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Napoleon was a military genius who controlled Europe from the English Channel to the Russian border. But he suffered a humiliating defeat in Russia, and when the British and Prussians beat him at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, Napoleon was sent out of France into exile on a British island in the South Atlantic. He died six years later.

On the 2nd of December, 1804, Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French in a ceremony at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. He had already changed his Italian-sounding name to the French name of Bonaparte. Now he was to be known as Napoleon I.

At the height of his power in 1812, Napoleon ruled Europe from the Baltic to the south of Rome, and his relations ruled Italy, Spain, and parts of Germany. The rest of Germany, Switzerland, and Poland were also under French control; and Denmark, Austria, and Prussia were allies. Only Portugal, Sweden, Britain, and Russia were independent.

Napoleon attacked Russia in June 1812, with a force of more than 500 thousand men. The Russians retreated, drawing the French army deeper into the country. Napoleon captured the capital, Moscow, but was forced to retreat because he could not supply his army. The harsh Russian winter killed many soldiers as they returned to France.

Перевод

Наполеон был военным гением, который контролировал Европу от Ла-Манша до русской границы. Но он потерпел унизительное поражение в России, и когда англичане и пруссаки победили его в битве при Ватерлоо в 1815 году, Наполеон был выслан из Франции в ссылку на британский остров в Южной Атлантике. Он умер шесть лет спустя.

2 декабря 1804 года Наполеон короновал себя императором Франции на церемонии в соборе Нотр-Дам в Париже. Он сменил свое итальянское имя на французское имя Бонапарт. Теперь он должен был быть известен как Наполеон I.

На вершине власти в 1812 году Наполеон правил Европой от Балтики до юга Рима, а его родственники управляли Италией, Испанией и частями Германии. Остальная часть Германии, Швейцарии и Польши также была под французским контролем; а Дания, Австрия и Пруссия были союзниками. Только Португалия, Швеция, Великобритания и Россия были независимы.

Наполеон напал на Россию в июне 1812 года с армией более 500 тысяч человек. Русские отступили, втягивая французскую армию вглубь страны. Наполеон захватил столицу Москву, но был вынужден отступить, потому что он не мог снабжать свою армию. Суровая русская зима убила много солдат, когда они возвращались во Францию.

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Napoleon Bonaparte

   Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Corsica Island. He was the greatest hero of France. His family had moved there from Italy in the 16th century. His original name was Napoleone and his original nationality was Corsican-Italian.
   His father was a lawyer, and was anti-French. One reason Napoleon may have been such a great leader and revolutionary, that he was raised in a family of radicals. When Napoleon was nine, his father sent him to Brienne, a French military government school in Paris. It was there that he received his military training. He studied to be an artilleryman and an of f i-cero He finished his training and joined the French army when he was just 16.
   Napoleon was assigned to work in Paris in 1792. After the French monarchy was overthrown in August 1792, he was promoted to captain.
   In 1793, he was chosen to direct the artillery against the siege in Toulon. Very soon after Toulon fell and Napoleon was promoted to brigadier general. He was made commander of the French army in Italy and defeated many Austrian Generals. Soon after this Austria and France made peace and Napoleon was released from his command, he was suspected of treason. In 1795, he broke up a revolt and saved the French government. He had earned back respect and* he was once again given command of the French Army in Italy. He came up with a plan that worked very well. «He would cut the enemy’s army in to two parts, then attack one side of them before the other side could help them».
   After this, Napoleon was almost impossible to stop. He made an unsuccessful attempt to invade Egypt and in 1799 he returned to France to find the Directory (the French Government) in a mess. He overthrew the Directory, and created a new government, in which there were three consuls and he was the most important one. At this time, everyone in France loved and admired Napoleon; his power increased. In 1802 France signed a peace treaty with England and Germany.
   He re-established the University of France, reformed the education system, and founded the Bank of France. He also made the Napoleonic Code: the first clear, compact statement of the French law. The Napoleonic Code has served as a base for legal systems around the world until this day.
Soon he changed the government again and declared himself the Emperor of France. He married Marie Louise, the daughter of the Emperor of Austria. Soon his son was born. He now was the ruler of a Great Empire, and he had 42 million people under his control.
   Then he tried to invade Russia, after that his empire began to crumble.
   And on April 6,1814, he was forced from the throne and was exiled to the island of Elba. About a year later, he gathered about 1,000 soldiers and went to Paris and regained power. He ruled for a short time and then he surrendered to the English.
   He was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic, where he stayed until he died on May 5, 1821. He is supposed to die of cancer, but there are rumours that he was poisoned.

Наполеон Бонапарт

   Наполеон Бонапарт родился 15 августа 1769 года на острове Корсика. Он был самым великим героем Франции. Его семья переехала туда из Италии в 16-м столетии. Его настоящее имя было Наполеоне, а его национальность — корсиканский итальянец.
    Его отец был адвокатом и поддерживал антифранцузские настроения. Одной из причин того, что Наполеон стал таким великим полководцем и революционером, возможно, было то, что он вырос в радикально настроенной семье. Когда Наполеону было девять лет, отец послал его в Брине, французскую военную правительственную школу, находящуюся в Париже. Именно там он получил свое военное образование. Он учился на артиллериста и офицера. Он закончил свое обучение и присоединился к французской армии, когда ему было только 16.
   Наполеону было поручено работать в Париже в 1792 году. После того как французская монархия была свергнута в августе 1792 года, он был повышен до звания капитана.
   В 1793 году он направил артиллерию против осажденной Тулузы. Очень скоро, после того как Тулуза пала, Наполеон был повышен до звания бригадного генерала. Он был назначен командующим французской армией в Италии и победил многих австрийские генералов. Вскоре после того как Австрия и Франция подписали мирный договор, Наполеон был освобожден от командования, так как подозревался в измене. В 1795 году он подавил восстание и спас французское правительство. Он вернул уважение, и ему снова доверили командование французской армией в Италии. Он придумал план, который сработал очень хорошо. «Он разобьет армию врага на две части, после чего нападет на одну из сторон прежде, чем другая сторона сможет помочь ей».
   После этого Наполеона было почти невозможно остановить. Он сделал неудачную попытку вторгнуться в Египет, и в 1799 году возвратился во Францию, где нашел Директорию (французское правительство) в полном хаосе. Он сверг Директорию и создал новое правительство, в котором было три консула, где он был самым главным. В это время каждый во Франции любил и восхищался Наполеоном; его власть усилилась» В 1802 году Франция подписала мирный договор с Англией и Германией.
   Он восстановил Университет Франции, преобразовал систему образования и основал Банк Франции. Он также создал Наполеоновский кодекс: первое ясное краткое толкование французского закона. Наполеоновский кодекс послужил основой для создания юридических систем во всем мире. Вскоре он сменил правительство и провозгласил себя императором Франции. Он женился на Марии Луизе, дочери императора Австрии. Скоро родился его сын. Теперь он был правителем великой империи и управлял 42 миллионами человек.
   После этого он попытался завоевать Россию, после чего его империя начала рушиться.
   И 6 апреля 1814 года он был свергнут и сослан на остров Эльба. Приблизительно год спустя он собрал около 1000 солдат и вошел в Париж, чтобы снова захватить власть. Он правил в течение короткого времени, а затем сдался англичанам.
   Он был сослан на остров Св. Елены, что в Южной Атлантике, на котором оставался до самой смерти — 5 мая 1821 года. Считается, что он умер от рака, но есть слухи, что он был отравлен.
 

Questions:

1. When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
2. What were his original name and nationality?
3. Who sent Napoleon Bonaparte to study to a military school?
4. When was Napoleon promoted to captain?
5. When was Napoleon promoted to brigadier general?
6. What happened in 1795?
7. Did Napoleon Bonaparte try to invade E^ypt?
8. When did he overthrow the Directory?
9. Who was his wife?
10. Did they have any children?
11. When did the French Empire begin to crumble?
12. When was he forced from the throne?
13. Where was Napoleon Bonaparte exiled?
14. Where did Napoleon Bonaparte die?

Vocabulary:

lawyer — юрист, адвокат
to raise — воспитывать (детей); повышать (в звании, должности)
to assign — назначать, определять, устанавливать
to overthrow (past overthrew, p.p. overthrown) — свергать; побеждать; низвергать, уничтожать
to promote — выдвигать, продвигать; повышать в чине/ звании
siege — осада
to defeat — воен. одержать победу над кем-л., наносить поражение; завоевывать
to release — увольнять (с работы), воен. демобилизовать
to suspect of treason — подозревать в измене
to brake (past broke, p.p. broken) up a revolt — начать восстание, мятеж
to earn back — получить обратно
attempt — попытка; проба
to invade — вторгаться, захватывать, оккупировать
in a mess — в беспорядке; путаница,
the Directory — ист. Директория
consul — консул
to admire — восторгаться, восхищаться
to increase — возрастать, увеличивать(ся); расти
to sign a peace treaty — подписать мирное соглашение
statement — заявление, утверждение
law — закон
to serve — служить
legal system — правовая/судебная система
to declare — заявлять, объявлять; провозглашать, объявлять публично
to crumble — терпеть крах, разрушаться, гибнуть
to force from the throne — заставить отречься от трона
to exile — высылать, изгонять, ссылать;
to rule — править, управлять
to surrender — сдавать(ся); капитулировать
rumour — молва, слух
to poison — отравить

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Топик Наполеон Бонапарт рассказывает об императоре французов, великом полководце и государственном деятеле, заложившем основы современного французского государства. Наполеон Бонапарт родился 15 августа 1769 г. на острове Корсика, в семье небогатого дворянина и адвоката. В 1779 г. на королевский счет поступил в военную школу в Бриенне. Свою военную службу начал в 1785 году в чине младшего лейтенанта артиллерии; выдвинулся в период Великой французской революции, достигнув чина бригадного генерала после взятия Тулона 18 декабря 1793 года. При Директории добился чина дивизионного генерала и должности командующего военными силами, а затем должности командующего Итальянской армией. В 1798-1799 годах возглавлял военную экспедицию в Египет. В ноябре 1799 года совершил государственный переворот, в результате которого стал первым консулом, фактически сосредоточив тем самым в своих руках всю полноту власти. Установил диктаторский режим. Провел ряд реформ: основание Французского банка, принятие гражданского кодекса и др. 18 мая 1804 года был провозглашен императором. Поражение Великой армии в войне 1812 года против России положило начало крушению империи Наполеона I. Вступление в 1814 году войск коалиции в Париж вынудило Наполеона I отречься от престола, и он был сослан на остров Эльба. Вновь занял французский престол в марте 1815 года, но после поражения при Ватерлоо вторично отрекся от престола 22 июня 1815 г. Последние годы жизни провел на острове Святой Елены пленником англичан. Его прах с 1840 года находится в Доме инвалидов в Париже.

Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Corsica Island. He was the greatest hero of France. His family had moved there from Italy in the 16th century. His original name was Napoleone and his original nationality was Corsican-Italian.

His father was a lawyer, and was anti-French. One reason Napoleon may have been such a great leader and revolutionary, that he was raised in a family of radicals. When Napoleon was nine, his father sent him to Brienne, a French military government school in Paris. It was there that he received his military training. He studied to be an artilleryman and an officer. He finished his training and joined the French army when he was just 16.

Napoleon was assigned to work in Paris in 1792. After the French monarchy was overthrown in August 1792, he was promoted to captain.

In 1793, he was chosen to direct the artillery against the siege in Toulon. Very soon after Toulon fell and Napoleon was promoted to brigadier general. He was made commander of the French army in Italy and defeated many Austrian Generals. Soon after this Austria and France made peace and Napoleon was released from his command, he was suspected of treason. In 1795, he broke up a revolt and saved the French government. He had earned back respect and he was once again given command of the French Army in Italy. He came up with a plan that worked very well. «He would cut the enemy’s army in to two parts, then attack one side of them before the other side could help them».

After this, Napoleon was almost impossible to stop. He made an unsuccessful attempt to invade Egypt and in 1799 he returned to France to find the Directory (the French Government) in a mess. He overthrew the Directory, and created a new government, in which there were three consuls and he was the most important one. At this time, everyone in France loved and admired Napoleon; his power increased. In 1802 France signed a peace treaty with England and Germany.

He re-established the University of France, reformed the education system, and founded the Bank of France. He also made the Napoleonic Code: the first clear, compact statement of the French law. The Napoleonic Code has served as a base for legal systems around the world until this day.

Soon he changed the government again and declared himself the Emperor of France. He married Marie Louise, the daughter of the Emperor of Austria. Soon his son was born. He now was the ruler of a Great Empire, and he had 42 million people under his control.

Then he tried to invade Russia, after that his empire began to crumble.

And on April 6,1814, he was forced from the throne and was exiled to the island of Elba. About a year later, he gathered about 1,000 soldiers and went to Paris and regained power. He ruled for a short time and then he surrendered to the English.

He was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic, where he stayed until he died on May 5, 1821. He is supposed to die of cancer, but there are rumours that he was poisoned.

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Napoleon I, also called Napoleon Bonaparte was the greatest military genius of his era and maybe the greatest general in history. He created an empire that covered most of western and central Europe.

Early life

Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769 on the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea. Because the island belonged to France Napoleon was a French citizen.

At the age of 9 he entered a French military school. While he was an average student in most subjects he was extremely good at mathematics. At 16 he graduated and became an artillery officer in the French army.

Military Career

During the French Revolution Napoleon was stationed in Paris. This was a critical time for France because the country was at war with many European countries. In that year the monarchy was overthrown and France became a republic. During the revolution Napoleon defended the new government and joined the Jacobins, a radical political group in France.

Rise to Power

In the years that followed Napoleon fought many battles in most of Europe. In 1796 he became commander in chief of all French forces in Italy. From Italy Napoleon invaded Austria, France’s most powerful enemy. As Napoleon approached Vienna, the Austrians surrendered and were forced to give up Belgium to France.

Napoleon’s victories made him very popular with the French people. He was able to convince France’s government – the Directory- that he could cut off British trade to Asia by occupying Egypt. But the British commander Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nile in 1798 and most of his fleet was destroyed.

Consul and Emperor

In 1799 Napoleon returned to Paris. With the help of his followers he overthrew the French government, which was very unpopular at that time because it had lost other wars. A consulate of three men was created to govern France, but Napoleon, who was the First Consul, held all the power.

As soon as he was in control of France Napoleon began to reform the country. He modernized the government, founded the Bank of France and reorganized higher education. But his greatest achievement was the Code Napoleon, a collection of laws that allowed people many liberties they had received during the Revolution. The code still forms the basis of civil law in France.

In 1804 Napoleon changed France from a consulate to an empire. He became emperor and crowned himself at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris.

When Napoleon seized power he began to concentrate on his dream of controlling all of Europe. In the Napoleonic Wars he fought against Prussia, Austria, Great Britain and Russia.

In 1805 Napoleon’s fleet was defeated again by Admiral Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar, off the coast of Spain. In retaliation Napoleon tried to ruin England’s economy. He forbade countries that he controlled to trade with France but this didn’t work because they needed British goods. Although he had to give up his plan of conquering Great Britain he continued winning against other European armies on the ground.

Napoleon put his relatives on the thrones of the conquered territories. After his first marriage had ended in divorce, the emperor married Marie Louise, daughter of the emperor of Austria. Within a year they had a son whom he gave the title king of Rome.

In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia because the Russians did not want to help blockade Britain. It turned out to be the biggest mistake of his career. When the French moved forward the Russian army retreated and burned down everything that the French might be able to use. When Napoleon finally reached Moscow, a huge fire broke out, destroying much of the city. Napoleon could do nothing but turn back. When the winter came and it started to snow most of Napoleon’s soldiers died. It was the greatest disasters in military history.

Napoleon’s Decline

Napoleon’s enemies saw their chance. One by one they rose against him. Britain, Austria and Prussia joined Russia in their fight against Napoleon. The French were defeated in the Battle of Leipzig in today’s Germany. In 1814 the enemies captured Paris and Napoleon had to give up his throne.

Napoleon was banned on the island of Elba near Corsica, where he stayed for only 10 months. In March 1815 he escaped from prison and, together with his old supporters began a march on Paris. The king fled and for a short time Napoleon once again ruled France. This period, known as the Hundred Days, ended on June 18, 1815 when Napoleon was defeated for the last time at the Battle of Waterloo, Belgium.

Final years

After this final defeat, Napoleon was taken prisoner by the British who put him on the tiny island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic. He stayed there until he died in 1821.