Рассказ про ученого на английском языке

Sir Isaac Newton is an English scientist and mathematician. He was born in 1642, on the 25^th of December in the little village of Woolsthorpe in England. His father was a wealthy farmer but he had died before Isaac was born.

Newton published his discoveries in two books which contain his three laws of motion and the universal gravitation law. The scientist used these laws to predict the motion of the planets around the Sun, the stars and comets motion. Isaac Newton studied optics and developed the theory of colour: he discovered that a prism could decompose white light into a multicoloured spectrum. He was also the constructor of the first practical reflecting telescope in the world. As for mathematics he and Leibniz developed the fundamental theorem of infinitesimal calculus.

Moreover Isaac Newton devoted his time to studying theology and practicing alchemical experiments. It is known that he published some of his theological researches. He made an attempt to predict the end of the world and he estimated it would happen after the year of 2060.

Newton studied at Trinity College in Cambridge University. His incredible aptitude was recognized early. It was there that he discovered the generalized binomial theorem. Then he moved to London in 1969 where he lived until his death in 1727. The scientist was also a member of the Parliament of England. Newton died in his sleep at the age of 84 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. He was never married and died intestate.

Isaac Newton is considered to be the most influential scientist in the history of mankind. His discoveries on physics, astronomy and mathematics provided a basis for modern science and his ideas changed our world.

Перевод

Сэр Исаак Ньютон – английский ученый и математик. Он родился в 1642 году, 25 декабря в маленькой деревушке Вулсторп в Англии. Его отец был зажиточным фермером, однако он умер до того, как родился Исаак.

Ньютон опубликовал свои открытия в двух книгах, содержащих три закона механики и закон всемирного тяготения. Ученый применил эти законы для вычисления движения планет вокруг солнца, движения звезд и комет. Исаак Ньютон изучал оптику и разработал теорию цвета: он обнаружил, что призма способна разлагать луч белого света на многоцветный спектр. Он также стал создателем первого практического зеркального телескопа в мире. Что касается математики, он и Лейбниц разработали фундаментальную теорему бесконечно малых величин.

Кроме того, Исаак Ньютон посвящал свое время изучению теологии и проведению алхимических экспериментов. Известно, что он опубликовал некоторые из своих теологических исследований. Он предпринял попытку предсказать конец света и рассчитал, что это произойдет после 2060 года.

Ньютон учился в Тринити Колледж в Университете Кэмбридж. Его невероятные способности были рано замечены. Именно там он открыл универсальную теорему бинома. Затем он переехал в Лондон в 1969 году, где прожил вплоть до своей смерти в 1727 году. Ученый также являлся членом английского Парламента. Ньютон скончался во сне в возрасте 84 лет и был похоронен в Вестминстерском аббатстве. Он никогда не был женат и умер без завещания.

Исаак Ньютон считается наиболее значимым ученым в истории человечества. Его открытия в области физики, астрономии и математики сформировали основу для современной науки, а его идеи изменили наш мир.

Топик «Знаменитые люди: Исаак Ньютон» (Famous people: Isaac Newton) — 4.7 out of
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Great scientists. Stephen Hawking: the excitement of overcoming difficulties.

In life, each of us has to face difficulties. It can be health problems, social conflicts, lack of money or even our laziness. And the way we overcome life’s turmoil, shape us as individuals. Some people try to find a way out of such situations; others simply ignore them or avoid problems, and sometimes solve them at the expense of others. Personally, I respect people who fight for their right to be happy. Stephen Hawking, an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and astrophysicist, director of research at the Center for Theoretical Cosmology at Cambridge University, was undoubtedly among such people.

Stephen Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, in a family where both parents were doctors. After leaving school, Stephen entered Oxford University, where he received a bachelor’s degree in 1962. And in 1966, the young man became one of the first doctors of philosophy at Trinity Hall College at Cambridge University. The future seemed bright because there were no problems. However, during this period the symptoms of a terrible disease appeared — amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which was developing rapidly, as a result of which the scientist was forever confined to a wheelchair. But health problems did not stop him from studying outer space and black holes in particular, and even discovering a phenomenon called «Hawking radiation.» The essence of which is that a black hole loses more matter than it absorbs, as a result of which it begins to evaporate and explode.

Despite his physical disability, Stephen Hawking had an active life position. He was convinced that there should be a peaceful sky above each person’s head, so in 1968, Stephen took part in a demonstration against the Vietnam War. The war in Iraq in 2003 also aroused the indignation of the great scientist, he considered it a war crime and therefore supported anti-war activities. Moreover, Hawking was an active supporter of nuclear disarmament. Also, the great physicist was not indifferent to the problems of ecology and health care in the UK and openly expressed his opinion on the pages of the press until the last days of his life. The scientist died on March 14, 2018.

In conclusion, I want to say that the life of Stephen Hawking is an example of how a person can overcome any obstacles and even physical ailments to do what he loves, make discoveries and help people around him. We should always remember that we must not give in to difficulties, no matter how hard they may seem.

Перевод

Великие ученые. Стивен Хокинг: азарт от преодоления трудностей.

В жизни каждому из нас приходится сталкиваться с трудностями. Это могут быть проблемы со здоровьем, социальные конфликты, нехватка денег или даже собственная лень. И то, как мы преодолеваем жизненные неурядицы, формируют нас как личностей. Одни люди стремятся найти выход из сложившейся ситуации, другие просто игнорируют их или избегают проблем, а иногда решают их за счет окружающих. Лично я уважаю людей, которые борются за свое право быть счастливым. К таким людям, несомненно, относился Стивен Хокинг, английский физик-теоретик, космолог и астрофизик, директор по научной работе Центра теоретической космологии Кембриджского университета.

Стивен Хокинг родился 8 января 1942 в семье, где оба родителя были медиками. После окончания школы, Стивен поступил в Оксфордский университет, где получил степень бакалавра в 1962. А в1966 году, молодой человек стал одним из первых докторов философии колледжа Тринити-Холл при Кембриджском университете. Будущее казалось безоблачным, ведь не было никаких проблем. Однако в этот период стали проявляться симптомы страшной болезни — бокового амиотрофического склероза, которая стремительно развивалась, в результате чего ученый оказался навсегда прикованным к инвалидному креслу. Но проблемы со здоровьем не помешали ему изучать космическое пространство и черные дыры в частности и даже открыть явление названное «излучением Хокинга». Суть которого заключается в том, что черная дыра теряет больше материи, чем поглощает, в результате этого она начинает испаряться и взрывается.

Несмотря на физическую ограниченность, Стивен Хокинг занимал активную жизненную позицию. Он был убежден, что над головой каждого человека должно быть мирное небо, поэтому в 1968 году Стивен принял участие в демонстрации против войны во Вьетнаме. Война в Ираке в 2003 году также вызвала негодование великого ученого, он считал ее военным преступлением, поэтому поддерживал антивоенные мероприятия. И более того, Хокинг был активным сторонником ядерного разоружения. Также великий физик не был равнодушен к проблемам экологии и здравоохранения в Великобритании и открыто высказывал свое мнение на страницах прессы вплоть до последних дней своей жизни. Ученый умер 14 марта 2018 года.

В заключение я хочу сказать, что жизнь Стивена Хокинга служит примером того, как человек может преодолеть любые препятствия и даже физические недуги, чтобы заниматься любимым делом, совершать открытия и помогать окружающим людям. Мы должны всегда помнить, что нельзя пасовать перед трудностями, какими бы тяжелыми они не казались.

Russia is the native country of many renowned scientists. They made discoveries in various fields, from physics to ophthalmology, and also found practical application of their theories. People across the world use their inventions.

Mikhail Lomonosov

Lomonosov made many discoveries in various fields: he is regarded as the first to
discover the law of mass conservation (1760) and to establish mechanistic caloric theory and the
chemistry of minerals and glass. Lomonosov is the founder of Russia’s first classical university –
Moscow State University (1755).

Nikolay Lobachevsky

The founder of hyperbolic geometry (1829) which was later recognized as a valid
alternative to Euclidean geometry. Graduated from Kazan
University where he later held the position of professor and then rector.

Pafnuty Chebyshev

Made several breakthrough discoveries in mechanics and mathematics. Chebyshev
designed over 40 mechanisms still used in the modern automotive industry and instrumentation.

Sofia Kovalevskaya

Made a series of discoveries in mathematics. She was awarded the Prize of the Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences for her thesis on integrable rigid body motion (1888).

Aleksander Stoletov

Russian physicist who worked in electrical engineering, optics and molecular
physics. He designed and constructed the first photoelectric element, a device which transforms the
energy of photons into electricity.

Dmitri Mendeleev

Mendeleev formulated the Periodic Law and created his own version of the periodic
table of elements (1869). The system that he devised made it possible to correct the properties of some
elements that had already been discovered and also to predict the properties of elements yet to be
discovered. His discovery is viewed as the most significant contribution to materials chemistry.

Alexander Popov

He was one of the first to find practical applications of electromagnetic waves,
particularly in wireless communication. He designed and built a state-of-the-art radio receiver that was
unique for its time (1895).

Alexander Butlerov

Butlerov is one of the principal creators of the theory of chemical structure. He
was a graduate of Kazan University.
Later he taught at St. Petersburg University.

Sergey Botkin

Botkin created the theory of a living organism as a unified whole. He was the first
to suggest that catarrhal jaundice (hepatitis) or Botkin’s disease was caused by an infection.

Nikolay Pirogov

Pirogov is considered the founder of field surgery, regional anatomy and the
founder of the Russian school of anesthesia. Surgery became a science thanks to him.

Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov is the founder of physiology of higher nervous activity. He is the first
Russian Nobel Prize winner (1904). He received awards for physiology of digestion.

Élie Metchnikoff

The founder of comparative pathology, evolutionary fetology and immunology.
Mechnikov discovered phagocytosis. Mechnikov is the founder of gerontology. He was awarded a Nobel Prize
for his contribution to the study of the immune system (1908).

Alexander Mozhaysky

Mozhaysky was a naval officer and inventor. He designed, built and tested one of
the world’s first airplanes (1882).

Nikolay Zhukovsky

Zhukovsky is the founding father of Russian aeronautics. He is also the founder of
modern hydrodynamics. A graduate and later a professor at Moscow State University.

Vladimir Zworykin

An engineer and inventor. Born and educated in Russia. One the founding fathers and
pioneers of television. He invented the cathode ray tube (1929), iconoscope (1931), electrooptical
television system (1933) and laid the basis for colour television (1940s).

Pavel Cherenkov

Cherenkov is the author of several groundbreaking discoveries in physical optics,
nuclear and high-energy physics. He was awarded a Nobel Prize for Physics in 1958.

Nikolay Vavilov

Vavilov was a botanist and geneticist, best known for establishing the scientific
bases of selection and the study of world centres of the origin of cultivated plants. He is the author
of the doctrine of plant immunity.

Lev Landau

Landau is the author of the «Course of Theoretical Physics», which has been
republished many times in 20 languages. He made major contributions to all spheres of physical science,
from quantum mechanics to plasma physics. In 1962 he received the Nobel Prize for Physics for his
research of the superfluidity of helium.

Nikolay Basov

One of the creators of the first quantum generator and a range of lasers. Nobel
Prize winner for Physics in 1964. A graduate of the Moscow Engineering Physics
Institute.

Alexander Prokhorov

A inventor of laser technologies. He created a range of lasers. Nobel Prize winner
for Physics in 1964.

Pyotr Kapitsa

Leonid Kantorovich

A mathematician, economist, and the founder of linear programming. A winner of a
Nobel Prize for Economics in 1975.

Nikolay Semyonov

One of the founders of chemical physics. He is mostly known for his research of
chain reactions. A winner of a Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1958. He graduated from the department of
physics of Petrograd University and taught at Tomsk Polytechnic Institute and Tomsk University. One of the
founders of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

Igor Kurchatov

Author of several breakthrough discoveries in nuclear physics. Among them: the
first nuclear reactor in Europe, the first Russian A-bomb and the first fusion bomb. In 1954 he was in
charge of building the first nuclear power plant in Obninsk, USSR

Andrei Sakharov

A pioneer of controlled thermonuclear research. One of the leading figures in the
Soviet thermonuclear bomb project (1953). A renowned human rights activist and winner of the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1975.

Sergey Korolev

Korolev was a leading Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer and is
considered by many as the father of practical astronautics. Among his major achievements are the first
successful launch of an orbiting satellite (1957) and the first manned space flight of Yuri Gagarin
(1961).

Andrei Tupolev

Aircraft designer. In 1968, Tupolev introduced the world’s first supersonic
airliner, the Tu-144. Over 70 types of aircraft were designed and put into mass production under his
supervision.

Svyatoslav Fyodorov

An ophthalmologist and microsurgeon. In 1962, in cooperation with Valery Zakharov,
he created one of the world’s most rigid intraocular lenses. In 1973, he developed a new surgical
technique to treat the early stage of the glaucoma. Consequently his method became widely used.

Zhores Alferov

An author of over 500 scientific papers and around 50 inventions in semiconductor
and quantum electronics. In particular, Alferov invented the first stable transistor. He was awarded a
Nobel Prize for Physics in 2000. A graduate of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute.

Grigori Perelman

One of the most renowned contemporary mathematicians. He solved the Poincaré
conjecture, one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems (2002).

Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov

Graduates of the Moscow
Institute of Physics and Technology. Winners of a Nobel Prize for Physics in 2010 for their study of
graphene, the material which is supposed to define the future of electronics.

Yuri Oganesyan

Leads research aimed at the synthesis of new chemical elements. From 1999–2010, he
and his colleagues were the first to synthesize 6 superheavy elements ahead of their western
counterparts.

Alexei Starobinsky

A pioneer of the «inflation theory» that explains the birth of the universe. Winner
of the Kavli Prize for Astrophysics (2014).

Rashid Sunyaev

One of the authors of the theory currently known as the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect
under which electrons associated with gas in galaxy clusters gradually scatter cosmic microwave
background radiation. Winner of the Kyoto Prize (2011), an award given for making the world better.

Mikhail Lukin

Graduate of the Moscow
Institute of Physics and Technology. Professor at Harvard University. He proved that a beam of light
can be halted in an environment and then controlled with a laser. The technology he developed can be
used in quantum computers – a new step in the technological development of humanity.

Artem Oganov

A graduate of Lomonosov Moscow State University who worked at the Moscow Institute of Physics and
Technology. Professor at Stony Brook University (New York). He is known mostly for his work on the
discovery of computational materials and crystal structure prediction. He holds numerous prestigious
prizes, including an ETH Latsis Prize, Research Excellence Medal of the European Mineralogical Union,
and three most-cited paper awards from Elsevier. He created laboratories in China and in Russia.

Dmitry Svergun

Graduate of Lomonosov Moscow State University. Gained worldwide recognition for new
practical applications of X-ray radiation. Professor, Habil. PhD. He is the head of the European
Molecular Biology Research Laboratory in Hamburg.

Vladimir Krasnopolsky

Made several discoveries concerning our Solar System. He was one of the creators of
spectrometers for the first Soviet interplanetary probes. He discovered the ozone layer, helium and
methane in the atmosphere of Mars.

Alexander Holevo

Author of 170 papers, including books published abroad. He made a substantial
contribution to the mathematical foundations of quantum information science. He is the holder of three
international awards: Quantum Communication Award (1996), Alexander von Humboldt Research Award (1999)
and Claude E. Shannon Award (2016). Graduate of the Moscow Institute of Physics and
Technology.

Eugene Kaspersky

A world-renowned expert in cyber security. He is the creator of anti-virus software
that is designed to protect users against computer viruses, trojans, spyware, and unknown threats.
Eugene Kaspersky is listed by Foreign Policy as one of the Top-100 Global Thinkers of 2012. He holds an
Honorary Doctorate of Technology degree from Plymouth University.

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Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday is one of the great scientists in the history of man’s work in electricity. He was born in a small village near London on September 11, 1791, in a poor family. His family lived from hand to mouth. At the age of thirteen Michael went to work in a bookbinder’s shop, because he didn’t have much schooling. Some of the scientific works and articles which passed through his hands aroused his interest in science and he started to read.

Some time later Michael became a pupil of great scientist of that time, Sir Humphry Davy. The boy accompanied Davy in his trips to Europe. The educational value of such trips Was great. Among great men of science Faraday met Ampere, who had already made a name for himself in the history of electricity.

Today almost all the electricity we use generated by great machines with magnets in them, but in those days no one knew how to it. That’s why the English scientist danced with delight on his table when he got what he wanted by moving the magnet near wire. This was a great moment in the history of man’s electrical experiments. But Faraday didn’t stop at this.

Faraday’s scientific interests were varied. He made new kind of glass and a new kind of steel. Faraday made about two thousand difficult experiments and made countless discoveries in chemistry and physics. He made a wonderful machine which was the father of all the great machines that make electricity today. They light and heat our houses and they make our radio-sets work. Michael Faraday was the creator of the electric motor, who ushered us in the electrical age which had changed the face of the earth.

Майкл Фарадей

Майкл Фарадей — один из великих ученых в истории человечества в области электричества. Он родился в ма­ленькой деревне вблизи Лондона 11 сентября 1 791 года в бедной семье. Его семья жила впроголодь. В возрасте 13 лет Майкл пошел работать в переплетный магазин, пото­му что не получил образования. Некоторые научные рабо­ты и статьи, которые прошли через его руки, возбудили интерес к науке, и он начал читать.

Спустя некоторое время Майкл стал учеником велико­го ученого того времени, сэра Хамфри Дэйви. Мальчик со­провождал Дэйви в поездках по Европе. Образовательная ценность этих поездок была велика. Фарадей встретил Ампера, одного из выдающихся ученых, который уже сде­лал себе имя в истории электричества.

Сегодня почти все электричество, которое мы получаем, вырабатывается большими машинами с магнитами внут­ри, яо в те времена никто не знал, как это сделать. Поэто­му английский ученый танцевал от радости на столе, ког­да получил, что хотел, передвигая магнит возле электри­ческого провода. Это был знаменательный момент в истории экспериментов человечества с электричеством. Но Фа-радей на этом не остановился.

The names of numerous Russian researchers and innovators are known in all parts of the world. The contribution that numerous Russian researchers, physicists, scientific experts, physiologists, and others made to the advancement of worldwide science is absolutely invaluable. The names of Lomonosov, Mendeleyev, Sechenov, Popov, Tsiolkovski, Korolev, Pavlov, Sakharov are globally acclaimed. There are a lot of subdisciplines of science in which the Russian innovators and researchers have made incredible revelations leading humanity to the unheard improvements and achievements. 

The first university in Russia was founded by Lomonosov who was a pioneer in Russian philosophy of nature, a student of history and a painter. He composed numerous scientific works on various subjects: on history, astronomy, physics, geography, philology, biology, and others. He played a significant role as a statesman as well.  

Mendeleyev is famous for discovering and ordering the Periodic Table of the Elements. It turned into the fundamental law for future disclosures in science. 

The scientific hypothesis of space flights was worked out by the Russian scientist Tsiolkovski. He is also known as the creator of a new field – astronautic science. 

For Russian people space became real earlier than in other countries. Gagarin, the Russian astronaut, was the first human who circled our planet in 1961.

Перевод

Имена многих исследователей и изобретателей нашей страны известны во всех уголках планеты. Вклад, внесенный многочисленными российскими исследователями, физиками, научными деятелями, физиологами и многими другими учеными в развитие мировой науки, неоценим. Имена Ломоносова, Менделеева, Сеченова, Попова, Королева, Циолковского, Сахарова признаны во всем мире. Во многих разделах науки российские деятели совершили невероятные открытия, которые привели человечество к небывалым улучшениям и достижениям. 

Первый университет в России был основан Ломоносовым, который был первым философом нашей страны, студентом истории и даже художником. Он был автором многих научных работ, которые освещали различные темы и дисциплины: история, физика, география, филология, биология и многие другие. Он также сыграл значимую роль в качестве политического деятеля. 

Менделеев известен тем, что открыл и упорядочил Периодическую таблицу элементов. Это открытие стало фундаментом для последующих прорывов в науке. 

Научная гипотеза о полетах в космос была разработана нашим соотечественником, Циолковским. Он также считается основателем нового направления в науке – астронавтики. 

Для русских людей космос стал реальностью раньше, чем для других стран. Гагарин, российский астронавт, стал первым человеком, облетевшим земной шар в 1961 году.

Полезные выражения

Researcher – исследователь 

Contribution – вклад 

Advancement – успех, прогресс, продвижение 

Acclaimed – признанный 

Unheard – небывалый 

Statesman – политический деятель 

Turn into – превратиться 

Disclosure – открытие 

Space – космос