produced numerous faults, which cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes annually in Southern California, though most of them are too small to be felt.^[81] The strike-slip San Andreas Fault system, which sits at the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, passes through the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The segment of the fault passing through Southern California experiences a major earthquake roughly every 110 to 140 years, and seismologists have warned about the next «big one», as the last major earthquake was the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake.^[82] The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from blind thrust earthquakes.^[83] Major earthquakes that have hit the Los Angeles area include the 1933 Long Beach, 1971 San Fernando, 1987 Whittier Narrows, and the 1994 Northridge events. All but a few are of low intensity and are not felt. The USGS has released the UCERF California earthquake forecast, which models earthquake occurrence in California. Parts of the city are also vulnerable to tsunamis; harbor areas were damaged by waves from Aleutian Islands earthquake in 1946, Valdivia earthquake in 1960, Alaska earthquake in 1964, Chile earthquake in 2010 and Japan earthquake in 2011.^[84]

Cityscape

The city is divided into many different districts and neighborhoods,^[85][86] some of which were incorporated cities that have merged with Los Angeles.^[87] These neighborhoods were developed piecemeal, and are well-defined enough that the city has signage which marks nearly all of them.^[88]

Overview

The city’s street patterns generally follow a grid plan, with uniform block lengths and occasional roads that cut across blocks. However, this is complicated by rugged terrain, which has necessitated having different grids for each of the valleys that Los Angeles covers. Major streets are designed to move large volumes of traffic through many parts of the city, many of which are extremely long; Sepulveda Boulevard is 43 miles (69 km) long, while Foothill Boulevard is over 60 miles (97 km) long, reaching as far east as San Bernardino. Drivers in Los Angeles suffer from one of the worst rush hour periods in the world, according to an annual traffic index by navigation system maker, TomTom. LA drivers spend an additional 92 hours in traffic each year. During the peak rush hour, there is 80% congestion, according to the index.^[89]

Los Angeles is often characterized by the presence of low-rise buildings, in contrast to New York City. Outside of a few centers such as Downtown, Warner Center, Century City, Koreatown, Miracle Mile, Hollywood, and Westwood, skyscrapers and high-rise buildings are not common in Los Angeles. The few skyscrapers built outside of those areas often stand out above the rest of the surrounding landscape. Most construction is done in separate units, rather than wall-to-wall. That being said Downtown Los Angeles itself has many buildings over 30 stories, with fourteen over 50 stories, and two over 70 stories, the tallest of which is the Wilshire Grand Center. Also Los Angeles is increasingly becoming a city of apartments rather than single-family dwellings, especially in the dense inner city and Westside neighborhoods.^{[citation needed]}

Climate

Los Angeles (Downtown)
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D 3.3 68 49 3.6 68 50 2.2 70 52 0.7 72 55 0.3 74 58 0.1 77 61 0 82 65 0 84 65 0.1 83 64 0.6 79 60 0.8 73 53 2.5 67 48 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches Source: NOAA[90]
Metric conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D 84 20 9 92 20 10 57 21 11 18 22 13 8.1 23 15 2.3 25 16 0.5 28 18 0 29 19 3.3 28 18 15 26 16 20 23 12 63 20 9 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm

Los Angeles has a two-season Mediterranean climate of dry summer and very mild winter (Köppen Csb on the coast and most of downtown, Csa near the metropolitan region to the west), and receives just enough annual precipitation to avoid being classified as a semi-arid climate (BSh).^[91] Daytime temperatures are generally temperate all year round. In winter, they average around 68 °F (20 °C) giving it a tropical feel although it is a few degrees too cool to be a true tropical climate on average due to cool night temperatures.^[92][93] Los Angeles has plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.^[94]

Temperatures in the coastal basin exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on a dozen or so days in the year, from one day a month in April, May, June and November to three days a month in July, August, October and to five days in September.^[94] Temperatures in the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys are considerably warmer. Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30 °F (17 °C).^[95] The average annual temperature of the sea is 63 °F (17 °C), from 58 °F (14 °C) in January to 68 °F (20 °C) in August.^[96] Hours of sunshine total more than 3,000 per year, from an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July.^[97]

The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate, causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For example, the average July maximum temperature at the Santa Monica Pier is 70 °F (21 °C) whereas it is 95 °F (35 °C) in Canoga Park, 15 miles (24 km) away.^[98] The city, like much of the Southern Californian coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called «June Gloom». This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning that yield to sun by early afternoon.^[99]

More recently, statewide droughts in California have further strained the city’s water security.^[100] Downtown Los Angeles averages 14.67 in (373 mm) of precipitation annually, mainly occurring between November and March,^[101][95] generally in the form of moderate rain showers, but sometimes as heavy rainfall during winter storms. Rainfall is usually higher in the hills and coastal slopes of the mountains because of orographic uplift. Summer days are usually rainless. Rarely, an incursion of moist air from the south or east can bring brief thunderstorms in late summer, especially to the mountains. The coast gets slightly less rainfall, while the inland and mountain areas get considerably more. Years of average rainfall are rare. The usual pattern is a year-to-year variability, with a short string of dry years of 5–10 in (130–250 mm) rainfall, followed by one or two wet years with more than 20 in (510 mm).^[95] Wet years are usually associated with warm water El Niño conditions in the Pacific, dry years with cooler water La Niña episodes. A series of rainy days can bring floods to the lowlands and mudslides to the hills, especially after wildfires have denuded the slopes.

Both freezing temperatures and snowfall are extremely rare in the city basin and along the coast, with the last occurrence of a 32 °F (0 °C) reading at the downtown station being January 29, 1979;^[95] freezing temperatures occur nearly every year in valley locations while the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 2.0 inches (5 cm) on January 15, 1932.^[95][102] While the most recent snowfall occurred in February 2019, the first snowfall since 1962,^[103][104] with snow falling in areas adjacent to Los Angeles as recently as January 2021.^[105] At the official downtown station, the highest recorded temperature is 113 °F (45 °C) on September 27, 2010,^[95][106] while the lowest is 28 °F (−2 °C),^[95] on January 4, 1949.^[95] Within the City of Los Angeles, the highest temperature ever officially recorded is 121 °F (49 °C), on September 6, 2020, at the weather station at Pierce College in the San Fernando Valley neighborhood of Woodland Hills.^[107] During autumn and winter, Santa Ana winds sometimes bring much warmer and drier conditions to Los Angeles, and raise wildfire risk.

Environmental issues

External audio
“Fighting Smog in Los Angeles”, Distillations Podcast, 2018 Science History Institute

A Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ (written Yang-na by the Spanish), which has been translated as «poison oak place».^[29][30] Yang-na has also been translated as «the valley of smoke».^[114][115] Owing to geography, heavy reliance on automobiles, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley are susceptible to atmospheric inversion, which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing, and other sources.^[116] The percentage of small particle pollution (the kind that penetrates into the lungs) coming from vehicles in the city can get as high as 55 percent.^{[citation needed]}

The smog season lasts from approximately May to October.^[117] While other large cities rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only 15 inches (380 mm) of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act. When the act was passed, California was unable to create a State Implementation Plan that would enable it to meet the new air quality standards, largely because of the level of pollution in Los Angeles generated by older vehicles.^[118] More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating low-emission vehicles. Smog is expected to continue to drop in the coming years because of aggressive steps to reduce it, which include electric and hybrid cars, improvements in mass transit, and other measures.

The number of Stage 1 smog alerts in Los Angeles has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium.^[119] Despite improvement, the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of the American Lung Association ranked the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution.^[120] In 2008, the city was ranked the second most polluted and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution.^[121] The city met its goal of providing 20 percent of the city’s power from renewable sources in 2010.^[122] The American Lung Association’s 2013 survey ranks the metro area as having the nation’s worst smog, and fourth in both short-term and year-round pollution amounts.^[123]

Los Angeles is also home to the nation’s largest urban oil field. There are more than 700 active oil wells within 1,500 feet (460 m) of homes, churches, schools and hospitals in the city, a situation about which the EPA has voiced serious concerns.^[124]

The city has an urban population of bobcats (Lynx rufus).^[125] Mange is a common problem in this population.^[125] Although Serieys et al. 2014 find selection of immune genetics at several loci they do not demonstrate that this produces a real difference which helps the bobcats to survive future mange outbreaks.^[125]

Demographics

City compared to State & U.S.
2019 Estimate[126]	L.A.	CA	U.S.
Total population	3,979,576	39,512,223	328,239,523
Population change, 2010 to 2019	+4.9%	+6.1%	+6.3%
Population density (people/sqmi)	8,514.4	253.9	92.6
Median household income (2018)	$58,385	$71,228	$60,293
Bachelor’s degree or higher	33.7%	33.3%	31.5%
Foreign born	37.3%	26.9%	13.5%
White (non-Hispanic)	28.5%	36.8%	60.4%
Black	8.9%	6.5%	13.4%
Hispanic (any race)	48.6%	39.3%	18.3%
Asian	11.6%	15.3%	5.9%

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1850	1,610		—
1860	4,385		172.4%
1870	5,728		30.6%
1880	11,183		95.2%
1890	50,395		350.6%
1900	102,479		103.4%
1910	319,198		211.5%
1920	576,673		80.7%
1930	1,238,048		114.7%
1940	1,504,277		21.5%
1950	1,970,358		31.0%
1960	2,479,015		25.8%
1970	2,811,801		13.4%
1980	2,968,528		5.6%
1990	3,485,398		17.4%
2000	3,694,820		6.0%
2010	3,792,621		2.6%
2020	3,898,747		2.8%
2022 (est.)	3,819,538	[127]	−2.0%
United States Census Bureau[128] 2010–2020, 2021[7]

The 2010 U.S. census^[129] reported Los Angeles had a population of 3,792,621.^[130] The population density was 8,092.3 people per square mile (2,913.0/km²). The age distribution was 874,525 people (23.1%) under 18, 434,478 people (11.5%) from 18 to 24, 1,209,367 people (31.9%) from 25 to 44, 877,555 people (23.1%) from 45 to 64, and 396,696 people (10.5%) who were 65 or older.^[130] The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.^[130]

There were 1,413,995 housing units—up from 1,298,350 during 2005–2009^[130]—at an average density of 2,812.8 households per square mile (1,086.0/km²), of which 503,863 (38.2%) were owner-occupied, and 814,305 (61.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%. 1,535,444 people (40.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,172,576 people (57.3%) lived in rental housing units.^[130]

According to the 2010 United States Census, Los Angeles had a median household income of $49,497, with 22.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.^[130]

Race and ethnicity

Racial and ethnic composition	1940[131]	1970[131]	1990[131]	2010[132]	2020[132]
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	7.1%	17.1%	39.9%	48.5%	46.9%
White (non-Hispanic)	86.3%	61.1%	37.3%	28.7%	28.9%
Asian (non-Hispanic)	2.2%	3.6%	9.8%	11.1%	11.7%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)	4.2%	17.9%	14.0%	9.2%	8.3%
Other (non-Hispanic)	N/A	N/A	0.1%	0.3%	0.7%
Two or more races (non-Hispanic)	N/A	N/A	N/A	2.0%	3.3%

According to the 2010 census, the racial makeup of Los Angeles included: 1,888,158 Whites (49.8%), 365,118 African Americans (9.6%), 28,215 Native Americans (0.7%), 426,959 Asians (11.3%), 5,577 Pacific Islanders (0.1%), 902,959 from other races (23.8%), and 175,635 (4.6%) from two or more races.^[130] Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1,838,822 persons (48.5%). Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different identified languages.^[133] Ethnic enclaves like Chinatown, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, Little Bangladesh, and Thai Town provide examples of the polyglot character of Los Angeles.

Non-Hispanic Whites were 28.7% of the population in 2010,^[130] compared to 86.3% in 1940.^[131] The majority of the Non-Hispanic White population is living in areas along the Pacific coast as well as in neighborhoods near and on the Santa Monica Mountains from the Pacific Palisades to Los Feliz.

Mexican ancestry make up the largest ethnic group of Hispanics at 31.9% of the city’s population, followed by those of Salvadoran (6.0%) and Guatemalan (3.6%) heritage. The Hispanic population has a long established Mexican-American and Central American community and is spread well-nigh throughout the entire city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area. It is most heavily concentrated in regions around Downtown as East Los Angeles, Northeast Los Angeles and Westlake. Furthermore, a vast majority of residents in neighborhoods in eastern South Los Angeles towards Downey are of Hispanic origin.^{[citation needed]}

The largest Asian ethnic groups are Filipinos (3.2%) and Koreans (2.9%), which have their own established ethnic enclaves—Koreatown in the Wilshire Center and Historic Filipinotown.^[134] Chinese people, which make up 1.8% of Los Angeles’s population, reside mostly outside of Los Angeles city limits and rather in the San Gabriel Valley of eastern Los Angeles County, but make a sizable presence in the city, notably in Chinatown.^[135] Chinatown and Thaitown are also home to many Thais and Cambodians, which make up 0.3% and 0.1% of Los Angeles’s population, respectively. The Japanese comprise 0.9% of LA’s population and have an established Little Tokyo in the city’s downtown, and another significant community of Japanese Americans is in the Sawtelle district of West Los Angeles. Vietnamese make up 0.5% of Los Angeles’s population. Indians make up 0.9% of the city’s population. The city is also home to Armenians, Assyrians, and Iranians, many of whom live in enclaves like Little Armenia and Tehrangeles.^{[citation needed]}

African Americans have been the predominant ethnic group in South Los Angeles, which has emerged as the largest African American community in the western United States since the 1960s. The neighborhoods of South Los Angeles with highest concentration of African Americans include Crenshaw, Baldwin Hills, Leimert Park, Hyde Park, Gramercy Park, Manchester Square and Watts.^[136] Apart from South Los Angeles, neighborhoods in the Central region of Los Angeles, as Mid-City and Mid-Wilshire have a moderate concentration of African Americans as well.^{[citation needed]}

Los Angeles has the second largest Mexican, Armenian, Salvadoran, Filipino and Guatemalan population by city in the world, the third largest Canadian population in the world, and has the largest Japanese, Iranian/Persian, Cambodian and Romani (Gypsy) population in the country.^[137]

There is an Italian community in Los Angeles. Italians are concentrated in San Pedro.^[138]

Religion

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalently practiced religion in Los Angeles (65%).^[139][140] The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles is the largest archdiocese in the country.^[142] Cardinal Roger Mahony, as the archbishop, oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which opened in September 2002 in Downtown Los Angeles.^[143]

In 2011, the once common, but ultimately lapsed, custom of conducting a procession and Mass in honor of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles, in commemoration of the founding of the City of Los Angeles in 1781, was revived by the Queen of Angels Foundation and its founder Mark Albert, with the support of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles as well as several civic leaders.^[144] The recently revived custom is a continuation of the original processions and Masses that commenced on the first anniversary of the founding of Los Angeles in 1782 and continued for nearly a century thereafter.

With 621,000 Jews in the metropolitan area, the region has the second-largest population of Jews in the United States, after New York City.^[145] Many of Los Angeles’s Jews now live on the Westside and in the San Fernando Valley, though Boyle Heights once had a large Jewish population prior to World War II due to restrictive housing covenants. Major Orthodox Jewish neighborhoods include Hancock Park, Pico-Robertson, and Valley Village, while Jewish Israelis are well represented in the Encino and Tarzana neighborhoods, and Persian Jews in Beverly Hills. Many varieties of Judaism are represented in the greater Los Angeles area, including Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles, built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades; it is no longer in daily use as a synagogue and is being converted to a museum and community center.^[146][147] The Kabbalah Centre also has a presence in the city.^[148]

The International Church of the Foursquare Gospel was founded in Los Angeles by Aimee Semple McPherson in 1923 and remains headquartered there to this day. For many years, the church convened at Angelus Temple, which, at its construction, was one of the largest churches in the country.^[149]

Los Angeles has had a rich and influential Protestant tradition. The first Protestant service in Los Angeles was a Methodist meeting held in a private home in 1850 and the oldest Protestant church still operating, First Congregational Church, was founded in 1867.^[150] In the early 1900s the Bible Institute Of Los Angeles published the founding documents of the Christian Fundamentalist movement and the Azusa Street Revival launched Pentecostalism.^[150] The Metropolitan Community Church also had its origins in the Los Angeles area.^[151] Important churches in the city include First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood, Bel Air Presbyterian Church, First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles, West Angeles Church of God in Christ, Second Baptist Church, Crenshaw Christian Center, McCarty Memorial Christian Church, and First Congregational Church.

The Los Angeles California Temple, the second-largest temple operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed.^[152]

The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, and the Celebrity Center of Scientology.^[153][154]

Because of Los Angeles’s large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, Baháʼí, various Eastern Orthodox Churches, Sufism, Shintoism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion and countless others. Immigrants from Asia for example, have formed a number of significant Buddhist congregations making the city home to the greatest variety of Buddhists in the world. The first Buddhist joss house was founded in the city in 1875.^[150] Atheism and other secular beliefs are also common, as the city is the largest in the Western U.S. Unchurched Belt.

Homelessness

As of January 2020, there are 41,290 homeless people in the City of Los Angeles, comprising roughly 62% of the homeless population of LA County.^[155] This is an increase of 14.2% over the previous year (with a 12.7% increase in the overall homeless population of LA County).^[156][157] The epicenter of homelessness in Los Angeles is the Skid Row neighborhood, which contains 8,000 homeless people, one of the largest stable populations of homeless people in the United States.^[158][159] The increased homeless population in Los Angeles has been attributed to lack of housing affordability^[160] and to substance abuse.^[161] Almost 60 percent of the 82,955 people who became newly homeless in 2019 said their homelessness was because of economic hardship.^[156] In Los Angeles, black people are roughly four times more likely to experience homelessness.^[156][162]

Crime

In 1992, the city of Los Angeles recorded 1,092 murders.^[163] Los Angeles experienced a significant decline in crime in the 1990s and late 2000s and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides.^[164][165] This is a rate of 7.85 per 100,000 population—a major decrease from 1980 when a homicide rate of 34.2 per 100,000 was reported.^[166][167] This included 15 officer-involved shootings. One shooting led to the death of a SWAT team member, Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD’s history.^[168] Los Angeles in the year of 2013 totaled 251 murders, a decrease of 16 percent from the previous year. Police speculate the drop resulted from a number of factors, including young people spending more time online.^[169] In 2021, murders rose to the highest level since 2008 and there were 348.^[170]

In 2015, it was revealed that the LAPD had been under-reporting crime for eight years, making the crime rate in the city appear much lower than it really is.^[171][172]

The Dragna crime family and the Cohen crime family dominated organized crime in the city during the Prohibition era^[173] and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s with the battle of Sunset Strip as part of the American Mafia, but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and Hispanic gangs in the late 1960s and early 1970s.^[173]

According to the Los Angeles Police Department, the city is home to 45,000 gang members, organized into 450 gangs.^[174] Among them are the Crips and Bloods, which are both African American street gangs that originated in the South Los Angeles region. Latino street gangs such as the Sureños, a Mexican American street gang, and Mara Salvatrucha, which has mainly members of Salvadoran descent, all originated in Los Angeles. This has led to the city being referred to as the «Gang Capital of America».^[175]

Economy

The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, motion pictures, video games, music recording, and production), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism.^{[citation needed]} Other significant industries include finance, telecommunications, law, healthcare, and transportation. In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Los Angeles was ranked as having the 19th most competitive financial center in the world, and sixth most competitive in the United States (after New York City, San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, and Washington, D.C.).^[176]

One of the five major film studios, Paramount Pictures, is within the city limits,^[177] its location being part of the so-called «Thirty-Mile Zone» of entertainment headquarters in Southern California.

Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the United States.^[178] The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise the busiest port in the United States by some measures and the fifth-busiest port in the world, vital to trade within the Pacific Rim.^[178]

The Los Angeles metropolitan area has a gross metropolitan product of over $1.0 trillion (as of 2018),^[19] making it the third-largest economic metropolitan area in the world after Tokyo and New York.^[19] Los Angeles has been classified an «alpha world city» according to a 2012 study by a group at Loughborough University.^[179]

The Department of Cannabis Regulation enforces cannabis legislation after the legalization of the sale and distribution of cannabis in 2016.^[180] As of October 2019, more than 300 existing cannabis businesses (both retailers and their suppliers) have been granted approval to operate in what is considered the nation’s largest market.^[181][182]

As of 2018, Los Angeles is home to three Fortune 500 companies: AECOM, CBRE Group, and Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co.^[183] Other companies headquartered in Los Angeles and the surrounding metropolitan area include The Aerospace Corporation, California Pizza Kitchen,^[184] Capital Group Companies, Deluxe Entertainment Services Group, Dine Brands Global, DreamWorks Animation, Dollar Shave Club, Fandango Media, Farmers Insurance Group, Forever 21, Hulu, Panda Express, SpaceX, Ubisoft Film & Television, The Walt Disney Company, Universal Pictures, Warner Bros., Warner Music Group, and Trader Joe’s.

Largest non-government employers in Los Angeles County, August 2018[185]
Rank	Employer	Employees
1	Kaiser Permanente	37,468
2	University of Southern California	21,055
3	Northrop Grumman Corp.	16,600
4	Providence Health and Services Southern California	15,952
5	Target Corp.	15,000
6	Ralphs/Food 4 Less (Kroger Co. Division)	14,970
7	Cedars-Sinai Medical Center	14,903
8	Walt Disney Co.	13,000
9	Allied Universal	12,879
10	NBC Universal	12,000

Arts and culture

Los Angeles is often billed as the «Creative Capital of the World» because one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry^[186] and there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any other time in world history.^[187]

Movies and the performing arts

The city’s Hollywood neighborhood has been recognized as the center of the motion picture industry, having held this distinction since the early 20th century, and the Los Angeles area is also associated with being the center of the television industry.^[188] The city is home to major film studios as well as major record labels. Los Angeles plays host to the annual Academy Awards, the Primetime Emmy Awards, the Grammy Awards as well as many other entertainment industry awards shows. Los Angeles is the site of the USC School of Cinematic Arts which is the oldest film school in the United States.^[189]

The performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles’s cultural identity. According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, «there are more than 1,100 annual theatrical productions and 21 openings every week.»^[187] The Los Angeles Music Center is «one of the three largest performing arts centers in the nation», with more than 1.3 million visitors per year.^[190] The Walt Disney Concert Hall, centerpiece of the Music Center, is home to the prestigious Los Angeles Philharmonic.^[191] Notable organizations such as Center Theatre Group, the Los Angeles Master Chorale, and the Los Angeles Opera are also resident companies of the Music Center.^{[192][193][194]} Talent is locally cultivated at premier institutions such as the Colburn School and the USC Thornton School of Music.

Museums and galleries

There are 841 museums and art galleries in Los Angeles County,^[195] more museums per capita than any other city in the U.S.^[195] Some of the notable museums are the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (the largest art museum in the Western United States^[196]), the Getty Center (part of the J. Paul Getty Trust, the world’s wealthiest art institution^[197]), the Petersen Automotive Museum,^[198] the Huntington Library,^[199] the Natural History Museum,^[200] the Battleship Iowa,^[201] and the Museum of Contemporary Art.^[202] A significant number of art galleries are on Gallery Row, and tens of thousands attend the monthly Downtown Art Walk there.^[203]

Libraries

The Los Angeles Public Library system operates 72 public libraries in the city.^[204] Enclaves of unincorporated areas are served by branches of the County of Los Angeles Public Library, many of which are within walking distance to residents.^[205]

Landmarks

Important landmarks in Los Angeles include the Hollywood Sign,^[206] Walt Disney Concert Hall, Capitol Records Building,^[207] the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels,^[208] Angels Flight,^[209] Grauman’s Chinese Theatre,^[210] Dolby Theatre,^[211] Griffith Observatory,^[212] Getty Center,^[213] Getty Villa,^[214] Stahl House,^[215] the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, L.A. Live,^[216] the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Venice Canal Historic District and boardwalk, Theme Building, Bradbury Building, U.S. Bank Tower, Wilshire Grand Center, Hollywood Boulevard, Los Angeles City Hall, Hollywood Bowl,^[217] battleship USS Iowa, Watts Towers,^[218] Staples Center, Dodger Stadium, and Olvera Street.^[219]

Cuisine

Los Angeles’s food culture is a fusion of global cuisine brought on by the city’s rich immigrant history and population. Latin American immigrants, particularly Mexican immigrants, brought tacos, burritos, quesadillas, tortas, tamales, and enchiladas served from food trucks and stands, taquerias, and cafés. Asian restaurants, many immigrant-owned, exist throughout the city with hotspots in Chinatown,^[220] Koreatown,^[221] and Little Tokyo.^[222] Los Angeles also carries an outsized offering of vegan, vegetarian, and plant-based options. As of 2022, the Michelin Guide recognized 10 restaurants granting 2 restaurants two stars and eight restaurants one star. ^[223]

Sports

The city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area are the home of eleven top-level professional sports teams, several of which play in neighboring communities but use Los Angeles in their name. These teams include the Los Angeles Dodgers^[224] and Los Angeles Angels^[225] of Major League Baseball (MLB), the Los Angeles Rams^[226] and Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL), the Los Angeles Lakers^[227] and Los Angeles Clippers^[228] of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Los Angeles Kings^[229] and Anaheim Ducks^[230] of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Los Angeles Galaxy^[231] and Los Angeles FC^[232] of Major League Soccer (MLS), and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA).^[233]

Other notable sports teams include the UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), both of which are Division I teams in the Pac-12 Conference, but will soon be moved to the Big Ten Conference.^[234]

Los Angeles is the second-largest city in the United States but hosted no NFL team between 1995 and 2015. At one time, the Los Angeles area hosted two NFL teams: the Rams and the Raiders. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams moving to St. Louis, and the Raiders moving back to their original home of Oakland. After 21 seasons in St. Louis, on January 12, 2016, the NFL announced the Rams would be moving back to Los Angeles for the 2016 NFL season with its home games played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for four seasons.^{[235][236][237]} Prior to 1995, the Rams played their home games in the Coliseum from 1946 to 1979 which made them the first professional sports team to play in Los Angeles, and then moved to Anaheim Stadium from 1980 until 1994. The San Diego Chargers announced on January 12, 2017, that they would also relocate back to Los Angeles (the first since its inaugural season in 1960) and become the Los Angeles Chargers beginning in the 2017 NFL season and played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson, California for three seasons.^[238] The Rams and the Chargers would soon move to the newly built SoFi Stadium, located in nearby Inglewood during the 2020 season.^[239]

Los Angeles boasts a number of sports venues, including Dodger Stadium,^[240] the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum,^[241] Banc of California Stadium^[242] and the Crypto.com Arena.^[243] The Forum, SoFi Stadium, Dignity Health Sports Park, the Rose Bowl, Angel Stadium, and the Honda Center are also in adjacent cities and cities in Los Angeles’s metropolitan area.^[244]

Los Angeles has twice hosted the Summer Olympic Games: in 1932 and in 1984, and will host the games for a third time in 2028.^[245] Los Angeles will be the third city after London (1908, 1948 and 2012) and Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024) to host the Olympic Games three times. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Los Angeles also hosted the Deaflympics in 1985^[246] and Special Olympics World Summer Games in 2015.^[247]

8 NFL Super Bowls were also held in the city and its surrounding areas- 2 at the Memorial Coliseum (the first Super Bowl, I and VII), 5 at the Rose Bowl in suburban Pasadena (XI, XIV, XVII, XXI, and XXVII), and 1 at the suburban Inglewood (LVI) .^[248] The Rose Bowl also hosts an annual and highly prestigious NCAA college football game called the Rose Bowl, which happens every New Year’s Day.

Los Angeles also hosted 8 FIFA World Cup soccer games at the Rose Bowl in 1994, including the final, where Brazil won. The Rose Bowl also hosted 4 matches in the 1999 FIFA Women’s World Cup, including the final, where the United States won against China on penalty kicks. This was the game where Brandi Chastain took her shirt off after she scored the tournament-winning penalty kick, creating an iconic image. Los Angeles will be one of eleven US host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup with matches set to be held at SoFi Stadium.^[249]

Los Angeles is one of six North American cities to have won championships in all five of its major leagues (MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA and MLS), having completed the feat with the Kings’ 2012 Stanley Cup title.^[250]

Government

Los Angeles is a charter city as opposed to a general law city. The current charter was adopted on June 8, 1999, and has been amended many times.^[251] The elected government consists of the Los Angeles City Council and the mayor of Los Angeles, which operate under a mayor–council government, as well as the city attorney (not to be confused with the district attorney, a county office) and controller. The mayor is Karen Bass.^[252] There are 15 city council districts.

The city has many departments and appointed officers, including the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD),^[253] the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners,^[254] the Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD),^[255] the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA),^[256] the Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT),^[257] and the Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).^[258]

The charter of the City of Los Angeles ratified by voters in 1999 created a system of advisory neighborhood councils that would represent the diversity of stakeholders, defined as those who live, work or own property in the neighborhood. The neighborhood councils are relatively autonomous and spontaneous in that they identify their own boundaries, establish their own bylaws, and elect their own officers. There are about 90 neighborhood councils.

Residents of Los Angeles elect supervisors for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th supervisorial districts.

Federal and state representation

In the California State Assembly, Los Angeles is split between fourteen districts.^[259] In the California State Senate, the city is split between eight districts.^[260] In the United States House of Representatives, it is split among ten congressional districts.^[261]

Education

Colleges and universities

There are three public universities within the city limits: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).^[262]

Private colleges in the city include:

The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District:

There are numerous additional colleges and universities outside the city limits in the Greater Los Angeles area, including the Claremont Colleges consortium, which includes the most selective liberal arts colleges in the U.S., and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), one of the top STEM-focused research institutions in the world.

Schools

Los Angeles Unified School District serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding communities, with a student population around 800,000.^[293] After Proposition 13 was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools.

Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the Inglewood Unified School District,^[294] and the Las Virgenes Unified School District.^[295] The Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts.

Media

The Los Angeles metro area is the second-largest broadcast designated market area in the U.S. (after New York) with 5,431,140 homes (4.956% of the U.S.), which is served by a wide variety of local AM and FM radio and television stations. Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets to have seven VHF allocations assigned to them.^[296]

As part of the region’s aforementioned creative industry, the Big Four major broadcast television networks, ABC, CBS, FOX, and NBC, all have production facilities and offices throughout various areas of Los Angeles. All four major broadcast television networks, plus major Spanish-language networks Telemundo and Univision, also own and operate stations that both serve the Los Angeles market and serve as each network’s West Coast flagship station: ABC’s KABC-TV (Channel 7),^[297] CBS’s KCBS-TV (Channel 2), Fox’s KTTV-TV (Channel 11),^[298] NBC’s KNBC-TV (Channel 4),^[299] MyNetworkTV’s KCOP-TV (Channel 13), Telemundo’s KVEA-TV (Channel 52), and Univision’s KMEX-TV (Channel 34). The region also has four PBS stations, with KCET, re-joining the network as secondary affiliate in August 2019, after spending the previous eight years as the nation’s largest independent public television station. KTBN (Channel 40) is the flagship station of the religious Trinity Broadcasting Network, based out of Santa Ana. A variety of independent television stations, such as KCAL-TV (Channel 9) and KTLA-TV (Channel 5), also operate in the area.

The major daily English-language newspaper in the area is the Los Angeles Times.^[300] La Opinión is the city’s major daily Spanish-language paper.^[301] The Korea Times is the city’s major daily Korean-language paper while The World Journal is the city and county’s major Chinese newspaper. The Los Angeles Sentinel is the city’s major African-American weekly paper, boasting the largest African-American readership in the Western United States.^[302] Investor’s Business Daily is distributed from its LA corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa del Rey.^[303]

There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including the Los Angeles Register, Los Angeles Community News, (which focuses on coverage of the greater Los Angeles area), Los Angeles Daily News (which focuses coverage on the San Fernando Valley), LA Weekly, L.A. Record (which focuses coverage on the music scene in the Greater Los Angeles Area), Los Angeles Magazine, the Los Angeles Business Journal, the Los Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper), The Hollywood Reporter, Variety (both entertainment industry papers), and Los Angeles Downtown News.^[304] In addition to the major papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, including Armenian, English, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, and Arabic. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps with certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include The Daily Breeze (serving the South Bay), and The Long Beach Press-Telegram.

Los Angeles arts, culture and nightlife news is also covered by a number of local and national online guides, including Time Out Los Angeles, Thrillist, Kristin’s List, DailyCandy, Diversity News Magazine, LAist, and Flavorpill.^{[305][306][307][308]}

Infrastructure

Transportation

Freeways

The city and the rest of the Los Angeles metropolitan area are served by an extensive network of freeways and highways. Texas Transportation Institute’s annual Urban Mobility Report ranked Los Angeles area roads the most congested in the United States in 2019 as measured by annual delay per traveler, area residents experiencing a cumulative average of 119 hours waiting in traffic that year.^[309] Los Angeles was followed by San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C., and Miami. Despite the congestion in the city, the mean daily travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. Los Angeles’s mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San Francisco and Washington, D.C.^[310]

The major highways that connect LA to the rest of the nation include Interstate 5, which runs south through San Diego to Tijuana in Mexico and north through Sacramento, Portland, and Seattle to the Canada–US border; Interstate 10, the southernmost east–west, coast-to-coast Interstate Highway in the United States, going to Jacksonville, Florida; and U.S. Route 101, which heads to the California Central Coast, San Francisco, the Redwood Empire, and the Oregon and Washington coasts.

Transit systems

The LA County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA County Metro) and other agencies operate an extensive system of bus lines, as well as subway and light rail lines across Los Angeles County, with a combined monthly ridership (measured in individual boardings) of 38.8 million as of September 2011. The majority of this (30.5 million) is taken up by the city’s bus system,^[311] the second busiest in the country. The subway and light rail combined average the remaining roughly 8.2 million boardings per month.^[311] LA County Metro recorded over 397 million boardings for the 2017 calendar year, including about 285 million bus riders and about 113 million riding on rail transit.^[312] For the first quarter of 2018, there were just under 95 million system-wide boardings, down from about 98 million in 2017, and about 105 million in 2016.^[313] In 2005, 10.2% of Los Angeles commuters rode some form of public transportation.^[314] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 9.2% of working Los Angeles (city) residents made the journey to work via public transportation.^[315]

The city’s subway system is the ninth busiest in the United States and its light rail system is the country’s busiest.^[316] The rail system includes the B and D subway lines, as well as the A, C, E, and L light rail lines. In 2016, the E Line was extended to the Pacific Ocean at Santa Monica. The Metro G and J lines are bus rapid transit lines with stops and frequency similar to those of light rail. As of 2022, the total number of light rail stations is 99. The city is also central to the commuter rail system Metrolink, which links Los Angeles to all neighboring counties as well as many suburbs.^[317]

Besides the rail service provided by Metrolink and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Los Angeles is served by inter-city passenger trains from Amtrak. The main rail station in the city is Union Station just north of Downtown.

In addition, the city directly contracts for local and commuter bus service through the Los Angeles Department of Transportation, or LADOT.

Airports

The main international and domestic airport serving Los Angeles is Los Angeles International Airport (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX), commonly referred to by its airport code, LAX.^[318] It is located on the Westside of Los Angeles near the Sofi Stadium in Inglewood.

Other major nearby commercial airports include:

• (IATA: ONT, ICAO: KONT) Ontario International Airport, owned by the city of Ontario, CA; serves the Inland Empire.^[319]
• (IATA: BUR, ICAO: KBUR) Hollywood Burbank Airport, jointly owned by the cities of Burbank, Glendale, and Pasadena. Formerly known as Bob Hope Airport and Burbank Airport, the closest airport to Downtown Los Angeles serves the San Fernando, San Gabriel, and Antelope Valleys.^[320]
• (IATA: LGB, ICAO: KLGB) Long Beach Airport, serves the Long Beach/Harbor area.^[321]
• (IATA: SNA, ICAO: KSNA) John Wayne Airport of Orange County.

One of the world’s busiest general-aviation airports is also in Los Angeles: Van Nuys Airport (IATA: VNY, ICAO: KVNY).^[322]

Seaports

The Port of Los Angeles is in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro neighborhood, approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies 7,500 acres (30 km²) of land and water along 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach.^[323]

The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor.^[324][325] Together, both ports are the fifth busiest container port in the world, with a trade volume of over 14.2 million TEU’s in 2008.^[326] Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast of the United States – The Port of Los Angeles’s World Cruise Center served about 590,000 passengers in 2014.^[327]

There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along Los Angeles’s coastline. The port includes four bridges: the Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Long Beach International Gateway Bridge, and Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge. Passenger ferry service from San Pedro to the city of Avalon (and Two Harbors) on Santa Catalina Island is provided by Catalina Express.

Notable people

Sister cities

Los Angeles has 25 sister cities,^[328] listed chronologically by year joined:

In addition, Los Angeles has the following «friendship cities»:

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

General

• Carey McWilliams (2009). Southern California: An Island on the Land (9th ed.). Peregrine Smith. ISBN 978-0-87905-007-8.
• Richard White (1991). It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own: A New History of the American West. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2567-1.
• David Rieff (1992). Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-79210-7.
• Peter Theroux (1994). Translating LA: A Tour of the Rainbow City. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31394-9.
• Paul Glover (1995). Los Angeles: A History of the Future. Greenplanners. ISBN 978-0-9622911-0-4.
• Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt (2000). Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20530-7.
• Kevin Starr and David Ulin (2009). Jim Heimann (ed.). Los Angeles: Portrait of a City. Taschen America. ISBN 978-3-8365-0291-7.

Architecture and urban theory

• Reyner Banham (2009). Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26015-3.
• Mike Davis (2006). City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-568-5.
• Robert M. Fogelson (1993). The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1850–1930. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08230-4.
• Norman M. Klein (1997). The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-242-4.
• Sam Hall Kaplan (2000). L.A. Lost & Found: An Architectural History of Los Angeles. Hennessey and Ingalls. ISBN 978-0-940512-23-8.
• Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander (2013). Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940–1990. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-1-60606-128-2.

Race relations

• Acuña, Rodolfo (1996). Anything but Mexican: Chicanos in contemporary Los Angeles. Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-031-3. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
• George, Lynell (1992). No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels. Verso. ISBN 978-0-86091-389-4.
• Sides, Josh (2006). L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24830-4.
• Eduardo Obregón Pagán (2006). Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5494-5.
• R. J. Smith (2007). The Great Black Way: L.A. in the 1940s and the Last African American Renaissance. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-521-4.

LGBT

• Lillian Faderman and Stuart Timmons (2006). Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02288-5.
• Hurewitz, Daniel (2007). Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24925-7.

Environment

• Marc Reisner (1986). Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-017824-1.
• Chip Jacobs and William Kelly (2008). Smogtown: The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles. Outlook Hardcover. ISBN 978-1-58567-860-0.

• Mike Davis and Jon Wiener (2020). Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties. Verso. ISBN 978-1-78478-024-1.

Art and literature

• David L. Ulin, ed. (2002). Writing Los Angeles: A Literary Anthology. Library of America. ISBN 978-1-931082-27-3.
• Whiting, Cécile (2008). Pop L.A.: Art and the City in the 1960s. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25634-7.

External links

• Official website

Questions:

I am going to tell you about Los Angeles. Los Angeles spans a widely diverse geographic area. Primarily a desert basin, the area is surrounded by the San Gabriel Mountain range and divided by the Santa Monica Mountains. Los Angeles County has 81 miles of coastline. There are such rivers as the Los Angeles, the Rio Hondo, the San Gabriel and the Ventura rivers.

The climate of Los Angeles as the climate of Southern California has often been described as “perfect” and with good reason. Mostly it is sunny and warm with gentle ocean breezes in the summer. The humidity is low with little rain. In fact, there are no unpleasant seasons in Los Angeles.

The name Los Angeles is Spanish for the Angels. In the late 18th century, Felipe de Neve, Spanish Governor of California, saw the need to establish a settlement along the River Los Angeles, The primary purpose for the pueblo was to reaffirm Spain’s claim over the territory in the face of encroachments by Russia in

the north and Britain from the sea. The settlement would also help to keep Spain’s California military garrisons supplied and fed. Los Angeles was officially established by Governor Felipe de Neve on September 4,1781.

Governor de Neve’s statue stands today at the Plaza of Olvera Street in downtown Los Angeles. Later, when Mexico became an independent state, California with Los Angeles was governed by Mexicans.

In August of 1846, American soldiers entered Los Angeles and the Stars and Stripes flag has flown over the city since January 1847. On February, 1848 the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed and the Mexican-American War was finished, California was ceded to the United States. In 1851 the first Los Angeles City police force was organized.

Nowadays the city of Los Angeles holds many distinctions. Los Angeles is the entertainment capital of the world, a cultural centre which has more than 300 museums and a paradise of good weather.

It is the only city in the world to host the Summer Olympics twice. Downtown of Los Angeles is the largest government centre outside of Washington, D. C.

Los Angeles has the only remaining wooden lighthouse in the world. It is located in Fermin Park in San Pedro. Los Angeles has the largest historical theatre district, located in Downtown on Broadway.

Los Angeles is on the leading edge of the growth industries. The Los

Angeles area * Digital Coast” has more multimedia jobs than Silicon Valley and New York City combined. The Los Angeles metropolitan area, with more than 122,000 jobs in the fashion industry, has surpassed New York’s fashion district work force.

The population of Los Angeles is about four million people. Los Angeles ranks as the second largest city in the nation behind New York City, In Los Angeles there are people from about 140 countries^speaking approximately 86 different languages and currently call Los Angeles home.

Лос-Анджелес

Я собираюсь рассказать вам о Лос-Анджелесе. Лос-Анджелес охватывает очень разнообразную географическую область. В основном это пустынная область, окруженная горной грядой Сан-Габриэль и разделенная горами Санта Моника. Округ Лос-Анджелес имеет 81 милю береговой линии. Здесь находятся такие реки, как река Лос-Анджелес, река Рио-де-Жанейро Ондо, реки Сан Габриэль и Вентура.

Климат Лос-Анджелеса, как и климат южной Калифорнии, часто описывают как “совершенный” и этому есть серьезные основания. Главным образом здесь солнечно и тепло, летом дуют нежные океанские бризы. Влажность низкая, иногда идут небольшие дожди. Фактически в Лос-Анджелесе нет никаких неприятных сезонов.

Название Лос-Анджелес на испанском значит ” ангелы “. В конце 18-го столетия Фелиппе Неве, испанский губернатор Калифорнии, увидел потребность основать поселение на реке Лос-Анджелес. Поселение служило тому, чтобы вновь подтвердить притязания Испании на территории перед лицом вторжений России на севере и Англии с моря. Поселение также помогло бы поддержать испанскую Калифорнию военными гарнизонами, снабжением и провиантом. Лос-Анджелес официально был основан губернатором Фелиппе Неве 4 сентября 1781 года.

Статуя губернатора Неве стоит и по сей день на площади Улица Олвера, расположенной в центре города Лос-Анджелес. Позже, когда Мексика стала независимым государством, Калифорния с Лос-Лнджелесом перешла под мексиканское управление.

В августе 1846 года американские солдаты вступили в Лос-Анджелес, и звездно-полосатое полотнище развевается над городом начиная с января 1847 года. В феврале 1848 было подписано Соглашение Гваделупе Идалго и мексиканско-американская война была завершена. Калифорнию уступали Соединенным Штатам. В 1851 году было организовано первое полицейское подразделение.

В настоящее время город Лос-Анджелес является городом контрастов. Лос-Анджелес – это столица мира развлечений, культурный центр, который имеет более 300 музеев и райскую погоду.

Это единственный город в мире, в котором дважды проходили Летние Олимпийские игры. Центр города Лос-Анджелес является самым большим правительственным центром, не считая города Вашингтон, Округ Колумбия.

Лос-Анджелес имеет единственный в мире деревянный маяк, он расположен в Парке Фермин, что в Сан-Педро. Лос-Анджелес имеет самый большой исторический район театров, расположенный в центральной части города на Бродвее.

Лос-Анджелес находится в авангарде развивающейся промышленности. Персонал района Лос-Анджелеса “Цифровое Побережье”, занятый в сфере мультимедиа, больше персоналов Силиконовой Долины и Нью-Йорка Область Лос-Анджелеса с более чем 122 000 рабочих мест4 занятых в сфере индустрии моды, превзошла нью-йоркскую индустрию моды по числу рабочих мест.

Население Лос-Анджелеса составляет приблизительно четыре миллиона человек. Лос-Анджелес является вторым по величине городом после Нью-Йорка. В Лос-Анджелесе живут люди приблизительно из 140 стран, говорящие приблизительно на 86 различных языках и в настоящее время называющие Лос-Анджелес своим домом.

Questions:

1. Where is it located?
2. What rivers are in that area?
3. What climate has this area got?
4. What is the origin of the name Los Angeles?
5. Why did Felipe de Neve found the settlement?
6. When was the settlement established?
7. When did American soldiers enter Los Angeles?
8. When was California ceded to the USA?
9. How many museums are there in Los Angeles?
10. How many people live in Los Angeles today?
11. Is it the largest city of the USA? 12 .Is it a multinational city?

Vocabulary:

To span – охватывать, обхватывать, простираться, распространяться (в пространстве и времени)
diverse – различный, разнообразный, разный; разнотипный
primarily – в основном, глазным образом
desert – пустыня; пустынный район
to be surrounded – быть окруженным
coastline – береговая линия
gentle – мягкий, добрый; спокойный, небурный (о погоде, море, реке и т. п.)
breeze – легкий ветерок, бриз; ветер
humidity – сырость, влажность; влага, мокрота
Governor – губернатор
to establish – основывать, учреждать; упрочивать, устраивать (на постоянной основе)
settlement – поселок, городишко
purpose – назначение, намерение, цель; результат; конечная цель
to reaffirm – вновь подтверждать
to claim over – заявлять о своих правах на что-л.
encroachment – агрессия, вторжение
garrison – гарнизон
to supply – снабжать чем-л., поставлять
fed – накормленный
downtown – деловой район, деловая часть города, бизнес-центр
to fly over (flew, flown) – развеваться над
the Treaty – договор, соглашение, конвенция
to sign – подписывать(ся), ставить подпись
to cede to – уступать, передавать (собственность, права)
police force – зд. полицейское подразделение
distinction – различение; отличительный признак, отличительная особенность
entertainment capital – столица развлечений
paradise – рай; райское место, райский, блаженный уголок
to host – принимать гостей, выступать в роли хозяина, принимающей стороны
outside – снаружи, извне; вовне, наружу
to remain – оставаться, пребывать; находиться; оставаться в каком-л. состоянии
multimedia job – рабочее место в сфере мультимедиа
to surpass – превосходить; обгонять, опережать, перегонять