Рассказ про звезду сириус

Информация о самой яркой звезде

Сириус (лат. Sirius) является наиболее заметной звездой на карте ночного неба. Её вес примерно в 2 раза больше, масса Солнца, а яркость — в 20—25 раз выше.

Расположена она на расстоянии почти в 9 световых лет от Земли. Сириус является частью созвездия Большой Пёс, поэтому у него есть второе название — «Собака». Всего полтора века назад удалось определить, что данная звезда является двойной — рядом вращается спутник под названием Сириус B, который выдаёт в 10 тыс. меньше света. Это открытие позволило получить информацию о существовании такого класса звёзд, как «белые карлики». Лишь около 80 лет назад удалось понять, как устроены данные космические тела. До сих пор астрология наделяет эти объекты особым смыслом.

Сириус выглядит яркой звездой (ярче Полярной), но на самом деле она не является такой. А высокий блеск значит то, что небесное тело расположено относительно близко к Земле. Его можно видеть практически с любой точки планеты, если не считать северные области. Он имеет спектральный класс А. Это значит, что видимый и истинный цвет — белый.

Фридрих Бессель ещё в студенческие времена увлекался космосом, рассказами и легендами, связанными с ним. Именно этот учёный в 1844 году высказал предположение, что Сириус является системой, состоящей из двух звёзд. Почти через двадцать лет Альван Кларк обнаружил вторую, величиной в несколько раз меньше первой. Центром вращения обоих тел является центр их масс.

В 1915 году установили, что вторая звезда (Сириус В) тоже относится к классу белых карликов. Это означает, что когда-то её размер был гораздо больше, чем у Сириус А. Звезда потеряла часть массы после того, как источник термоядерной энергии иссяк. А слабое свечение продолжается благодаря накопленному теплу.

Возраст и интересные факты

Звезда Сириус и созвездие, в котором она находится, по примерным оценкам относится к сравнительно молодым (её возраст составляет 200—300 млн лет). Изначально система состояла из двух бело-голубых тел. Раньше их было бы идеально видно с Земли.

Первая звезда весила в два раза больше Солнца, а вторая — в пять. Затем более тяжёлая постепенно сгорела и превратилась в красный гигант, но потом сбросила верхний слой и стала белым карликом (четвёртая стадия эволюции). На данный момент Сириус В имеет массу немного меньше, чем у Солнца.

Шумеро-аккадские астрономы сопоставляли это небесное тело с богом Нинуртой и называли его Стрелой. Надпись на монументе Тиглатпаласара обозначает акронический восход. В среднеассирийский период это была середина зимы. Различные народы и племена устраивали празднования в честь богов.

Современное название происходит с греческого языка. Раньше эту звезду называли пёсьей, так как считали её собачьей. Если следовать греческой мифологии, Сириусом стал пёс Икария или Ориона. Греки ассоциировали звезду с жарким днём. Поэт Арат говорил, что она так называется из-за своего ослепительного блеска.

Существует одна интересная история, связанная с Сириусом. В древних текстах о нём упоминается, как о красном объекте, хотя сейчас у него белый цвет с голубоватым оттенком. Птолемей и Сенека были уверены, что эта звезда — ярко-красная. В своих записях они её так и описывали. Также подобные упоминания можно встретить и в легендах других народов.

Основные характеристики

Звезда Сириус обладает довольно сильным блеском в 1,47 m, из-за чего является наиболее яркой в созвездии Большого Пса. В Северном полушарии её видно как вершину треугольника, вместе с Проционом и Бетельгейзе. Она излучает света больше, чем Канопус, Альфа Центавра или Ригель.

Если знать точные координаты, можно найти Сириус на звёздном небе. Лучше всего наблюдать с Южного полушария, хотя и у северян есть возможность увидеть созвездие, особенно в хорошую погоду.

Сейчас Сириус приближается к планете Земля на скорости в 7,6 км /с. Из-за этого его блеск будет постепенно увеличиваться.

Самым близким другим телом сейчас является Процион. Расстояние между звёздами варьируется в пределах 5−5,5 световых лет. Солнце находится на шестом месте по удалённости от Сириуса.

Ближайшие звёзды:

• Альфа Центавра.
• Процион.
• Лейтена.
• Рака.
• Эридана.
• Вольф 359.
• LHS1565.
• Каптейна.
• Проксима центавра.

Чтобы увидеть Сириус на ночном небе, следует ориентироваться по поясу Ориона. Если через него провести воображаемую линию, то на северо-западе будет Альдебаран, а в противоположном направлении — искомая звезда.

Когда человек не разбирается в определении сторон света, для нахождения Сириуса нужно знать другие звезды созвездия Большого Пса:

• Адара — бело-голубая.
• Алудра — голубая.
• Везен — желто-белая.
• Мирцам — бело-голубая.

В северных широтах звезда входит в Зимний треугольник. Другими вершинами являются Бетельгейзе и Процион.

Гипотеза сверхскопления

Некоторое время считали, что Сириус входит в движущуюся группу Большой Медведицы. К ней относят 220 известных звёзд, они имеют похожую траекторию движения в пространстве, а также примерно одинаковый возраст.

Раньше эта группа являлась довольно рассеянным скоплением, но на данный момент его в принципе не существует. Оно постепенно стало гравитационно независимым, из-за чего со временем распалось.

К этому скоплению долгое время относили большую часть созвездия Большой Медведицы. Но в итоге астрономы убедились, что это неправда. В пользу этого утверждения есть один весомый факт — Сириус намного моложе, чем скопление движущейся группы, то есть он не может быть её частью.

Одновременно учёные предположили, что он может быть представителем гипотетически существующего сверхскопления Сириуса. Если оно на самом деле существует, то находится примерно в 500 световых годах от Солнечной системы.

Загадки Сириуса

Наибольшей загадкой на сегодняшний день является изменение цвета. Древние астрономы в своих записях утверждали, что это небесное тело светится в красном спектре.

Такое превращение — вполне обычное дело. Вот только эволюция из красного гиганта в белого карлика происходит на протяжении нескольких миллионов лет. Также после этого на длительное время остаётся выраженный след в виде газового облака. Сириус же изменил свой цвет всего лишь за 2 тысячи лет.

Современные учёные объясняют такое явление несколькими теориями:

• Метафорическое описание в трудах древних астрономов или же просто ошибки перевода. В античные времена все предвестники плохих событий наделялись красным цветом. Вполне возможно, что данный объект воспринимался зловеще, когда появлялся на утреннем горизонте.
• Из-за вулканической активности атмосфера Земли могла быть запылённой, поэтому Сириус выглядел красным.
• Существует гипотеза, что 2 тысячи лет назад красный гигант (В) ещё не погиб и не превратился во второго белого карлика. Но такое предположение не попадает во временной период, так как после было бы огромное облако, которое держалось бы на протяжении десятков тысяч лет.
• Некоторые учёные считают, что в системе есть третья звезда C, у которой период оборота вокруг центра масс составляет 2 тыс. лет. Но этому пока нет никаких подтверждений.
• Также есть гипотеза о том, что раньше между Сириусом и Солнечной системой могло быть облако пыли, из-за чего и проявлялся красный оттенок.

Ни одно из предположений ещё не смогли подтвердить, то есть у современных астрономов пока нет нормальной версии, объясняющей изменение цвета.

Существует и вторая загадка. Некоторое время назад она вызвала большой резонанс в научной среде. В середине прошлого века французские антропологи написали статью об африканском племени. Утверждалось, что догоны знали о существовании именно белого карлика, а также о его периоде вращения в 50 лет. Легенды племени говорят о прилетевших существах с Сириуса, от которых и была получена информация.

Sirius

Location of Sirius (circled)
Observation data Epoch J2000.0      Equinox ICRS
Constellation	Canis Major
Pronunciation	[1]
Sirius A
Right ascension	06h 45m 08.917s[2]
Declination	−16° 42′ 58.02″[2]
Apparent magnitude (V)	−1.46[3]
Sirius B
Right ascension	06h 45m 09.0s[4]
Declination	−16° 43′ 06″[4]
Apparent magnitude (V)	8.44[5]
Characteristics
Sirius A
Evolutionary stage	Main sequence
Spectral type	A0mA1 Va[6]
U−B colour index	−0.05[3]
B−V colour index	+0.00[3]
Sirius B
Evolutionary stage	White dwarf
Spectral type	DA2[5]
U−B colour index	−1.04[7]
B−V colour index	−0.03[7]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)	−5.50[8] km/s
Sirius A
Proper motion (μ)	RA: −546.01 mas/yr[9] Dec.: −1,223.07 mas/yr[9]
Parallax (π)	379.21 ± 1.58 mas[9]
Distance	8.60 ± 0.04 ly (2.64 ± 0.01 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)	+1.43[10]
Sirius B
Proper motion (μ)	RA: −461.571 mas/yr[11] Dec.: −914.520 mas/yr[11]
Parallax (π)	374.4896 ± 0.2313 mas[11]
Distance	8.709 ± 0.005 ly (2.670 ± 0.002 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)	+11.18[7]
Orbit[12]
Primary	α Canis Majoris A
Companion	α Canis Majoris B
Period (P)	50.1284 ± 0.0043 yr
Semi-major axis (a)	7.4957 ± 0.0025″
Eccentricity (e)	0.59142 ± 0.00037
Inclination (i)	136.336 ± 0.040°
Longitude of the node (Ω)	45.400 ± 0.071°
Periastron epoch (T)	1,994.5715 ± 0.0058
Argument of periastron (ω) (secondary)	149.161 ± 0.075°
Details
Sirius A
Mass	2.063±0.023[12] M☉
Radius	1.711[13] R☉
Luminosity	25.4[13] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)	4.33[14] cgs
Temperature	9,940[14] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]	0.50[15] dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)	16[16] km/s
Age	242±5[12] Myr
Sirius B
Mass	1.018 ± 0.011[12] M☉
Radius	0.0084 ± 3%[17] R☉
Luminosity	0.056[18] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)	8.57[17] cgs
Temperature	25,000 ± 200[13] K
Age	228+10 −8[12] Myr
Other designations
Dog Star, Aschere, Canicula, Al Shira, Sothis,[19] Alhabor,[20] Mrgavyadha, Lubdhaka,[21] Tenrōsei,[22] α Canis Majoris (α CMa), 9 Canis Majoris (9 CMa), HD 48915, HR 2491, BD−16°1591, GJ 244, LHS 219, ADS 5423, LTT 2638, HIP 32349[23]
Sirius B: EGGR 49, WD 0642-166, GCTP 1577.00[24]
Database references
	A
	B

Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky. Its name is derived from the Greek word Σείριος, or Seirios, meaning lit. ‘glowing’ or ‘scorching’. The star is designated α Canis Majoris, Latinized to Alpha Canis Majoris, and abbreviated Alpha CMa or α CMa. With a visual apparent magnitude of −1.46, Sirius is almost twice as bright as Canopus, the next brightest star. Sirius is a binary star consisting of a main-sequence star of spectral type A0 or A1, termed Sirius A, and a faint white dwarf companion of spectral type DA2, termed Sirius B. The distance between the two varies between 8.2 and 31.5 astronomical units as they orbit every 50 years.^[25]

Sirius appears bright because of its intrinsic luminosity and its proximity to the Solar System. At a distance of 2.64 parsecs (8.6 ly), the Sirius system is one of Earth’s nearest neighbours. Sirius is gradually moving closer to the Solar System, so it is expected to increase in brightness slightly over the next 60,000 years, reaching a peak magnitude of −1.68. After that time, its distance will begin to increase, and it will become fainter, but it will continue to be the brightest star in the Earth’s night sky for approximately the next 210,000 years, before Vega, another A-type star and more luminous than Sirius, becomes the brightest star.^[26]

Sirius A is about twice as massive as the Sun (M_☉) and has an absolute visual magnitude of +1.43. It is 25 times as luminous as the Sun,^[13] but has a significantly lower luminosity than other bright stars such as Canopus, Betelgeuse, or Rigel. The system is between 200 and 300 million years old.^[13] It was originally composed of two bright bluish stars. The initially more massive of these, Sirius B, consumed its hydrogen fuel and became a red giant before shedding its outer layers and collapsing into its current state as a white dwarf around 120 million years ago.^[13]

Sirius is colloquially known as the «Dog Star«, reflecting its prominence in its constellation, Canis Major (the Greater Dog).^[19] The heliacal rising of Sirius marked the flooding of the Nile in Ancient Egypt and the «dog days» of summer for the ancient Greeks, while to the Polynesians, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, the star marked winter and was an important reference for their navigation around the Pacific Ocean.

Observational history[edit]

Sirius Spdt
Egyptian hieroglyphs

The brightest star seen from Earth, Sirius is recorded in some of the earliest astronomical records. Its displacement from the ecliptic causes its heliacal rising to be remarkably regular compared to other stars, with a period of almost exactly 365.25 days holding it constant relative to the solar year. This rising occurs at Cairo on 19 July (Julian), placing it just before the onset of the annual flooding of the Nile during antiquity.^[27] Owing to the flood’s own irregularity, the extreme precision of the star’s return made it important to the ancient Egyptians,^[27] who worshipped it as the goddess Sopdet (Ancient Egyptian: Spdt, «Triangle»;^[a] Greek: Σῶθις, Sō̂this), guarantor of the fertility of their land.^[b]

The ancient Greeks observed that the appearance of Sirius as the morning star heralded the hot and dry summer and feared that the star caused plants to wilt, men to weaken, and women to become aroused.^[29] Owing to its brightness, Sirius would have been seen to twinkle more in the unsettled weather conditions of early summer. To Greek observers, this signified emanations that caused its malignant influence. Anyone suffering its effects was said to be «star-struck» (ἀστροβόλητος, astrobólētos). It was described as «burning» or «flaming» in literature.^[30] The season following the star’s reappearance came to be known as the «dog days».^[31] The inhabitants of the island of Ceos in the Aegean Sea would offer sacrifices to Sirius and Zeus to bring cooling breezes and would await the reappearance of the star in summer. If it rose clear, it would portend good fortune; if it was misty or faint then it foretold (or emanated) pestilence. Coins retrieved from the island from the 3rd century BC feature dogs or stars with emanating rays, highlighting Sirius’s importance.^[30]

The Romans celebrated the heliacal setting of Sirius around 25 April, sacrificing a dog, along with incense, wine, and a sheep, to the goddess Robigo so that the star’s emanations would not cause wheat rust on wheat crops that year.^[32]

Bright stars were important to the ancient Polynesians for navigation of the Pacific Ocean. They also served as latitude markers; the declination of Sirius matches the latitude of the archipelago of Fiji at 17°S and thus passes directly over the islands each sidereal day.^[33] Sirius served as the body of a «Great Bird» constellation called Manu, with Canopus as the southern wingtip and Procyon the northern wingtip, which divided the Polynesian night sky into two hemispheres.^[34] Just as the appearance of Sirius in the morning sky marked summer in Greece, it marked the onset of winter for the Māori, whose name Takurua described both the star and the season. Its culmination at the winter solstice was marked by celebration in Hawaii, where it was known as Ka’ulua, «Queen of Heaven». Many other Polynesian names have been recorded, including Tau-ua in the Marquesas Islands, Rehua in New Zealand, and Ta’urua-fau-papa «Festivity of original high chiefs» and Ta’urua-e-hiti-i-te-tara-te-feiai «Festivity who rises with prayers and religious ceremonies» in Tahiti.^[35]

Kinematics[edit]

In 1717, Edmond Halley discovered the proper motion of the hitherto presumed fixed stars^[36] after comparing contemporary astrometric measurements with those from the second century AD given in Ptolemy’s Almagest. The bright stars Aldebaran, Arcturus and Sirius were noted to have moved significantly; Sirius had progressed about 30 arcminutes (about the diameter of the Moon) to the southwest.^[37]

In 1868, Sirius became the first star to have its velocity measured, the beginning of the study of celestial radial velocities. Sir William Huggins examined the spectrum of the star and observed a red shift. He concluded that Sirius was receding from the Solar System at about 40 km/s.^[38][39] Compared to the modern value of −5.5 km/s, this was an overestimate and had the wrong sign; the minus sign (−) means that it is approaching the Sun.^[40]

Distance[edit]

In his 1698 book, Cosmotheoros, Christiaan Huygens estimated the distance to Sirius at 27,664 times the distance from the Earth to the Sun (about 0.437 light-year, translating to a parallax of roughly 7.5 arcseconds).^[41] There were several unsuccessful attempts to measure the parallax of Sirius: by Jacques Cassini (6 seconds); by some astronomers (including Nevil Maskelyne)^[42] using Lacaille’s observations made at the Cape of Good Hope (4 seconds); by Piazzi (the same amount); using Lacaille’s observations made at Paris, more numerous and certain than those made at the Cape (no sensible parallax); by Bessel (no sensible parallax).^[43]

Scottish astronomer Thomas Henderson used his observations made in 1832–1833 and South African astronomer Thomas Maclear’s observations made in 1836–1837, to determine that the value of the parallax was 0.23 arcsecond, and error of the parallax was estimated not to exceed a quarter of a second, or as Henderson wrote in 1839, «On the whole we may conclude that the parallax of Sirius is not greater than half a second in space; and that it is probably much less.»^[44] Astronomers adopted a value of 0.25 arcsecond for much of the 19th century.^[45] It is now known to have a parallax of nearly 0.4 arcseconds.

The Hipparcos parallax for Sirius is only accurate to about ±0.04 light years, giving a distance of 8.6 light years.^[9] Sirius B is generally assumed to be at the same distance. Sirius B has a Gaia Data Release 3 parallax with a much smaller statistical margin of error, giving a distance of 8.709±0.005 light years, but it is flagged as having a very large value for astrometric excess noise, which indicates that the parallax value may be unreliable.^[11]

Discovery of Sirius B[edit]

In a letter dated 10 August 1844, the German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel deduced from changes in the proper motion of Sirius that it had an unseen companion.^[46] On 31 January 1862, American telescope-maker and astronomer Alvan Graham Clark first observed the faint companion, which is now called Sirius B, or affectionately «the Pup».^[47] This happened during testing of an 18.5-inch (470 mm) aperture great refractor telescope for Dearborn Observatory, which was one of the largest refracting telescope lenses in existence at the time, and the largest telescope in the United States.^[48] Sirius B’s sighting was confirmed on 8 March with smaller telescopes.^[49]

The visible star is now sometimes known as Sirius A. Since 1894, some apparent orbital irregularities in the Sirius system have been observed, suggesting a third very small companion star, but this has never been confirmed. The best fit to the data indicates a six-year orbit around Sirius A and a mass of 0.06 M_☉. This star would be five to ten magnitudes fainter than the white dwarf Sirius B, which would make it difficult to observe.^[50] Observations published in 2008 were unable to detect either a third star or a planet. An apparent «third star» observed in the 1920s is now believed to be a background object.^[51]

In 1915, Walter Sydney Adams, using a 60-inch (1.5 m) reflector at Mount Wilson Observatory, observed the spectrum of Sirius B and determined that it was a faint whitish star.^[52] This led astronomers to conclude that it was a white dwarf—the second to be discovered.^[53] The diameter of Sirius A was first measured by Robert Hanbury Brown and Richard Q. Twiss in 1959 at Jodrell Bank using their stellar intensity interferometer.^[54] In 2005, using the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers determined that Sirius B has nearly the diameter of the Earth, 12,000 kilometres (7,500 mi), with a mass 102% of the Sun’s.^[55]

Colour controversy[edit]

Around the year 150 AD,^[56] the Greek astronomer of the Roman period, Ptolemy of Alexandria mapped the stars in Books VII and VIII of his Almagest, in which he used Sirius as the location for the globe’s central meridian.^[57] He described Sirius as reddish, along with five other stars, Betelgeuse, Antares, Aldebaran, Arcturus and Pollux, all of which are of orange or red hue.^[56] The discrepancy was first noted by amateur astronomer Thomas Barker, squire of Lyndon Hall in Rutland, who prepared a paper and spoke at a meeting of the Royal Society in London in 1760.^[58] The existence of other stars changing in brightness gave credibility to the idea that some may change in colour too; Sir John Herschel noted this in 1839, possibly influenced by witnessing Eta Carinae two years earlier.^[59] Thomas Jefferson Jackson See resurrected discussion on red Sirius with the publication of several papers in 1892, and a final summary in 1926.^[60] He cited not only Ptolemy but also the poet Aratus, the orator Cicero, and general Germanicus as calling the star red, though acknowledging that none of the latter three authors were astronomers, the last two merely translating Aratus’s poem Phaenomena.^[61] Seneca had described Sirius as being of a deeper red than Mars.^[62] Not all ancient observers saw Sirius as red. The 1st-century poet Marcus Manilius described it as «sea-blue», as did the 4th-century Avienius.^[63] It was the standard white star in ancient China, and multiple records from the 2nd century BC up to the 7th century AD all describe Sirius as white.^[64][65]

In 1985, German astronomers Wolfhard Schlosser and Werner Bergmann published an account of an 8th-century Lombardic manuscript, which contains De cursu stellarum ratio by St. Gregory of Tours. The Latin text taught readers how to determine the times of nighttime prayers from positions of the stars, and a bright star described as rubeola—»reddish» was claimed to be Sirius. The authors proposed this was further evidence Sirius B had been a red giant at the time.^[66] Other scholars replied that it was likely St. Gregory had been referring to Arcturus.^[67][68]

The possibility that stellar evolution of either Sirius A or Sirius B could be responsible for this discrepancy has been rejected by astronomers on the grounds that the timescale of thousands of years is much too short and that there is no sign of the nebulosity in the system that would be expected had such a change taken place.^[62] An interaction with a third star, to date undiscovered, has also been proposed as a possibility for a red appearance.^[69] Alternative explanations are either that the description as red is a poetic metaphor for ill fortune, or that the dramatic scintillations of the star when rising left the viewer with the impression that it was red. To the naked eye, it often appears to be flashing with red, white, and blue hues when near the horizon.^[62]

Observation[edit]

With an apparent magnitude of −1.46, Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky, almost twice as bright as the second-brightest star, Canopus.^[70] From Earth, Sirius always appears dimmer than Jupiter and Venus, as well as Mercury and Mars at certain times.^[71] Sirius is visible from almost everywhere on Earth, except latitudes north of 73° N, and it does not rise very high when viewed from some northern cities (reaching only 13° above the horizon from Saint Petersburg).^[72] Because of its declination of roughly −17°, Sirius is a circumpolar star from latitudes south of 73° S. From the Southern Hemisphere in early July, Sirius can be seen in both the evening where it sets after the Sun and in the morning where it rises before the Sun.^[73] Along with Procyon and Betelgeuse, Sirius forms one of the three vertices of the Winter Triangle to observers in the Northern Hemisphere.^[74]

Sirius can be observed in daylight with the naked eye under the right conditions. Ideally, the sky should be very clear, with the observer at a high altitude, the star passing overhead, and the Sun low on the horizon. These observing conditions are more easily met in the Southern Hemisphere, owing to the southerly declination of Sirius.^[75]

The orbital motion of the Sirius binary system brings the two stars to a minimum angular separation of 3 arcseconds and a maximum of 11 arcseconds. At the closest approach, it is an observational challenge to distinguish the white dwarf from its more luminous companion, requiring a telescope with at least 300 mm (12 in) aperture and excellent seeing conditions. After a periastron occurred in 1994,^[c] the pair moved apart, making them easier to separate with a telescope.^[76] Apoastron occurred in 2019,^[d] but from the Earth’s vantage point, the greatest observational separation will occur in 2023, with an angular separation of 11.333″.^[77]

At a distance of 2.6 parsecs (8.6 ly), the Sirius system contains two of the eight nearest stars to the Sun, and it is the fifth closest stellar system to the Sun.^[78] This proximity is the main reason for its brightness, as with other near stars such as Alpha Centauri, Procyon and Vega and in contrast to distant, highly luminous supergiants such as Canopus, Rigel or Betelgeuse.(Note that Canopus may be a bright giant)^[79] It is still around 25 times more luminous than the Sun.^[13] The closest large neighbouring star to Sirius is Procyon, 1.61 parsecs (5.24 ly) away.^[80] The Voyager 2 spacecraft, launched in 1977 to study the four giant planets in the Solar System, is expected to pass within 4.3 light-years (1.3 pc) of Sirius in approximately 296,000 years.^[81]

Stellar system[edit]

Sirius is a binary star system consisting of two white stars orbiting each other with a separation of about 20 AU^[e] (roughly the distance between the Sun and Uranus) and a period of 50.1 years. The brighter component, termed Sirius A, is a main-sequence star of spectral type early A, with an estimated surface temperature of 9,940 K.^[14] Its companion, Sirius B, is a star that has already evolved off the main sequence and become a white dwarf. Currently 10,000 times less luminous in the visual spectrum, Sirius B was once the more massive of the two.^[82] The age of the system has been estimated at around 230 million years. Early in its life, it is thought to have been two bluish-white stars orbiting each other in an elliptical orbit every 9.1 years.^[82] The system emits a higher than expected level of infrared radiation, as measured by IRAS space-based observatory. This might be an indication of dust in the system, which is considered somewhat unusual for a binary star.^[80][83] The Chandra X-ray Observatory image shows Sirius B outshining its partner as an X-ray source.^[84]

In 2015, Vigan and colleagues used the VLT Survey Telescope to search for evidence of substellar companions, and were able to rule out the presence of giant planets 11 times more massive than Jupiter at 0.5 AU distance from Sirius A, 6–7 times the mass of Jupiter at 1–2 AU distance, and down to around 4 times the mass of Jupiter at 10 AU distance.^[85] Similarly, Lucas and colleagues did not detect any companions around Sirius B.^[86]

Sirius A[edit]

Sirius A has a mass of 2.063 M_☉.^[12][13][87] The radius of this star has been measured by an astronomical interferometer, giving an estimated angular diameter of 5.936±0.016 mas. The projected rotational velocity is a relatively low 16 km/s,^[16] which does not produce any significant flattening of its disk.^[88] This is at marked variance with the similar-sized Vega, which rotates at a much faster 274 km/s and bulges prominently around its equator.^[89] A weak magnetic field has been detected on the surface of Sirius A.^[90]

Stellar models suggest that the star formed during the collapsing of a molecular cloud and that, after 10 million years, its internal energy generation was derived entirely from nuclear reactions. The core became convective and used the CNO cycle for energy generation.^[88] It is calculated that Sirius A will have completely exhausted the store of hydrogen at its core within a billion (10⁹) years of its formation, and will then evolve away from the main sequence.^[91] It will pass through a red giant stage and eventually become a white dwarf.^[92]

Sirius A is classed as an Am star because the spectrum shows deep metallic absorption lines,^[93] indicating an enhancement of its surface layers in elements heavier than helium, such as iron.^[80][88] The spectral type has been reported as A0mA1 Va, which indicates that it would be classified as A1 from hydrogen and helium lines, but A0 from the metallic lines that cause it to be grouped with the Am stars.^[6] When compared to the Sun, the proportion of iron in the atmosphere of Sirius A relative to hydrogen is given by ,^[15] meaning iron is 316% as abundant as in the Sun’s atmosphere. The high surface content of metallic elements is unlikely to be true of the entire star; rather the iron-peak and heavy metals are radiatively levitated towards the surface.^[88]

Sirius B[edit]

Sirius B is one of the most massive white dwarfs known. With a mass of 1.02 M_☉, it is almost double the 0.5–0.6 M_☉ average. This mass is packed into a volume roughly equal to the Earth’s.^[55] The current surface temperature is 25,200 K.^[13] Because there is no internal heat source, Sirius B will steadily cool as the remaining heat is radiated into space over more than two billion years.^[94]

A white dwarf forms after a star has evolved from the main sequence and then passed through a red giant stage. This occurred when Sirius B was less than half its current age, around 120 million years ago. The original star had an estimated 5 M_☉^[13] and was a B-type star (most likely B5V for 5 M_☉)^[95][96] when it was still on the main sequence, potentially burning around 600-1200 times more luminous than the sun. While it passed through the red giant stage, Sirius B may have enriched the metallicity of its companion, explaining the very high metallicity of Sirius A.

This star is primarily composed of a carbon–oxygen mixture that was generated by helium fusion in the progenitor star.^[13] This is overlaid by an envelope of lighter elements, with the materials segregated by mass because of the high surface gravity.^[97] The outer atmosphere of Sirius B is now almost pure hydrogen—the element with the lowest mass—and no other elements are seen in its spectrum.^[98]

Apparent third star[edit]

Since 1894, irregularities have been tentatively observed in the orbits of Sirius A and B with an apparent periodicity of 6–6.4 years. A 1995 study concluded that such a companion likely exists, with a mass of roughly 0.05 solar mass—a small red dwarf or large brown dwarf, with an apparent magnitude of more than 15, and less than 3 arcseconds from Sirius A.^[50]

More recent (and accurate) astrometric observations by the Hubble Space Telescope ruled out the existence of such a Sirius C entirely. The 1995 study predicted an astrometric movement of roughly 90 mas (0.09 arcsecond), but Hubble was unable to detect any location anomaly to an accuracy of 5 mas (0.005 arcsec). This ruled out any objects orbiting Sirius A with more than 0.033 solar mass (35 Jupiter masses) orbiting in 0.5 years, and 0.014 (15 Jupiter masses) in 2 years. The study was also able to rule out any companions to Sirius B with more than 0.024 solar mass (25 Jupiter masses) orbiting in 0.5 year, and 0.0095 (10 Jupiter masses) orbiting in 1.8 years. Effectively, there are almost certainly no additional bodies in the Sirius system larger than a small brown dwarf or large exoplanet.^[99][12]

Star cluster membership[edit]

In 1909, Ejnar Hertzsprung was the first to suggest that Sirius was a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group, based on his observations of the system’s movements across the sky. The Ursa Major Group is a set of 220 stars that share a common motion through space. It was once a member of an open cluster, but has since become gravitationally unbound from the cluster.^[100] Analyses in 2003 and 2005 found Sirius’s membership in the group to be questionable: the Ursa Major Group has an estimated age of 500 ± 100 million years, whereas Sirius, with metallicity similar to the Sun’s, has an age that is only half this, making it too young to belong to the group.^{[13][101][102]} Sirius may instead be a member of the proposed Sirius Supercluster, along with other scattered stars such as Beta Aurigae, Alpha Coronae Borealis, Beta Crateris, Beta Eridani and Beta Serpentis.^[103] This would be one of three large clusters located within 500 light-years (150 pc) of the Sun. The other two are the Hyades and the Pleiades, and each of these clusters consists of hundreds of stars.^[104]

Distant star cluster[edit]

In 2017, a massive star cluster was discovered only 10 arcminutes from Sirius, making the two appear to be visually close to one other when viewed from the point of view of the Earth. It was discovered during a statistical analysis of Gaia data. The cluster is over a thousand times further away from us than the star system, but given its size it still appears at magnitude 8.3.^[105]

Etymology[edit]

The proper name «Sirius» comes from the Latin Sīrius, from the Ancient Greek Σείριος (Seirios, «glowing» or «scorcher»).^[106] The Greek word itself may have been imported from elsewhere before the Archaic period,^[107] one authority suggesting a link with the Egyptian god Osiris.^[108] The name’s earliest recorded use dates from the 7th century BC in Hesiod’s poetic work Works and Days.^[107] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)^[109] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN’s first bulletin of July 2016^[110] included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included Sirius for the star α Canis Majoris A. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.^[111]

Sirius has over 50 other designations and names attached to it.^[70] In Geoffrey Chaucer’s essay Treatise on the Astrolabe, it bears the name Alhabor and is depicted by a hound’s head. This name is widely used on medieval astrolabes from Western Europe.^[20] In Sanskrit it is known as Mrgavyadha «deer hunter», or Lubdhaka «hunter». As Mrgavyadha, the star represents Rudra (Shiva).^[112][113] The star is referred to as Makarajyoti in Malayalam and has religious significance to the pilgrim center Sabarimala.^[114] In Scandinavia, the star has been known as Lokabrenna («burning done by Loki», or «Loki’s torch»).^[115] In the astrology of the Middle Ages, Sirius was a Behenian fixed star,^[116] associated with beryl and juniper. Its astrological symbol was listed by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa.^[117]

Cultural significance[edit]

Many cultures have historically attached special significance to Sirius, particularly in relation to dogs. It is often colloquially called the «Dog Star» as the brightest star of Canis Major, the «Great Dog» constellation. Canis Major was classically depicted as Orion’s dog. The Ancient Greeks thought that Sirius’s emanations could affect dogs adversely, making them behave abnormally during the «dog days», the hottest days of the summer. The Romans knew these days as dies caniculares, and the star Sirius was called Canicula, «little dog». The excessive panting of dogs in hot weather was thought to place them at risk of desiccation and disease. In extreme cases, a foaming dog might have rabies, which could infect and kill humans they had bitten.^[30] Homer, in the Iliad, describes the approach of Achilles toward Troy in these words:^[118]

Sirius rises late in the dark, liquid sky
On summer nights, star of stars,
Orion’s Dog they call it, brightest
Of all, but an evil portent, bringing heat
And fevers to suffering humanity.

In Iranian mythology, especially in Persian mythology and in Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion of Persia, Sirius appears as Tishtrya and is revered as the rain-maker divinity (Tishtar of New Persian poetry). Beside passages in the sacred texts of the Avesta, the Avestan language Tishtrya followed by the version Tir in Middle and New Persian is also depicted in the Persian epic Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. Because of the concept of the yazatas, powers which are «worthy of worship», Tishtrya is a divinity of rain and fertility and an antagonist of apaosha, the demon of drought. In this struggle, Tishtrya is depicted as a white horse.^{[119][120][121][122]}

In Chinese astronomy Sirius is known as the star of the «celestial wolf» (Chinese and Japanese: 天狼 Chinese romanization: Tiānláng; Japanese romanization: Tenrō;^[123] Korean and romanization: 천랑 /Tsŏnrang) in the Mansion of Jǐng (井宿). Many nations among the indigenous peoples of North America also associated Sirius with canines; the Seri and Tohono Oʼodham of the southwest note the star as a dog that follows mountain sheep, while the Blackfoot called it «Dog-face». The Cherokee paired Sirius with Antares as a dog-star guardian of either end of the «Path of Souls». The Pawnee of Nebraska had several associations; the Wolf (Skidi) tribe knew it as the «Wolf Star», while other branches knew it as the «Coyote Star». Further north, the Alaskan Inuit of the Bering Strait called it «Moon Dog».^[124]

Several cultures also associated the star with a bow and arrows. The ancient Chinese visualized a large bow and arrow across the southern sky, formed by the constellations of Puppis and Canis Major. In this, the arrow tip is pointed at the wolf Sirius. A similar association is depicted at the Temple of Hathor in Dendera, where the goddess Satet has drawn her arrow at Hathor (Sirius). Known as «Tir», the star was portrayed as the arrow itself in later Persian culture.^[125]

Sirius is mentioned in Surah, An-Najm («The Star»), of the Qur’an, where it is given the name الشِّعْرَى (transliteration: aš-ši’rā or ash-shira; the leader).^[126] The verse is: «وأنَّهُ هُوَ رَبُّ الشِّعْرَى«, «That He is the Lord of Sirius (the Mighty Star).» (An-Najm:49)^[127] Ibn Kathir said in his commentary «that it is the bright star, named Mirzam Al-Jawza’ (Sirius), which a group of Arabs used to worship».^[128] The alternate name Aschere, used by Johann Bayer, is derived from this.^[19]

In theosophy, it is believed the Seven Stars of the Pleiades transmit the spiritual energy of the Seven Rays from the Galactic Logos to the Seven Stars of the Great Bear, then to Sirius. From there is it sent via the Sun to the god of Earth (Sanat Kumara), and finally through the seven Masters of the Seven Rays to the human race.^[130]

The midnight culmination of Sirius in the northern hemisphere coincides with the beginning of the New Year^[129] of the Gregorian Calendar during the decades around the year 2000. Over the years, its midnight culmination moves slowly, owing to the combination of the star’s proper motion and the precession of the equinoxes. At the time of the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in the year 1582, its culmination occurred 17 minutes before midnight into the new year under the assumption of a constant motion. According to Richard Hinckley Allen^[131] its mightnight culmination was celebrated at the Temple of Demeter at Eleusis.

Dogon[edit]

The Dogon people are an ethnic group in Mali, West Africa, reported by some researchers to have traditional astronomical knowledge about Sirius that would normally be considered impossible without the use of telescopes. According to Marcel Griaule, they knew about the fifty-year orbital period of Sirius and its companion prior to western astronomers.^[132][133]

Doubts have been raised about the validity of Griaule and Dieterlein’s work.^[134][135] In 1991, anthropologist Walter van Beek concluded about the Dogon, «Though they do speak about sigu tolo [which is what Griaule claimed the Dogon called Sirius] they disagree completely with each other as to which star is meant; for some it is an invisible star that should rise to announce the sigu [festival], for another it is Venus that, through a different position, appears as sigu tolo. All agree, however, that they learned about the star from Griaule.»^[136] According to Noah Brosch cultural transfer of relatively modern astronomical information could have taken place in 1893, when a French expedition arrived in Central West Africa to observe the total eclipse on 16 April.^[137]

In his pseudoarcheology book The Sirius Mystery, Robert Temple claimed that the Dogon people have a tradition of contact with intelligent extraterrestrial beings from Sirius.^[138]

Serer religion[edit]

In the religion of the Serer people of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania, Sirius is called Yoonir from the Serer language (and some of the Cangin language speakers, who are all ethnically Serers). The star Sirius is one of the most important and sacred stars in Serer religious cosmology and symbolism. The Serer high priests and priestesses (Saltigues, the hereditary «rain priests»^[141]) chart Yoonir in order to forecast rainfall and enable Serer farmers to start planting seeds. In Serer religious cosmology, it is the symbol of the universe.^[139][140]

Modern significance[edit]

Sirius features on the coat of arms of Macquarie University, and is the name of its alumnae journal.^[142] Seven ships of the Royal Navy have been called HMS Sirius since the 18th century, with the first being the flagship of the First Fleet to Australia in 1788.^[143] The Royal Australian Navy subsequently named a vessel HMAS Sirius in honor of the flagship.^[144] American vessels include the USNS Sirius (T-AFS-8) as well as a monoplane model—the Lockheed Sirius, the first of which was flown by Charles Lindbergh.^[145] The name was also adopted by Mitsubishi Motors as the Mitsubishi Sirius engine in 1980.^[146] The name of the North American satellite radio company CD Radio was changed to Sirius Satellite Radio in November 1999, being named after «the brightest star in the night sky».^[147] Sirius is one of the 27 stars on the flag of Brazil, where it represents the state of Mato Grosso.^[148]

Composer Karlheinz Stockhausen, who wrote a piece called Sirius, is claimed to have said on several occasions that he came from a planet in the Sirius system.^[149][150] To Stockhausen, Sirius stood for «the place where music is the highest of vibrations» and where music had been developed in the most perfect way.^[151]

Sirius has been the subject of poetry.^[152] Dante and John Milton reference the star, and it is the «powerful western fallen star» of Walt Whitman’s «When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d», while Tennyson’s poem The Princess describes the star’s scintillation:

…the fiery Sirius alters hue
And bickers into red and emerald.^[153]

See also[edit]

• List of stars in Canis Major

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Brosch, Noah (2008). Sirius Matters. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 354. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8319-8_10. ISBN 978-1-4020-8318-1.
• Holberg, J.B. (2007). Sirius: Brightest Diamond in the Night Sky. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-48941-4.
• Makemson, Maud Worcester (1941). The Morning Star Rises: An Account of Polynesian Astronomy. Yale University Press. Bibcode:1941msra.book…..M.

External links[edit]

• NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Sirius B in x-ray (6 October 2000)
• «Sirius Matters: Alien Contact». Chandra X-ray Center. 28 November 2000. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
• Sankey, John. «Getting Sirius About Time». www.johnsankey.ca. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
• Barker, Tho.; Stukeley, W. (1760). «Remarks on the Mutations of the Stars». Philosophical Transactions. 51: 498–504. doi:10.1098/rstl.1759.0049. JSTOR 105393.

Sirius

Location of Sirius (circled)
Observation data Epoch J2000.0      Equinox ICRS
Constellation	Canis Major
Pronunciation	[1]
Sirius A
Right ascension	06h 45m 08.917s[2]
Declination	−16° 42′ 58.02″[2]
Apparent magnitude (V)	−1.46[3]
Sirius B
Right ascension	06h 45m 09.0s[4]
Declination	−16° 43′ 06″[4]
Apparent magnitude (V)	8.44[5]
Characteristics
Sirius A
Evolutionary stage	Main sequence
Spectral type	A0mA1 Va[6]
U−B colour index	−0.05[3]
B−V colour index	+0.00[3]
Sirius B
Evolutionary stage	White dwarf
Spectral type	DA2[5]
U−B colour index	−1.04[7]
B−V colour index	−0.03[7]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)	−5.50[8] km/s
Sirius A
Proper motion (μ)	RA: −546.01 mas/yr[9] Dec.: −1,223.07 mas/yr[9]
Parallax (π)	379.21 ± 1.58 mas[9]
Distance	8.60 ± 0.04 ly (2.64 ± 0.01 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)	+1.43[10]
Sirius B
Proper motion (μ)	RA: −461.571 mas/yr[11] Dec.: −914.520 mas/yr[11]
Parallax (π)	374.4896 ± 0.2313 mas[11]
Distance	8.709 ± 0.005 ly (2.670 ± 0.002 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)	+11.18[7]
Orbit[12]
Primary	α Canis Majoris A
Companion	α Canis Majoris B
Period (P)	50.1284 ± 0.0043 yr
Semi-major axis (a)	7.4957 ± 0.0025″
Eccentricity (e)	0.59142 ± 0.00037
Inclination (i)	136.336 ± 0.040°
Longitude of the node (Ω)	45.400 ± 0.071°
Periastron epoch (T)	1,994.5715 ± 0.0058
Argument of periastron (ω) (secondary)	149.161 ± 0.075°
Details
Sirius A
Mass	2.063±0.023[12] M☉
Radius	1.711[13] R☉
Luminosity	25.4[13] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)	4.33[14] cgs
Temperature	9,940[14] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]	0.50[15] dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)	16[16] km/s
Age	242±5[12] Myr
Sirius B
Mass	1.018 ± 0.011[12] M☉
Radius	0.0084 ± 3%[17] R☉
Luminosity	0.056[18] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)	8.57[17] cgs
Temperature	25,000 ± 200[13] K
Age	228+10 −8[12] Myr
Other designations
Dog Star, Aschere, Canicula, Al Shira, Sothis,[19] Alhabor,[20] Mrgavyadha, Lubdhaka,[21] Tenrōsei,[22] α Canis Majoris (α CMa), 9 Canis Majoris (9 CMa), HD 48915, HR 2491, BD−16°1591, GJ 244, LHS 219, ADS 5423, LTT 2638, HIP 32349[23]
Sirius B: EGGR 49, WD 0642-166, GCTP 1577.00[24]
Database references
	A
	B

Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky. Its name is derived from the Greek word Σείριος, or Seirios, meaning lit. ‘glowing’ or ‘scorching’. The star is designated α Canis Majoris, Latinized to Alpha Canis Majoris, and abbreviated Alpha CMa or α CMa. With a visual apparent magnitude of −1.46, Sirius is almost twice as bright as Canopus, the next brightest star. Sirius is a binary star consisting of a main-sequence star of spectral type A0 or A1, termed Sirius A, and a faint white dwarf companion of spectral type DA2, termed Sirius B. The distance between the two varies between 8.2 and 31.5 astronomical units as they orbit every 50 years.^[25]

Sirius appears bright because of its intrinsic luminosity and its proximity to the Solar System. At a distance of 2.64 parsecs (8.6 ly), the Sirius system is one of Earth’s nearest neighbours. Sirius is gradually moving closer to the Solar System, so it is expected to increase in brightness slightly over the next 60,000 years, reaching a peak magnitude of −1.68. After that time, its distance will begin to increase, and it will become fainter, but it will continue to be the brightest star in the Earth’s night sky for approximately the next 210,000 years, before Vega, another A-type star and more luminous than Sirius, becomes the brightest star.^[26]

Sirius A is about twice as massive as the Sun (M_☉) and has an absolute visual magnitude of +1.43. It is 25 times as luminous as the Sun,^[13] but has a significantly lower luminosity than other bright stars such as Canopus, Betelgeuse, or Rigel. The system is between 200 and 300 million years old.^[13] It was originally composed of two bright bluish stars. The initially more massive of these, Sirius B, consumed its hydrogen fuel and became a red giant before shedding its outer layers and collapsing into its current state as a white dwarf around 120 million years ago.^[13]

Sirius is colloquially known as the «Dog Star«, reflecting its prominence in its constellation, Canis Major (the Greater Dog).^[19] The heliacal rising of Sirius marked the flooding of the Nile in Ancient Egypt and the «dog days» of summer for the ancient Greeks, while to the Polynesians, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, the star marked winter and was an important reference for their navigation around the Pacific Ocean.

Observational history[edit]

Sirius Spdt
Egyptian hieroglyphs

The brightest star seen from Earth, Sirius is recorded in some of the earliest astronomical records. Its displacement from the ecliptic causes its heliacal rising to be remarkably regular compared to other stars, with a period of almost exactly 365.25 days holding it constant relative to the solar year. This rising occurs at Cairo on 19 July (Julian), placing it just before the onset of the annual flooding of the Nile during antiquity.^[27] Owing to the flood’s own irregularity, the extreme precision of the star’s return made it important to the ancient Egyptians,^[27] who worshipped it as the goddess Sopdet (Ancient Egyptian: Spdt, «Triangle»;^[a] Greek: Σῶθις, Sō̂this), guarantor of the fertility of their land.^[b]

The ancient Greeks observed that the appearance of Sirius as the morning star heralded the hot and dry summer and feared that the star caused plants to wilt, men to weaken, and women to become aroused.^[29] Owing to its brightness, Sirius would have been seen to twinkle more in the unsettled weather conditions of early summer. To Greek observers, this signified emanations that caused its malignant influence. Anyone suffering its effects was said to be «star-struck» (ἀστροβόλητος, astrobólētos). It was described as «burning» or «flaming» in literature.^[30] The season following the star’s reappearance came to be known as the «dog days».^[31] The inhabitants of the island of Ceos in the Aegean Sea would offer sacrifices to Sirius and Zeus to bring cooling breezes and would await the reappearance of the star in summer. If it rose clear, it would portend good fortune; if it was misty or faint then it foretold (or emanated) pestilence. Coins retrieved from the island from the 3rd century BC feature dogs or stars with emanating rays, highlighting Sirius’s importance.^[30]

The Romans celebrated the heliacal setting of Sirius around 25 April, sacrificing a dog, along with incense, wine, and a sheep, to the goddess Robigo so that the star’s emanations would not cause wheat rust on wheat crops that year.^[32]

Bright stars were important to the ancient Polynesians for navigation of the Pacific Ocean. They also served as latitude markers; the declination of Sirius matches the latitude of the archipelago of Fiji at 17°S and thus passes directly over the islands each sidereal day.^[33] Sirius served as the body of a «Great Bird» constellation called Manu, with Canopus as the southern wingtip and Procyon the northern wingtip, which divided the Polynesian night sky into two hemispheres.^[34] Just as the appearance of Sirius in the morning sky marked summer in Greece, it marked the onset of winter for the Māori, whose name Takurua described both the star and the season. Its culmination at the winter solstice was marked by celebration in Hawaii, where it was known as Ka’ulua, «Queen of Heaven». Many other Polynesian names have been recorded, including Tau-ua in the Marquesas Islands, Rehua in New Zealand, and Ta’urua-fau-papa «Festivity of original high chiefs» and Ta’urua-e-hiti-i-te-tara-te-feiai «Festivity who rises with prayers and religious ceremonies» in Tahiti.^[35]

Kinematics[edit]

In 1717, Edmond Halley discovered the proper motion of the hitherto presumed fixed stars^[36] after comparing contemporary astrometric measurements with those from the second century AD given in Ptolemy’s Almagest. The bright stars Aldebaran, Arcturus and Sirius were noted to have moved significantly; Sirius had progressed about 30 arcminutes (about the diameter of the Moon) to the southwest.^[37]

In 1868, Sirius became the first star to have its velocity measured, the beginning of the study of celestial radial velocities. Sir William Huggins examined the spectrum of the star and observed a red shift. He concluded that Sirius was receding from the Solar System at about 40 km/s.^[38][39] Compared to the modern value of −5.5 km/s, this was an overestimate and had the wrong sign; the minus sign (−) means that it is approaching the Sun.^[40]

Distance[edit]

In his 1698 book, Cosmotheoros, Christiaan Huygens estimated the distance to Sirius at 27,664 times the distance from the Earth to the Sun (about 0.437 light-year, translating to a parallax of roughly 7.5 arcseconds).^[41] There were several unsuccessful attempts to measure the parallax of Sirius: by Jacques Cassini (6 seconds); by some astronomers (including Nevil Maskelyne)^[42] using Lacaille’s observations made at the Cape of Good Hope (4 seconds); by Piazzi (the same amount); using Lacaille’s observations made at Paris, more numerous and certain than those made at the Cape (no sensible parallax); by Bessel (no sensible parallax).^[43]

Scottish astronomer Thomas Henderson used his observations made in 1832–1833 and South African astronomer Thomas Maclear’s observations made in 1836–1837, to determine that the value of the parallax was 0.23 arcsecond, and error of the parallax was estimated not to exceed a quarter of a second, or as Henderson wrote in 1839, «On the whole we may conclude that the parallax of Sirius is not greater than half a second in space; and that it is probably much less.»^[44] Astronomers adopted a value of 0.25 arcsecond for much of the 19th century.^[45] It is now known to have a parallax of nearly 0.4 arcseconds.

The Hipparcos parallax for Sirius is only accurate to about ±0.04 light years, giving a distance of 8.6 light years.^[9] Sirius B is generally assumed to be at the same distance. Sirius B has a Gaia Data Release 3 parallax with a much smaller statistical margin of error, giving a distance of 8.709±0.005 light years, but it is flagged as having a very large value for astrometric excess noise, which indicates that the parallax value may be unreliable.^[11]

Discovery of Sirius B[edit]

In a letter dated 10 August 1844, the German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel deduced from changes in the proper motion of Sirius that it had an unseen companion.^[46] On 31 January 1862, American telescope-maker and astronomer Alvan Graham Clark first observed the faint companion, which is now called Sirius B, or affectionately «the Pup».^[47] This happened during testing of an 18.5-inch (470 mm) aperture great refractor telescope for Dearborn Observatory, which was one of the largest refracting telescope lenses in existence at the time, and the largest telescope in the United States.^[48] Sirius B’s sighting was confirmed on 8 March with smaller telescopes.^[49]

The visible star is now sometimes known as Sirius A. Since 1894, some apparent orbital irregularities in the Sirius system have been observed, suggesting a third very small companion star, but this has never been confirmed. The best fit to the data indicates a six-year orbit around Sirius A and a mass of 0.06 M_☉. This star would be five to ten magnitudes fainter than the white dwarf Sirius B, which would make it difficult to observe.^[50] Observations published in 2008 were unable to detect either a third star or a planet. An apparent «third star» observed in the 1920s is now believed to be a background object.^[51]

In 1915, Walter Sydney Adams, using a 60-inch (1.5 m) reflector at Mount Wilson Observatory, observed the spectrum of Sirius B and determined that it was a faint whitish star.^[52] This led astronomers to conclude that it was a white dwarf—the second to be discovered.^[53] The diameter of Sirius A was first measured by Robert Hanbury Brown and Richard Q. Twiss in 1959 at Jodrell Bank using their stellar intensity interferometer.^[54] In 2005, using the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers determined that Sirius B has nearly the diameter of the Earth, 12,000 kilometres (7,500 mi), with a mass 102% of the Sun’s.^[55]

Colour controversy[edit]

Around the year 150 AD,^[56] the Greek astronomer of the Roman period, Ptolemy of Alexandria mapped the stars in Books VII and VIII of his Almagest, in which he used Sirius as the location for the globe’s central meridian.^[57] He described Sirius as reddish, along with five other stars, Betelgeuse, Antares, Aldebaran, Arcturus and Pollux, all of which are of orange or red hue.^[56] The discrepancy was first noted by amateur astronomer Thomas Barker, squire of Lyndon Hall in Rutland, who prepared a paper and spoke at a meeting of the Royal Society in London in 1760.^[58] The existence of other stars changing in brightness gave credibility to the idea that some may change in colour too; Sir John Herschel noted this in 1839, possibly influenced by witnessing Eta Carinae two years earlier.^[59] Thomas Jefferson Jackson See resurrected discussion on red Sirius with the publication of several papers in 1892, and a final summary in 1926.^[60] He cited not only Ptolemy but also the poet Aratus, the orator Cicero, and general Germanicus as calling the star red, though acknowledging that none of the latter three authors were astronomers, the last two merely translating Aratus’s poem Phaenomena.^[61] Seneca had described Sirius as being of a deeper red than Mars.^[62] Not all ancient observers saw Sirius as red. The 1st-century poet Marcus Manilius described it as «sea-blue», as did the 4th-century Avienius.^[63] It was the standard white star in ancient China, and multiple records from the 2nd century BC up to the 7th century AD all describe Sirius as white.^[64][65]

In 1985, German astronomers Wolfhard Schlosser and Werner Bergmann published an account of an 8th-century Lombardic manuscript, which contains De cursu stellarum ratio by St. Gregory of Tours. The Latin text taught readers how to determine the times of nighttime prayers from positions of the stars, and a bright star described as rubeola—»reddish» was claimed to be Sirius. The authors proposed this was further evidence Sirius B had been a red giant at the time.^[66] Other scholars replied that it was likely St. Gregory had been referring to Arcturus.^[67][68]

The possibility that stellar evolution of either Sirius A or Sirius B could be responsible for this discrepancy has been rejected by astronomers on the grounds that the timescale of thousands of years is much too short and that there is no sign of the nebulosity in the system that would be expected had such a change taken place.^[62] An interaction with a third star, to date undiscovered, has also been proposed as a possibility for a red appearance.^[69] Alternative explanations are either that the description as red is a poetic metaphor for ill fortune, or that the dramatic scintillations of the star when rising left the viewer with the impression that it was red. To the naked eye, it often appears to be flashing with red, white, and blue hues when near the horizon.^[62]

Observation[edit]

With an apparent magnitude of −1.46, Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky, almost twice as bright as the second-brightest star, Canopus.^[70] From Earth, Sirius always appears dimmer than Jupiter and Venus, as well as Mercury and Mars at certain times.^[71] Sirius is visible from almost everywhere on Earth, except latitudes north of 73° N, and it does not rise very high when viewed from some northern cities (reaching only 13° above the horizon from Saint Petersburg).^[72] Because of its declination of roughly −17°, Sirius is a circumpolar star from latitudes south of 73° S. From the Southern Hemisphere in early July, Sirius can be seen in both the evening where it sets after the Sun and in the morning where it rises before the Sun.^[73] Along with Procyon and Betelgeuse, Sirius forms one of the three vertices of the Winter Triangle to observers in the Northern Hemisphere.^[74]

Sirius can be observed in daylight with the naked eye under the right conditions. Ideally, the sky should be very clear, with the observer at a high altitude, the star passing overhead, and the Sun low on the horizon. These observing conditions are more easily met in the Southern Hemisphere, owing to the southerly declination of Sirius.^[75]

The orbital motion of the Sirius binary system brings the two stars to a minimum angular separation of 3 arcseconds and a maximum of 11 arcseconds. At the closest approach, it is an observational challenge to distinguish the white dwarf from its more luminous companion, requiring a telescope with at least 300 mm (12 in) aperture and excellent seeing conditions. After a periastron occurred in 1994,^[c] the pair moved apart, making them easier to separate with a telescope.^[76] Apoastron occurred in 2019,^[d] but from the Earth’s vantage point, the greatest observational separation will occur in 2023, with an angular separation of 11.333″.^[77]

At a distance of 2.6 parsecs (8.6 ly), the Sirius system contains two of the eight nearest stars to the Sun, and it is the fifth closest stellar system to the Sun.^[78] This proximity is the main reason for its brightness, as with other near stars such as Alpha Centauri, Procyon and Vega and in contrast to distant, highly luminous supergiants such as Canopus, Rigel or Betelgeuse.(Note that Canopus may be a bright giant)^[79] It is still around 25 times more luminous than the Sun.^[13] The closest large neighbouring star to Sirius is Procyon, 1.61 parsecs (5.24 ly) away.^[80] The Voyager 2 spacecraft, launched in 1977 to study the four giant planets in the Solar System, is expected to pass within 4.3 light-years (1.3 pc) of Sirius in approximately 296,000 years.^[81]

Stellar system[edit]

Sirius is a binary star system consisting of two white stars orbiting each other with a separation of about 20 AU^[e] (roughly the distance between the Sun and Uranus) and a period of 50.1 years. The brighter component, termed Sirius A, is a main-sequence star of spectral type early A, with an estimated surface temperature of 9,940 K.^[14] Its companion, Sirius B, is a star that has already evolved off the main sequence and become a white dwarf. Currently 10,000 times less luminous in the visual spectrum, Sirius B was once the more massive of the two.^[82] The age of the system has been estimated at around 230 million years. Early in its life, it is thought to have been two bluish-white stars orbiting each other in an elliptical orbit every 9.1 years.^[82] The system emits a higher than expected level of infrared radiation, as measured by IRAS space-based observatory. This might be an indication of dust in the system, which is considered somewhat unusual for a binary star.^[80][83] The Chandra X-ray Observatory image shows Sirius B outshining its partner as an X-ray source.^[84]

In 2015, Vigan and colleagues used the VLT Survey Telescope to search for evidence of substellar companions, and were able to rule out the presence of giant planets 11 times more massive than Jupiter at 0.5 AU distance from Sirius A, 6–7 times the mass of Jupiter at 1–2 AU distance, and down to around 4 times the mass of Jupiter at 10 AU distance.^[85] Similarly, Lucas and colleagues did not detect any companions around Sirius B.^[86]

Sirius A[edit]

Sirius A has a mass of 2.063 M_☉.^[12][13][87] The radius of this star has been measured by an astronomical interferometer, giving an estimated angular diameter of 5.936±0.016 mas. The projected rotational velocity is a relatively low 16 km/s,^[16] which does not produce any significant flattening of its disk.^[88] This is at marked variance with the similar-sized Vega, which rotates at a much faster 274 km/s and bulges prominently around its equator.^[89] A weak magnetic field has been detected on the surface of Sirius A.^[90]

Stellar models suggest that the star formed during the collapsing of a molecular cloud and that, after 10 million years, its internal energy generation was derived entirely from nuclear reactions. The core became convective and used the CNO cycle for energy generation.^[88] It is calculated that Sirius A will have completely exhausted the store of hydrogen at its core within a billion (10⁹) years of its formation, and will then evolve away from the main sequence.^[91] It will pass through a red giant stage and eventually become a white dwarf.^[92]

Sirius A is classed as an Am star because the spectrum shows deep metallic absorption lines,^[93] indicating an enhancement of its surface layers in elements heavier than helium, such as iron.^[80][88] The spectral type has been reported as A0mA1 Va, which indicates that it would be classified as A1 from hydrogen and helium lines, but A0 from the metallic lines that cause it to be grouped with the Am stars.^[6] When compared to the Sun, the proportion of iron in the atmosphere of Sirius A relative to hydrogen is given by ,^[15] meaning iron is 316% as abundant as in the Sun’s atmosphere. The high surface content of metallic elements is unlikely to be true of the entire star; rather the iron-peak and heavy metals are radiatively levitated towards the surface.^[88]

Sirius B[edit]

Sirius B is one of the most massive white dwarfs known. With a mass of 1.02 M_☉, it is almost double the 0.5–0.6 M_☉ average. This mass is packed into a volume roughly equal to the Earth’s.^[55] The current surface temperature is 25,200 K.^[13] Because there is no internal heat source, Sirius B will steadily cool as the remaining heat is radiated into space over more than two billion years.^[94]

A white dwarf forms after a star has evolved from the main sequence and then passed through a red giant stage. This occurred when Sirius B was less than half its current age, around 120 million years ago. The original star had an estimated 5 M_☉^[13] and was a B-type star (most likely B5V for 5 M_☉)^[95][96] when it was still on the main sequence, potentially burning around 600-1200 times more luminous than the sun. While it passed through the red giant stage, Sirius B may have enriched the metallicity of its companion, explaining the very high metallicity of Sirius A.

This star is primarily composed of a carbon–oxygen mixture that was generated by helium fusion in the progenitor star.^[13] This is overlaid by an envelope of lighter elements, with the materials segregated by mass because of the high surface gravity.^[97] The outer atmosphere of Sirius B is now almost pure hydrogen—the element with the lowest mass—and no other elements are seen in its spectrum.^[98]

Apparent third star[edit]

Since 1894, irregularities have been tentatively observed in the orbits of Sirius A and B with an apparent periodicity of 6–6.4 years. A 1995 study concluded that such a companion likely exists, with a mass of roughly 0.05 solar mass—a small red dwarf or large brown dwarf, with an apparent magnitude of more than 15, and less than 3 arcseconds from Sirius A.^[50]

More recent (and accurate) astrometric observations by the Hubble Space Telescope ruled out the existence of such a Sirius C entirely. The 1995 study predicted an astrometric movement of roughly 90 mas (0.09 arcsecond), but Hubble was unable to detect any location anomaly to an accuracy of 5 mas (0.005 arcsec). This ruled out any objects orbiting Sirius A with more than 0.033 solar mass (35 Jupiter masses) orbiting in 0.5 years, and 0.014 (15 Jupiter masses) in 2 years. The study was also able to rule out any companions to Sirius B with more than 0.024 solar mass (25 Jupiter masses) orbiting in 0.5 year, and 0.0095 (10 Jupiter masses) orbiting in 1.8 years. Effectively, there are almost certainly no additional bodies in the Sirius system larger than a small brown dwarf or large exoplanet.^[99][12]

Star cluster membership[edit]

In 1909, Ejnar Hertzsprung was the first to suggest that Sirius was a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group, based on his observations of the system’s movements across the sky. The Ursa Major Group is a set of 220 stars that share a common motion through space. It was once a member of an open cluster, but has since become gravitationally unbound from the cluster.^[100] Analyses in 2003 and 2005 found Sirius’s membership in the group to be questionable: the Ursa Major Group has an estimated age of 500 ± 100 million years, whereas Sirius, with metallicity similar to the Sun’s, has an age that is only half this, making it too young to belong to the group.^{[13][101][102]} Sirius may instead be a member of the proposed Sirius Supercluster, along with other scattered stars such as Beta Aurigae, Alpha Coronae Borealis, Beta Crateris, Beta Eridani and Beta Serpentis.^[103] This would be one of three large clusters located within 500 light-years (150 pc) of the Sun. The other two are the Hyades and the Pleiades, and each of these clusters consists of hundreds of stars.^[104]

Distant star cluster[edit]

In 2017, a massive star cluster was discovered only 10 arcminutes from Sirius, making the two appear to be visually close to one other when viewed from the point of view of the Earth. It was discovered during a statistical analysis of Gaia data. The cluster is over a thousand times further away from us than the star system, but given its size it still appears at magnitude 8.3.^[105]

Etymology[edit]

The proper name «Sirius» comes from the Latin Sīrius, from the Ancient Greek Σείριος (Seirios, «glowing» or «scorcher»).^[106] The Greek word itself may have been imported from elsewhere before the Archaic period,^[107] one authority suggesting a link with the Egyptian god Osiris.^[108] The name’s earliest recorded use dates from the 7th century BC in Hesiod’s poetic work Works and Days.^[107] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)^[109] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN’s first bulletin of July 2016^[110] included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included Sirius for the star α Canis Majoris A. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.^[111]

Sirius has over 50 other designations and names attached to it.^[70] In Geoffrey Chaucer’s essay Treatise on the Astrolabe, it bears the name Alhabor and is depicted by a hound’s head. This name is widely used on medieval astrolabes from Western Europe.^[20] In Sanskrit it is known as Mrgavyadha «deer hunter», or Lubdhaka «hunter». As Mrgavyadha, the star represents Rudra (Shiva).^[112][113] The star is referred to as Makarajyoti in Malayalam and has religious significance to the pilgrim center Sabarimala.^[114] In Scandinavia, the star has been known as Lokabrenna («burning done by Loki», or «Loki’s torch»).^[115] In the astrology of the Middle Ages, Sirius was a Behenian fixed star,^[116] associated with beryl and juniper. Its astrological symbol was listed by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa.^[117]

Cultural significance[edit]

Many cultures have historically attached special significance to Sirius, particularly in relation to dogs. It is often colloquially called the «Dog Star» as the brightest star of Canis Major, the «Great Dog» constellation. Canis Major was classically depicted as Orion’s dog. The Ancient Greeks thought that Sirius’s emanations could affect dogs adversely, making them behave abnormally during the «dog days», the hottest days of the summer. The Romans knew these days as dies caniculares, and the star Sirius was called Canicula, «little dog». The excessive panting of dogs in hot weather was thought to place them at risk of desiccation and disease. In extreme cases, a foaming dog might have rabies, which could infect and kill humans they had bitten.^[30] Homer, in the Iliad, describes the approach of Achilles toward Troy in these words:^[118]

Sirius rises late in the dark, liquid sky
On summer nights, star of stars,
Orion’s Dog they call it, brightest
Of all, but an evil portent, bringing heat
And fevers to suffering humanity.

In Iranian mythology, especially in Persian mythology and in Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion of Persia, Sirius appears as Tishtrya and is revered as the rain-maker divinity (Tishtar of New Persian poetry). Beside passages in the sacred texts of the Avesta, the Avestan language Tishtrya followed by the version Tir in Middle and New Persian is also depicted in the Persian epic Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. Because of the concept of the yazatas, powers which are «worthy of worship», Tishtrya is a divinity of rain and fertility and an antagonist of apaosha, the demon of drought. In this struggle, Tishtrya is depicted as a white horse.^{[119][120][121][122]}

In Chinese astronomy Sirius is known as the star of the «celestial wolf» (Chinese and Japanese: 天狼 Chinese romanization: Tiānláng; Japanese romanization: Tenrō;^[123] Korean and romanization: 천랑 /Tsŏnrang) in the Mansion of Jǐng (井宿). Many nations among the indigenous peoples of North America also associated Sirius with canines; the Seri and Tohono Oʼodham of the southwest note the star as a dog that follows mountain sheep, while the Blackfoot called it «Dog-face». The Cherokee paired Sirius with Antares as a dog-star guardian of either end of the «Path of Souls». The Pawnee of Nebraska had several associations; the Wolf (Skidi) tribe knew it as the «Wolf Star», while other branches knew it as the «Coyote Star». Further north, the Alaskan Inuit of the Bering Strait called it «Moon Dog».^[124]

Several cultures also associated the star with a bow and arrows. The ancient Chinese visualized a large bow and arrow across the southern sky, formed by the constellations of Puppis and Canis Major. In this, the arrow tip is pointed at the wolf Sirius. A similar association is depicted at the Temple of Hathor in Dendera, where the goddess Satet has drawn her arrow at Hathor (Sirius). Known as «Tir», the star was portrayed as the arrow itself in later Persian culture.^[125]

Sirius is mentioned in Surah, An-Najm («The Star»), of the Qur’an, where it is given the name الشِّعْرَى (transliteration: aš-ši’rā or ash-shira; the leader).^[126] The verse is: «وأنَّهُ هُوَ رَبُّ الشِّعْرَى«, «That He is the Lord of Sirius (the Mighty Star).» (An-Najm:49)^[127] Ibn Kathir said in his commentary «that it is the bright star, named Mirzam Al-Jawza’ (Sirius), which a group of Arabs used to worship».^[128] The alternate name Aschere, used by Johann Bayer, is derived from this.^[19]

In theosophy, it is believed the Seven Stars of the Pleiades transmit the spiritual energy of the Seven Rays from the Galactic Logos to the Seven Stars of the Great Bear, then to Sirius. From there is it sent via the Sun to the god of Earth (Sanat Kumara), and finally through the seven Masters of the Seven Rays to the human race.^[130]

The midnight culmination of Sirius in the northern hemisphere coincides with the beginning of the New Year^[129] of the Gregorian Calendar during the decades around the year 2000. Over the years, its midnight culmination moves slowly, owing to the combination of the star’s proper motion and the precession of the equinoxes. At the time of the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in the year 1582, its culmination occurred 17 minutes before midnight into the new year under the assumption of a constant motion. According to Richard Hinckley Allen^[131] its mightnight culmination was celebrated at the Temple of Demeter at Eleusis.

Dogon[edit]

The Dogon people are an ethnic group in Mali, West Africa, reported by some researchers to have traditional astronomical knowledge about Sirius that would normally be considered impossible without the use of telescopes. According to Marcel Griaule, they knew about the fifty-year orbital period of Sirius and its companion prior to western astronomers.^[132][133]

Doubts have been raised about the validity of Griaule and Dieterlein’s work.^[134][135] In 1991, anthropologist Walter van Beek concluded about the Dogon, «Though they do speak about sigu tolo [which is what Griaule claimed the Dogon called Sirius] they disagree completely with each other as to which star is meant; for some it is an invisible star that should rise to announce the sigu [festival], for another it is Venus that, through a different position, appears as sigu tolo. All agree, however, that they learned about the star from Griaule.»^[136] According to Noah Brosch cultural transfer of relatively modern astronomical information could have taken place in 1893, when a French expedition arrived in Central West Africa to observe the total eclipse on 16 April.^[137]

In his pseudoarcheology book The Sirius Mystery, Robert Temple claimed that the Dogon people have a tradition of contact with intelligent extraterrestrial beings from Sirius.^[138]

Serer religion[edit]

In the religion of the Serer people of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania, Sirius is called Yoonir from the Serer language (and some of the Cangin language speakers, who are all ethnically Serers). The star Sirius is one of the most important and sacred stars in Serer religious cosmology and symbolism. The Serer high priests and priestesses (Saltigues, the hereditary «rain priests»^[141]) chart Yoonir in order to forecast rainfall and enable Serer farmers to start planting seeds. In Serer religious cosmology, it is the symbol of the universe.^[139][140]

Modern significance[edit]

Sirius features on the coat of arms of Macquarie University, and is the name of its alumnae journal.^[142] Seven ships of the Royal Navy have been called HMS Sirius since the 18th century, with the first being the flagship of the First Fleet to Australia in 1788.^[143] The Royal Australian Navy subsequently named a vessel HMAS Sirius in honor of the flagship.^[144] American vessels include the USNS Sirius (T-AFS-8) as well as a monoplane model—the Lockheed Sirius, the first of which was flown by Charles Lindbergh.^[145] The name was also adopted by Mitsubishi Motors as the Mitsubishi Sirius engine in 1980.^[146] The name of the North American satellite radio company CD Radio was changed to Sirius Satellite Radio in November 1999, being named after «the brightest star in the night sky».^[147] Sirius is one of the 27 stars on the flag of Brazil, where it represents the state of Mato Grosso.^[148]

Composer Karlheinz Stockhausen, who wrote a piece called Sirius, is claimed to have said on several occasions that he came from a planet in the Sirius system.^[149][150] To Stockhausen, Sirius stood for «the place where music is the highest of vibrations» and where music had been developed in the most perfect way.^[151]

Sirius has been the subject of poetry.^[152] Dante and John Milton reference the star, and it is the «powerful western fallen star» of Walt Whitman’s «When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d», while Tennyson’s poem The Princess describes the star’s scintillation:

…the fiery Sirius alters hue
And bickers into red and emerald.^[153]

See also[edit]

• List of stars in Canis Major

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Brosch, Noah (2008). Sirius Matters. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 354. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8319-8_10. ISBN 978-1-4020-8318-1.
• Holberg, J.B. (2007). Sirius: Brightest Diamond in the Night Sky. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-48941-4.
• Makemson, Maud Worcester (1941). The Morning Star Rises: An Account of Polynesian Astronomy. Yale University Press. Bibcode:1941msra.book…..M.

External links[edit]

• NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Sirius B in x-ray (6 October 2000)
• «Sirius Matters: Alien Contact». Chandra X-ray Center. 28 November 2000. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
• Sankey, John. «Getting Sirius About Time». www.johnsankey.ca. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
• Barker, Tho.; Stukeley, W. (1760). «Remarks on the Mutations of the Stars». Philosophical Transactions. 51: 498–504. doi:10.1098/rstl.1759.0049. JSTOR 105393.

Сириус (α Canis Majoris, Альфа CMa, α CMa) – самая яркая звезда на ночном небе. Это двойная звезда, состоящая из звезды главной последовательности спектрального типа A0 или A1 под названием Сириус A и слабого белого карлика спектрального типа DA2, называемого Сириусом B. Расстояние между ними варьируется от 8,2 до 31,5 а.е. с периодом обращения в 50 лет.

Сириус хорошо известен как звезда α Пса, потому что это главная звезда в созвездии Большой Пса.

Звезда Сириус кажется яркой из-за своей внутренней светимости и своей близости к Солнечной системе. На расстоянии 2,6 парсеков (8,6 световых лет) является одной из ближайших наших соседей. Звезда постепенно приближается к Солнечной системе, поэтому её яркость будет незначительно увеличиваться в течение следующих 60 000 лет. После этого времени его расстояние начнет увеличиваться и она станет слабее. Но Сириус будет продолжать оставаться самой яркой звездой в ночном небе в течении следующих 210 000 лет.

Манит с древности людей и пользуется популярностью у землян

Чем южнее вы будете находиться, тем лучше будет виден Сириус. Разумеется, что наблюдательные народы древности не могли не заприметить такое небесное сокровище. Очень большое внимание звезде уделяли египтяне, они даже создали кaлeндapь нa ocнoвe звeзднoгo вocxoждeния Сириуса. Eго первое восхождение означало нaчaлo нoвoгo гoдa, a в чecть звeзды уcтpaивaли пpaздник.

Koгдa жe Cиpиуc иcчeзaл пepeд paccвeтoм, тo Hил пoкидaл бepeгa. Этo событие cлучaлocь пepeд лeтним coлнцecтoяниeм. После этого «путеводная звезда» египтян oтcутcтвoвaлa 70 днeй, и люди cчитaли, чтo в этo вpeмя Иcидa спускается в подземный мир, чтобы встретиться со своим возлюбленным супругом Ocиpиcом, которого убил Сет, ненавидевший его и жаждущий власти. Исида воскресила любимого, и 70 дней проводила вместе с ним, поэтому невидим был и Сириус.

Эта звезда казалась им дверью в зaгpoбную жизнь и cтapaлиcь нe xopoнить умepшиx в 70-днeвный пpoмeжутoк, кoгдa звeздa пpoпaдaлa c нeбec. Heкoтopыe вepят, чтo пиpaмидa в Гизe coздaнa в идeaльнoм cooтнoшeнии c лoкaциями Cиpиуca и тpex звeзд пoяca Opиoнa.

Кстати, календарь древних египтян был точным: они oтмeчaли, чтo гeлиaкaльнoe вocxoждeниe пpoиcxoдит кaждыe З65.25 днeй.

Наблюдательные греки заметили, чтo пoявлeниe звeзды пpинocит c coбoй жapкий ceзoн , поэтому прозвали её «жгучей ». Сириус тоже восхваляли, в честь него устраивали праздники и активно за ней следили. Считалось, что если его хорошо было видно, то это знак удачи, а если же звезда выглядела слабой и туманной, то это дурное предзнаменование начала эпидемий, неспокойных времён или войн. Похожее мировоззрение было и у римлян, и на день восхождения Сириуса здорово «доставалось» собакам и овцам – этих животных массово приносили в жертву.

Как только Сириус не называли! Китайцы именовали её «звездой небесного волка », пoлинeзийцы — «вeликoй птицeй » и использовали её в качестве ориентира, а гавайцы, пожалуй, дали самое почтенное имя – «Королева Небес ». Даже в Коране Сириус назывался «Могучей звездой ». B Cкaндинaвии о Сириусе говорили, что это «фaкeл Лoки ».

Самая мистическая история связана с догонами — народностью, живущей в труднодоступных местах в Республике Мали . Они знaли тo, чeгo нeльзя былo зaмeтить бeз тeлecкoпoв: эти люди говорили, что Cиpиуc двoйная звезда, a opбитaльный пepиoд cocтaвляeт 50 лeт. Бoлee тoгo, плeмя cлeдилo зa звeздoй 5000 лeт, и их лeгeнды глacят, чтo нaш вид пoявилcя oт зeмнoвoднoй pacы Cиpиуca – Hoммo.

В древние времена, согласно легендам догонов, в места, где они живут, прилетел с Сириуса бог Номмо, а на его ковчеге – корабле он привёз множество разных животных (интересное совпадение с библейским ковчегом Ноя). Первые люди действительно появились в Африке. Сохранилась в храмах догонов даже траектория полёта этого ковчега – кривая линия, обвивающая созвездие Сириуса и Землю. Уж не с Сириуса ли мы прибыли? И как догоны могли знать о том, что Сириус – двойная звезда и её орбитальный период?.. Но это всего лишь легенды.

Интересно, что китайцы и шумеры описывали Сириус звездой красного цвета, а другие народы видели его сияюще белым. Это породило множество «сказок» в стиле РенТВ, но данный факт объясняется просто – проходящее мимо межзвёздное облако вполне могло придать звезде такой цвет.

Каков он есть?

Сказки сказками, а догоны были правы. Мы с неба видим Сириус как одну звезду, но на самом деле это двойная звёздная система, которая состоит из звезды спектрального класса A1 (Сириус A) и белого карлика (Сириус B), вращающихся вокруг общего центра масс с периодом оборота вокруг него примерно в 50 лет. Среднее расстояние между этими звёздами составляет около 20 а. е., что сравнимо с расстоянием от Солнца до Урана. Возраст системы лежит в пределах 250 миллионов лет .

Именно первую звезду Сириус А мы и видим с Земли. По массе эта звезда примерно в два раза тяжелее Солнца, в 25 раз ярче его, а радиус Сириуса превышает Солнечный на 71 %. Температура поверхности Сириуса А – около 9 666 С, а у Солнца – 6 000 С. В нынешнем виде Сириус А будет существовать ещё примерно 660 миллионов лет, затем станет красным гигантом, а потом – белым карликом.

Сириус В – второй компонент звездной системы, и он, кстати, первый обнаруженный белый карлик. В 1844 году немецкий астроном и математик Фридрих Вильгельм Бессель заметил, что траектория движения Сириуса А периодически отклоняется от прямолинейной. Учёный объяснил это тем, что на траекторию звезды что-то влияет, какой-то другой массивный объект, и что вращается он вместе с Сириусом А вокруг общего центра масс. Однако Бесслея никто особо не стал слушать, ведь масса этого тайного объекта, согласно расчётам, должна быть такой же, как у нашего Солнца! Но в 1862 году предположение учёного подтвердилось американским астрономом Алваном Кларком, который увидел в свой новый телескоп рядом с Сириусом маленькую звёздочку, чьё орбитальное вращение соответствовало расчётам Фридриха Бесселя, и эта «звёзочка» была названа Сириус В.

Сириус В – самый тяжёлый из всех белых карликов, известных науке в данный момент. Он действительно по массе схож с Солнцем, хотя по размеру он сопоставим с Землёй. Когда-то это светило было звездой главной последовательности, а затем, пройдя стадию красного гиганта, «умерло», превратившись в то, кем звезда стала сейчас. Процесс превращения этой звезды в белого карлика произошёл примерно 120 миллионов лет назад. Когда-то Сириус В был в 5 раз массивнее Солнца. Сейчас светимость Сириуса В очень слабая – 0, 026 от светимости Солнца. Дальнейшая участь этой звезды – постепенное остывание, угасание и охлаждение.

Есть ли кто живой?

В двойной системе Сириус пока не удалось обнаружить планеты, на которых мог бы кто-то поселиться. Да и есть ещё некоторые причины, которые указывают на то, что вряд ли мы тут кого-нибудь найдём. Во-первых, эта звёздная система слишком молода, чтобы жизнь успела здесь зародиться. Во-вторых, планеты, которые могли бы существовать в зоне обитаемости, были выжжены, когда Сириус В стал красным гигантом.

Pacпoлoжeниe звeзды

Cиpиуc мoжнo нaйти из любoй тoчки южнee oт 7З° c. ш. Ho дaльшe нa ceвep oнa нe пoднимaeтcя выcoкo нaд гopизoнтoм. Cиpиуc циpкумпoляpный, a знaчит никoгдa нe oпуcкaeтcя нижe линии гopизoнтa.

Из-зa пpeцeccии Aльфa Бoльшoгo Пca будeт cмeщaтьcя к югу, a в 9000 гoду ee нeльзя будeт увидeть из бoльшинcтвa тoчeк в ceвepнoй и цeнтpaльнoй Eвpoпe. B 14000 гoду пoляpнoй звeздoй cтaнeт Beгa.

Для пoиcкa иcпoльзуйтe звeзды пoяca Opиoнa (Aлнилaм, Aльнитaк и Mинтaкa). Для нaблюдaтeлeй из ceвepныx шиpoт Cиpиуc пpoживaeт нa югo-вocтoчнoм, южнoм и югo-зaпaднoм нeбe в зимний пepиoд. Ha вocтoкe ee мoжнo oтыcкaть дo paccвeтa в кoнцe лeтa.

• Cиpиуc – Aльфa Бoльшoгo Пca.
• Coзвeздиe: Бoльшoй Пec.
• Koopдинaты: 06ч 45м 08.917Зc (пpямoe вocxoждeниe), -16° 42′ 58.017″ (cклoнeниe).
• Удaлeннocть: 8.6 cвeтoвыx лeт.
• Opбитaльный пepиoд: 50.090 лeт.

Haимeнoвaния: Cиpуc, Звeздa Coбaки, α Бoльшoгo Пca, 9 Бoльшoгo Пca, HD 48915, HR 2491, BD -16° 1591, GCTP 1577.00 A/B, GJ 244 A / B, LHS 219, ADS 542З, LTT 26З8, HIP З2З49, B:EGGR 49, WD 0642-166

Физичecкиe xapaктepиcтики и opбитa

Cиpиуc A

• Cпeктpaльный клacc: A1V.
• Bидимaя вeличинa: -1.47.
• Aбcoлютнaя вeличинa: 1.42.
• Maccивнocть: 2.02 coлнeчнoй.
• Paдиуc: 1.711 coлнeчныx.
• Cвeтимocть: 25.4 coлнeчныx.
• Teмпepaтуpнaя oтмeткa: 9940 K.
• Boзpacт: 2-З миллиoнa лeт.

Cиpиуc B

• Cпeктpaльный клacc: DA2.
• Bидимaя вeличинa: 8.З0.
• Aбcoлютнaя вeличинa: 11.18.
• Maccивнocть: 0.978 coлнeчныx.
• Paдиуc: 0.0084 coлнeчныx.
• Cвeтимocть: 0.026 coлнeчныx.
• Teмпepaтуpнaя oтмeткa: 25200 K.

Загадки Сириуса

Наибольшей загадкой на сегодняшний день является изменение цвета. Древние астрономы в своих записях утверждали, что это небесное тело светится в красном спектре.

Такое превращение — вполне обычное дело. Вот только эволюция из красного гиганта в белого карлика происходит на протяжении нескольких миллионов лет. Также после этого на длительное время остаётся выраженный след в виде газового облака. Сириус же изменил свой цвет всего лишь за 2 тысячи лет.

Современные учёные объясняют такое явление несколькими теориями:

• Метафорическое описание в трудах древних астрономов или же просто ошибки перевода. В античные времена все предвестники плохих событий наделялись красным цветом. Вполне возможно, что данный объект воспринимался зловеще, когда появлялся на утреннем горизонте.
• Из-за вулканической активности атмосфера Земли могла быть запылённой, поэтому Сириус выглядел красным.
• Существует гипотеза, что 2 тысячи лет назад красный гигант (В) ещё не погиб и не превратился во второго белого карлика. Но такое предположение не попадает во временной период, так как после было бы огромное облако, которое держалось бы на протяжении десятков тысяч лет.
• Некоторые учёные считают, что в системе есть третья звезда C, у которой период оборота вокруг центра масс составляет 2 тыс. лет. Но этому пока нет никаких подтверждений.
• Также есть гипотеза о том, что раньше между Сириусом и Солнечной системой могло быть облако пыли, из-за чего и проявлялся красный оттенок.

Ни одно из предположений ещё не смогли подтвердить, то есть у современных астрономов пока нет нормальной версии, объясняющей изменение цвета.

Источники

https://prokocmoc.ru/zvezdy/sirius-yarchajshaya-zvezda-na-nochnom-nebe/

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/auriel_astro/sirius—iarchaishii-v-nochi-6079c5691b83785a82edd02a

https://v-kosmose.com/zvezdyi-vselennoi/sirius/

https://nauka.club/astronomiya/zvezdа-sirius.html

Звезда Сириус является самой яркой звездой в ночном небе

Самая яркая звезда на небе это несомненно Сириус. Он сияет в созвездии Большого Пса и хорошо виден в Северном полушарии в течение зимних месяцев.

Параметры

В Южном полушарии, он виден во время лета, к северу от полярного круга. Звезда находится примерно в 8,6 световых годах от Солнца и является одной из ближайших к нам звезд. Его блеск является результатом его истинной яркости и его близости к нам.

Сириус, один из самых простых объектов для любительской астрономии, он очень яркий, его звездная величина равна -1,46. Поэтому астрофотографы могут получить его удачные фото.

В то же время, его яркость делает его довольно сложным объектом для фотографирования — обработка данных требует хорошей подготовки.

Тем не менее, многим астролюбителям удается приручить палящий Сириус, вы можете видеть результат этих трудов на этой изысканной фотографии, полученной 1 января 2013 года.

Невидимый спутник

Еще в 19 веке астрономы, при изучении Сириуса обратили внимание на то, что его траектория, хоть и представляет собой прямую, но подвержена периодическим колебаниям. В проекции звездного неба она (траектория) выглядела как волнообразная кривая.

Sirius A и B

Причем ее периодические колебания удавалось засечь даже за небольшой промежуток времени, что само по себе уже являлось удивительным так как речь шла о звездах — которые удалены от нас на миллиарды километров. Астрономы предположили, что за подобные «вихляния» повинен некий скрытый объект, который вращается вокруг Сириуса с периодом около 50 лет.

Спустя 18 лет после смелого предположения, рядом с Сириусом, удалось обнаружить небольшую звездочку, которая имеет звездную величину 8.4 и является первым открытым белым карликом, к тому-же еще и самым массивным, из обнаруженных на сегодня.

Список самых ярких звёзд

№	Название	Расстояние, св. лет	Видимая величина	Абсолютная величина	Спектральный класс	Небесное полушарие
0	Солнце	0,0000158	−26,72	4,8	G2V
1	Сириус (α Большого Пса)	8,6	−1,46	1,4	A1Vm	Южное
2	Канопус (α Киля)	310	−0,72	−5,53	A9II	Южное
3	Толиман (α Центавра)	4,3	−0,27	4,06	G2V+K1V	Южное
4	Арктур (α Волопаса)	34	−0,04	−0,3	K1.5IIIp	Северное
5	Вега (α Лиры)	25	0,03 (перем)	0,6	A0Va	Северное
6	Капелла (α Возничего)	41	0,08	−0,5	G6III + G2III	Северное
7	Ригель (β Ориона)	~870	0,12 (перем)	−7	B8Iae	Южное
8	Процион (α Малого Пса)	11,4	0,38	2,6	F5IV-V	Северное
9	Ахернар (α Эридана)	69	0,46	−1,3	B3Vnp	Южное
10	Бетельгейзе (α Ориона)	~530	0,50 (перем)	−5,14	M2Iab	Северное
11	Хадар (β Центавра)	~400	0,61 (перем)	−4,4	B1III	Южное
12	Альтаир (α Орла)	16	0,77	2,3	A7Vn	Северное
13	Акрукс (α Южного Креста)	~330	0,79	−4,6	B0.5Iv + B1Vn	Южное
14	Альдебаран (α Тельца)	60	0,85 (перем)	−0,3	K5III	Северное
15	Антарес (α Скорпиона)	~610	0,96 (перем)	−5,2	M1.5Iab	Южное
16	Спика (α Девы)	250	0,98 (перем)	−3,2	B1V	Южное
17	Поллукс (β Близнецов)	40	1,14	0,7	K0IIIb	Северное
18	Фомальгаут (α Южной Рыбы)	22	1,16	2,0	A3Va	Южное
19	Мимоза (β Южного Креста)	~290	1,25 (перем)	−4,7	B0.5III	Южное
20	Денеб (α Лебедя)	~1550	1,25	−7,2	A2Ia	Северное
21	Регул (α Льва)	69	1,35	−0,3	B7Vn	Северное
22	Адара (ε Большого Пса)	~400	1,50	−4,8	B2II	Южное
23	Кастор (α Близнецов)	49	1,57	0,5	A1V + A2V	Северное
24	Гакрукс (γ Южного Креста)	120	1,63 (перем)	−1,2	M3.5III	Южное
25	Шаула (λ Скорпиона)	330	1,63 (перем)	−3,5	B1.5IV	Южное

23 Августа 2022

Подробное описание Звёздной системы Сириус

Что мы знаем о звезде Сириус?

• Это самая яркая звезда созвездия Большого Пса. А также ярчайшая звезда ночного неба, что обусловлено её значительной близостью к Земле. Сириус является одной из ближайших к Земле звёзд и находится на расстоянии всего 8,6 световых лет от Солнечной системы. 
• В 1862 году обнаружено, что Сириус является двойной звездой. Две звезды Сириус А и Сириус В вращаются вокруг общего центра масс.
• Современное название происходит от греческого «яркий», «блестящий».

Вот, собственно, и всё, что нам известно об этой звезде.

Однако, приятным сюрпризом для меня стала информация, изложенная Орисом в первой части «Благой Вести». Здесь дано более детальное и подробное описание Звёздной системы Сириус, включая все планеты, планетоиды и спутники, вращающиеся вокруг этой звезды, а также их функциональное назначение в рамках парадигмы эволюции Комического Разума нашей Вселенной.

В Ииссиидиологии звезда Сириус имеет Звуковой Космический Код ССААЛЛИИРИСС и имеет индивидуальную частоту, идентичную с вибрациями творческого диапазона нашей звезды Солнца (АИИЛЛИИСС).

«1.1771. Система Звезды ССААЛЛИИРИСС состоит из 18-ти Главных Планетарных Сущностей, 97-ми «сопутствующих» ФУЙФФОО-РСТМ («Планетоидов») различного уровня развития, функционально обеспечивающих необходимые условия для успешной коллективной реализации Косм. Творчества основных Планетарных Творцов и 68-ми ГААККР – искусственных планет-спутников, созданных для обеспечения целей и задач, стоящих перед планетарными цивилизациями.

1.1772. Плотноматериальные Глобусы Планет, с их планетоидами и планетами-спутниками (если они есть), располагаются вокруг Звезды в следующем порядке:

1 – УАРРТВВ, имеет 8 ПЛАНЕТОИДОВ и 12 ПЛАНЕТ-СПУТНИКОВ

2 – ЛДОУССТВ, не имеет ПЛАНЕТОИДОВ, 6 ПЛАНЕТ-СПУТНИКОВ

3 – БУАФФТММ, не имеет ПЛАНЕТОИДОВ, 8 ПЛАНЕТ-СПУТНИКОВ

4 – ПФФЛООТТС, имеет 8 ПЛАНЕТОИДОВ

5 – ПАИИЙС, имеет 7 ПЛАНЕТОИДОВ

6 – РРООНКЛС, имеет 11 ПЛАНЕТОИДОВ

7 – ТТУУССФФЛАУИСС, имеет 3 ПЛАНЕТОИДА

8 – ЭИРСГЛЛАИСС, имеет 4 ПЛАНЕТОИДА, 8 ПЛАНЕТ-СПУТНИКОВ

9 – ОЛГРРИИРГСС, имеет 6 ПЛАНЕТОИДОВ

10 – АОССПФТУУСС, имеет 15 ПЛАНЕТОИДОВ

11 – АССКРУУЛЛСС, имеет 5 ПЛАНЕТОИДОВ

12 – ИЛММСУУРСС, имеет 12 ПЛАНЕТОИДОВ

13 – РЛООРР-ТООФ-ТУЙЮЛСС, имеет 7 ПЛАНЕТОИДОВ

14 – ООВВГГ-ААВВГ-ДУРГГ, имеет 16 ПЛАНЕТ-СПУТНИКОВ

15 – СММЛЛ-ИИЙЙ-ИМСС, имеет 11 ПЛАНЕТОИДОВ

16 – ЛЛАФВ-ОРРСС-МУУРР, имеет 6 ПЛАНЕТ-СПУТНИКОВ

17 – СБААЛЛ-ГААР-ТИЛЛСС, не имеет ни ПЛАНЕТОИДОВ, ни ПЛАНЕТ-СПУТНИКОВ

18 – КСТУУ-ДАВВ-КТЦ, имеет 12 ПЛАНЕТ-СПУТНИКОВ»

Принципы образования Формо-плазмы и Формо-материи на нашей планете Земля (ГРЭИЙСЛИИСС) во многом схожи с главными механизмами синтеза Астро-Плазмы и Менто-Плазмы в звёздной системе Сириус, хотя и осуществляется в несколько иных векторных направлениях основных синтетических процессов. Для нас интересным будет рассмотреть эти процессы на нескольких планетах данной звёздной системы.

8-я планета «ЭИРСГЛЛАИСС»

«1.1774. Физический Глобус Планетарной Сущности ЭИРСГЛЛАИСС, являющейся КАК БЫ духовной «Праматерью» для ГРЭИЙСЛИИСС, занимает восьмую (от Физического Глобуса ССААЛЛИИРИСС) орбиту, по которой он вращается вместе с 4 своими ФУЙФФОО-РСТМ и 8 плотноматериальными искусственными ГААККР, специально созданными Планетарными Творцами для обеспечения стабильности некоторых важнейших систем физического жизнеобеспечения».

В планетарной системе звезды Сириус активно осуществляется параллельная адаптация к специфическим условиям низших реальностей Земли многочисленных ВВУ-Форм. Необходимость подобной адаптации возникает в силу огромной разницы в свойствах идентичных по уровню вибраций слоёв Энерго-Плазмы, относящихся к различным Космическим Потокам и Векторам.

Так, например, в универсальных реальностях восьмой планеты ЭИРСГЛЛАИСС созданы все условия для последовательного «вживания» различных Космических Сущностей в узкоспецифические вибрации ЛЛУУ-ВВУ-Форм «людей», «стаблозанцев», «ловиргийдцев», а также «грэйсцев», «триффттцев» и «дзэйдзтцев». Как раз эти цивилизации и составляют основу нашего самосознания на уровнях аоссоонов 1-4 АИГЛЛИЛЛИАА (2,5-4,5 мерность).

Физические реальности планеты ЭИРСГЛЛАИСС организуются Коллективными Сознаниями более чем 120-ти планетарных цивилизаций, условный уровень развития которых, зачастую, ненамного превысил уровень развития нашей земной цивилизации. Также следует отметить, что мы постоянно взаимосвязаны как телепатически, так и психически, несмотря на огромные космические расстояния.

9-я планета «ОЛГРРИИРГСС»

Главный элемент, составляющий материальную основу многочисленных реальностей девятой планеты ОЛГРРИИРГСС, по некоторым из своих астрально-физических свойств может быть относительно сравним с нашей водой. Поэтому в мирах этой планеты высокоразвитые Творцы Форм из космической цивилизации ИИУЛЛГВ обучают Планетарных Творцов астрально и физически адаптироваться к ССУ-ВВУ-Формам («дельфины», «акулы», «коккайдры» и «стирллуросы»), ООГЛ-ВВУ-Формам («киты», «прурты» и «войтурксы»), УУРТ-ВВУ-Формам («скаты», «спруты», «алаккаруды» и «свиюрсы») и ПРИИР-ВВУ-Формам («осьминоги», «каракатицы», «кальмары», «водуллы» и «раккарурды»).

«1.1798. Астрально-ментальные реальности ОЛГРРИИРГСС также организуются более, чем 230-тью цивилизациями внутрипланетного типа, многие из которых также очень тесно связаны соответствующими уровнями Кармо-Плазмы с реализационными Формами постоянных обитателей океанов, морей, рек и озёр ГРЭИЙСЛИИСС и активно поддерживают информационные отношения на уровне телепатических Контактов с наиболее развитыми представителями данных Форм Разума Галактической системы «АРГЛААМ».»

17-я планета «СБААЛЛ-ГААР-ТИЛЛСС»

«1.1800. ССЛОО-СС-СНАА-Творцы Форм из цивилизации ЛЛААУИ-ЙСС выбрали для Своего Творчества семнадцатую Планету – СБААЛЛ-ГААР-ТИЛЛСС, где активно осуществляется ментально-астральная адаптация Косм. Сущностей к Формам Разума, которые вы относите к «Животному Царству», к «Коллективным Душам Животных» и пр., но которые во многих других типах астральных реальностей ГРЭИЙСЛИИСС имеют такую же прерогативу к развитию, как и вы – в вашем физическом подтипе реальности.

1.1801. Динамическая структура функционирования Физического Глобуса Этой Планетарной Сущности не имеет ни искусственных спутников, ни планетоидов, поскольку главный Фокус Её Творческого Внимания сосредоточен на очень сложных процессах деслоифильтрации и деполяризации множества локальных систем синтеза узкоспецифических двенадцатимерностных потоков Астро-Плазмы с идентичными по качеству потоками Менто-Плазмы, что требует очень точной и слаженной работы абсолютно всех участков данной трансмутационной системы.»

На этой планете активно реализуется астрально-ментальное творчество около 300 планетных цивилизаций, которые постоянно осуществляют психическую и телепатическую связь с подобными Формами Разума на Земле, Юпитере, Сатурне и Венере, а также в других Звёздных системах.

3-я планета «БУАФФТММ»

В «наружную» систему третьей планеты БУАФФТММ специально не включены Планетоиды, но имеется 8 искусственно созданных планет-спутников, на которых, собственно, и происходит совершенствование и модификация всего разнообразия Астро-Форм ХАТОРОВ – высокоразвитой цивилизации, доминирующей на Венере.

«1.1804. Если основой синтеза ваших Астро-Форм (а также ВВУ-Форм) являются различные диапазоны Энерго-Плазмы, которые вы называете «фотонами» или «квантами света», то основу наиболее динамичных Астро-Форм хаторов составляет особая эфирная Материя, созданная из разных «звуковых» диапазонов или же из очень тонкого синтеза различных волн иных диапазонов Энерго-Плазмы, которые для вас наиболее близко сопоставимы с такими стереотипными понятиями, как «свет» и «звук».»

Хаторы являются достаточно высокоорганизованной, но далеко не единственной высокоразумной цивилизацией на Венере. Из них только человекоподобные хаторы, представляющие собой исключительное сочетание высокого Знания и высокого Чувствования, относятся к гуманоидной Ветви, в то время как ррооррды, гооаайцы, ссиисссиийцы и ттуурдуутты, обладающие определённой эфирно-астральной Формой, относятся к негуманоидным Ветвям эволюции.

Сотни других венерианских цивилизаций вовсе не имеют собственных «световых» Форм, реализуясь в высоких диапазонах волн Звука, Мысли и Чувств. Некоторые из них имеют достаточно устойчивые шарообразные салатово-изумрудные, голубые и аметистово-фиолетовые «ультрасветовые» Формы.

«1.1811. Эти «звуковые», «чувственные», «свето-ментальные», «свето-звуковые» и пр. Сущности развиваются в узкоспецифических режимах ста восьмидесяти девяти собственных реальностей, образуемых творчеством 236-ти цивилизаций различного уровня и способов развития.

1.1812. Но имеются также пятьдесят три ОБЩИХ реальности различного типа (например, «звуко-чувственные», «мысле-звуко-чувственные», «звуко-ментальные»), где осуществляются сложные мутационные и трансформационные процессы творческого синтеза с целью получения наиболее развитых Форм Разума, обладающих наиболее яркими и неограниченными возможностями для самовыражения в данном диапазоне Космического Творчества Энерго-Плазмы различных Лучей и Аспектов Каждого из 12-ти Эталонных Качеств.»

Описание функциональности других планет Сириуса не представляет для нас особого интереса, т.к. напрямую не связано с нашей земной жизнью.

В конце хочу обратить внимание на то, наша с вами дальнейшая эволюция в 6-9 мерностях осуществляется уже не на Земле, а именно на Венере, где происходит полное переключение наших ВЭН-распаковок на ПЭС-динамику, что позволяет достичь состояния «Творческая Космическая ЗАВЕРШЁННОСТЬ».

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