Рассказ о тур хейердал

Thor Heyerdahl
Heyerdahl circa 1980
Born	6 October 1914 Larvik, Norway
Died	18 April 2002 (aged 87) Colla Micheri, Italy
Alma mater	University of Oslo
Spouses	Liv Coucheron-Torp ​ ​ (m. 1936; div. 1947)​ Yvonne Dedekam-Simonsen ​ ​ (m. 1949; div. 1969)​ Jacqueline Beer ​ (m. 1991)​
Children	5
Awards	Mungo Park Medal (1950)
Scientific career
Fields	Ethnography Adventure
Doctoral advisor	Kristine Bonnevie Hjalmar Broch

Thor Heyerdahl KStJ (Norwegian pronunciation: [tuːr ˈhæ̀ɪəɖɑːɫ]; 6 October 1914 – 18 April 2002) was a Norwegian adventurer and ethnographer with a background in zoology, botany and geography.

Heyerdahl is notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands. The expedition was designed to demonstrate that ancient people could have made long sea voyages, creating contacts between societies. This was linked to a diffusionist model of cultural development.

Heyerdahl made other voyages to demonstrate the possibility of contact between widely separated ancient peoples, notably the Ra II expedition of 1970, when he sailed from the west coast of Africa to Barbados in a papyrus reed boat. He was appointed a government scholar in 1984.

He died on 18 April 2002 in Colla Micheri, Italy, while visiting close family members. The Norwegian government gave him a state funeral in Oslo Cathedral on 26 April 2002.^[1]

In May 2011, the Thor Heyerdahl Archives were added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register.^[2] At the time, this list included 238 collections from all over the world.^[3] The Heyerdahl Archives span the years 1937 to 2002 and include his photographic collection, diaries, private letters, expedition plans, articles, newspaper clippings, and original book and article manuscripts. The Heyerdahl Archives are administered by the Kon-Tiki Museum and the National Library of Norway in Oslo.

Youth and personal life[edit]

Heyerdahl was born in Larvik, Norway, the son of master brewer Thor Heyerdahl (1869–1957) and his wife, Alison Lyng (1873–1965). As a young child, Heyerdahl showed a strong interest in zoology, inspired by his mother, who had a strong interest in Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. He created a small museum in his childhood home, with a common adder (Vipera berus) as the main attraction.

He studied zoology and geography at the faculty of biological science at the University of Oslo.^[4] At the same time, he privately studied Polynesian culture and history, consulting what was then the world’s largest private collection of books and papers on Polynesia, owned by Bjarne Kroepelien, a wealthy wine merchant in Oslo. (This collection was later purchased by the University of Oslo Library from Kroepelien’s heirs and was attached to the Kon-Tiki Museum research department.)

After seven terms and consultations with experts in Berlin, a project was developed and sponsored by Heyerdahl’s zoology professors, Kristine Bonnevie and Hjalmar Broch. He was to visit some isolated Pacific island groups and study how the local animals had found their way there.

On the day before they sailed together to the Marquesas Islands in 1936, Heyerdahl married Liv Coucheron-Torp (1916–1969), whom he had met at the University of Oslo, and who had studied economics there. He was 22 years old and she was 20 years old. Eventually, the couple had two sons: Thor Jr. and Bjørn. The marriage ended in divorce shortly before the 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition, which Liv had helped to organize.^[5]

After the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he served with the Free Norwegian Forces from 1944, in the far north province of Finnmark.^[6][7]

In 1949, Heyerdahl married Yvonne Dedekam-Simonsen (1924–2006). They had three daughters: Annette, Marian, and Helene Elisabeth. They were divorced in 1969. Heyerdahl blamed their separation on his being away from home and differences in their ideas for bringing up children. In his autobiography, he concluded that he should take the entire blame for their separation.^[8]

In 1991, Heyerdahl married Jacqueline Beer (born 1932) as his third wife. They lived in Tenerife, Canary Islands, and were very actively involved with archaeological projects, especially in Túcume, Peru, and Azov until his death in 2002. He had still been hoping to undertake an archaeological project in Samoa before he died.^[9]

Fatu Hiva[edit]

In 1936, on the day after his marriage to Liv Coucheron Torp, the young couple set out for the South Pacific Island of Fatu Hiva. They nominally had an academic mission, to research the spread of animal species between islands, but in reality they intended to «run away to the South Seas» and never return home.^[10]

Aided by expedition funding from their parents, they nonetheless arrived on the island lacking «provisions, weapons or a radio». Residents in Tahiti, where they stopped en route, did convince them to take a machete and a cooking pot.^[5]

They arrived at Fatu Hiva in 1937, in the valley of Omo‘a, and decided to cross over the island’s mountainous interior to settle in one of the small, nearly abandoned, valleys on the eastern side of the island. There, they made their thatch-covered stilted home in the valley of Uia.^[10]

Living in such primitive conditions was a daunting task, but they managed to live off the land, and work on their academic goals, by collecting and studying zoological and botanical specimens. They discovered unusual artifacts, listened to the natives’ oral history traditions, and took note of the prevailing winds and ocean currents.^[5]

It was in this setting, surrounded by the ruins of the formerly glorious Marquesan civilization, that Heyerdahl first developed his theories regarding the possibility of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact between the pre-European Polynesians, and the peoples and cultures of South America.^[10]

Despite the seemingly idyllic situation, the exposure to various tropical diseases and other difficulties caused them to return to civilisation a year later. They worked together to write an account of their adventure.^[5]

The events surrounding his stay on the Marquesas, most of the time on Fatu Hiva, were told first in his book På Jakt etter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise) (1938), which was published in Norway but, following the outbreak of World War II, was never translated and remained largely forgotten. Many years later, having achieved notability with other adventures and books on other subjects, Heyerdahl published a new account of this voyage under the title Fatu Hiva (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974). The story of his time on Fatu Hiva and his side trip to Hivaoa and Mohotani is also related in Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day (Random House, 1996).

Kon-Tiki expedition[edit]

In 1947 Heyerdahl and five fellow adventurers sailed from Peru to the Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia in a pae-pae raft that they had constructed from balsa wood and other native materials, christened the Kon-Tiki. The Kon-Tiki expedition was inspired by old reports and drawings made by the Spanish Conquistadors of Inca rafts, and by native legends and archaeological evidence suggesting contact between South America and Polynesia. The Kon-Tiki smashed into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotus on 7 August 1947 after a 101-day, 4,300-nautical-mile (5,000-mile or 8,000 km)^[11] journey across the Pacific Ocean. Heyerdahl had nearly drowned at least twice in childhood and did not take easily to water; he said later that there were times in each of his raft voyages when he feared for his life.^[12]

Kon-Tiki demonstrated that it was possible for a primitive raft to sail the Pacific with relative ease and safety, especially to the west (with the trade winds). The raft proved to be highly manoeuvrable, and fish congregated between the nine balsa logs in such numbers that ancient sailors could have possibly relied on fish for hydration in the absence of other sources of fresh water. Other rafts have repeated the voyage, inspired by Kon-Tiki.

Heyerdahl’s book about The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas has been translated into 70 languages.^[13] The documentary film of the expedition entitled Kon-Tiki won an Academy Award in 1951. A dramatised version was released in 2012, also called Kon-Tiki, and was nominated for both the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards^[14] and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Golden Globe Awards.^[15] It was the first time that a Norwegian film was nominated for both an Oscar and a Golden Globe.^[16]

Anthropologists continue to believe that Polynesia was settled from west to east, based on linguistic, physical, and genetic evidence, migration having begun from the Asian mainland. In response to the linguistic evidence, Heyerdahl observed, by analogy, that African Americans originated in Africa despite the fact that they today speak a language that originated in England.^[17] Other evidence supports Heyerdahl’s hypothesis of South American/Polynesian contact. For example, the South American sweet potato is served as a dietary staple throughout much of Polynesia. Moreover, blood samples taken in 1971 and 2008 from Easter Islanders without any European or other external descent were analysed in a 2011 study, which concluded that the evidence supported some aspects of Heyerdahl’s hypothesis.^[18][19][20] This result has been questioned because of the possibility of contamination by South Americans after European contact with the islands.^[21] A study published in 2020, purports to find «conclusive evidence for prehistoric contact of Polynesian individuals with Native American individuals» in «a single contact event» about AD 1200 with a «Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia.»^[22]

Theory on Polynesian origins[edit]

Heyerdahl claimed that in Incan legend there was a sun-god named Con-Tici Viracocha who was the supreme head of the mythical fair-skinned people in Peru. The original name for Viracocha was Kon-Tiki or Illa-Tiki, which means Sun-Tiki or Fire-Tiki.^{[citation needed]}

Kon-Tiki was high priest and sun-king of these legendary «white men» who left enormous ruins on the shores of Lake Titicaca. The legend continues with the mysterious bearded white men being attacked by a chief named Cari, who came from the Coquimbo Valley. They had a battle on an island in Lake Titicaca, and the fair race was massacred. However, Kon-Tiki and his closest companions managed to escape and later arrived on the Pacific coast. The legend ends with Kon-Tiki and his companions disappearing westward out to sea.

When the Spaniards came to Peru, Heyerdahl asserted, the Incas told them that the colossal monuments that stood deserted about the landscape were erected by a race of white gods who had lived there before the Incas themselves became rulers. The Incas described these «white gods» as wise, peaceful instructors who had originally come from the north in the «morning of time» and taught the Incas’ primitive forebears architecture as well as manners and customs. They were unlike other Native Americans in that they had «white skins and long beards» and were taller than the Incas. The Incas said that the «white gods» had then left as suddenly as they had come and fled westward across the Pacific. After they had left, the Incas themselves took over power in the country.

Heyerdahl said that when the Europeans first came to the Pacific islands, they were astonished that they found some of the natives to have relatively light skins and beards. There were whole families that had pale skin, hair varying in colour from reddish to blonde. In contrast, most of the Polynesians had golden-brown skin, raven-black hair, and rather flat noses. Heyerdahl claimed that when Jacob Roggeveen discovered Easter Island in 1722, he supposedly noticed that many of the natives were white-skinned. Heyerdahl claimed that these people could count their ancestors who were «white-skinned» right back to the time of Tiki and Hotu Matua, when they first came sailing across the sea «from a mountainous land in the east which was scorched by the sun». The ethnographic evidence for these claims is outlined in Heyerdahl’s book Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island.

Tiki people[edit]

Heyerdahl proposed that Tiki’s neolithic people colonised the then uninhabited Polynesian islands as far north as Hawaii, as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Samoa and Tonga around 500 AD. They supposedly sailed from Peru to the Polynesian islands on pae-paes—large rafts built from balsa logs, complete with sails and each with a small cottage. They built enormous stone statues carved in the image of human beings on Pitcairn, the Marquesas, and Easter Island that resembled those in Peru. They also built huge pyramids on Tahiti and Samoa with steps like those in Peru.

But all over Polynesia, Heyerdahl found indications that Tiki’s peaceable race had not been able to hold the islands alone for long. He found evidence that suggested that seagoing war canoes as large as Viking ships, and lashed together two by two, had brought Stone Age Northwest American Indians to Polynesia around 1100 AD, and they mingled with Tiki’s people. The oral history of the people of Easter Island, at least as it was documented by Heyerdahl, is completely consistent with this theory, as is the archaeological record he examined (Heyerdahl 1958).

In particular, Heyerdahl obtained a radiocarbon date of 400 AD for a charcoal fire located in the pit that was held by the people of Easter Island to have been used as an «oven» by the «Long Ears, » which Heyerdahl’s Rapa Nui sources, reciting oral tradition, identified as a white race that had ruled the island in the past (Heyerdahl 1958).

Heyerdahl further argued in his book American Indians in the Pacific that the current inhabitants of Polynesia migrated from an Asian source, but via an alternative route. He proposes that Polynesians travelled with the wind along the North Pacific current. These migrants then arrived in British Columbia. Heyerdahl called contemporary tribes of British Columbia, such as the Tlingit and Haida, descendants of these migrants. Heyerdahl claimed that cultural and physical similarities existed between these British Columbian tribes, Polynesians, and the Old World source.

Controversy[edit]

Heyerdahl’s theory of Polynesian origins has not gained acceptance among anthropologists.^[23][24][25] Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America. In the late 1990s, genetic testing found that the mitochondrial DNA of the Polynesians is more similar to people from south-east Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia.^[26]

Anthropologist Robert Carl Suggs included a chapter titled «The Kon-Tiki Myth» in his 1960 book on Polynesia, concluding that «The Kon-Tiki theory is about as plausible as the tales of Atlantis, Mu, and ‘Children of the Sun.’ Like most such theories, it makes exciting light reading, but as an example of scientific method it fares quite poorly.»^[27]

Anthropologist and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Wade Davis also criticised Heyerdahl’s theory in his 2009 book The Wayfinders, which explores the history of Polynesia. Davis says that Heyerdahl «ignored the overwhelming body of linguistic, ethnographic, and ethnobotanical evidence, augmented today by genetic and archaeological data, indicating that he was patently wrong.»^[28]

A 2009 study by the Norwegian researcher Erik Thorsby^[29] suggested that there was some merit to Heyerdahl’s ideas and that, while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed.^[30][31] Some critics suggest, however, that Thorsby’s research is inconclusive because his data may have been influenced by recent population contact.^[32]

A 2014 research project ^[33] indicates that the South American component of the Easter Island people’s genomes pre-dates European contact. The research team, including Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas (from the Natural History Museum of Denmark), analysed the genomes of 27 native Rapanui people and found that their DNA was on average 76 per cent Polynesian, 8 per cent Native American and 16 per cent European. Analysis showed that «although the European lineage could be explained by contact with white Europeans after the island was ‘discovered’ in 1722 by Dutch sailors, the South American component was much older, dating to between about 1280 and 1495, soon after the island was first colonised by Polynesians in around 1200.» Together with ancient skulls found in Brazil – with solely Polynesian DNA – this does suggest some pre-European-contact travel to and from South America from Polynesia.

A study based on over one hundred Rapanui DNA sequences published in Nature in July 2020 showed that a genetic contact event occurred, circa 1200 AD, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia.^[34]

Expedition to Easter Island[edit]

In 1955–1956, Heyerdahl organised the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island. The expedition’s scientific staff included Arne Skjølsvold, Carlyle Smith, Edwin Ferdon, Gonzalo Figueroa^[35] and William Mulloy. Heyerdahl and the professional archaeologists who travelled with him spent several months on Easter Island investigating several important archaeological sites. Highlights of the project include experiments in the carving, transport and erection of the notable moai, as well as excavations at such prominent sites as Orongo and Poike. The expedition published two large volumes of scientific reports (Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific) and Heyerdahl later added a third (The Art of Easter Island). Heyerdahl’s popular book on the subject, Aku-Aku was another international best-seller.^[36]

In Easter Island: The Mystery Solved (Random House, 1989), Heyerdahl offered a more detailed theory of the island’s history. Based on native testimony and archaeological research, he claimed the island was originally colonised by Hanau eepe («Long Ears»), from South America, and that Polynesian Hanau momoko («Short Ears») arrived only in the mid-16th century; they may have come independently or perhaps were imported as workers. According to Heyerdahl, something happened between Admiral Roggeveen’s discovery of the island in 1722 and James Cook’s visit in 1774; while Roggeveen encountered white, Indian, and Polynesian people living in relative harmony and prosperity, Cook encountered a much smaller population consisting mainly of Polynesians and living in privation.

Heyerdahl notes the oral tradition of an uprising of «Short Ears» against the ruling «Long Ears.» The «Long Ears» dug a defensive moat on the eastern end of the island and filled it with kindling. During the uprising, Heyerdahl claimed, the «Long Ears» ignited their moat and retreated behind it, but the «Short Ears» found a way around it, came up from behind, and pushed all but two of the «Long Ears» into the fire. This moat was found by the Norwegian expedition and it was partly cut down into the rock. Layers of fire were revealed but no fragments of bodies.

As for the origin of the people of Easter Island, DNA tests have shown a connection to South America.^[37] But critics conjecture that this was a result of recent events. Still, whether this is inherited from a person coming in later times is hard to know. If the story that almost all Long Ears were killed in a civil war is true, as the islanders’ story goes, it would be expected that the statue-building South American bloodline would have been nearly utterly destroyed, leaving for the most part the invading Polynesian bloodline.

Boats Ra and Ra II[edit]

In 1969 and 1970, Heyerdahl built two boats from papyrus and attempted to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Morocco in Africa. Based on drawings and models from ancient Egypt, the first boat, named Ra (after the Egyptian Sun god), was constructed by boat builders from Lake Chad using papyrus reed obtained from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and launched into the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of Morocco. The Ra crew included Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Santiago Genovés (Mexico), Georges Sourial (Egypt), and Abdullah Djibrine (Chad). Only Heyerdahl and Baker had sailing and navigation experience. Genovés would go on to head the Acali Experiment.

After a number of weeks, Ra took on water. The crew discovered that a key element of the Egyptian boatbuilding method had been neglected, a tether that acted like a spring to keep the stern high in the water while allowing for flexibility.^[38] Water and storms eventually caused it to sag and break apart after sailing more than 6,400 km (4,000 miles). The crew was forced to abandon Ra, some hundred miles (160 km) before the Caribbean islands, and was saved by a yacht.

The following year, 1970, a similar vessel, Ra II, was built from Ethiopian papyrus by Bolivian citizens Demetrio, Juan and José Limachi of Lake Titicaca, and likewise set sail across the Atlantic from Morocco, this time with great success. The crew was mostly the same; though Djibrine had been replaced by Kei Ohara from Japan and Madani Ait Ouhanni from Morocco. The boat became lost and was the subject of a United Nations search and rescue mission. The search included international assistance including people as far afield as Loo-Chi Hu of New Zealand. The boat reached Barbados, thus demonstrating that mariners could have dealt with trans-Atlantic voyages by sailing with the Canary Current.^[39] The Ra II is now in the Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo, Norway.

The book The Ra Expeditions and the film documentary Ra (1972) were made about the voyages. Apart from the primary aspects of the expedition, Heyerdahl deliberately selected a crew representing a great diversity in race, nationality, religion and political viewpoint in order to demonstrate that, at least on their own little floating island, people could co-operate and live peacefully. Additionally, the expedition took samples of marine pollution and presented its report to the United Nations.^[40]

Tigris[edit]

Heyerdahl built yet another reed boat in 1977, Tigris, which was intended to demonstrate that trade and migration could have linked Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley civilization in what is now Pakistan and western India. Tigris was built in Al Qurnah Iraq and sailed with its international crew through the Persian Gulf to Pakistan and made its way into the Red Sea.^[41]

After about five months at sea and still remaining seaworthy, the Tigris was deliberately burnt in Djibouti on 3 April 1978 as a protest against the wars raging on every side in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa. In his Open Letter to the UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, Heyerdahl explained his reasons:^[42]

Today we burn our proud ship … to protest against inhuman elements in the world of 1978 … Now we are forced to stop at the entrance to the Red Sea. Surrounded by military airplanes and warships from the world’s most civilised and developed nations, we have been denied permission by friendly governments, for reasons of security, to land anywhere, but in the tiny, and still neutral, Republic of Djibouti. Elsewhere around us, brothers and neighbours are engaged in homicide with means made available to them by those who lead humanity on our joint road into the third millennium.

To the innocent masses in all industrialised countries, we direct our appeal. We must wake up to the insane reality of our time … We are all irresponsible, unless we demand from the responsible decision makers that modern armaments must no longer be made available to people whose former battle axes and swords our ancestors condemned.

Our planet is bigger than the reed bundles that have carried us across the seas, and yet small enough to run the same risks unless those of us still alive open our eyes and minds to the desperate need of intelligent collaboration to save ourselves and our common civilisation from what we are about to convert into a sinking ship.

In the years that followed, Heyerdahl was often outspoken on issues of international peace and the environment.

The Tigris had an 11-man crew: Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Germán Carrasco (Mexico), Hans Petter Bohn (Norway), Rashad Nazar Salim (Iraq), Norris Brock (US), Toru Suzuki (Japan), Detlef Soitzek (Germany), and Asbjørn Damhus (Denmark).

«The Search for Odin» in Azerbaijan and Russia[edit]

Background[edit]

Heyerdahl made four visits to Azerbaijan in 1981,^[43] 1994, 1999 and 2000.^[44] Heyerdahl had long been fascinated with the rock carvings that date back to about 8th–7th millennia BCE at Gobustan (about 30 miles/48 km west of Baku). He was convinced that their artistic style closely resembled the carvings found in his native Norway. The ship designs, in particular, were regarded by Heyerdahl as similar and drawn with a simple sickle-shaped line, representing the base of the boat, with vertical lines on deck, illustrating crew or, perhaps, raised oars.

Based on this and other published documentation, Heyerdahl proposed that Azerbaijan was the site of an ancient advanced civilisation. He believed that natives migrated north through waterways to present-day Scandinavia using ingeniously constructed vessels made of skins that could be folded like cloth. When voyagers travelled upstream, they conveniently folded their skin boats and transported them on pack animals.

Snorri Sturluson[edit]

On Heyerdahl’s visit to Baku in 1999, he lectured at the Academy of Sciences about the history of ancient Nordic Kings. He spoke of a notation made by Snorri Sturluson, a 13th-century historian-mythographer in Ynglinga Saga, which relates that «Odin (a Scandinavian god who was one of the kings) came to the North with his people from a country called Aser.»^[45] (see also House of Ynglings and Mythological kings of Sweden). Heyerdahl accepted Snorri’s story as literal truth, and believed that a chieftain led his people in a migration from the east, westward and northward through Saxony, to Fyn in Denmark, and eventually settling in Sweden. Heyerdahl claimed that the geographic location of the mythic Aser or Æsir matched the region of contemporary Azerbaijan – «east of the Caucasus mountains and the Black Sea». «We are no longer talking about mythology,» Heyerdahl said, «but of the realities of geography and history. Azerbaijanis should be proud of their ancient culture. It is just as rich and ancient as that of China and Mesopotamia.»

In September 2000 Heyerdahl returned to Baku for the fourth time and visited the archaeological dig in the area of the Church of Kish.^[46]

Revision of hypothesis[edit]

One of the last projects of his life, Jakten på Odin, ‘The Search for Odin’, was a sudden revision of his Odin hypothesis, in furtherance of which he initiated 2001–2002 excavations in Azov, Russia, near the Sea of Azov at the northeast of the Black Sea.^[47] He searched for the remains of a civilisation to match the account of Odin in Snorri Sturlusson, significantly further north of his original target of Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea only two years earlier. This project generated harsh criticism and accusations of pseudoscience from historians, archaeologists and linguists in Norway, who accused Heyerdahl of selective use of sources, and a basic lack of scientific methodology in his work.^[48][49]

His central claims were based on similarities of names in Norse mythology and geographic names in the Black Sea region, e.g. Azov and Æsir, Udi and Odin, Tyr and Turkey. Philologists and historians reject these parallels as mere coincidences, and also anachronisms, for instance the city of Azov did not have that name until over 1,000 years after Heyerdahl claims the Æsir dwelt there. The controversy surrounding the Search for Odin project was in many ways typical of the relationship between Heyerdahl and the academic community. His theories rarely won any scientific acceptance, whereas Heyerdahl himself rejected all scientific criticism and concentrated on publishing his theories in popular books aimed at the general public.^{[citation needed]}

As of 2021, Heyerdahl’s Odin hypothesis has yet to be validated by any historian, archaeologist or linguist.

Other projects[edit]

Heyerdahl also investigated the mounds found on the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean. There, he found sun-orientated foundations and courtyards, as well as statues with elongated earlobes. Heyerdahl believed that these finds fit with his theory of a seafaring civilisation which originated in what is now Sri Lanka, colonised the Maldives, and influenced or founded the cultures of ancient South America and Easter Island. His discoveries are detailed in his book The Maldive Mystery.

In 1991 he studied the Pyramids of Güímar on Tenerife and declared that they were not random stone heaps but pyramids. Based on the discovery made by the astrophysicists Aparicio, Belmonte and Esteban, from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias that the «pyramids» were astronomically orientated and being convinced that they were of ancient origin, he claimed that the ancient people who built them were most likely sun worshippers. Heyerdahl advanced a theory according to which the Canaries had been bases of ancient shipping between America and the Mediterranean.

Heyerdahl was also an active figure in Green politics. He was the recipient of numerous medals and awards. He also received 11 honorary doctorates from universities in the Americas and Europe.

In subsequent years, Heyerdahl was involved with many other expeditions and archaeological projects. He remained best known for his boatbuilding, and for his emphasis on cultural diffusionism.^[50]

Death[edit]

Heyerdahl died on 18 April 2002 in Colla Micheri, Liguria, Italy, where he had gone to spend the Easter holidays with some of his closest family members. He died, aged 87, from a brain tumour.^[51] After receiving the diagnosis, he prepared for death, by refusing to eat or take medication.^[52]

The Norwegian government honored him with a state funeral in the Oslo Cathedral on 26 April 2002. He is buried in the garden of the family home in Colla Micheri.^[1] He was an atheist.^[53][54]

Legacy[edit]

Despite the fact that, for many years, much of his work was not accepted by the scientific community, Heyerdahl, nonetheless, increased public interest in ancient history and anthropology. He also showed that long-distance ocean voyages were possible with ancient designs. As such, he was a major practitioner of experimental archaeology. The Kon-Tiki Museum on the Bygdøy peninsula in Oslo, Norway houses vessels and maps from the Kon-Tiki expedition, as well as a library with about 8,000 books.

The Thor Heyerdahl Institute was established in 2000. Heyerdahl himself agreed to the founding of the institute and it aims to promote and continue to develop Heyerdahl’s ideas and principles. The institute is located in Heyerdahl’s birth town of Larvik, Norway. In Larvik, the birthplace of Heyerdahl, the municipality began a project in 2007 to attract more visitors. Since then, they have purchased and renovated Heyerdahl’s childhood home, arranged a yearly raft regatta in his honour at the end of summer and begun to develop a Heyerdahl centre.^[55]

Heyerdahl’s grandson, Olav Heyerdahl, retraced his grandfather’s Kon-Tiki voyage in 2006 as part of a six-member crew. The voyage, organised by Torgeir Higraff and called the Tangaroa Expedition,^[56] was intended as a tribute to Heyerdahl, an effort to better understand navigation via centreboards («guara^[57]«) as well as a means to monitor the Pacific Ocean’s environment.

A book about the Tangaroa Expedition^[58] by Torgeir Higraff was published in 2007. The book has numerous photos from the Kon-Tiki voyage 60 years earlier and is illustrated with photographs by Tangaroa crew member Anders Berg (Oslo: Bazar Forlag, 2007). «Tangaroa Expedition»^[59] has also been produced as a documentary DVD in English, Norwegian, Swedish and Spanish.

Paul Theroux, in his book The Happy Isles of Oceania, criticises Heyerdahl for trying to link the culture of Polynesian islands with the Peruvian culture. Recent scientific investigation that compares the DNA of some of the Polynesian islands with natives from Peru suggests that there is some merit to Heyerdahl’s ideas and that while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed; several papers have in the last few years confirmed with genetic data some form of contacts with Easter Island.^[30][31][60]
More recently, some researchers published research confirming a wider impact on genetic and cultural elements in Polynesia due to South American contacts.^[61]

Decorations and honorary degrees[edit]

Asteroid 2473 Heyerdahl is named after him, as are HNoMS Thor Heyerdahl, a Norwegian Nansen class frigate, along with MS Thor Heyerdahl (now renamed MS Vana Tallinn), and Thor Heyerdahl, a German three-masted sail training vessel originally owned by a participant of the Tigris expedition. Heyerdahl Vallis, a valley on Pluto, and Thor Heyerdahl Upper Secondary School in Larvik, the town of his birth, are also named after him. Google honoured Heyerdahl on his 100th birthday by making a Google Doodle.^[62]

Heyerdahl’s numerous awards and honours include the following:

Governmental and state honours[edit]

• Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (1987) (Commander with Star: 1970; Commander: 1951)^[63]
• Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Peru (1953)^[63]
• Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (21 June 1965)^[63][64]
• Knight in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem^[65]
• Knight of the Order of Merit, Egypt (1971)^[63]
• Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco; 1971)
• Officer, Order of the Sun (Peru) (1975) and Knight Grand Cross
• International Pahlavi Environment Prize, United Nations (1978)^[63]
• Knight of the Order of the Golden Ark, Netherlands (1980)^[63]
• Commander, American Knights of Malta (1970)^[63]
• Civitan International World Citizenship Award^[66]
• Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (2000)^[67]
• St. Hallvard’s Medal

Academic honours[edit]

• Retzius Medal, Royal Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1950)^[63][68]
• Mungo Park Medal, Royal Scottish Society for Geography (1951)^[63]
• Bonaparte-Wyse Gold Medal, Société de Géographie de Paris (1951)^[63]
• Elisha Kent Kane Gold Medal, Geographical Society of Philadelphia (1952)^[63]
• Honorary Member, Geographical Societies of Norway (1953), Peru (1953), Brazil (1954)^[63]
• Elected Member Norwegian Academy of Sciences (1958)^[63]
• Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences (1960)^[63]
• Vega Gold Medal, Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1962)^[63]
• Lomonosov Medal, Moscow State University (1962)^[63]
• Gold Medal, Royal Geographical Society, London (1964)^[63]
• Distinguished Service Award, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, US (1966)^[63]
• Member American Anthropological Association (1966)^[63]
• Kiril i Metodi Award, Geographical Society, Bulgaria (1972)^[63]
• Honorary Professor, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico (1972)^[63]
• Bradford Washburn Award, Museum of Science, Boston, US, (1982)^[63]
• President’s Medal, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, US (1996)^[63]
• Honorary Professorship, Western University, Baku, Azerbaijan (1999)^[69]

Honorary degrees[edit]

• Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Oslo, Norway (1961)^[63]
• Doctor Honoris Causa, USSR Academy of Science (1980)^[63]
• Doctor Honoris Causa, University of San Martin, Lima, Peru, (1991)^[63]
• Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Havana, Cuba (1992)^[63]
• Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Kyiv, Ukraine (1993)^[63]
• Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Maine, Orono (1998)

Publications[edit]

• På Jakt efter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise), 1938; Fatu-Hiva: Back to Nature (changed title in English in 1974).
• The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas (Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen, also known as Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft), 1948.
• American Indians in the Pacific: The Theory Behind the Kon-Tiki Expedition (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1952), 821 pages.
• Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island, 1957.
• Sea Routes to Polynesia: American Indians and Early Asiatics in the Pacific (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968), 232 pages.
• The Ra Expeditions ISBN 0-14-003462-5.
• Early Man and the Ocean: The Beginning of Navigation and Seaborn Civilizations, 1979
• The Tigris Expedition: In Search of Our Beginnings
• The Maldive Mystery, 1986
• Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day: Memories and Journeys of a Lifetime
• Pyramids of Tucume: The Quest for Peru’s Forgotten City
• Skjebnemøte vest for havet [Fate Meets West of the Ocean], 1992 (in Norwegian and German only) the Native Americans tell their story, white and bearded Gods, infrastructure was not built by the Inkas but their more advanced predecessors.
• In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir (the official edition is Abacus, 2001, translated by Ingrid Christophersen) ISBN 0-349-11273-8
• Ingen Grenser (No Boundaries, Norwegian only), 1999^[70]
• Jakten på Odin (Theories about Odin, Norwegian only), 2001

See also[edit]

• M/S Thor Heyerdahl – a ferry named after him
• List of notable brain tumor patients
• Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
• Pre-Columbian rafts
• Vital Alsar
• Kitín Muñoz
• The Viracocha expedition

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Heyerdahl, Thor. Kon-Tiki. Rand McNally & Company. 1950.
• Heyerdahl, Thor. Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island. Rand McNally. 1958.
• Heyerdahl, Thor. Archaeology of Easter Island vol. 1 (1961)
• Heyerdahl, Thor. Archaeology of Easter Island vol. 2 (1965)
• Heyerdahl, Thor. Fatu Hiva. Penguin. 1976.
• Heyerdahl, Thor. Early Man and the Ocean: A Search for the Beginnings of Navigation and Seaborne Civilizations, February 1979.
• Heyerdahl, Thor. In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir, translated by Ingrid Christophersen, 2001 (English)

External links[edit]

• Maal og minne 1, 2002 at the Wayback Machine (archived 13 September 2009) a scientific critique of his Odin project, in English
• Thor Heyerdahl in Baku Azerbaijan International, Vol. 7:3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 96–97.
• Thor Heyerdahl Biography and Bibliography
• Thor Heyerdahl expeditions
• The ‘Tigris’ expedition, with Heyerdahl’s war protest Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:1 (Spring 2003), pp. 20–21.
• Bjornar Storfjell’s account: A reference to his last project Jakten på Odin Azerbaijan International, Vol. 10:2 (Summer 2002).
• Biography on National Geographic
• Forskning.no Biography from the official Norwegian scientific webportal (in Norwegian)
• Thor Heyerdahl on Maldives Royal Family website
• Biography of Thor Heyerdahl
• Sea Routes to Polynesia Extracts from lectures by Thor Heyerdahl
• The home of Thor Heyerdahl Useful information on Thor Heyerdahl and his hometown, Larvik
• Thor Heyerdahl – Daily Telegraph obituary
• Works by or about Thor Heyerdahl at Internet Archive

Thor Heyerdahl
Heyerdahl circa 1980
Born	6 October 1914 Larvik, Norway
Died	18 April 2002 (aged 87) Colla Micheri, Italy
Alma mater	University of Oslo
Spouses	Liv Coucheron-Torp ​ ​ (m. 1936; div. 1947)​ Yvonne Dedekam-Simonsen ​ ​ (m. 1949; div. 1969)​ Jacqueline Beer ​ (m. 1991)​
Children	5
Awards	Mungo Park Medal (1950)
Scientific career
Fields	Ethnography Adventure
Doctoral advisor	Kristine Bonnevie Hjalmar Broch

Thor Heyerdahl KStJ (Norwegian pronunciation: [tuːr ˈhæ̀ɪəɖɑːɫ]; 6 October 1914 – 18 April 2002) was a Norwegian adventurer and ethnographer with a background in zoology, botany and geography.

Heyerdahl is notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands. The expedition was designed to demonstrate that ancient people could have made long sea voyages, creating contacts between societies. This was linked to a diffusionist model of cultural development.

Heyerdahl made other voyages to demonstrate the possibility of contact between widely separated ancient peoples, notably the Ra II expedition of 1970, when he sailed from the west coast of Africa to Barbados in a papyrus reed boat. He was appointed a government scholar in 1984.

He died on 18 April 2002 in Colla Micheri, Italy, while visiting close family members. The Norwegian government gave him a state funeral in Oslo Cathedral on 26 April 2002.^[1]

In May 2011, the Thor Heyerdahl Archives were added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register.^[2] At the time, this list included 238 collections from all over the world.^[3] The Heyerdahl Archives span the years 1937 to 2002 and include his photographic collection, diaries, private letters, expedition plans, articles, newspaper clippings, and original book and article manuscripts. The Heyerdahl Archives are administered by the Kon-Tiki Museum and the National Library of Norway in Oslo.

Youth and personal life[edit]

Heyerdahl was born in Larvik, Norway, the son of master brewer Thor Heyerdahl (1869–1957) and his wife, Alison Lyng (1873–1965). As a young child, Heyerdahl showed a strong interest in zoology, inspired by his mother, who had a strong interest in Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. He created a small museum in his childhood home, with a common adder (Vipera berus) as the main attraction.

He studied zoology and geography at the faculty of biological science at the University of Oslo.^[4] At the same time, he privately studied Polynesian culture and history, consulting what was then the world’s largest private collection of books and papers on Polynesia, owned by Bjarne Kroepelien, a wealthy wine merchant in Oslo. (This collection was later purchased by the University of Oslo Library from Kroepelien’s heirs and was attached to the Kon-Tiki Museum research department.)

After seven terms and consultations with experts in Berlin, a project was developed and sponsored by Heyerdahl’s zoology professors, Kristine Bonnevie and Hjalmar Broch. He was to visit some isolated Pacific island groups and study how the local animals had found their way there.

On the day before they sailed together to the Marquesas Islands in 1936, Heyerdahl married Liv Coucheron-Torp (1916–1969), whom he had met at the University of Oslo, and who had studied economics there. He was 22 years old and she was 20 years old. Eventually, the couple had two sons: Thor Jr. and Bjørn. The marriage ended in divorce shortly before the 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition, which Liv had helped to organize.^[5]

After the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he served with the Free Norwegian Forces from 1944, in the far north province of Finnmark.^[6][7]

In 1949, Heyerdahl married Yvonne Dedekam-Simonsen (1924–2006). They had three daughters: Annette, Marian, and Helene Elisabeth. They were divorced in 1969. Heyerdahl blamed their separation on his being away from home and differences in their ideas for bringing up children. In his autobiography, he concluded that he should take the entire blame for their separation.^[8]

In 1991, Heyerdahl married Jacqueline Beer (born 1932) as his third wife. They lived in Tenerife, Canary Islands, and were very actively involved with archaeological projects, especially in Túcume, Peru, and Azov until his death in 2002. He had still been hoping to undertake an archaeological project in Samoa before he died.^[9]

Fatu Hiva[edit]

In 1936, on the day after his marriage to Liv Coucheron Torp, the young couple set out for the South Pacific Island of Fatu Hiva. They nominally had an academic mission, to research the spread of animal species between islands, but in reality they intended to «run away to the South Seas» and never return home.^[10]

Aided by expedition funding from their parents, they nonetheless arrived on the island lacking «provisions, weapons or a radio». Residents in Tahiti, where they stopped en route, did convince them to take a machete and a cooking pot.^[5]

They arrived at Fatu Hiva in 1937, in the valley of Omo‘a, and decided to cross over the island’s mountainous interior to settle in one of the small, nearly abandoned, valleys on the eastern side of the island. There, they made their thatch-covered stilted home in the valley of Uia.^[10]

Living in such primitive conditions was a daunting task, but they managed to live off the land, and work on their academic goals, by collecting and studying zoological and botanical specimens. They discovered unusual artifacts, listened to the natives’ oral history traditions, and took note of the prevailing winds and ocean currents.^[5]

It was in this setting, surrounded by the ruins of the formerly glorious Marquesan civilization, that Heyerdahl first developed his theories regarding the possibility of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact between the pre-European Polynesians, and the peoples and cultures of South America.^[10]

Despite the seemingly idyllic situation, the exposure to various tropical diseases and other difficulties caused them to return to civilisation a year later. They worked together to write an account of their adventure.^[5]

The events surrounding his stay on the Marquesas, most of the time on Fatu Hiva, were told first in his book På Jakt etter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise) (1938), which was published in Norway but, following the outbreak of World War II, was never translated and remained largely forgotten. Many years later, having achieved notability with other adventures and books on other subjects, Heyerdahl published a new account of this voyage under the title Fatu Hiva (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974). The story of his time on Fatu Hiva and his side trip to Hivaoa and Mohotani is also related in Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day (Random House, 1996).

Kon-Tiki expedition[edit]

In 1947 Heyerdahl and five fellow adventurers sailed from Peru to the Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia in a pae-pae raft that they had constructed from balsa wood and other native materials, christened the Kon-Tiki. The Kon-Tiki expedition was inspired by old reports and drawings made by the Spanish Conquistadors of Inca rafts, and by native legends and archaeological evidence suggesting contact between South America and Polynesia. The Kon-Tiki smashed into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotus on 7 August 1947 after a 101-day, 4,300-nautical-mile (5,000-mile or 8,000 km)^[11] journey across the Pacific Ocean. Heyerdahl had nearly drowned at least twice in childhood and did not take easily to water; he said later that there were times in each of his raft voyages when he feared for his life.^[12]

Kon-Tiki demonstrated that it was possible for a primitive raft to sail the Pacific with relative ease and safety, especially to the west (with the trade winds). The raft proved to be highly manoeuvrable, and fish congregated between the nine balsa logs in such numbers that ancient sailors could have possibly relied on fish for hydration in the absence of other sources of fresh water. Other rafts have repeated the voyage, inspired by Kon-Tiki.

Heyerdahl’s book about The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas has been translated into 70 languages.^[13] The documentary film of the expedition entitled Kon-Tiki won an Academy Award in 1951. A dramatised version was released in 2012, also called Kon-Tiki, and was nominated for both the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards^[14] and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Golden Globe Awards.^[15] It was the first time that a Norwegian film was nominated for both an Oscar and a Golden Globe.^[16]

Anthropologists continue to believe that Polynesia was settled from west to east, based on linguistic, physical, and genetic evidence, migration having begun from the Asian mainland. In response to the linguistic evidence, Heyerdahl observed, by analogy, that African Americans originated in Africa despite the fact that they today speak a language that originated in England.^[17] Other evidence supports Heyerdahl’s hypothesis of South American/Polynesian contact. For example, the South American sweet potato is served as a dietary staple throughout much of Polynesia. Moreover, blood samples taken in 1971 and 2008 from Easter Islanders without any European or other external descent were analysed in a 2011 study, which concluded that the evidence supported some aspects of Heyerdahl’s hypothesis.^[18][19][20] This result has been questioned because of the possibility of contamination by South Americans after European contact with the islands.^[21] A study published in 2020, purports to find «conclusive evidence for prehistoric contact of Polynesian individuals with Native American individuals» in «a single contact event» about AD 1200 with a «Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia.»^[22]

Theory on Polynesian origins[edit]

Heyerdahl claimed that in Incan legend there was a sun-god named Con-Tici Viracocha who was the supreme head of the mythical fair-skinned people in Peru. The original name for Viracocha was Kon-Tiki or Illa-Tiki, which means Sun-Tiki or Fire-Tiki.^{[citation needed]}

Kon-Tiki was high priest and sun-king of these legendary «white men» who left enormous ruins on the shores of Lake Titicaca. The legend continues with the mysterious bearded white men being attacked by a chief named Cari, who came from the Coquimbo Valley. They had a battle on an island in Lake Titicaca, and the fair race was massacred. However, Kon-Tiki and his closest companions managed to escape and later arrived on the Pacific coast. The legend ends with Kon-Tiki and his companions disappearing westward out to sea.

When the Spaniards came to Peru, Heyerdahl asserted, the Incas told them that the colossal monuments that stood deserted about the landscape were erected by a race of white gods who had lived there before the Incas themselves became rulers. The Incas described these «white gods» as wise, peaceful instructors who had originally come from the north in the «morning of time» and taught the Incas’ primitive forebears architecture as well as manners and customs. They were unlike other Native Americans in that they had «white skins and long beards» and were taller than the Incas. The Incas said that the «white gods» had then left as suddenly as they had come and fled westward across the Pacific. After they had left, the Incas themselves took over power in the country.

Heyerdahl said that when the Europeans first came to the Pacific islands, they were astonished that they found some of the natives to have relatively light skins and beards. There were whole families that had pale skin, hair varying in colour from reddish to blonde. In contrast, most of the Polynesians had golden-brown skin, raven-black hair, and rather flat noses. Heyerdahl claimed that when Jacob Roggeveen discovered Easter Island in 1722, he supposedly noticed that many of the natives were white-skinned. Heyerdahl claimed that these people could count their ancestors who were «white-skinned» right back to the time of Tiki and Hotu Matua, when they first came sailing across the sea «from a mountainous land in the east which was scorched by the sun». The ethnographic evidence for these claims is outlined in Heyerdahl’s book Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island.

Tiki people[edit]

Heyerdahl proposed that Tiki’s neolithic people colonised the then uninhabited Polynesian islands as far north as Hawaii, as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Samoa and Tonga around 500 AD. They supposedly sailed from Peru to the Polynesian islands on pae-paes—large rafts built from balsa logs, complete with sails and each with a small cottage. They built enormous stone statues carved in the image of human beings on Pitcairn, the Marquesas, and Easter Island that resembled those in Peru. They also built huge pyramids on Tahiti and Samoa with steps like those in Peru.

But all over Polynesia, Heyerdahl found indications that Tiki’s peaceable race had not been able to hold the islands alone for long. He found evidence that suggested that seagoing war canoes as large as Viking ships, and lashed together two by two, had brought Stone Age Northwest American Indians to Polynesia around 1100 AD, and they mingled with Tiki’s people. The oral history of the people of Easter Island, at least as it was documented by Heyerdahl, is completely consistent with this theory, as is the archaeological record he examined (Heyerdahl 1958).

In particular, Heyerdahl obtained a radiocarbon date of 400 AD for a charcoal fire located in the pit that was held by the people of Easter Island to have been used as an «oven» by the «Long Ears, » which Heyerdahl’s Rapa Nui sources, reciting oral tradition, identified as a white race that had ruled the island in the past (Heyerdahl 1958).

Heyerdahl further argued in his book American Indians in the Pacific that the current inhabitants of Polynesia migrated from an Asian source, but via an alternative route. He proposes that Polynesians travelled with the wind along the North Pacific current. These migrants then arrived in British Columbia. Heyerdahl called contemporary tribes of British Columbia, such as the Tlingit and Haida, descendants of these migrants. Heyerdahl claimed that cultural and physical similarities existed between these British Columbian tribes, Polynesians, and the Old World source.

Controversy[edit]

Heyerdahl’s theory of Polynesian origins has not gained acceptance among anthropologists.^[23][24][25] Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America. In the late 1990s, genetic testing found that the mitochondrial DNA of the Polynesians is more similar to people from south-east Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia.^[26]

Anthropologist Robert Carl Suggs included a chapter titled «The Kon-Tiki Myth» in his 1960 book on Polynesia, concluding that «The Kon-Tiki theory is about as plausible as the tales of Atlantis, Mu, and ‘Children of the Sun.’ Like most such theories, it makes exciting light reading, but as an example of scientific method it fares quite poorly.»^[27]

Anthropologist and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Wade Davis also criticised Heyerdahl’s theory in his 2009 book The Wayfinders, which explores the history of Polynesia. Davis says that Heyerdahl «ignored the overwhelming body of linguistic, ethnographic, and ethnobotanical evidence, augmented today by genetic and archaeological data, indicating that he was patently wrong.»^[28]

A 2009 study by the Norwegian researcher Erik Thorsby^[29] suggested that there was some merit to Heyerdahl’s ideas and that, while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed.^[30][31] Some critics suggest, however, that Thorsby’s research is inconclusive because his data may have been influenced by recent population contact.^[32]

A 2014 research project ^[33] indicates that the South American component of the Easter Island people’s genomes pre-dates European contact. The research team, including Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas (from the Natural History Museum of Denmark), analysed the genomes of 27 native Rapanui people and found that their DNA was on average 76 per cent Polynesian, 8 per cent Native American and 16 per cent European. Analysis showed that «although the European lineage could be explained by contact with white Europeans after the island was ‘discovered’ in 1722 by Dutch sailors, the South American component was much older, dating to between about 1280 and 1495, soon after the island was first colonised by Polynesians in around 1200.» Together with ancient skulls found in Brazil – with solely Polynesian DNA – this does suggest some pre-European-contact travel to and from South America from Polynesia.

A study based on over one hundred Rapanui DNA sequences published in Nature in July 2020 showed that a genetic contact event occurred, circa 1200 AD, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia.^[34]

Expedition to Easter Island[edit]

In 1955–1956, Heyerdahl organised the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island. The expedition’s scientific staff included Arne Skjølsvold, Carlyle Smith, Edwin Ferdon, Gonzalo Figueroa^[35] and William Mulloy. Heyerdahl and the professional archaeologists who travelled with him spent several months on Easter Island investigating several important archaeological sites. Highlights of the project include experiments in the carving, transport and erection of the notable moai, as well as excavations at such prominent sites as Orongo and Poike. The expedition published two large volumes of scientific reports (Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific) and Heyerdahl later added a third (The Art of Easter Island). Heyerdahl’s popular book on the subject, Aku-Aku was another international best-seller.^[36]

In Easter Island: The Mystery Solved (Random House, 1989), Heyerdahl offered a more detailed theory of the island’s history. Based on native testimony and archaeological research, he claimed the island was originally colonised by Hanau eepe («Long Ears»), from South America, and that Polynesian Hanau momoko («Short Ears») arrived only in the mid-16th century; they may have come independently or perhaps were imported as workers. According to Heyerdahl, something happened between Admiral Roggeveen’s discovery of the island in 1722 and James Cook’s visit in 1774; while Roggeveen encountered white, Indian, and Polynesian people living in relative harmony and prosperity, Cook encountered a much smaller population consisting mainly of Polynesians and living in privation.

Heyerdahl notes the oral tradition of an uprising of «Short Ears» against the ruling «Long Ears.» The «Long Ears» dug a defensive moat on the eastern end of the island and filled it with kindling. During the uprising, Heyerdahl claimed, the «Long Ears» ignited their moat and retreated behind it, but the «Short Ears» found a way around it, came up from behind, and pushed all but two of the «Long Ears» into the fire. This moat was found by the Norwegian expedition and it was partly cut down into the rock. Layers of fire were revealed but no fragments of bodies.

As for the origin of the people of Easter Island, DNA tests have shown a connection to South America.^[37] But critics conjecture that this was a result of recent events. Still, whether this is inherited from a person coming in later times is hard to know. If the story that almost all Long Ears were killed in a civil war is true, as the islanders’ story goes, it would be expected that the statue-building South American bloodline would have been nearly utterly destroyed, leaving for the most part the invading Polynesian bloodline.

Boats Ra and Ra II[edit]

In 1969 and 1970, Heyerdahl built two boats from papyrus and attempted to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Morocco in Africa. Based on drawings and models from ancient Egypt, the first boat, named Ra (after the Egyptian Sun god), was constructed by boat builders from Lake Chad using papyrus reed obtained from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and launched into the Atlantic Ocean from the coast of Morocco. The Ra crew included Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Santiago Genovés (Mexico), Georges Sourial (Egypt), and Abdullah Djibrine (Chad). Only Heyerdahl and Baker had sailing and navigation experience. Genovés would go on to head the Acali Experiment.

After a number of weeks, Ra took on water. The crew discovered that a key element of the Egyptian boatbuilding method had been neglected, a tether that acted like a spring to keep the stern high in the water while allowing for flexibility.^[38] Water and storms eventually caused it to sag and break apart after sailing more than 6,400 km (4,000 miles). The crew was forced to abandon Ra, some hundred miles (160 km) before the Caribbean islands, and was saved by a yacht.

The following year, 1970, a similar vessel, Ra II, was built from Ethiopian papyrus by Bolivian citizens Demetrio, Juan and José Limachi of Lake Titicaca, and likewise set sail across the Atlantic from Morocco, this time with great success. The crew was mostly the same; though Djibrine had been replaced by Kei Ohara from Japan and Madani Ait Ouhanni from Morocco. The boat became lost and was the subject of a United Nations search and rescue mission. The search included international assistance including people as far afield as Loo-Chi Hu of New Zealand. The boat reached Barbados, thus demonstrating that mariners could have dealt with trans-Atlantic voyages by sailing with the Canary Current.^[39] The Ra II is now in the Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo, Norway.

The book The Ra Expeditions and the film documentary Ra (1972) were made about the voyages. Apart from the primary aspects of the expedition, Heyerdahl deliberately selected a crew representing a great diversity in race, nationality, religion and political viewpoint in order to demonstrate that, at least on their own little floating island, people could co-operate and live peacefully. Additionally, the expedition took samples of marine pollution and presented its report to the United Nations.^[40]

Tigris[edit]

Heyerdahl built yet another reed boat in 1977, Tigris, which was intended to demonstrate that trade and migration could have linked Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley civilization in what is now Pakistan and western India. Tigris was built in Al Qurnah Iraq and sailed with its international crew through the Persian Gulf to Pakistan and made its way into the Red Sea.^[41]

After about five months at sea and still remaining seaworthy, the Tigris was deliberately burnt in Djibouti on 3 April 1978 as a protest against the wars raging on every side in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa. In his Open Letter to the UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, Heyerdahl explained his reasons:^[42]

Today we burn our proud ship … to protest against inhuman elements in the world of 1978 … Now we are forced to stop at the entrance to the Red Sea. Surrounded by military airplanes and warships from the world’s most civilised and developed nations, we have been denied permission by friendly governments, for reasons of security, to land anywhere, but in the tiny, and still neutral, Republic of Djibouti. Elsewhere around us, brothers and neighbours are engaged in homicide with means made available to them by those who lead humanity on our joint road into the third millennium.

To the innocent masses in all industrialised countries, we direct our appeal. We must wake up to the insane reality of our time … We are all irresponsible, unless we demand from the responsible decision makers that modern armaments must no longer be made available to people whose former battle axes and swords our ancestors condemned.

Our planet is bigger than the reed bundles that have carried us across the seas, and yet small enough to run the same risks unless those of us still alive open our eyes and minds to the desperate need of intelligent collaboration to save ourselves and our common civilisation from what we are about to convert into a sinking ship.

In the years that followed, Heyerdahl was often outspoken on issues of international peace and the environment.

The Tigris had an 11-man crew: Thor Heyerdahl (Norway), Norman Baker (US), Carlo Mauri (Italy), Yuri Senkevich (USSR), Germán Carrasco (Mexico), Hans Petter Bohn (Norway), Rashad Nazar Salim (Iraq), Norris Brock (US), Toru Suzuki (Japan), Detlef Soitzek (Germany), and Asbjørn Damhus (Denmark).

«The Search for Odin» in Azerbaijan and Russia[edit]

Background[edit]

Heyerdahl made four visits to Azerbaijan in 1981,^[43] 1994, 1999 and 2000.^[44] Heyerdahl had long been fascinated with the rock carvings that date back to about 8th–7th millennia BCE at Gobustan (about 30 miles/48 km west of Baku). He was convinced that their artistic style closely resembled the carvings found in his native Norway. The ship designs, in particular, were regarded by Heyerdahl as similar and drawn with a simple sickle-shaped line, representing the base of the boat, with vertical lines on deck, illustrating crew or, perhaps, raised oars.

Based on this and other published documentation, Heyerdahl proposed that Azerbaijan was the site of an ancient advanced civilisation. He believed that natives migrated north through waterways to present-day Scandinavia using ingeniously constructed vessels made of skins that could be folded like cloth. When voyagers travelled upstream, they conveniently folded their skin boats and transported them on pack animals.

Snorri Sturluson[edit]

On Heyerdahl’s visit to Baku in 1999, he lectured at the Academy of Sciences about the history of ancient Nordic Kings. He spoke of a notation made by Snorri Sturluson, a 13th-century historian-mythographer in Ynglinga Saga, which relates that «Odin (a Scandinavian god who was one of the kings) came to the North with his people from a country called Aser.»^[45] (see also House of Ynglings and Mythological kings of Sweden). Heyerdahl accepted Snorri’s story as literal truth, and believed that a chieftain led his people in a migration from the east, westward and northward through Saxony, to Fyn in Denmark, and eventually settling in Sweden. Heyerdahl claimed that the geographic location of the mythic Aser or Æsir matched the region of contemporary Azerbaijan – «east of the Caucasus mountains and the Black Sea». «We are no longer talking about mythology,» Heyerdahl said, «but of the realities of geography and history. Azerbaijanis should be proud of their ancient culture. It is just as rich and ancient as that of China and Mesopotamia.»

In September 2000 Heyerdahl returned to Baku for the fourth time and visited the archaeological dig in the area of the Church of Kish.^[46]

Revision of hypothesis[edit]

One of the last projects of his life, Jakten på Odin, ‘The Search for Odin’, was a sudden revision of his Odin hypothesis, in furtherance of which he initiated 2001–2002 excavations in Azov, Russia, near the Sea of Azov at the northeast of the Black Sea.^[47] He searched for the remains of a civilisation to match the account of Odin in Snorri Sturlusson, significantly further north of his original target of Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea only two years earlier. This project generated harsh criticism and accusations of pseudoscience from historians, archaeologists and linguists in Norway, who accused Heyerdahl of selective use of sources, and a basic lack of scientific methodology in his work.^[48][49]

His central claims were based on similarities of names in Norse mythology and geographic names in the Black Sea region, e.g. Azov and Æsir, Udi and Odin, Tyr and Turkey. Philologists and historians reject these parallels as mere coincidences, and also anachronisms, for instance the city of Azov did not have that name until over 1,000 years after Heyerdahl claims the Æsir dwelt there. The controversy surrounding the Search for Odin project was in many ways typical of the relationship between Heyerdahl and the academic community. His theories rarely won any scientific acceptance, whereas Heyerdahl himself rejected all scientific criticism and concentrated on publishing his theories in popular books aimed at the general public.^{[citation needed]}

As of 2021, Heyerdahl’s Odin hypothesis has yet to be validated by any historian, archaeologist or linguist.

Other projects[edit]

Heyerdahl also investigated the mounds found on the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean. There, he found sun-orientated foundations and courtyards, as well as statues with elongated earlobes. Heyerdahl believed that these finds fit with his theory of a seafaring civilisation which originated in what is now Sri Lanka, colonised the Maldives, and influenced or founded the cultures of ancient South America and Easter Island. His discoveries are detailed in his book The Maldive Mystery.

In 1991 he studied the Pyramids of Güímar on Tenerife and declared that they were not random stone heaps but pyramids. Based on the discovery made by the astrophysicists Aparicio, Belmonte and Esteban, from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias that the «pyramids» were astronomically orientated and being convinced that they were of ancient origin, he claimed that the ancient people who built them were most likely sun worshippers. Heyerdahl advanced a theory according to which the Canaries had been bases of ancient shipping between America and the Mediterranean.

Heyerdahl was also an active figure in Green politics. He was the recipient of numerous medals and awards. He also received 11 honorary doctorates from universities in the Americas and Europe.

In subsequent years, Heyerdahl was involved with many other expeditions and archaeological projects. He remained best known for his boatbuilding, and for his emphasis on cultural diffusionism.^[50]

Death[edit]

Heyerdahl died on 18 April 2002 in Colla Micheri, Liguria, Italy, where he had gone to spend the Easter holidays with some of his closest family members. He died, aged 87, from a brain tumour.^[51] After receiving the diagnosis, he prepared for death, by refusing to eat or take medication.^[52]

The Norwegian government honored him with a state funeral in the Oslo Cathedral on 26 April 2002. He is buried in the garden of the family home in Colla Micheri.^[1] He was an atheist.^[53][54]

Legacy[edit]

Despite the fact that, for many years, much of his work was not accepted by the scientific community, Heyerdahl, nonetheless, increased public interest in ancient history and anthropology. He also showed that long-distance ocean voyages were possible with ancient designs. As such, he was a major practitioner of experimental archaeology. The Kon-Tiki Museum on the Bygdøy peninsula in Oslo, Norway houses vessels and maps from the Kon-Tiki expedition, as well as a library with about 8,000 books.

The Thor Heyerdahl Institute was established in 2000. Heyerdahl himself agreed to the founding of the institute and it aims to promote and continue to develop Heyerdahl’s ideas and principles. The institute is located in Heyerdahl’s birth town of Larvik, Norway. In Larvik, the birthplace of Heyerdahl, the municipality began a project in 2007 to attract more visitors. Since then, they have purchased and renovated Heyerdahl’s childhood home, arranged a yearly raft regatta in his honour at the end of summer and begun to develop a Heyerdahl centre.^[55]

Heyerdahl’s grandson, Olav Heyerdahl, retraced his grandfather’s Kon-Tiki voyage in 2006 as part of a six-member crew. The voyage, organised by Torgeir Higraff and called the Tangaroa Expedition,^[56] was intended as a tribute to Heyerdahl, an effort to better understand navigation via centreboards («guara^[57]«) as well as a means to monitor the Pacific Ocean’s environment.

A book about the Tangaroa Expedition^[58] by Torgeir Higraff was published in 2007. The book has numerous photos from the Kon-Tiki voyage 60 years earlier and is illustrated with photographs by Tangaroa crew member Anders Berg (Oslo: Bazar Forlag, 2007). «Tangaroa Expedition»^[59] has also been produced as a documentary DVD in English, Norwegian, Swedish and Spanish.

Paul Theroux, in his book The Happy Isles of Oceania, criticises Heyerdahl for trying to link the culture of Polynesian islands with the Peruvian culture. Recent scientific investigation that compares the DNA of some of the Polynesian islands with natives from Peru suggests that there is some merit to Heyerdahl’s ideas and that while Polynesia was colonised from Asia, some contact with South America also existed; several papers have in the last few years confirmed with genetic data some form of contacts with Easter Island.^[30][31][60]
More recently, some researchers published research confirming a wider impact on genetic and cultural elements in Polynesia due to South American contacts.^[61]

Decorations and honorary degrees[edit]

Asteroid 2473 Heyerdahl is named after him, as are HNoMS Thor Heyerdahl, a Norwegian Nansen class frigate, along with MS Thor Heyerdahl (now renamed MS Vana Tallinn), and Thor Heyerdahl, a German three-masted sail training vessel originally owned by a participant of the Tigris expedition. Heyerdahl Vallis, a valley on Pluto, and Thor Heyerdahl Upper Secondary School in Larvik, the town of his birth, are also named after him. Google honoured Heyerdahl on his 100th birthday by making a Google Doodle.^[62]

Heyerdahl’s numerous awards and honours include the following:

Governmental and state honours[edit]

• Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (1987) (Commander with Star: 1970; Commander: 1951)^[63]
• Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Peru (1953)^[63]
• Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (21 June 1965)^[63][64]
• Knight in the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem^[65]
• Knight of the Order of Merit, Egypt (1971)^[63]
• Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco; 1971)
• Officer, Order of the Sun (Peru) (1975) and Knight Grand Cross
• International Pahlavi Environment Prize, United Nations (1978)^[63]
• Knight of the Order of the Golden Ark, Netherlands (1980)^[63]
• Commander, American Knights of Malta (1970)^[63]
• Civitan International World Citizenship Award^[66]
• Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (2000)^[67]
• St. Hallvard’s Medal

Academic honours[edit]

• Retzius Medal, Royal Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1950)^[63][68]
• Mungo Park Medal, Royal Scottish Society for Geography (1951)^[63]
• Bonaparte-Wyse Gold Medal, Société de Géographie de Paris (1951)^[63]
• Elisha Kent Kane Gold Medal, Geographical Society of Philadelphia (1952)^[63]
• Honorary Member, Geographical Societies of Norway (1953), Peru (1953), Brazil (1954)^[63]
• Elected Member Norwegian Academy of Sciences (1958)^[63]
• Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences (1960)^[63]
• Vega Gold Medal, Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (1962)^[63]
• Lomonosov Medal, Moscow State University (1962)^[63]
• Gold Medal, Royal Geographical Society, London (1964)^[63]
• Distinguished Service Award, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, US (1966)^[63]
• Member American Anthropological Association (1966)^[63]
• Kiril i Metodi Award, Geographical Society, Bulgaria (1972)^[63]
• Honorary Professor, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico (1972)^[63]
• Bradford Washburn Award, Museum of Science, Boston, US, (1982)^[63]
• President’s Medal, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, US (1996)^[63]
• Honorary Professorship, Western University, Baku, Azerbaijan (1999)^[69]

Honorary degrees[edit]

• Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Oslo, Norway (1961)^[63]
• Doctor Honoris Causa, USSR Academy of Science (1980)^[63]
• Doctor Honoris Causa, University of San Martin, Lima, Peru, (1991)^[63]
• Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Havana, Cuba (1992)^[63]
• Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Kyiv, Ukraine (1993)^[63]
• Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Maine, Orono (1998)

Publications[edit]

• På Jakt efter Paradiset (Hunt for Paradise), 1938; Fatu-Hiva: Back to Nature (changed title in English in 1974).
• The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas (Kon-Tiki ekspedisjonen, also known as Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft), 1948.
• American Indians in the Pacific: The Theory Behind the Kon-Tiki Expedition (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1952), 821 pages.
• Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island, 1957.
• Sea Routes to Polynesia: American Indians and Early Asiatics in the Pacific (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968), 232 pages.
• The Ra Expeditions ISBN 0-14-003462-5.
• Early Man and the Ocean: The Beginning of Navigation and Seaborn Civilizations, 1979
• The Tigris Expedition: In Search of Our Beginnings
• The Maldive Mystery, 1986
• Green Was the Earth on the Seventh Day: Memories and Journeys of a Lifetime
• Pyramids of Tucume: The Quest for Peru’s Forgotten City
• Skjebnemøte vest for havet [Fate Meets West of the Ocean], 1992 (in Norwegian and German only) the Native Americans tell their story, white and bearded Gods, infrastructure was not built by the Inkas but their more advanced predecessors.
• In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir (the official edition is Abacus, 2001, translated by Ingrid Christophersen) ISBN 0-349-11273-8
• Ingen Grenser (No Boundaries, Norwegian only), 1999^[70]
• Jakten på Odin (Theories about Odin, Norwegian only), 2001

See also[edit]

• M/S Thor Heyerdahl – a ferry named after him
• List of notable brain tumor patients
• Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
• Pre-Columbian rafts
• Vital Alsar
• Kitín Muñoz
• The Viracocha expedition

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Heyerdahl, Thor. Kon-Tiki. Rand McNally & Company. 1950.
• Heyerdahl, Thor. Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island. Rand McNally. 1958.
• Heyerdahl, Thor. Archaeology of Easter Island vol. 1 (1961)
• Heyerdahl, Thor. Archaeology of Easter Island vol. 2 (1965)
• Heyerdahl, Thor. Fatu Hiva. Penguin. 1976.
• Heyerdahl, Thor. Early Man and the Ocean: A Search for the Beginnings of Navigation and Seaborne Civilizations, February 1979.
• Heyerdahl, Thor. In the Footsteps of Adam: A Memoir, translated by Ingrid Christophersen, 2001 (English)

External links[edit]

• Maal og minne 1, 2002 at the Wayback Machine (archived 13 September 2009) a scientific critique of his Odin project, in English
• Thor Heyerdahl in Baku Azerbaijan International, Vol. 7:3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 96–97.
• Thor Heyerdahl Biography and Bibliography
• Thor Heyerdahl expeditions
• The ‘Tigris’ expedition, with Heyerdahl’s war protest Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:1 (Spring 2003), pp. 20–21.
• Bjornar Storfjell’s account: A reference to his last project Jakten på Odin Azerbaijan International, Vol. 10:2 (Summer 2002).
• Biography on National Geographic
• Forskning.no Biography from the official Norwegian scientific webportal (in Norwegian)
• Thor Heyerdahl on Maldives Royal Family website
• Biography of Thor Heyerdahl
• Sea Routes to Polynesia Extracts from lectures by Thor Heyerdahl
• The home of Thor Heyerdahl Useful information on Thor Heyerdahl and his hometown, Larvik
• Thor Heyerdahl – Daily Telegraph obituary
• Works by or about Thor Heyerdahl at Internet Archive

Он смог наглядно доказать: далекие предки сегодняшнего
человека не были примитивными существами. Они были замечательными проекторами и
конструкторами, путешествовали и пересекали моря, океаны, континенты, благодаря
чему взаимодействовали между собой.

Юный
исследователь-зоолог

Тур Хейердал родился 6 октября 1914 года в небольшом
норвежском городке Ларвик. Его родители были достаточно зажиточными и
уважаемыми людьми в городе — отец владел пивоварней, а мать была сотрудником
антропологического музея. И хоть в семье было семеро детей, каждому из них
доставалось достаточно внимания родителей и их заботы. Так, мать Тура
занималась его образованием, и уже в юном детском возрасте парень был знаком с
антропологической теорией Дарвина, а отец организовывал поездки в Европу.

Среди многочисленных детских увлечений Тура была любовь к
природе. Будучи ребенком, он даже пытался организовать собственный музей на
дому. Достоверно неизвестно, из каких экспонатов состояла его экспозиция, но ее
«изюминкой» было чучело гадюки, которое с гордостью демонстрировалось частым
гостям в доме Хейердалов в рамках небольшой экскурсии.

Исследование флоры и фауны нашей планеты чуть не закончилось
для Тура фатально — однажды он чуть не утонул в речке, а, спасшись, на все
детство приобрел страх воды. Юный Хейердал даже представить не мог, что в
историю человечества он войдет благодаря своим плаваньям в открытом океане на
плоту!

Когда в 1933 году 19-летний Тур поступил в университет Осло,
для того чтобы постигать знания из области географии и зоологии, будущий ученый
встретился с выдающимся путешественником Бьерном Крепелином. Эта встреча
сыграла важную роль в жизни Хейердала: Бьерн познакомил юного студента со своей
коллекцией предметов с острова Таити и многочисленными книгами об истории
народов Полинезии. Тур был поражен полученными знаниями, в нем зародилось
желание еще глубже постичь культуру малоизвестных народов. Это предопределило
его будущее.

Райский остров
Фату-Хива

После завершения обучения в жизни Тура Хейердала происходит
два невероятно важных события: молодой ученый наконец-то женился на любимой
женщине Лив Кушерон-Торп, в которую был влюблен с начала обучения, а также он
оставляет родные края для важного научного исследования и едет на острова
Полинезии. Жена отправилась с Хейердалом, и эта командировка стала настоящим свадебным путешествием для влюбленной парочки.

Целью Тура было исследование причин возникновения некоторых
видов животных на удаленных островах Полинезии. Для этого научный деятель
вместе со своей супругой пересек Атлантический океан, Панамский канал и
отправился на Таити. Здесь супруги провели месяц, живя в хижине местного вождя,
который познакомил прибывших с бытом и культурой племени. Увлеченные дикой
нетронутой природой и необычной культурой, которую стремились изучить, чета Хейердалов
отправилась на изолированный остров Фату-Хива.

Жизнь, лишенная благ современности, не отягощенная шумом
города, очень пришлась по душе Туру и Лив. Молодожены жили подобно Адаму и Еве
в полной гармонии с природой, радуясь ее дарам и не вспоминая о том, что где-то
существует другая жизнь — все вокруг казалось полноценным и естественным. На
протяжении целого года Хейердал с супругой жили на райском острове, но вскоре
размеренной и тихой жизни пришел конец: Тур заболел и ему требовалась помощь
квалифицированного врача, а Лив была беременна. После незабываемого отдыха Хейердалы
вернулись в цивилизацию.

Война, вторгшаяся в
планы ученого

Вернувшись в Норвегию, Тур стал отцом и издал книгу о своем
путешествии под названием «В поисках рая». Год, проведенный на островах
Полинезии, в корне изменил взгляды ученного на науку в целом. Его желание
изучать животных было вытеснено желанием изучать людей и их историю: в голове у
Тура сформировался ряд теорий, и он желал подтвердить их научными фактами. 

Так,
исследователь предположил, что древние инки каким-то образом переплыли океан и
заселили острова Полинезии. Чтобы обосновать эту гипотезу, Хейердал отправился
в Канаду, но никаких фактов, доказывающих его предположение, найти не удалось.

Планы антрополога нарушила Вторая мировая война, во время
которой Тур не собирался отсиживаться — как настоящий мужчина и патриот он
отправился на фронт. За непростые военные годы Хейердал успел попутешествовать,
поучаствовать в битвах и получить звание лейтенанта. А по окончании войны у
исследователя появился детальный план научного эксперимента, который доказал бы
правоту его теории.

Путешествие на
«Кон-Тики»

Тур Хейердал решает соорудить плот по рисункам древних инков
и на нем пересечь океан. Научное сообщество смеялось ученому в лицо, доказывая
невозможность затеи, но отчаянный антрополог был полностью уверен в успехе
эксперимента. Тур, вместе с другими пятью путешественниками и ученными, прибыл
в Перу, где по старым схемам, рисункам и на основе многих легенд и рассказов
отважные исследователи сооружают плот из бальсового дерева.

Названный в честь бога солнца плот «Кон-Тики» перетерпел все
превратности длительного путешествия в 8000 км причалил к острову Туамоту,
преодолев Тихий океан. 101 день путешествия был полон открытий и невероятных
приключений, а сплоченный коллектив ученных доказал, что человек может не
только выжить в условиях полного дискомфорта, но и найти взаимопонимание и
дружбу.

Вернувшись домой Тур Хейердал пишет книгу «Кон-Тики»,
которая имела невероятный успех во всем мире, а документальный фильм, который
ученый снимал во время плаванья, в 1952 году получил премию «Оскар». Но главным
достижением экспедиции были не признание и слава, а доказательство возможности
трансатлантических переправ древних инков.

Провал «Ра» и триумф
«Ра II»

На этом исследования Хейердала не закончились. Антрополог
решается на аналогичное путешествие для того, чтобы установить, могли ли жители
Древнего Египта путешествовать через океан на своих судах. Для этого ученый с
командой единомышленников сооружает судно из папируса под названием
«Ра», но лодка не оправдала доверия своего создателя и посреди
путешествия разломилась на две части.

Тур Хейердал не отчаялся такому провалу и, учтя конструкторские
ошибки, соорудил лодку «Ра II»,
которая с успехом переплыла Атлантический океан и причалила к берегу Барбадоса.
Впечатления от путешествия и свои открытия исследователь описал в книге «Экспедиция
на «Ра»». Исследователи проделали огромную работу и кроме оправдания
теории Хейердала, собрали образцы загрязнений в океане, после чего предоставили
их ООН, а также доказали, что даже люди разной национальности, убеждений и
религиозных взглядов могут мирно существовать на небольшом клочке суши, если их
объединяет общая цель.

До самой глубокой старости великий исследователь Тур Хейердал
не оставлял научной деятельности и сделал множество открытий, но всеобщую
известность ему принесли именно его плаванья. Целеустремленный и увлеченный, он
не знал покоя ни в исследовательской деятельности, ни в личной жизни: он имел
пятерых детей и трижды был женат. Сделав колоссальный вклад в развитие научной
мысли и войдя в историю как самый выдающийся норвежец ХХ века, Тур Хейердал
умер в окружении родных ему людей, в возрасте 87 лет, от тяжелого заболевания —
опухоли головного мозга.

Хейердал Тур (06.10.1914 – 18.04.2002) – норвежский путешественник, археолог, автор книг о собственных путешествиях и исследованиях. Известен своими авантюрными морскими экспедициями на древних лодках и плоту.

Начало карьеры путешественника

Тур родился в небольшом норвежском городе Лаврик. Отец содержал пивоварню, мать была работником антропологического музея. С ранних лет мальчик интересовался жизнью животных, теорией эволюции. Даже создал мини-музей у себя дома и лучшим экспонатом в нем считал гадюку. В детстве Тур дважды едва не утонул, поэтому имел сильную боязнь воды, и вряд ли бы тогда он поверил, узнав, сколько времени ему придется провести в морских путешествиях. Только в возрасте 22 лет, когда он случайно оказался в реке и смог выплыть, страх воды его покинул.

В 1933 году Хейердал стал студентом географического отделения столичного университета. В Осло он встретил с Б. Крепелина, известного путешественника, который за время проживания в Полинезии собрал уникальную коллекцию книг. Это знакомство оказалось судьбоносным для Хейердала, повлияв на его профессиональный выбор. Он много времени проводил за изучением книг Крепелина, интересовался историческими и культурными особенностями развития Полинезии.

В конце 1936 года Тур женился на Лив Кушерон-Торп, она училась на экономическом факультете того же университета. После бракосочетания молодые отправились в Марсель, откуда отплыли в Таити. Целью путешествия было изучение возможности выживания в условиях дикой природы. Первый месяц они прожили у местного вождя, потом перебрались на отдельный остров Фату-Хива, относящийся к Маркизским островам. В течение года Тур и Лив прожили в естественных условиях, не пользуясь благами цивилизации, пока не были вынуждены обратиться за врачебной помощью из-за появления язв на ногах. Поправившись, они вернулись на остров, но были встречены открытой неприязнью местных жителей. Пара приняла решение возвращаться домой.

Т. Хейердал с первой супругой Лив

О жизни на Фату-Хива Тур написал свою первую книгу в 1938 году – «В поисках рая». После публикации произведению не было отдано должного внимания из-за начинавшейся войны, но позже, став известным путешественником, Тур подготовил к изданию обновленный вариант, получивший название «Фату-Хива».

К началу Второй мировой войны Хейердал оказался в Канаде, где изучал жизнь индейцев, искал следы азиатских моряков каменного века. Узнав о войне, он бросил исследования и примкнул к армейским рядам. Обучался в английской радиошколе, после чего готовился попасть в оккупированную Норвегию. По дороге его отряд подвергся нападению фашистских подводных лодок, но отбился с помощью кораблей советского флота. По прибытии Хейердала в Норвегию война закончилась.

Экспедиция Кон-Тики

Идея путешествия на плоту через океан пришла ему во время изучения истории Полинезии. Тогда существовали лишь предположения о существовании контактов между полинезийскими и южноамериканскими землями. Об этом свидетельствовали легенды, летописи и древние изображения индейских плотов. Хейердал был намерен доказать этот факт на собственном примере.

В 1947 году он собрал экспедицию, в которую вошли: радиоинженер К.Хаугланд, этнограф Б. Даниельссон, художник Э. Хессельберг, радист Т. Робю, инженер Г. Ватцингер. Команда отправилась в Перу, где из бревен был построен плот, названный именем героя полинезийских легенд – Кон-Тики. Затея воспринималась большинством скептически, членов экспедиции считали самоубийцами. Но путешественники верили в успех операции.

Плавание длилось 101 день. Преодолев восемь тысяч километров, плот подошел к островам Туамоту. Хейердал с единомышленниками доказали, что простой плот может пересечь Тихий океан с помощью течения и попутного ветра. История Кон-Тики имела большой успех, некоторые пытались повторить его опыт. Одноименная книга была издана более чем на 60 языках мира, а в 1952 году документальный фильм о путешествии получил «Оскар».

Необыкновенное и нашумевшее путешествие «Кон-Тики», 1947

Выдающиеся исследования

Следующим крупным исследованием стал остров Пасхи, куда Хейердал отправился на раскопки в 1955 году. С группой археологов он пробыл там несколько месяцев. Группа составила множество отчетов об экспедиции, которые стали основой для дальнейших научных изысканий на острове. Тур написал об этом месте очередную снискавшую популярность книгу «Аку-Аку». Позже, в 1989 году, он опубликовал книгу с более детальным описанием своей теории под названием «Остров Пасхи: разгаданная тайна».

В 1969-1970 годах объектом исследования Хейердала стала возможность пересечения древними мореплавателями Атлантического океана. По древнеегипетскому макету из папируса была построена лодка «Ра», которая вышла в океан с марокканского берега Африки. Однако из-за несовершенной конструкции у судна возникли серьезные проблемы, и команде пришлось вернуться. Вторая попытка на лодке «Ра-II» оказалась успешной, судно причалило к берегу Барбадоса. И снова путешествие было отражено в книге «Экспедиции на «Ра», а также в документальной кинокартине.

Т. Хейердал (справа) с командой «Ра», 1969

В 1977 году путешественник решил доказать существование торговых и миграционных связей между Древней Месопотамией и местности, относящейся к современному Пакистану. Для этого была сооружена лодка из тростника, названная «Тигрис». В целом плавание удалось, и миссия была выполнена, но перед Красным морем судну пришлось остановиться. После 4,5 месяцев путешествия команда сожгла его, выразив тем самым протест против начинавшихся военных действий в этом районе.

В 80-х годах Тур работал в археологической экспедиции на Мальдивских островах, во время которой было обнаружено много ценных находок. О них он поведал в книге «Мальдивская загадка». Изучал пирамиды острова Тенерифе в 1991 году. В 2000 – проводил исследования в России недалеко от Азовского моря. Целью был поиск остатков цивилизации Асгарда. Эти раскопки подверглись резкой критике научным сообществом. Хейердал уверял, что скандинавские народы имеют свои корни в азербайджанской земле. Несколько раз посещал Азербайджан. В селе Киш у церкви находится его памятный бюст.

Последние годы

Хейердал до последнего дня был занят многочисленными исследованиями. В 1991 году женился в третий раз. Ранее, после 12 лет первого брака, в котором родились два сына, в 1949 году Тур развелся с женой и вступил в брак с Ивонной Дедекам-Симонсен. В этой семье родились три дочери. Третья жена путешественника – актриса Жаклин Бир была младше его на 18 лет. Супруги жили на Тенерифе. Скончался Хейердал в 2002 году из-за опухоли мозга.

Несмотря на постоянную критику в свой адрес, Хейердал был известным и уважаемым путешественником, ему были присуждены многочисленные награды в знак признания. В 1999 году Хейердала объявили самым известным норвежцем. В Норвегии ему установлен памятник, открыт музей. В 2011 году новый фрегат норвежского флота был назван в его честь.

Хейердалу удалось пробудить интерес к культуре и истории народов мира, он был доктором наук нескольких университетов мира. Последователи собирали повторные экспедиции, а его книги стали бестселлерами.

Признание трудов

Награда	Год
Медаль Ретциуса (Швеция)	1950
Медаль Мунго Парка (Шотландия)	1951
Медаль Бонапарта-Уайза (Франция)	1951
Орден Святого Олафа (Норвегия)	1951, 1970
Медаль Буша Кента Кейна (США)	1952
Орден «За выдающиеся заслуги» (Перу)	1953
Медаль «Вега» (Швеция)	1962
Медаль Ломоносова (СССР)	1964
Медаль Королевского географического общества (Великобритания)	1964
Награда «За выдающиеся заслуги» (США)	1966
Орден «За заслуги» (Египет)	1971
Премия Кирилла и Мефодия (Болгария)	1972
Премия Пехлеви (ООН)	1978
Орден Золотого ковчега (Нидерланды)	1980

Тура Хейердала можно назвать одним из величайших исследователей в современной истории. В середине прошлого века ему удалось пересечь Тихий океан на бальсовом плоту и не просто покорить стихию, но и совершить множество важных открытий. Всего в жизни путешественника насчитывается свыше десятка экспедиций, которые позволили доказать, что океаны не разъединяют, а, наоборот, объединяют людей.

Кто такой Тур Хейердал?

Будущий исследователь родился в норвежском городке Ларвик в 1914 году. Его отец занимался изготовлением пива, а мать была сотрудницей антропологического музея, позволившего юному Туру детально познакомиться с теорией эволюции Дарвина. С раннего возраста мальчик интересовался зоологией, имел много животных, но очень боялся воды и дважды едва не утонул. Справиться со своими страхами он смог только в 22-летнем возрасте, когда случайно оказался в воде и сумел выплыть самостоятельно.

В 1933 году Хейердал поступил в университет Осло, где занимался изучением географии и зоологии. В то же время он познакомился с путешественником Бьёрном Крепелином, который оказал существенное влияние на студента и предопределил его дальнейшую карьеру. Сразу после окончания обучения Тур совершил ряд путешествий на Таити, Фату-Хива и другие острова Полинезии, где занимался изучением обитающих там животных. Однако настоящие его приключения начались после Второй Мировой войны, во время которой он служил радистом в рядах армии США.

Экспедиции Тура Хейердала

К совершению экспедиций Тура Хейердала подтолкнули древние летописи и археологические свидетельства, которые давали повод предположить, что жители Полинезии и Южной Америки контактировали с давних времен. Тур выдвинул гипотезу о том, что Полинезия заселена выходцами не из Юго-Восточной Азии, а именно из Америки. Чтобы подтвердить это предположение, он отправился в свое первое путешествие на плоту «Кон-Тики».

«Кон-Тики»

В 1947 году Хейердал и еще 5 путешественников приехали в Перу, где построили плот из бальсового дерева и назвали его «Кон-Тики». Экспедиция отправилась в путь 28 апреля, а уже через 102 дня от начала плавания преодолела около 8000 км через Тихий океан и добралась до островов Туамоту.

Благодаря своему путешествию Тур смог доказать, что попутные ветры и течение Гумбольдта позволяют достаточно безопасно переплыть тихоокеанские просторы в западном направлении. Кроме того, исследователь подтвердил свое изначальное предположение относительно полинезийцев. Экспедиция показала, что контакты между Полинезией и Южной Америкой в древности действительно существовали.

На остров Пасхи

В 1955–1956 годах Тур Хейердал побывал на острове Пасхи. В рамках своих исследований он занимался раскопками на возвышенностях Поике и Оронго, а также проводил эксперименты по изготовлению и перетаскиванию знаменитых статуй моаи. Результатом путешествия стала более детальная и развернутая история острова. Тур предположил, что изначально остров Пасхи был заселен людьми из Южной Америки, а позже на его территории поселились полинезийцы.

Другие экспедиции

В последующие годы Тур Хейердал совершил такие путешествия:

• В 1969–1970 годах он пытался пересечь Атлантический океан и доказать, что древние мореплаватели могли совершать подобные экспедиции на парусных кораблях при помощи Канарского течения. Сначала он отправился в путь на папирусной лодке «Ра», но она не выдержала испытаний и разломилась. В итоге Тур создал другую лодку – «Ра-II», которая успешно добралась от Марокко до Барбадоса.
• В 1977 году Хейердал решил доказать, что между индийской цивилизацией и Месопотамией существовали торговые связи. Для этого он создал тростниковую лодку «Тигрис» и совершил успешное плавание по Персидскому заливу, а далее по Красному морю.
• В 1983–1984 годах исследователь смог подтвердить, что Мальдивы заселяют выходцы из Шри-Ланки.
• В 1991 году он выдвинул предположение, что древние постройки Гуимар на Тенерифе являются пирамидами, а не просто булыжниками.

В дальнейшем у Тура было много других экспедиций и археологических проектов. За все годы своих путешествий он сумел сделать огромный вклад в мировую науку и стать единственным из своих соотечественников, получившим 11 почетных степеней американских и европейских университетов.

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