Раствор щелочи как пишется

Как правильно пишется слово «щёлочь»

щёлочь

щёлочь, -и, мн. -и, щелоче́й

Источник: Орфографический
академический ресурс «Академос» Института русского языка им. В.В. Виноградова РАН (словарная база
2020)

Русский[править]

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]

щё—лочь

Существительное, неодушевлённое, женский род, 3-е склонение (тип склонения 8e по классификации А. А. Зализняка).

Корень: -щёлочь- [Тихонов, 1996].

Произношение[править]

• МФА: [ˈɕːɵɫət͡ɕ]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. хим. растворимое в воде сильное основание, создающее в водном растворе большую концентрацию ионов ОН^—; гидроксид какого-либо из щелочных и щёлочно-земельных металлов ◆ Каустическая сода является сильной щёлочью.

Синонимы[править]

1. —

Антонимы[править]

1. частичн. кислота

Гиперонимы[править]

1. основание, гидроксид, вещество

Гипонимы[править]

1. гидроксид натрия, гидроксид калия, гидроксид бария, гидроксид кальция, гидроксид лития, гидроксид рубидия, гидроксид цезия; едкое кали, едкий натр

Родственные слова[править]

Этимология[править]

От сущ. щёлок, далее из неустановленной формы. Предполагают заимствование; сближают давно с др.-исл. skola «полоскать, мыть», skylja 1 то же, ср.-н.-нем. schölen «полоскать». Возм., заимств. из н.-нем. *Schöllôge «стиральный щелок». Русск. щёлок — уже в Домостр. Заб. Использованы данные словаря М. Фасмера. См. Список литературы.

Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания[править]

Перевод[править]

Значение слова «Щёлочь»

— едкое, растворимое в воде вещество, образующееся при соединении окислов щелочных и щелочноземельных металлов с водой

Транскрипция слова

[щ’о́лач’]

MFA Международная транскрипция

[ˈɕːɵɫət͡ɕ]

Букв: 6 Звуков: 5

Цветовая схема слова

щёлочь

Как правильно пишется «Щёлочь»

щёлочь

щёлочь, -и, мн. -и, щелоче́й

Как правильно перенести «Щёлочь»

щё—лочь

Часть речи

Часть речи слова «щёлочь» — Имя существительное

Морфологические признаки.

щёлочь (именительный падеж, единственного числа)

Постоянные признаки:

• нарицательное
• неодушевлённое
• женский
• 3-e склонение

Непостоянные признаки:

• именительный падеж
• единственного числа

Может относится к разным членам предложения.

Склонение слова «Щёлочь»

Разбор по составу слова «Щёлочь»

Какой бывает «щёлочь»;

Синонимы к слову «щёлочь»

Ассоциации к слову «щёлочь»

Предложения со словом «щёлочь»

• Едкие щёлочи разрушают хлопчатобумажные и льняные ткани, поэтому при стирке следует избегать применения каустической соды.

  Группа авторов, Настольная книга по домоводству. 1000 практических советов на все случаи жизни, 2011

• На волокна хлопка и льна слабые растворы щелочей даже при кипячении заметного вредного действия не оказывают.

  Группа авторов, Настольная книга по домоводству. 1000 практических советов на все случаи жизни, 2011

• Если для мытья головы использовать мыло с повышенным содержанием щёлочи, то это приведёт к временному разрушению водно-липидной плёнки.

  Группа авторов, Модная окраска волос в домашних условиях. От тонирования до укладки, 2009

Происхождение слова «Щёлочь»

От сущ. щёлок, далее из неустановленной формы. Предполагают заимствование; сближают давно с др.-исл. skola «полоскать, мыть», skylja 1 то же, ср.-н.-нем. schölen «полоскать». Возм., заимств. из н.-нем. *Schöllôge «стиральный щелок». Русск. щёлок — уже в Домостр. Заб. Использованы данные словаря М. Фасмера. .

In chemistry, an alkali (; from Arabic: القلوي, romanized: al-qaly, lit. ‘ashes of the saltwort’) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in English as a synonym for basic, especially for bases soluble in water. This broad use of the term is likely to have come about because alkalis were the first bases known to obey the Arrhenius definition of a base, and they are still among the most common bases.

Etymology

The word «alkali» is derived from Arabic al qalīy (or alkali),^[1] meaning the calcined ashes (see calcination), referring to the original source of alkaline substances. A water-extract of burned plant ashes, called potash and composed mostly of potassium carbonate, was mildly basic. After heating this substance with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), a far more strongly basic substance known as caustic potash (potassium hydroxide) was produced. Caustic potash was traditionally used in conjunction with animal fats to produce soft soaps, one of the caustic processes that rendered soaps from fats in the process of saponification, one known since antiquity. Plant potash lent the name to the element potassium, which was first derived from caustic potash, and also gave potassium its chemical symbol K (from the German name Kalium), which ultimately derived from alkali.

Common properties of alkalis and bases

Alkalis are all Arrhenius bases, ones which form hydroxide ions (OH⁻) when dissolved in water. Common properties of alkaline aqueous solutions include:

• Moderately concentrated solutions (over 10⁻³ M) have a pH of 10 or greater. This means that they will turn phenolphthalein from colorless to pink.
• Concentrated solutions are caustic (causing chemical burns).
• Alkaline solutions are slippery or soapy to the touch, due to the saponification of the fatty substances on the surface of the skin.
• Alkalis are normally water-soluble, although some like barium carbonate are only soluble when reacting with an acidic aqueous solution.

Difference between alkali and base

The terms «base» and «alkali» are often used interchangeably, particularly outside the context of chemistry and chemical engineering.

There are various, more specific definitions for the concept of an alkali. Alkalis are usually defined as a subset of the bases. One of two subsets is commonly chosen.

• A basic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal^[2] (this includes Mg(OH)₂ (magnesium hydroxide) but excludes NH₃ (ammonia)).
• Any base that is soluble in water and forms hydroxide ions^[3][4] or the solution of a base in water.^[5] (This includes both Mg(OH)₂ and NH₃, which forms NH₄OH.)

The second subset of bases is also called an «Arrhenius base».

Alkali salts

Alkali salts are soluble hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, of which common examples are:

• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) – often called «caustic soda»
• Potassium hydroxide (KOH) – commonly called «caustic potash»
• Lye – generic term for either of two previous salts or their mixture
• Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) – saturated solution known as «limewater»
• Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) – an atypical alkali since it has low solubility in water (although the dissolved portion is considered a strong base due to complete dissociation of its ions)

Alkaline soil

Soils with pH values that are higher than 7.3 are usually defined as being alkaline. These soils can occur naturally, due to the presence of alkali salts. Although many plants do prefer slightly basic soil (including vegetables like cabbage and fodder like buffalo grass), most plants prefer a mildly acidic soil (with pHs between 6.0 and 6.8), and alkaline soils can cause problems.^[1]

Alkali lakes

In alkali lakes (also called soda lakes), evaporation concentrates the naturally occurring carbonate salts, giving rise to an alkalic and often saline lake.

Examples of alkali lakes:

• Alkali Lake, Lake County, Oregon
• Baldwin Lake, San Bernardino County, California
• Bear Lake^[6] on the Utah–Idaho border
• Lake Magadi in Kenya
• Lake Turkana in Kenya
• Mono Lake, near Owens Valley in California
• Redberry Lake, Saskatchewan
• Summer Lake, Lake County, Oregon
• Tramping Lake, Saskatchewan

See also

• Alkali metals
• Alkaline earth metals
• Base (chemistry)

References

In chemistry, an alkali (; from Arabic: القلوي, romanized: al-qaly, lit. ‘ashes of the saltwort’) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in English as a synonym for basic, especially for bases soluble in water. This broad use of the term is likely to have come about because alkalis were the first bases known to obey the Arrhenius definition of a base, and they are still among the most common bases.

Etymology

The word «alkali» is derived from Arabic al qalīy (or alkali),^[1] meaning the calcined ashes (see calcination), referring to the original source of alkaline substances. A water-extract of burned plant ashes, called potash and composed mostly of potassium carbonate, was mildly basic. After heating this substance with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), a far more strongly basic substance known as caustic potash (potassium hydroxide) was produced. Caustic potash was traditionally used in conjunction with animal fats to produce soft soaps, one of the caustic processes that rendered soaps from fats in the process of saponification, one known since antiquity. Plant potash lent the name to the element potassium, which was first derived from caustic potash, and also gave potassium its chemical symbol K (from the German name Kalium), which ultimately derived from alkali.

Common properties of alkalis and bases

Alkalis are all Arrhenius bases, ones which form hydroxide ions (OH⁻) when dissolved in water. Common properties of alkaline aqueous solutions include:

• Moderately concentrated solutions (over 10⁻³ M) have a pH of 10 or greater. This means that they will turn phenolphthalein from colorless to pink.
• Concentrated solutions are caustic (causing chemical burns).
• Alkaline solutions are slippery or soapy to the touch, due to the saponification of the fatty substances on the surface of the skin.
• Alkalis are normally water-soluble, although some like barium carbonate are only soluble when reacting with an acidic aqueous solution.

Difference between alkali and base

The terms «base» and «alkali» are often used interchangeably, particularly outside the context of chemistry and chemical engineering.

There are various, more specific definitions for the concept of an alkali. Alkalis are usually defined as a subset of the bases. One of two subsets is commonly chosen.

• A basic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal^[2] (this includes Mg(OH)₂ (magnesium hydroxide) but excludes NH₃ (ammonia)).
• Any base that is soluble in water and forms hydroxide ions^[3][4] or the solution of a base in water.^[5] (This includes both Mg(OH)₂ and NH₃, which forms NH₄OH.)

The second subset of bases is also called an «Arrhenius base».

Alkali salts

Alkali salts are soluble hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, of which common examples are:

• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) – often called «caustic soda»
• Potassium hydroxide (KOH) – commonly called «caustic potash»
• Lye – generic term for either of two previous salts or their mixture
• Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) – saturated solution known as «limewater»
• Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) – an atypical alkali since it has low solubility in water (although the dissolved portion is considered a strong base due to complete dissociation of its ions)

Alkaline soil

Soils with pH values that are higher than 7.3 are usually defined as being alkaline. These soils can occur naturally, due to the presence of alkali salts. Although many plants do prefer slightly basic soil (including vegetables like cabbage and fodder like buffalo grass), most plants prefer a mildly acidic soil (with pHs between 6.0 and 6.8), and alkaline soils can cause problems.^[1]

Alkali lakes

In alkali lakes (also called soda lakes), evaporation concentrates the naturally occurring carbonate salts, giving rise to an alkalic and often saline lake.

Examples of alkali lakes:

• Alkali Lake, Lake County, Oregon
• Baldwin Lake, San Bernardino County, California
• Bear Lake^[6] on the Utah–Idaho border
• Lake Magadi in Kenya
• Lake Turkana in Kenya
• Mono Lake, near Owens Valley in California
• Redberry Lake, Saskatchewan
• Summer Lake, Lake County, Oregon
• Tramping Lake, Saskatchewan

See also

• Alkali metals
• Alkaline earth metals
• Base (chemistry)

References