Рассказ об одной из восточных религий

The Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East, South and Southeast Asia and thus have dissimilarities with Western, African and Iranian religions.^[1] This includes the East Asian religions such as Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese folk religion, Shinto, and Korean Shamanism; South Asian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism; and Southeast Asian religions such as Vietnamese folk religion as well as animistic indigenous religions.^[2][3]

This East-West religious distinction, just as with the East-West culture distinction, and the implications that arise from it, is broad and not precise. Furthermore, the geographical distinction has less meaning in the current context of global transculturation.

While many Western observers attempt to distinguish between Eastern philosophies and religions, this is a distinction that does not exist in some Eastern traditions.^[4]

Indic religions[edit]

Also known as Dharmic religions, these are the religious sects originating in the Indian subcontinent, which includes Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, etc.^[5] The theologies and philosophies of these religions have several concepts in common, such as dharma, karma, maya and samsara.

Hinduism[edit]

Hinduism originated on the Indian subcontinent and was related to many other religious traditions outside the subcontinent, in places like ancient Central Asia and ancient Iran. It is considered by some to be the world’s oldest extant major religion. Some consider Hinduism to originate from the Indus Valley civilization along with animism of the pre-Harappan migrants as well as the Indo-Aryan migrants. Hinduism contains a vast body of scripture, divided as revealed and remembered, expounding on dharma, or religious living. Hindus consider the Vedas and the Upanishads as being among the foremost in authority, importance and antiquity. The Bhagavad Gītā, a treatise excerpted from the Mahābhārata, is sometimes called a summary of the spiritual teachings of the Vedas. It is difficult to identify any universal belief or practice in Hinduism, although prominent themes include: Dharma, Samsara, Karma, and Moksha. Hinduism is sometimes called a polytheistic religion, but this is an oversimplification. Hinduism includes a diverse collection of schools whose beliefs span monotheism, polytheism, pantheism, monism and even atheism. For instance, the Advaita Vedanta school holds that there is only one causal entity (Brahman), which manifests itself into all the various living and non-living forms that we observe, whereas traditions such as Vaishnavism and Shaivism worship Vishnu and Shiva in a relatively more monotheistic sense (caused by a differentiation between the parabrahman and atman). A number of scholars even consider the Samkhya school of thought to have atheistic leanings.^[6]

Buddhism[edit]

Buddhism is a nontheistic Indian religion and philosophy.^[7] Buddhism was founded around the 5th century BCE in Nepal by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, with the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as its central principles. According to the scriptures, the Four Noble Truths were revealed by the Buddha in his first sermon after attaining enlightenment. The schools of Buddhism are typically divided into Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana.^[8] In academic circles, Mahayana is further divided into East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism. Buddhism teaches that someone who becomes enlightened without instruction is a buddha. The primary goal of Buddhism is the liberation of the practitioner from samsara. Buddhists hold this to be the solution to the problem of suffering.^[9]

Jainism[edit]

Jainism is the religion of the followers of the Jinas or Tirthankars (torch bearers and spiritual teachers of dharma).^[10] Parshvanatha and Mahavira, the 23rd and 24th Tirthankars, respectively, revived the Jain religion and re-organized the shraman sangha. Jains highlight the practice of austerity. Jain philosophy states that the jiva, or soul, can escape the cycle of rebirth and death by freeing itself from karmic bondages. When nothing remains but the purity of the jiva, that person is called a jina, or winner, which is the origin of the term Jain. Karma is viewed as an accumulation that burdens the soul, causing attachment and suffering.^[11] Ahimsa, or non-violence, is central to Jain faith, philosophy and practice. It is interpreted very strictly as prohibiting all forms of harm to other living beings. Due to this, Jainism requires a strict vegetarian lifestyle. Ahimsa also applies to speaking, as one’s words can cause harm and suffering.^[12]

Sikhism[edit]

Sikhism is a religion which began in Punjab of Northern India.^[13] It is founded on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev and the nine human gurus that followed. He received a vision to preach the way to enlightenment and God in Sultanpur. His views rejected the traditional worships and caste of the Hindu faith.^[14] Freedom from reincarnation is tied to remembrance and repetition on one universal God. In Sikhism, God is Nirankar, a formless and shapeless one.^[15] Sikhs believe that there is one universal God who is the ultimate creator, sustainer, and destroyer. The Gurū Granth Sāhib are the central scriptures intended to preserve hymns and the teachings of the Sikh Gurus and other saints from Hindu and Sufi traditions. Rituals, religious ceremonies or empty worship are considered of little use and Sikhs are discouraged from fasting or going on pilgrimages. The tenets of Sikhism include (1) honest living/earning (2) tithing and giving alms (3) chanting on God.^[11] Sikhism also has a strong warrior tradition which arose in defense of religious freedom and human rights from a tyrannical Moghul occupation of India.^[16]

East Asian religions[edit]

The group of East Asian religions or philosophies, also known as Taoic religions, may be considered as forming a group within world religions^[17] comparable to the Abrahamic or Dharmic groups. The Taoic faiths claim at least 500 million members worldwide.^[18]

Taoism[edit]

Taoism, also known as Daoism, comprises a variety of related religious and philosophical traditions.^[19] Categorization of Taoist sects and movements is very controversial. Taoist propriety and ethics places an emphasis on the Three Jewels of the Tao; love, moderation, humility. Taoist theology focuses on doctrines of wu wei («non-action»), spontaneity, humanism, relativism and emptiness.^[20]

Most traditional Chinese Taoists are polytheistic. Taoism or Daoism is a type of belief, or a way of thinking about life. It is at least 2,500 years old and it comes from China. Taoism is now said to be a philosophy. Tao (or Dao, 道) is the name of the force or the «Way» that Taoists believe makes everything in the world. There are disagreements regarding the proper composition of this pantheon. Popular Taoism typically presents the Jade Emperor as the head deity. Intellectual, or «elite», Taoism usually presents Laozi and the Three Pure Ones at the top of the pantheon. Nature and ancestor spirits are common in popular Taoism. But this sort of shamanism is eschewed for an emphasis on internal alchemy among the «elite» Taoists. Tao itself is rarely an object of worship, being treated more like the South Asian concept of atman.^[21]

Shinto[edit]

Shinto is an animistic folk religion practiced in Japan.^[22] Shinto literally means «the way of the gods». Many Japanese Shintoists also identify themselves as Buddhists. Japanese Pure Land Buddhism is deeply intertwined with the Shinto faith. Shinto practitioners commonly affirm tradition, family, nature, cleanliness and ritual observation as core values. Taoic influence is significant in their beliefs about nature and self-mastery.^[23]

Ritual cleanliness is a central part of Shinto life. Shrines have a significant place in Shinto, reflecting the animistic veneration of the kami. «Folk», or «popular», Shinto places an emphasis on shamanism, particularly divination, spirit possession and faith healing. «Sect» Shinto is a diverse group including mountain-worshippers and Confucian Shintoists.^[24]

Confucianism[edit]

Confucianism is a complex system of moral, social and political thought, influential in the history of East Asia.^[25] It is highly debated amongst scholars whether Confucianism is a religion or simply an ethical system. The Chinese Communist Party does not recognize it as a religion.^[26] It is commonly associated with legalism but it rejects legalism for ritualism. It also endorses meritocracy as the ideal of nobility. Confucianism has a complicated system governing duties and etiquette in relationships. Confucian ethics focus on familial duty, loyalty and humaneness.^[27]

There are organizations that specifically promote Confucianism as a religion in Indonesia (Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia) and Hong Kong (Confucian Academy).

Confucianism tolerates the Chinese folk recognition of the existence of animistic spirits, ghosts and deities. It approves paying them proper respect, but at a more fundamental level encourages avoiding them. Confucian thought is notable as the framework upon which the syncretic Neo-Confucianism was built.^[28]

East Asian Buddhism[edit]

Shamanism and Animism[edit]

Shamanism and Animism have historically been practised in Asia, and is still practiced in most of Asia.^{[29][30][31][32][33][34][excessive citations]}

Northeast Asia[edit]

• Mongolian shamanism
• Korean shamanism
• Ainu religion
• Ko-Shintō
• Turkic Shamanism

China[edit]

• Chinese shamanism
• Manchu shamanism
• Northeast China folk religion
• Nuo folk religion
• Bon

Southeast Asia[edit]

• Đạo Mẫu
• Burmese Folk Religion

Others[edit]

Chinese[edit]

• Chan Buddhism
• Chinese salvationist religions
  • Xiantiandao
  • Yiguandao
• Falun Gong
• Luoism
• Wang Hao-te
• Yao folk religion

Dravidian[edit]

• Dravidian folk religion

Japanese[edit]

• Japanese Buddhism
• Ryukyuan religion
• Shinto
• Shugendō
• Tenrikyo

Korean[edit]

• Cheondoism
• Daejongism
• Daesun Jinrihoe
• Gasin faith
• Jeung San Do
• Seon Buddhism
• Suwunism
• Won Buddhism

Meivazhi[edit]

Nāstik (Heterodox Indian)[edit]

• Ajivika
• Ajñana
• Buddhism
• Charvaka
• Jainism

Nepalese religions[edit]

• Bön (Tibet / Nepal)
• Kirat Mundhum
• Newar Buddhism

Tai and Miao[edit]

• Ahom religion
• Mo religion (Zhuang Shigongism)
• Tai folk religion

Tibeto-Burmese[edit]

• Bon
• Burmese folk religion
• Benzhuism
• Bimoism
• Bathouism
• Bongthingism
• Donyi-Polo
• Heraka
• Kiratism
• Qiang folk religion
• Sanamahism

Sarnaism[edit]

Vietnam[edit]

Vietnamese folk religion (Vietnamese: tín ngưỡng dân gian Việt Nam) is the largest religion in Vietnam with about 45.3% of the Vietnamese population[1] that are associated with this religion.

• Caodaism
• Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
• Đạo Dừa
• Đạo Mẫu
• Hòa Hảo

Secularization[edit]

Historical[edit]

Charvaka (Historical)[edit]

Din-I Ilahi (Historical)[edit]

See also[edit]

• Comparative religion
• Eastern culture
• Folk religion
• Tengrism
• Historical Vedic religion
• Zoroastrianism

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

• De Bary, William Theodore & Tu, Weiming. Confucianism and Human Rights. Columbia University Press (1998). ISBN 0-231-10936-9.
• Fisher, Mary Pat. Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World’s Faiths. I.B. Tauris (1997). ISBN 1-86064-148-2.
• Flood, Gavin D. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press (1996). ISBN 0-521-43304-5.
• Huang, Siu-chi. Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood Press (1999). ISBN 0-313-26449-X.
• Leaman, Oliver. Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy. Routledge (1999). ISBN 0-415-17362-0.
• LaFargue, Michael. Tao and Method: A Reasoned Approach to the Tao Te Ching. SUNY Press (1994). ISBN 0-7914-1601-1.
• Markham, Ian S. & Ruparell, Tinu. Encountering Religion: an introduction to the religions of the world. Blackwell Publishing (2001). ISBN 0-631-20674-4.
• Maspero, Henri. Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Taoism and Chinese Religion. University of Massachusetts (1981).
• Morgan, Diane. The Best Guide to Eastern Philosophy and Religion. St. Martin’s Griffin (2001). ISBN 1-58063-197-5.
• Ono, Sakyo. Shinto: The Kami Way. Tuttle Publishing (2004). ISBN 0-8048-3557-8.
• Pilgrim, Richard B. Buddhism and the Arts of Japan. Columbia University Press (1999). ISBN 0-231-11347-1.
• Rausch, Thomas P. & Chapple, Christopher Key. The College Student’s Introduction to Theology. Liturgical Press (1993). ISBN 0-8146-5841-5.
• Segal, Robert Alan. The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion. Blackwell Publishing (2006). ISBN 0-631-23216-8.
• Sharot, Stephen. A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion. NYU Press (2001). ISBN 0-8147-9805-5.
• Slingerland, Edward Gilman. Effortless Action: Wu-Wei as Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China. Oxford University Press (2003). ISBN 0-19-513899-6.
• Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. Routledge UK (2000). ISBN 0-415-22852-2.
• Swami Bhaskarananda. The Essentials of Hinduism. Viveka Press (1994). ISBN 1-884852-02-5.
• Weightman, Simon. Hinnells, John (ed). Handbook of Living Religions. Penguin Books (1997). ISBN 0-14-051480-5.
• Yao, Xinzhong. An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge University Press (2000). ISBN 0-521-64430-5.
• York, Michael. Pagan Theology: Paganism as a World Religion. NYU Press (2005). ISBN 0-8147-9708-3.

The Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East, South and Southeast Asia and thus have dissimilarities with Western, African and Iranian religions.^[1] This includes the East Asian religions such as Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese folk religion, Shinto, and Korean Shamanism; South Asian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism; and Southeast Asian religions such as Vietnamese folk religion as well as animistic indigenous religions.^[2][3]

This East-West religious distinction, just as with the East-West culture distinction, and the implications that arise from it, is broad and not precise. Furthermore, the geographical distinction has less meaning in the current context of global transculturation.

While many Western observers attempt to distinguish between Eastern philosophies and religions, this is a distinction that does not exist in some Eastern traditions.^[4]

Indic religions[edit]

Also known as Dharmic religions, these are the religious sects originating in the Indian subcontinent, which includes Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, etc.^[5] The theologies and philosophies of these religions have several concepts in common, such as dharma, karma, maya and samsara.

Hinduism[edit]

Hinduism originated on the Indian subcontinent and was related to many other religious traditions outside the subcontinent, in places like ancient Central Asia and ancient Iran. It is considered by some to be the world’s oldest extant major religion. Some consider Hinduism to originate from the Indus Valley civilization along with animism of the pre-Harappan migrants as well as the Indo-Aryan migrants. Hinduism contains a vast body of scripture, divided as revealed and remembered, expounding on dharma, or religious living. Hindus consider the Vedas and the Upanishads as being among the foremost in authority, importance and antiquity. The Bhagavad Gītā, a treatise excerpted from the Mahābhārata, is sometimes called a summary of the spiritual teachings of the Vedas. It is difficult to identify any universal belief or practice in Hinduism, although prominent themes include: Dharma, Samsara, Karma, and Moksha. Hinduism is sometimes called a polytheistic religion, but this is an oversimplification. Hinduism includes a diverse collection of schools whose beliefs span monotheism, polytheism, pantheism, monism and even atheism. For instance, the Advaita Vedanta school holds that there is only one causal entity (Brahman), which manifests itself into all the various living and non-living forms that we observe, whereas traditions such as Vaishnavism and Shaivism worship Vishnu and Shiva in a relatively more monotheistic sense (caused by a differentiation between the parabrahman and atman). A number of scholars even consider the Samkhya school of thought to have atheistic leanings.^[6]

Buddhism[edit]

Buddhism is a nontheistic Indian religion and philosophy.^[7] Buddhism was founded around the 5th century BCE in Nepal by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, with the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as its central principles. According to the scriptures, the Four Noble Truths were revealed by the Buddha in his first sermon after attaining enlightenment. The schools of Buddhism are typically divided into Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana.^[8] In academic circles, Mahayana is further divided into East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism. Buddhism teaches that someone who becomes enlightened without instruction is a buddha. The primary goal of Buddhism is the liberation of the practitioner from samsara. Buddhists hold this to be the solution to the problem of suffering.^[9]

Jainism[edit]

Jainism is the religion of the followers of the Jinas or Tirthankars (torch bearers and spiritual teachers of dharma).^[10] Parshvanatha and Mahavira, the 23rd and 24th Tirthankars, respectively, revived the Jain religion and re-organized the shraman sangha. Jains highlight the practice of austerity. Jain philosophy states that the jiva, or soul, can escape the cycle of rebirth and death by freeing itself from karmic bondages. When nothing remains but the purity of the jiva, that person is called a jina, or winner, which is the origin of the term Jain. Karma is viewed as an accumulation that burdens the soul, causing attachment and suffering.^[11] Ahimsa, or non-violence, is central to Jain faith, philosophy and practice. It is interpreted very strictly as prohibiting all forms of harm to other living beings. Due to this, Jainism requires a strict vegetarian lifestyle. Ahimsa also applies to speaking, as one’s words can cause harm and suffering.^[12]

Sikhism[edit]

Sikhism is a religion which began in Punjab of Northern India.^[13] It is founded on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev and the nine human gurus that followed. He received a vision to preach the way to enlightenment and God in Sultanpur. His views rejected the traditional worships and caste of the Hindu faith.^[14] Freedom from reincarnation is tied to remembrance and repetition on one universal God. In Sikhism, God is Nirankar, a formless and shapeless one.^[15] Sikhs believe that there is one universal God who is the ultimate creator, sustainer, and destroyer. The Gurū Granth Sāhib are the central scriptures intended to preserve hymns and the teachings of the Sikh Gurus and other saints from Hindu and Sufi traditions. Rituals, religious ceremonies or empty worship are considered of little use and Sikhs are discouraged from fasting or going on pilgrimages. The tenets of Sikhism include (1) honest living/earning (2) tithing and giving alms (3) chanting on God.^[11] Sikhism also has a strong warrior tradition which arose in defense of religious freedom and human rights from a tyrannical Moghul occupation of India.^[16]

East Asian religions[edit]

The group of East Asian religions or philosophies, also known as Taoic religions, may be considered as forming a group within world religions^[17] comparable to the Abrahamic or Dharmic groups. The Taoic faiths claim at least 500 million members worldwide.^[18]

Taoism[edit]

Taoism, also known as Daoism, comprises a variety of related religious and philosophical traditions.^[19] Categorization of Taoist sects and movements is very controversial. Taoist propriety and ethics places an emphasis on the Three Jewels of the Tao; love, moderation, humility. Taoist theology focuses on doctrines of wu wei («non-action»), spontaneity, humanism, relativism and emptiness.^[20]

Most traditional Chinese Taoists are polytheistic. Taoism or Daoism is a type of belief, or a way of thinking about life. It is at least 2,500 years old and it comes from China. Taoism is now said to be a philosophy. Tao (or Dao, 道) is the name of the force or the «Way» that Taoists believe makes everything in the world. There are disagreements regarding the proper composition of this pantheon. Popular Taoism typically presents the Jade Emperor as the head deity. Intellectual, or «elite», Taoism usually presents Laozi and the Three Pure Ones at the top of the pantheon. Nature and ancestor spirits are common in popular Taoism. But this sort of shamanism is eschewed for an emphasis on internal alchemy among the «elite» Taoists. Tao itself is rarely an object of worship, being treated more like the South Asian concept of atman.^[21]

Shinto[edit]

Shinto is an animistic folk religion practiced in Japan.^[22] Shinto literally means «the way of the gods». Many Japanese Shintoists also identify themselves as Buddhists. Japanese Pure Land Buddhism is deeply intertwined with the Shinto faith. Shinto practitioners commonly affirm tradition, family, nature, cleanliness and ritual observation as core values. Taoic influence is significant in their beliefs about nature and self-mastery.^[23]

Ritual cleanliness is a central part of Shinto life. Shrines have a significant place in Shinto, reflecting the animistic veneration of the kami. «Folk», or «popular», Shinto places an emphasis on shamanism, particularly divination, spirit possession and faith healing. «Sect» Shinto is a diverse group including mountain-worshippers and Confucian Shintoists.^[24]

Confucianism[edit]

Confucianism is a complex system of moral, social and political thought, influential in the history of East Asia.^[25] It is highly debated amongst scholars whether Confucianism is a religion or simply an ethical system. The Chinese Communist Party does not recognize it as a religion.^[26] It is commonly associated with legalism but it rejects legalism for ritualism. It also endorses meritocracy as the ideal of nobility. Confucianism has a complicated system governing duties and etiquette in relationships. Confucian ethics focus on familial duty, loyalty and humaneness.^[27]

There are organizations that specifically promote Confucianism as a religion in Indonesia (Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia) and Hong Kong (Confucian Academy).

Confucianism tolerates the Chinese folk recognition of the existence of animistic spirits, ghosts and deities. It approves paying them proper respect, but at a more fundamental level encourages avoiding them. Confucian thought is notable as the framework upon which the syncretic Neo-Confucianism was built.^[28]

East Asian Buddhism[edit]

Shamanism and Animism[edit]

Shamanism and Animism have historically been practised in Asia, and is still practiced in most of Asia.^{[29][30][31][32][33][34][excessive citations]}

Northeast Asia[edit]

• Mongolian shamanism
• Korean shamanism
• Ainu religion
• Ko-Shintō
• Turkic Shamanism

China[edit]

• Chinese shamanism
• Manchu shamanism
• Northeast China folk religion
• Nuo folk religion
• Bon

Southeast Asia[edit]

• Đạo Mẫu
• Burmese Folk Religion

Others[edit]

Chinese[edit]

• Chan Buddhism
• Chinese salvationist religions
  • Xiantiandao
  • Yiguandao
• Falun Gong
• Luoism
• Wang Hao-te
• Yao folk religion

Dravidian[edit]

• Dravidian folk religion

Japanese[edit]

• Japanese Buddhism
• Ryukyuan religion
• Shinto
• Shugendō
• Tenrikyo

Korean[edit]

• Cheondoism
• Daejongism
• Daesun Jinrihoe
• Gasin faith
• Jeung San Do
• Seon Buddhism
• Suwunism
• Won Buddhism

Meivazhi[edit]

Nāstik (Heterodox Indian)[edit]

• Ajivika
• Ajñana
• Buddhism
• Charvaka
• Jainism

Nepalese religions[edit]

• Bön (Tibet / Nepal)
• Kirat Mundhum
• Newar Buddhism

Tai and Miao[edit]

• Ahom religion
• Mo religion (Zhuang Shigongism)
• Tai folk religion

Tibeto-Burmese[edit]

• Bon
• Burmese folk religion
• Benzhuism
• Bimoism
• Bathouism
• Bongthingism
• Donyi-Polo
• Heraka
• Kiratism
• Qiang folk religion
• Sanamahism

Sarnaism[edit]

Vietnam[edit]

Vietnamese folk religion (Vietnamese: tín ngưỡng dân gian Việt Nam) is the largest religion in Vietnam with about 45.3% of the Vietnamese population[1] that are associated with this religion.

• Caodaism
• Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
• Đạo Dừa
• Đạo Mẫu
• Hòa Hảo

Secularization[edit]

Historical[edit]

Charvaka (Historical)[edit]

Din-I Ilahi (Historical)[edit]

See also[edit]

• Comparative religion
• Eastern culture
• Folk religion
• Tengrism
• Historical Vedic religion
• Zoroastrianism

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

• De Bary, William Theodore & Tu, Weiming. Confucianism and Human Rights. Columbia University Press (1998). ISBN 0-231-10936-9.
• Fisher, Mary Pat. Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World’s Faiths. I.B. Tauris (1997). ISBN 1-86064-148-2.
• Flood, Gavin D. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press (1996). ISBN 0-521-43304-5.
• Huang, Siu-chi. Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood Press (1999). ISBN 0-313-26449-X.
• Leaman, Oliver. Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy. Routledge (1999). ISBN 0-415-17362-0.
• LaFargue, Michael. Tao and Method: A Reasoned Approach to the Tao Te Ching. SUNY Press (1994). ISBN 0-7914-1601-1.
• Markham, Ian S. & Ruparell, Tinu. Encountering Religion: an introduction to the religions of the world. Blackwell Publishing (2001). ISBN 0-631-20674-4.
• Maspero, Henri. Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Taoism and Chinese Religion. University of Massachusetts (1981).
• Morgan, Diane. The Best Guide to Eastern Philosophy and Religion. St. Martin’s Griffin (2001). ISBN 1-58063-197-5.
• Ono, Sakyo. Shinto: The Kami Way. Tuttle Publishing (2004). ISBN 0-8048-3557-8.
• Pilgrim, Richard B. Buddhism and the Arts of Japan. Columbia University Press (1999). ISBN 0-231-11347-1.
• Rausch, Thomas P. & Chapple, Christopher Key. The College Student’s Introduction to Theology. Liturgical Press (1993). ISBN 0-8146-5841-5.
• Segal, Robert Alan. The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion. Blackwell Publishing (2006). ISBN 0-631-23216-8.
• Sharot, Stephen. A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion. NYU Press (2001). ISBN 0-8147-9805-5.
• Slingerland, Edward Gilman. Effortless Action: Wu-Wei as Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China. Oxford University Press (2003). ISBN 0-19-513899-6.
• Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. Routledge UK (2000). ISBN 0-415-22852-2.
• Swami Bhaskarananda. The Essentials of Hinduism. Viveka Press (1994). ISBN 1-884852-02-5.
• Weightman, Simon. Hinnells, John (ed). Handbook of Living Religions. Penguin Books (1997). ISBN 0-14-051480-5.
• Yao, Xinzhong. An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge University Press (2000). ISBN 0-521-64430-5.
• York, Michael. Pagan Theology: Paganism as a World Religion. NYU Press (2005). ISBN 0-8147-9708-3.

ГДЗ учебник по истории 7 класс Юдовская. §15. Проверьте себя. Номер №4

Решение

Буддизм.
Буддизм одна из самых древних религий во всем мире. Своей известностью и почитанием, буддизм идет наравне с мусульманством и христианством. Буддизм отрицает присутствие божества или самого бога. В христианстве и исламе − наоборот.
В исламе поклоняются Аллаху, в христианстве – Иисусу. Что же тогда проповедует буддизм, и каких рамок придерживается это направление? А все достаточно просто. Вера буддизма проповедует то, что человек должен освободиться от жизненных хлопот и суеты, когда он пройдет через все страдания, то достигнет нирваны, блаженства его души. Данную религию назвали в честь пророка, который ее проповедовал. Его называли Будда, конечно у этого человека было совсем другое имя, просто он назвал себя так после того, как смог просветиться и познать все тонкости бытия.
Возник буддизм в Индии, в VI веке до нашей эры. Началом буддизма считается история о ее основателе Сиддхартхи Гаутаме. Он был индийским царевичем, жил достаточно нормальной жизнью, но казалось, ему чего−то не хватает. Когда ему исполнилось больше тридцати лет, молодой человек решил оставить свою семью и стать отшельником. Семь лет он жил жизнью, в которой искал способ избавить человеческую душу от страданий. Ему удалось достичь долгожданного пробуждения и выбрать правильный жизненный путь. После чего Гаутама становится Буддой. Он решает помочь человечеству и продолжает проповедовать свое учение на продолжении 40 лет. Основой буддизма становятся 4 истины. Согласно им, жизнь человека всегда связана со страданиями. Наш мир – это круговорот рождений и смертей. И вот когда человек постигнет отрешенность от жизни, он освободиться от круговорота страданий. И если человеку посчастливиться победить свои желания он постигнет нирвану.
Даже сегодня во многих странах мира сильно распространен культ поклонения Будде. Множество храмов, с самыми красивыми фасадами и украшениями, а так же статуй, возведены во многих уголках планеты. Хотя говорится, что сам Будда не требовал к себе внимания, он не хотел, чтобы ему поклонялись, он просто делал то, что считал необходимым для человечества. Он считал себя самым простым человеком, который познал многие вещи, и всячески старался помочь в этом другим людям. Оказывается, что буддизм возник намного раньше христианства и ислама. Все сторонники буддизма искренно верят в переселение души. Жизнь человека не может закончиться его смертью, это лишь необходимая составляющая всего процесса. После смерти душа человека всего лишь переселяется в новое тело, и неважно будет это снова человек, или уже животное.
Буддисты придерживаются того мнения, что Будда сам прожил много разных жизней. Кем он только ни был! Но пройдя все испытания, даже разных перевоплощений, он все же, смог познать просвещения. Пройдя через все испытания, Будда получил бесценный опыт, чтобы передать его людям тем, кто этого попросит. Все буддисты не проповедуют насилие, они считают, что все люди равны между собой с самого рождения. На протяжении веков у них сложилась своя культура и традиции. Все это искусство отлично проявляется в изготовлении маленьких статуэток Будды, и даже больших его статуй. Одна из них даже занесена в книгу рекордов Гиннеса, как самая высокая статуя. Большим спросом пользуется институт монашества. Монахи всегда живут в монастырях, давая при этом обет безбрачия. Они ходят в яркой, оранжевой одежде, с бритой головой. Почти все монастыри, где проповедуется буддизм стали центром боевых искусств, восточной медицины и других отраслей культуры.
На сегодняшний день буддизм – это самая распространенная мировая религия. Ее сторонники живут на территории Азии. Но это не значит, что в других частях мира этой религии нет. Хоть в небольшом количестве, но можно найти буддизм во многих странах. Буддизм оказывает огромное влияние на жизнь людей. Все это поддерживают монахи, которые несут огромный вклад в развитие буддизма. Они обучают, просвещают и хранят все то, что было создано так давно.