Рассказ про вологду на английском

Главные достопримечательности Вологды это памятники архитектуры.

The main sights of Vologda are monuments of architecture.

Исторический центр Вологды – Ленивая площадка.

Historical center of Vologda-Lazy Square.

На Ленивой площадке установлены памятник 800-летию Вологды и памятник монарху Герасиму Вологодскому, основателю города.

A monument to the 800th anniversary of Vologda and a monument to the monk Gerasim Vologodsky, the founder of the city, are erected on the Lazy Square.

Самые интересные исторические достопримечательности, объединены в Вологодском музее заповеднике.

The most interesting historical sights are united in the Vologda museum reserve.

Центр заповедника – Вологодский кремль, на территории которого находится древнейшее каменное сооружение в городе-Софийский собор.

The center of the reserve is the Vologda Kremlin, on the territory of which there is an ancient stone building in the city-St. Sophia Cathedral.

Софийский собор был построен в 1570 году.

St. Sophia Cathedral was built in 1570.

Вологодский драматический театр-главная сцена города. Он был создан в 1849 году.

Vologda Drama Theatre is the main stage of the city. It was established in 1849.

Самый крупный парк-парк Мира, имеет статус особо охраняемой природной территории.

The largest park-park of Peace, has the status of a specially protected natural area.

Вологда известна своим кружевом.

Vologda is famous for its lace.

Вологодский музей кружева располагается в историческом центре города, на Кремлёвской площади.

The Vologda Museum of Lace is located in the historical center of the city, on the Kremlin Square.

Коллекция музея посвящена развитию традиционного вологодского промысла-кружевоплетения.

The museum collection is dedicated to the traditional Vologda craft-lacework.

Вологодское кружево признано особенно качественным и красивым.

Vologda lace is recognized as particularly good quality and beautiful.

Старинная русская Вологда-это настоящая туристическая жемчужина.

Ancient Russian Vologda is a real tourist pearl.

Vologda is one of the ancient Russian cities. Since September 23, 1937 it is an administrative, cultural and scientific center of Vologda Oblast. The city is situated on the bank of the Vologda River. Important railways – from Moscow to Arkhangelsk and Vorkuta and from Vologda to Saint-Petersburg – intersect in Vologda. The national highway M8 Moscow-Arkhangelsk passes through Vologda. The number of population is 316 thousand people.

Vologda is founded in 1147. This year is mentioned in the biography of St. Gerasimus who after coming from Kiev founded the monastery by the Vologda River that gave the start for the big city.

The favorable geographic position of Vologda on the intersection of waterways made the city the place of internecine wars between Novgorod and Moscow in the XIII-XV centuries. Only at the end of the XIV century Vologda became a part of Moscow princedom. Since that time the city became an independent principality of Moscow princes.

Wooden fortifications and bridges, houses and churches, trade and production premises were built. In 1565 Ivan the Terrible started construction of a wooden city in the down-city trading quarter – the Vologda Kremlin with St.Sophia Cathedral.

Important period of prosperity and strengthening of Vologda is connected with the rule of Ivan the Terrible. First of all, the city became one of the important transit centers in foreign trade of Russia with England, Holland and other western countries along the White Sea trade route and the Siberia. The foreigners opened their trade offices and good yards.

Ivan the Terrible visited Vologda several times. Feeling in greater safety in the north he decided to build here his new residence – a capital of oprichnina. Liquidation of oprichnina changed the plans of Ivan the Terrible concerning Vologda.

In the Time of Trouble Vologda and its suburbs were ravaged by Polish and Lithuanian invaders. After the Romanovs came to rule Vologda experienced a new rise. The city became one of the main markets trading bread, salt and agricultural products. Foreign trade of Moscow state with western countries went through Vologda. Flax processing, tanning industry, timber processing, blacksmith’s industry were actively developed.

Since the middle of XVI century up to the end of XVIII century the city was situated on the both banks of the river for a distance of 5 kilometers. It was consisted of the Kremlin and three trading quarters. The Kremlin was a military, administrative, trading and spiritual center of the city, of the district and the Vologda eparchy.

Under Peter the Great, who visited the city 5 times, the city became one of the main state military bases of the country. Military and technical equipment for the future fortresses and military ships was kept here. Merchant ships for delivery of food to Arkhangelsk were built. Rope production was developed.

By the edict of Katherine the Great in 1780 Vologda became the center of the Vologda district and then – the Vologda province. In XIX century Vologda obtained its historical appearance that is typical to Vologda of nowadays. Stone and wooden manors, administrative buildings built in last century decorate the city even now. Construction of railways that connected Vologda with Moscow, Yaroslavl, Arkhangelsk and Petersburg promoted development of the city.

During a long period of history Vologda was a place of political exile. Since the XIX century the exiled among whom there were the outstanding politicians, literary men, scientists influenced the political, public and cultural life of the region.

During the World War II the city was on a martial law. The industrial companies switched over to the war production. War supplies of Leningrad and the front went through the Vologda railway junction.

Vologda is among Russian cities with a special historical heritage. It is one of good preserved big cities which the present historical appearance was formed by a harmonic combination of wooden and stone architectural monuments.

There are more than 200 monuments of architecture and history in Vologda. The most famous are: the Vologda Kremlin, the St.Sophia Cathedral, Spaso-Prilutskiy monastery, the ensemble of Vladimir’s churches, the church of Konstantin and Elena, churches with frescoes of John the Forerunner and Dmitry Prilutskiy, Church of the Intercession on the Kozlyony, architectural ensembles of the Stone Bridge and Revolution square. Monuments of wooden architecture are especially worth mentioning. From 115 historical Russian cities only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture. Among them 3 cities are of special value including Vologda city.

History of Vologda

Foundation of Vologda

The official year of foundation of Vologda is 1147. However, many historians and archaeologists express doubts about it and are more inclined to believe that Vologda was founded in the middle of the 13th century. In 1264, Vologda was first mentioned in written sources. The birch bark manuscript found in Vologda dates back to 1320-1340.

Until the end of the 14th century, Vologda was subordinate to the Novgorod Republic. But since the end of the 13th century, due to its favorable geographical position at the crossroads of waterways, it repeatedly became the object of wars between Novgorod, the princes of Tver and Moscow.

In 1397, the Moscow prince Vasily I by military means de facto annexed Vologda to his possessions. Under Ivan III (1440-1505), Vologda became a gathering place for troops during military campaigns, storage of the treasury and grain reserves, as well as a place of exile.

During the reign of Tsar Ivan IV (1530-1584), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, Vologda became one of the most important transit centers in Russia’s foreign trade with England, the Netherlands, and other European countries, as well as with Siberia.

More Historical Facts…

Vologda views

Vologda — Features

Vologda is located on both banks of the Vologda River in the north of the European part of Russia. In addition to this river, several dozen other rivers flow on the territory of the city. Approximately 10,000 years ago, there was a glacier on the territory of Vologda Oblast, the movement of which formed a hilly landscape. One of the results of its melting is Kubenskoye Lake — the main reservoir of drinking water in Vologda.

The most popular is the version of the Finno-Ugric origin of the word “Vologda”. According to it, the name of the Vologda River, which gave the same name to the settlement, comes from the Vepsian “vouged” — “white”, the older forms of which were the words “valgeda, valkeda”. Thus, the toponym “Vologda” can be translated as “a river with clean water.”

Vologda is located in a zone of moderate continental climate with relatively warm short summers and long cold winters. The weather is unstable: thaws are possible in winter, severe frosts — in spring. The average temperature in February is minus 10.8 degrees Celsius, in July — plus 18.8 degrees Celsius.

This city is a large economic center of Vologda Oblast and the Northwestern Federal District with a developed industry and a diverse range of services. The backbone of the city’s economy is industry formed mainly in the 1950s-1980s.

It is one of the largest transport hubs in the Northwestern Federal District. Federal transport corridors pass through the city: automobile and railway “South-North” (Moscow — Yaroslavl — Arkhangelsk) and the Trans-Siberian Railway (Vladivostok — Chelyabinsk — Kirov — Vologda — St. Petersburg).

Vologda is one of the cultural centers of the Russian North: civil wooden architecture, Vologda lace, stone church architecture, icon painting. Historically, the Vologda culture was formed as a fusion of Novgorod (wooden architecture), Rostov and Moscow (stone church building and icon painting) traditions, while the role of the indigenous Finno-Ugric population is small and manifests itself mainly in toponymy and folk culture.

The city has an interesting historical and architectural heritage. The historical appearance of Vologda was formed by a harmonious combination of monuments of stone and wooden architecture. With the exception of churches destroyed during the Soviet era and rebuilt squares, the historical buildings of the city center are relatively well preserved.

In Vologda, there are more than 190 monuments of architecture and history of federal significance. Among the historical cities of Russia, Vologda occupies a special place in terms of the number and importance of monuments of wooden architecture.

This city is popular with tourists due to its rich cultural and historical heritage, as well as the convenient location of the region on the tourist map of Russia. You can get from Moscow to Vologda by car in 6 hours, from St. Petersburg — in 8 hours. A weekend trip to Vologda is a good option for those who wish to fully enjoy the unique atmosphere of the Russian North.

Main Attractions of Vologda

The Vologda Kremlin — a historical and architectural ensemble located in the central part of Vologda, founded as a fortress by order of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1567. By the 1820s, the walls and towers of the Vologda Kremlin were dismantled. This is one of the oldest and most historically significant sights of Vologda. Sergeya Orlova Street, 15.

Saint Sophia Cathedral (1568-1570) — an Orthodox church on the territory of the Vologda Kremlin, the oldest preserved stone building in Vologda. The frescoes of the 17th century and the iconostasis of the first half of the 18th century are almost completely preserved in this cathedral. Today, it is under the jurisdiction of the Vologda State Museum-Reserve and is open to the public in the summer. On some church holidays, divine services are held in the cathedral.

The Bishop’s Court — one of the most fully preserved residences of Russian archbishops, a historical and architectural complex on the territory of the Vologda Kremlin, consisting of buildings constructed mainly in the 17th-18th centuries. The buildings of the bishop’s court are occupied by the Vologda State Museum-Reserve.

The Resurrection Cathedral (1772-1776) — a picturesque church built in the Baroque style on the territory of the Vologda Kremlin, a valuable architectural monument and a cultural object. The interior was renovated in the first half of the 19th century.

The cathedral houses the Central Exhibition Hall of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery, where old Russian art, Russian art of the 18th — early 20th centuries, Soviet and Western European art, works of Vologda artists, works of Russian original graphics of the 19th — early 20th centuries are exhibited. Kremlovskaya Square, 3.

Vologda Lace Museum. Vologda lace is a well-known tourist brand that plays a key role in the theme of many Vologda excursions along with wooden architecture. The collection of this unique museum has not only works of local artisans, but also exhibits that tell about the world history of lacemaking, magnificent costumes, home textiles, jewelry, and paintings.

There is also a shop, a cafe, a creative workshop, and a classroom here. In the shop, visitors can purchase a variety of lace products (most of the items are made in a single copy). Kremlyovskaya Square, 10.

Revolution Square — the central square of Vologda with monuments of the Soviet era: the Eternal Flame memorial and the monument to the heroes of the Civil War, a white stone obelisk, which locals call “Tooth” for its shape.

The House-Museum of Peter I — a small one-story stone building, an architectural monument of the 17th century. Peter the Great lived in this house, which belonged to the Dutch merchant John Gutman, five times during his visits to Vologda. Today, the building houses a museum founded in 1872. It was the first museum in Vologda.

The permanent exhibition has more than 100 items, including personal belongings of the first Russian Emperor, furniture and utensils from the second half of the 17th century — the beginning of the 18th century. Excursions are devoted to the reformatory activities of Peter the Great, the Northern War, as well as the history of the Vologda region during his reign. Sovetskiy Avenue, 47.

Museum “Vologda Exile”. In pre-revolutionary Russia, Vologda was one of the places where political prisoners were exiled. In 2007, a museum dedicated to these events was opened in a wooden house on Maria Ulyanova Street, 33. The building is notable for the fact that Joseph Stalin, who was in exile, lived here for several months in 1911-1912. The exposition tells about famous political prisoners and their activities.

The Red Bridge Gallery — an art museum with works by artists of various styles: representatives of realism, underground, symbolism, and other progressive trends. In addition to paintings, photographs and modern art objects are exhibited here. In total, the collection has about 1,000 exhibits. The museum regularly hosts temporary exhibitions of local, Russian and foreign artists. Naberezhnaya 6 Armii Street, 143.

Center for Folk Arts and Crafts “Carved Palisade”. This center hosts lectures on topics related to the folk culture of the Vologda region, historical and archaeological discoveries; personal and thematic exhibitions of artists; master classes on patchwork, traditional dolls, lace-making, birch-weaving, carving, and painting on wood, ceramics, etc.; concerts of Vologda performers of folk songs. Here you can also find a permanent exhibition of folk arts and crafts and a shop with a great selection of handmade designer souvenirs. Zasodimskogo Street, 5.

Cathedral of Constantine and Helena — a beautiful Orthodox church built in the style of Moscow architecture — Russian ornamentation, circa 1690, one of the best architectural monuments of the 17th century. The church has icons of the 15th-18th centuries. Pobedy Avenue, 85.

Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery — one of the oldest and largest monasteries in the Russian North, a complex of architectural monuments of the 16th-18th centuries, including the five-domed Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral (1537-1542). A bus ride to the monastery from the center of Vologda takes about 20 minutes. Monastyrskaya Street, 2.

Vologda wooden architecture — a group of urban planning styles (Art Nouveau, Classical and Empire) that prevailed in urban planning in the late 18th — early 20th centuries. The wooden houses built during this period in Vologda are reasonably well preserved. Today, there are more than 100 of them, many of them are important architectural monuments. The most interesting ones are the Puzan-Puzyrevsky House (Herzen Street, 35), the Zasetsky House (Leningradskaya Street, 12), the Samarin’s Merchant House (Sovetskiy Avenue, 16a).

Architectural and Ethnographic Museum of Vologda Oblast — a monument of all-Russian significance located in the village of Semonkovo, about 13 km north-west of the center of Vologda. The museum covers an area of 12.7 hectares. On its territory there are monuments of wooden architecture that date back to the middle of the 19th — beginning of the 20th centuries.

Vologda Вологда
City[1]
Kremlin Square in Vologda
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Vologda
Vologda Location of Vologda Vologda Vologda (Vologda Oblast)
Coordinates: 59°13′N 39°54′E / 59.217°N 39.900°ECoordinates: 59°13′N 39°54′E / 59.217°N 39.900°E
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Vologda Oblast[2]
First mentioned	1147
Government
• Body	City Duma[3]
• Head[3]	Yury Sapozhnikov[4]
Area [5]
• Total	116 km2 (45 sq mi)
Elevation	120 m (390 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[6]
• Total	301,755
• Estimate  (2018)[7]	312,420 (+3.5%)
• Rank	63rd in 2010
• Density	2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi)
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	city of oblast significance of Vologda[2]
• Capital of	Vologda Oblast[2], Vologodsky District[8]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Vologda Urban Okrug[9]
• Capital of	Vologodsky Municipal District[10], Vologda Urban Okrug[9]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [11])
Postal code(s)[12]	160000-160530
Dialing code(s)	+7 8172[13]
OKTMO ID	19701000001
City Day	Last Sunday of June[14]
Website	vologda-portal.ru/en/

Vologda (Russian: Вологда, IPA: [ˈvoləɡdə]) is a city and the administrative center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population: 313,944 (2021 Census);^[15] 301,755 (2010 Census);^[6] 293,046 (2002 Census);^[16] 282,802 (1989 Census).^[17]

The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia. The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as a historic city, one of 41 in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast.^[18] 224 buildings in Vologda have been officially recognized^{[by whom?]} as cultural heritage monuments.^[19]

History[edit]

Foundation[edit]

The official founding year of Vologda is 1147,^[20][21] based on the 17th century «Tale of Miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda» and Ivan Slobodsky’s 1716 «Chronicler», which tells the story of the arrival of the monk Gerasimus who founded the Trinity Monastery near the Vologda river.^[22][23] This date, which would make Vologda about the same age as Moscow, was introduced by the historian Aleksey Zasetsky in 1780.^[24]

However, historians and archaeologists have expressed doubts on the official founding year,^[22] due to the age and secondary nature of the sources and also due to archaeological excavations dating no earlier than the 13th century.^[25] Instead, they believe that the city was founded in the 13th century with Vologda being mentioned in a 1264 agreement between the Novgorod Republic and the Grand Prince of Vladimir as an outlying possession of the Novgorod Republic.^[26]

The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center, but rather the area known now as «Lazy ground» (Ленивая площадка), close to the Resurrection church. This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565. Until that year, no stone constructions existed in Vologda; all of the city fortifications, bridges, houses, churches, and industrial enterprises were made of wood.^[21]

Early history[edit]

The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow, Novgorod, and the White Sea (via the Northern Dvina) made it attractive for the Novgorod Republic, as well as for the princes of Tver and Moscow, who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries.

In 1371, Dmitry Prilutsky, a monk from the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky, founded Nikolsky Monastery, now known as Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery, close to the city. Dmitry Donskoy, the Grand Prince of Moscow, was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod.

In 1397, during the reign of Vasily I, Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Subsequently, the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces. During the Muscovite Civil War, Vologda played a key role. After Vasily II the Blind, the Grand Prince of Moscow, was defeated by Dmitry Shemyaka in 1447, he swore to never start a war against Shemyaka, was exiled to Vologda, and got the city as a personal possession. From there Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery where the hegumen released him from the oath. The civil war continued, and in 1450, Vologda was besieged by the troops of Dmitry Shemyaka; however, they did not manage to occupy the town.

After the death of Vasily in 1462, Vologda passed to the possession of his son Andrey Menshoy and became the center of the Principality of Vologda. In 1481, after the death of Andrey who had no successors, Vologda passed to Ivan III, the Grand Duke of Moscow, and was included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

Under Ivan the Terrible[edit]

During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russia’s trade. The foreign trade was conducted mostly with England, Holland, and other western countries via the White Sea. Arkhangelsk was the major foreign trade haven, and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk. The trade with Siberia was conducted via the Sukhona and the Vychegda, and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center. The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of the Vologda. In 1553, Vologda was visited by the English seafarer Richard Chancellor who officially established diplomatic relations between the Tsardom of Russia and England. In 1554, trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and Novgorod, and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda. Following the reports of John Gass, in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city, and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became Osip Nepeya, a native of Vologda.

In 1565, Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of Oprichnina and included Vologda in the structure of Oprichnina lands. That year, he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently the capital of the country. The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress. It was decided to build it not in the former town center, but rather in another part of the town, limited on the one side by the river, and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya, Oktyabrskaya, and Mira Streets. The fortress was surrounded by a moat. Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of the fortress on April 28, 1566, which was the day to celebrate the memory of Saint Jason (Nason in the Russian tradition) and Saint Sosipater. Therefore, the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the «Nason-gorod» (Nason-town). The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin (currently, the name is sometimes referred only as the Bishop’s courtyard).

Between 1568 and 1570, a new cathedral was built in the new fortress. The Saint Sophia Cathedral became the first stone building in Vologda. The design of the cathedral copied the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow. He personally supervised the construction, headed by the architect Razmysl Petrov. In 1571, Vologda became the center of the Diocese of Vologda and Perm that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of Ust-Vym in Perm lands. Thereby, Vologda was strengthened not only in trading, military and political influence, but also in ecclesiastical affairs.

However, in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good. Presumably, this was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina, and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer. According to the legend, when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral, a little stone fell from the roof on his head. The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as a sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city. In any case, it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish the cathedral, and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime. The consecration took place only during the reign his son Feodor I in 1587. Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building.

Time of Troubles[edit]

The Time of Troubles for Vologda began with a plague epidemic in 1605. In 1608, when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar Vasily Shuysky and areas controlled by the pretender False Dmitry II supported by Polish troops, the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry. By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses, but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia. However, abuses and property seizures by the new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population. As a result, Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky. Moreover, in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II.

In 1612, people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, which eventually defeated Polish troops. However, after the city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard, it remained without sufficient protection, and on September 22, 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance, later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants.

Under the Romanovs[edit]

After 1613, Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade. During the reign of Peter the Great, Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia. Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there. Vessels which delivered food supplies to Arkhangelsk were constructed in Vologda. Peter intended to hold them on Lake Kubenskoye, 30 kilometers (19 mi) north of Vologda. However, after personally inspecting the lake in 1692, he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose.

Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions, on six of which (in 1692, 1693, 1694, 1702, 1722, and 1724) he stayed in the city for extended time. He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman, which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities, and in 1885 was transformed into the memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda.

However, after St. Petersburg was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea, the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed. In 1722, Peter issued the decree restricting trade through Arkhangelsk, which damaged Vologda even further. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708, Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and was included as a town of Archangelgorod Governorate.

The revival began only during the reign of Catherine the Great who in 1780 made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty, a successor of Archangelgorod Governorate. In 1796, the viceroyalty, administered by a governor-general, was transformed into Vologda Governorate, the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east. The center of Vologda was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781. The street network is still in use now.

A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the Sukhona and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow (1872), with Arkhangelsk (1898), with St. Petersburg and Vyatka (1905).

In 1871, the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye, 13 kilometers (8.1 mi) from Vologda. It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia. Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry, and the Vologda butter, a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman, became a world trademark. In 1911, the manor of Fominskoye together with the Buman’s creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute. Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia.^[27]

Since the 15th century, Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as «Siberia close to the capital». In the 19th–20th centuries, such persons as Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov (later the Minister of Foreign Affairs), Nikolai Berdyaev (the famous Russian philosopher), Boris Savinkov (later known as a successful terrorist), Mariya Ulyanova, and Alexander Bogdanov were sent to Vologda. Anatoly Lunacharsky chose to go there to join Bogdanov, and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya, Bogdanov’s sister.

Soviet period[edit]

Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917, and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the zemstvo and municipal administration. In February 1918, Vologda became the «diplomatic capital of Russia» for several months. Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by the German army, so Western powers, led by American Ambassador David R. Francis, relocated them to Vologda. However, pressured by the Bolsheviks, on July 24, 1918 the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via Arkhangelsk.

During the Russian Civil War, Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the 6th Red Army. The army opposed the White Army under command of Evgeny Miller and the military forces of Entente in northern Russia.

In 1924 the government ordered to close the Vsegradsky cathedral, that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city.^[28][29] In 1929, the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation, Northern Krai, which also included former Arkhangelsk and Northern Dvina Governorates, as well as the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast. The administrative center of Northern Krai was located in Arkhangelsk. In December 1936, Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and Northern Oblast, with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk. On September 23, 1937, Northern Oblast was divided into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. According to the same decision, districts of former Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast were attached to Vologda Oblast. These districts currently make for the western part of Vologda Oblast. Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined.

In the 1930s, a flax factory, a coach-repair factory, and a sawmill, «Northern Communard,» were constructed.

During World War II, martial law was declared in Vologda, and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production. In the fall of 1941, Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast, and Vologda thus became a front city. The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches. In the city, bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction, systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed. As a result, though attempts of bombardments were numerous, no bombs fell on the city. To commemorate these events, a monument to the air defense forces was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda. The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun. In addition, Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment. It also served as a large hospital center. Residents of Vologda donated blood, money, and jewellery. The tank detachment «Vologda Collective Farmer» was funded by these donations. To commemorate these events the monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street.

Between 1961 and 1985, Anatoly Drygin was the first secretary of the CPSU Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast. During this period, notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred. In particular, a bearing plant, a mechanical plant, and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda. A polytechnical university was opened. A large-scale poultry farm was established. A major construction initiative was carried out, and, in particular, the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed. The city expanded, with new residential areas built; in particular, Byvalovo, GPZ, the fifth and the sixth Microdistricts. In 1976, the Vologda trolleybus system opened.

Post-Soviet period[edit]

In November 1991, the city administration was formed and the reform of local governments began. In October 1993, the Soviets of People’s Deputies of all levels were abolished. After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet, the City Duma was established. The first Duma elections took place on March 20, 1994. This first Duma only had six seats, but in 1995, after the next elections, it was expanded to thirty deputies.

On July 25, 1996, the City Duma adopted the main city document: the Charter of Vologda. On October 6, 1996, the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place. Alexey Yakunichev was elected and became the head of the city. His term ended in 2008.

In 2003, the construction of a ring road started. Before that, the М8 highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center, causing congestion. Since the completion, the ring road connects the highways А114 (Vologda – Novaya Ladoga), Р5 (Vologda – Medvezhyegorsk), and М8 (Moscow – Arkhangelsk). On August 25, 2005, the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda. Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996, the changes were relatively minor. On October 12, 2008, Yevgeny Shulepov was elected to be the City Head.

Administrative and municipal status[edit]

Vologda is the administrative center of the oblast^[2] and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Vologodsky District,^[8] even though it is not a part of it.^[1] As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality, incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Vologda (one of the four in Vologda Oblast)—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[2] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as Vologda Urban Okrug.^[9]

Climate[edit]

Vologda’s climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification Dfb) bordering on a mild subarctic climate (Dfc). Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months. Spring and autumn are cool, summer is warm, the coldest months are December and January, the warmest month is July. Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn.

• Mean-annual temperature: +3.1 °C (37.6 °F)
• Mean-annual speed of wind: 3.0 m/s
• Mean-annual humidity of air: 80%

Demographics[edit]

The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic Russians. A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of different levels – according to various estimates, their number reaches fifty thousand people. The reason is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast. Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused, hence government has announced giving away free land. Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose.^{[citation needed]}

Culture and art[edit]

Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments. In Vologda, 193 monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance.^[32] The most known of them are

• Vologda Kremlin (Bishop’s courtyard)
• Saint Sophia cathedral
• Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery
• ensemble of the Vladimir churches
• Konstantin and Elena church, St. John the Baptist Church in Roshcheniye with its frescoes
• Dmitry Prilutsky church
• Church of the Intercession on Kozlyona
• architectural ensembles of the Stone bridge and of the Revolyutsii Square

Of 116 historical cities of Russia only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture. Vologda is among them.

Trademarks[edit]

Vologda’s trademark products include Vologda lace, butter, and flax.

Museums[edit]

In Vologda, there are ten museums, four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery, and the gallery «Red bridge». The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve. Its structure now includes the following museums,

• Vologda Kremlin (Bishop’s courtyard)
• Peter the Great’s house museum (Peter’s house) – the first museum of Vologda (opened in 1885)
• Expocenter «Vologda at a boundary of centuries»
• Museum «World of the forgotten things»
• K. N. Batyushkov’s apartment museum
• Museum «Literature. Art. 20th century»
• Alexander Mozhaysky’s house museum
• Museum «Vologda exile»
• Museum of Architecture and Ethnography (Semyonkovo)

Additionally, Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the Museum of Diplomatic Corps which highlights the short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918.

Theaters[edit]

• Drama theater
• Theater for children and youth
• Puppet theater «Teremok»
• Chamber theater
• Philharmonic society of Valery Gavrilin
• Children’s musical theater

Annual festivals[edit]

The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda:

• «Voices of History» (the beginning of July, every year)
• Valery Gavrilin international music festival (every year, from October until December)
• «Summer in the Kremlin» (every even year, from June until July)
• The annual open international festival of multimedia art «Multimatograf»^[33]

Exhibitions[edit]

Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following:

• «Russian Flax»^[34]
• «Russian Wood»^[35]
• «Gates of the North»^[36]
• «Your Home»

Literature[edit]

Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda. The best known of them were Konstantin Batyushkov, Varlam Shalamov, Nikolay Rubtsov, and Vasily Belov and Vladimir Gilarovsky. Contemporary literature of Vologda is represented by a number of authors which include Nata Suchkova, Maria Markova, Galina Schekina, and Anton Chorny.

Institutions of higher education[edit]

• Vologda State Technical University
• Vologda State Pedagogical University
• N.V. Vereschagin Vologda State Dairy Academy
• Vologda Institute of Law and Economy of the Federal Penal Service
• Vologda Institute of Business
• Branches:
  • Vologda branch of the Moscow State Law Academy
  • Vologda branch of the Northwestern Academy of Public Service
  • Vologda branch of the Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics
  • Vologda branch of the International Academy of Business and New Technologies

Transportation[edit]

Vologda is a major transportation hub, located at the intersection of highways, railways, and waterways.

The public transport network is well developed in the city: There are both bus and trolleybus lines. The city has four big automobile bridges: two automobile bridges across the Vologda and two bridges across railways. There is one pedestrian bridge (the Red bridge) in the city center.

Railway[edit]

Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the Northern Railway. It includes the stations Vologda-1, Vologda-2, Rybkino, and Losta. The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the Russian Federation, with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily. Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from the railway station of Vologda-1.

Air[edit]

The Vologda Airport is situated 10 km from the city centre along the Arkhangelsk highway. Yak-40 aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow, Ukhta, Velikiy Ustyug, Kichmengsky Gorodok, and Vytegra. Helicopters Mi-2 and Mi-8 are used by the Vologda aviation company. They are used for the emergency aircraft and for the oil pipeline service.

Highways[edit]

The following highways go through Vologda:

• Federal highway М8 (Moscow – Yaroslavl – Vologda – Arkhangelsk – Severodvinsk). The entrance to Vologda from the Moscow side (south) is Okruzhnoe shosse and Koneva street, from the Arkhangelsk side (north) – Chernyshevskaya street.
• Road А-114 (Vologda – Cherepovets – Novaya Ladoga). The entrance to Vologda is Leningradskoe shosse and Okruzhnoe shosse.
• Line Р-5 (Vologda – Kirillov – Vytegra – Pudozh – Medvezhyegorsk). The entrance to Vologda is Alexander Klubov street.
• Roads of local importance lead to
  • Mozhaiskoye and Norobovo,
  • Fetinino (through Semyonkovo)
  • Gryazovets and Rostilovo (old Moscow highway).

The new ring road with modern exits connecting roads A-114, Р-5 and М-8 (the Arkhangelsk destination) is under construction around Vologda. The Arkhangelsk direction is still not connected by the ring road.

Urban public transport[edit]

The municipal transportation of Vologda is carried out by bus and trolleybus routes, and also by lines of fixed-route taxis. Regular bus service started in Vologda in 1929, the trolleybus service was open in 1976. As of November 2009, in Vologda there were five trolleybus routes, nineteen municipal bus routes, and about forty marshrutkas (routed taxis). The main transport companies are the open society «VologdaElectroTrans» (trolleybuses), PATP-1 and PATP-32 (municipal bus routes).

• 

• 

  PAZ-4230 «Aurora»

• 

  Mercedes-Benz O345

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

  Trolleybus VMZ-5298

• 

  VMZ-375

Industry[edit]

Currently, there are more than ten thousand enterprises of various patterns of ownership in Vologda. The most notable ones are:

• Closed joint-stock company «Vologda Bearing Factory» – produces bearings of various types
• Open joint stock company «Vagron» – alcohol production
• Open joint stock company «Vologda Machine-Building Plant» – produces various processing equipment for agriculture
• Open joint stock company «Vologda Optical and Mechanical Plant» – produces optical devices
• State-owned enterprise «Vologda Railway-Carriage Repair Works», branch of the Open Society of the Russian Railway – produces various trains, makes repair and reconstruction of old carriages
• Open joint stock company «Byvalovsky machinery plant» – the leading enterprise of the Northwest of Russia that produces cranes
• Open joint stock company «ElectroTechMash» – produces electric household and technological products
• Limited liability company «Central operating company» – building, designing, management of dwellings, management of the commercial real estate
• Open joint stock company «Trans-alpha» (former «Vologda mechanical factory») – produces trolleybuses and buses
• Opened joint-stock company «Vologda building designs and road machines factory» – produces mobile buildings for household, public, and industrial use
• Closed joint-stock company «SoyuzLesMontazh» – produces a wide range of equipment for wood processing and equipment for the paper industry

Traditional national crafts are presented by the closed joint-stock company «Snowflake» (lace), limited liability company «Hope» and other enterprises.

Sports[edit]

Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums «Dynamo», «Locomotive», «Vityaz», the swimming pools «Dynamo» and «Lagoon», the sports and concert complex «Spectrum», fitness centers, regional athletic spots.
Vologda is a home to:

• the male soccer team «Dynamo»
• the female basketball team «Chevakata»

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Vologda is twinned with:^[37]

Notable people[edit]

Arts[edit]

• Konstantin Batyushkov (1787–1855), poet
• Valery Gavrilin (1939–1999), composer
• Varlam Shalamov (1907–1982), writer, poet
• Georgi Vasilyev (1899–1946), film director, screenwriter
• Apollo Korzeniowski and his son Joseph Conrad, writers, were expelled to Vologda via court-martial order
• Anya Monzikova (born 25 August 1984), model and actress

Sciences[edit]

• Alexander Bykov (born 1962), historian, numismatist
• Khariton Chebotaryov (1746–1815), historian, rector of the Moscow University
• Nikolay Devyatkov (1907–2001), engineer and inventor
• Grigory Landsberg (1890–1957), physicist

Sports[edit]

• Yuliya Chekalyova (born 1984), cross-country skier
• Zhanna Gromova (born 1949), figure skating coach
• Nikolay Gulyayev (born 1966), speed skater
• Aleksandr Vladimirovich Kulikov (born 1988), football player
• Natalia Podolskaya (canoeist) (born 1993), canoeist
• Artur Rylov (born 1989), football player
• Tamara Rylova (born 1931), speed skater
• Adam Vishnyakov (born 1991), former professional football player
• Artem Yashkin (born 1975), football player

See also[edit]

• Northern Thebaid

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Вологодская городская Дума. Решение №301 от 25 августа 2005 г. «О принятии Устава муниципального образования «Город Вологда»», в ред. Решения №649 от 4 мая 2011 г «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования «Город Вологда»». Вступил в силу 1 января 2006 г.. Опубликован: «Вологодские новости», №34, 31 августа 2005 г. (Vologda City Duma. Decision #301 of August 25, 2005 On the Adoption of the Charter of the «City of Vologda» Municipal Formation, as amended by the Decision #649 of May 4, 2011 On Amending the Charter of the «City of Vologda» Municipal Formation. Effective as of January 1, 2006.).
• Законодательное Собрание Вологодской области. Закон №371-ОЗ от 4 июня 1999 г. «О вопросах административно-территориального устройства Вологодской области», в ред. Закона №2916-ОЗ от 7 декабря 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон области «О вопросах административно-территориального устройства Вологодской области»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Красный Север», №124–125, 29 июля 1999 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast. Law #371-OZ of June 4, 1999 On the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vologda Oblast, as amended by the Law #2916-OZ of December 7, 2012 On Amending the Oblast Law «On the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vologda Oblast». Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
• Правительство Вологодской области. Постановление №178 от 1 марта 2010 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц Вологодской области», в ред. Постановления №686 от 25 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые Постановления Правительства области». Вступил в силу 20 марта 2010 г. Опубликован: «Красный Север», №29, 20 марта 2010 г. (Government of Vologda Oblast. Resolution #178 of March 1, 2010 On Adopting the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Vologda Oblast, as amended by the Resolution #686 of June 25, 2012 On Amending Various Resolutions of the Oblast Government. Effective as of March 20, 2010.).
• Законодательное Собрание Вологодской области. Закон №1103-ОЗ от 6 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципального образования «Город Вологда» и наделении его статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №2809-ОЗ от 5 июля 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные законы области, устанавливающие границы и статус муниципальных образований области». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования (21 декабря 2004 г.). Опубликован: «Красный Север», №242, 11 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast. Law #1103-OZ of December 6, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the «City of Vologda» and on Granting It Urban Okrug Status, as amended by the Law #2809-OZ of July 5, 2012 On Amending Various Laws of the Oblast, Establishing the Borders and the Status of the Municipal Formations of the Oblast. Effective as of after 10 days from the day of the official publication (December 21, 2004).).
• Законодательное Собрание Вологодской области. Закон №1112-ОЗ от 6 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ Вологодского муниципального района, границах и статусе муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав», в ред. Закона №2809-ОЗ от 5 июля 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы области, устанавливающие границы и статус муниципальных образований области». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Красный Север», №242, 11 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast. Law #1112-OZ of December 6, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of Vologodsky Municipal District, on the Borders and Status of the Municipal Formations It Comprises, as amended by the Law #2809-OZ of July 5, 2012 On Amending Various Laws of the Oblast, Establishing the Borders and the Status of the Municipal Formations of the Oblast. Effective as of after 10 days from the day of the official publication.).
• Brumfield, William. Vologda Album (Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2005) ISBN 5-94607-050-9 (in English and in Russian)

Sources[edit]

• Vinogradova, E. A.; Fedyshin, I. N.; Fedyshin, N. N. (2013). «Икона из Вологодского Спасо-Всеградского собора «Спас Всемилостивый (Обыденный)» и её списки в собрании Вологодского музея-заповедника» [The Icon «Saviour, the Most Merciful (everyday)» and Its Copies in the Collection of Vologda Museum]. Вестник Псковского Государственного Университета. Серия: Социально-Гуманитарные Науки (in Russian). Vologda: Pskov State University (2): 188–202.

External links[edit]

• Official website of Vologda
• «Vologda (town)» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 197.
• Official website of Vologda (in Russian)
• Vologda in photos: photoarchive by William Brumfield (in Russian and English)
• Tracing Russia’s Past and Present in Vologda
• Detailed information on Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery (in Russian)
• Unofficial website of Vologda (in Russian)
• View from St. Sophia Cathedral bell tower
• Russian Pillow Lace (in Russian)
• Historic architecture of Vologda Archived April 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine (in English and Russian)
• Russia Beyond the Headlines. Treasures of the Vologda Region

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Главные достопримечательности Вологды это памятники архитектуры.

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The main sights of Vologda are monuments of architecture.

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Исторический центр Вологды – Ленивая площадка.

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Historical center of Vologda-Lazy Square.

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На Ленивой площадке установлены памятник 800-летию Вологды и памятник монарху Герасиму Вологодскому, основателю города.

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A monument to the 800th anniversary of Vologda and a monument to the monk Gerasim Vologodsky, the founder of the city, are erected on the Lazy Square.

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Самые интересные исторические достопримечательности, объединены в Вологодском музее заповеднике.

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The most interesting historical sights are united in the Vologda museum reserve.

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Центр заповедника – Вологодский кремль, на территории которого находится древнейшее каменное сооружение в городе-Софийский собор.

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The center of the reserve is the Vologda Kremlin, on the territory of which there is an ancient stone building in the city-St. Sophia Cathedral.

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Софийский собор был построен в 1570 году.

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St. Sophia Cathedral was built in 1570.

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Вологодский драматический театр-главная сцена города. Он был создан в 1849 году.

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Vologda Drama Theatre is the main stage of the city. It was established in 1849.

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Самый крупный парк-парк Мира, имеет статус особо охраняемой природной территории.

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The largest park-park of Peace, has the status of a specially protected natural area.

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Вологда известна своим кружевом.

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Vologda is famous for its lace.

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Вологодский музей кружева располагается в историческом центре города, на Кремлёвской площади.

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The Vologda Museum of Lace is located in the historical center of the city, on the Kremlin Square.

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Коллекция музея посвящена развитию традиционного вологодского промысла-кружевоплетения.

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The museum collection is dedicated to the traditional Vologda craft-lacework.

Учимся писать сочинение Мой город на английском – общие принципы выполнения работы

Для начала поговорим о том, что нам нужно сделать для написания сочинения. В это вопросе есть две составляющих:

• Моральная подготовка – психологический настрой, отсутствие волнения, собранность и целеустремленность.
• Практическая подготовка – достаточное знание английской грамматики, лексики, речевых конструкций и нюансов произношения.

Для взрослых новичков уровня A1-A2 сочинение с переводом My Native Town уже считается более серьезной письменной работой. В пределах объема на 100-150 слов необходимо представиться читателю, описать на английском языке свой родной город и завершить текст красивой обобщающей смысл всего вышесказанного фразой. При этом по знаниям требуется владение временами Present и Past Simple, понимание to be и неправильных глаголов, а также наличие достаточного словарного запаса.

Возможно также будут полезны другие сочинения:

Итак, представляем вашему вниманию рассказ о своем городе на английском языке с переводом.

My town

I live in Vologda. This is my home town. It is on the Vologda river. My town is not very big city, but it is very beautiful. I like to walk along the streets of my town with my parents or friends. Vologda is an ancient city. There are a lot of museums, beautiful churches and nice buildings. My town is also full of wonderful parks and green zones. I love Vologda very much and I invite you to come and see my home town.

Я живу в Вологде. Это мой родной город. Он расположен на берегах реки Вологда. Мой город не очень большой, но очень красивый. Я люблю прогуливаться по городским улочкам с родителями или друзьями. Вологда – старинный город. Здесь есть множество музеев, красивых церквей и прекрасных зданий. Мой город также полон чудесными парками и зелеными зонами. Я очень сильно люблю Вологду и приглашаю вас приехать и полюбоваться моим родным городом.

My home town

My name is Pavel. I was born in a small town Vyazma. It is located on the Vyazma river, about halfway between Smolensk and Mozhaisk.

Nowadays Vyazma is a famous industrial city of Russia. The town’s main industries are engineering, leather working, graphite products, and flax textiles. Also there are many museums, parks, ancient churches and monuments in the Vyazma. In addition, my city is the native land of many famous people, such as the pilot Yury Yanov, starry actor Anatoly Papanov, and others. I’m proud to be living in this city.

Меня зовут Павел. Я родился в небольшом городке Вязьма. Он расположен на реке Вязьма, практически на одинаковом расстоянии между Смоленском и Можайском.

В настоящее время Вязьма – знаменитый промышленный город России. Главными промышленными отраслями города считаются машиностроение, кожевенное производство, изготовление изделий из графита и пошив текстильных тканей. Также в Вязьме есть множество музеев, парков, старинных церквей и памятников. В добавок, мой город является малой родиной многих знаменитых людей: например, летчика Юрия Янова, популярного киноактера Анатолия Папанова и многих других. Я горжусь тем, что живу в этом городе.

My native city

Hello! My name is Olga and I am 17 years old. I want to tell you about my native city.

I live in Pskov city, which lies in the north-west of Russia. It is one of the oldest Russian cities, because it was founded in 903. Pskov is located on the Velikaya river. It has a significant historic importance: the river provided Pskov with access to the sea, via Lake Peipus and the Narva River. By the 14th century, the city became the capital of the sovereign Pskov Republic and was a trading post of the Hanseatic League. Later Pskov came under the control of Moscow and Russian Empire. So it is a very old place, with rich and fascinating history.

The population of Pskov is slightly more than 210 000 people. My native city is not big, but it is very comfortable. The climate is mild in my city, although closeness the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland influences greatly the weather conditions. Winter is long and mild, summer is warm, but not long. Fall and summer we have more precipitation than winter and spring.

Many attractions of my city are included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site. So, Pskov is a world-known as the city of ancient churches and buildings. Of course, a lot of beautiful new houses and shops are built there every year, but most central streets have preserved their historical look. Ancient churches are the most remarkable part of the architectural heritage of Pskov. My home town has a lot of unique churches of the 12th-16th centuries. The most popular places of interest in Pskov are the Krom (Kremlin), Trinity Cathedral, Mirozhsky Monastery, Snetogorsky monastery, St. Basil’s on the Hill and the Pskov Monastery.

It is also impossible not to say about Izborsk, a seat of Rurik’s brother in the 9th century and one of the most formidable fortresses of medieval Russia. Mikhailovskoe, the family nest of the famous Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, is among the other attractions of Pskov. I am very proud that the national poet of Russia wrote some of the best known lines in the Russian language in my city.

Of course, there are many museums, theaters, cinemas, cafes and parks in the Pskov. I’ve already said, that my town is very interesting and comfortable. And in my opinion, it’s one of the most beautiful parts of Russia. I like Pskov and it will always be the best place on the planet for me.

Здравствуйте! Меня зовут Ольга, мне 17 лет. Я хочу с вами поделиться рассказом о моем родном городе.

Я живу в городе Псков, что находится на северо-западе России. Это один из старейших русских городов, поскольку город был основан в 903 году. Псков расположен на реке Великая. Она имеет важное историческое значение: эта река обеспечила Пскову выход к морю через Чудское озеро и реку Нарва. К 14 веку город стал столицей суверенной Псковской Республики и был важным торговым пунктом Ганзейского союза. Позднее Псков перешел под контроль Московского Царства и Российской империи. Так что это старинное место, с богатой и впечатляющей историей.

Население Пскова немногим превышает планку в 210 000 людей. Мой родной город не большой, но очень уютный. Климат в моем городе мягкий, хотя близость к Балтийскому морю и Финскому заливу значительно сказывается на погодных условиях. Зима долгая и несуровая, а лето теплое, но не длинное. Осенью и летом осадков у нас выпадает больше, чем зимой и весной.

Многие достопримечательности моего города внесены в список Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО. Так, Псков известен на весь мир, как город старинных церквей и зданий. Конечно, каждый год здесь строятся многие красивые новые дома и магазины, но большинство центральных улиц сохраняют свой исторический облик. Старинные церкви – наиболее значимая часть архитектурного наследия Пскова. Мой родной город обладает множеством уникальных церквей, возведенных в 12-16 столетиях. Наиболее популярными достопримечательностями Пскова являются Кром (Кремль), Троицкий собор, Мирожский монастырь, Снетогорский монастырь, Храм Василия Блаженного и Псковский монастырь.

Также невозможно не упомянуть о Изборске, резиденции брата Рюрика в 9 веке и одной из самых неприступных крепостей средневековой Руси. Михайловское, семейное гнездо знаменитого русского поэта Александра Пушкина, также стоит выделить среди достопримечательностей Пскова. Я очень горжусь тем, что самый народный поэт России написал несколько известных строк на русском языке в моем городе.

Конечно, в Пскове есть множество музеев, театров, кинотеатров, кафе и парков. Я уже говорила, что мой город интересный и уютный. И, по моему мнению, он является одним из самых красивых регионов России. Мне нравится Псков, и он всегда для меня будет лучшим местом на всей планете.

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Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:

Vologda is an ancient and extremely beautiful Russian city that was founded in 1147, the administrative center of the Vologda region in North-Western Russia. It is located at a distance of 450 km from the capital of Russia – Moscow.

Where does the name of the city come from? Vologda got its name from the Finno-Ugric languages, presumably the name of the city is translated as «River with white water».

Sights Of Vologda. Vologda’s main attractions include the Vologda Kremlin, St. Sophia Cathedral, Vologda art gallery and the writer Shalamov Museum, the Stone bridge architectural ensemble, and Vologda’s Revolution square. the monument to the letter O, the monument to the first city lantern, the Spaso-Prilutsky monastery, one of the iconic attractions of Vologda is also the lace Museum.

The card of the Vologda Museum of lace

Famous people of Vologda Pavel Ivanovich Belyaev is the first and only Vologda cosmonaut, who led the world’s first exit of a human pilot — cosmonaut A. A. Leonov into open space. Nikolai Mikhailovich Rubtsov is a Russian poet of the Soviet period. The main direction of creativity – lyrics. Konstantin Nikolayevich Batyushkov — one of the famous Russian poets. Russian writer Vasily Ivanovich Belov was born in the village of Timonikha, kharovsky district, Vologda region. Vasily Ivanovich spent almost all his life in his native places.

Tourists should come here to touch the antiquity and admire the ancient stone and wooden architectural monuments, to be surprised by the variety of architectural styles presented in the city, as well as to visit the craft center «Carved Palisade» and buy some wonderful souvenir from Vologda as a souvenir.

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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My Hometown или My Homecity?

Отмечу такой момент. Вы наверняка знаете, что town — это маленький городок, а city — большой город. Кажется логичным, что, если вы из Москвы, то нужно писать homecity, не так ли? На самом деле, не совсем так. Слово homecity в принципе возможно и понятно, но обычно под hometown подразумевают родной город независимо от его размеров. Вот пример из Cambridge Dictionary:

He was born in Miami, but he considers New York his hometown since he’s lived there most of his life. — Он родился в Майами, но считаю Нью Йорк своим родным городом, так как прожил там большую часть жизни.

Пройдите тест на уровень английского:

My Hometown — Мой город. Сочинение на английском языке + аудио

It is a very lively place, located in Central Russia. It was founded in 1221. Back then it used to be a major trading hub. People from all over the country came to Nizhny Novgorod to buy and sell goods. Now it has a population of one million and five hundred thousand citizens, it is the 6th biggest city in Russia.

Nowadays it is a large city with a big city center and suburbs. A lot of companies have their headquarters in Nizhny Novgorod. It is one of the biggest economic centers in Russia.

Of course, each city has its advantages and disadvantages. Let’s start with the advantages. There are many ways of transportation in Nizhny Novgorod. You can travel by bus, by trolley, you can even take the underground. Also, Nizhny Novgorod has an advantageous geographical location because it is located between two major cities — Moscow and Kazan.

However, there are also some disadvantages. First of all, it is very dirty and noisy because of traffic jams. Second, it hasn’t got a lot of public areas, such as parks, where you can spend your time with friends. Third, life here is pretty expensive, and the prices of houses and apartments are quite high.

Ниже идет тот же текст, но с переводом. Обратите внимание на выделенные слова – я выделил наиболее примечательные пары “слово-перевод”.

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