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Republic of Bashkortostan Республика Башкортостан
Republic
Other transcription(s)
• Bashkir	Башҡортостан Республикаһы
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: «State Anthem of the Republic of Bashkortostan»[2]
Coordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°ECoordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°E
Country	Russia
Federal district[1]	Volga
Economic region[3]	Ural
Capital	Ufa[4]
Government
• Type	State Assembly-Kurultay[5]
• Head[5]	Radiy Khabirov[6]
Area [7]
• Total	142,947 km2 (55,192 sq mi)
Population  (2021 Census)[8]
• Total	4,091,423
• Rank	7th
• Density	28.62/km2 (74.1/sq mi)
• Urban	61.8%
• Rural	38.2%
Time zone	UTC+5 (MSK+2[9])
ISO 3166 code	RU-BA
Vehicle registration	02, 102, 702
Official language(s)	Russian,[10] Bashkir[11]
Website	http://www.bashkortostan.ru/

Bashkortostan, officially the Republic of Bashkortostan (Bashkir: Башҡортостан Республикаһы, romanized: Bashqortostan Respublikahy;^{[12][note 1]} Russian: Республика Башкортостан, romanized: Respublika Bashkortostan),^[a] also unofficially called Bashkiria (Russian: Башкирия, tr. Bashkiriya),^[b] is a republic of Russia located between the Volga and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It covers 143,600 square kilometres (55,400 square miles) and has a population of 4 million. It is the seventh-most populous federal subject in Russia and the most populous republic.^[13] Its capital and largest city is Ufa.

Bashkortostan was established on 28 November [O.S. 15 November] 1917.^[14][15][16] On 20 March 1919 it was transformed into the Bashkir ASSR,^[17] the first autonomous republic in the Russian SFSR.^[18][19][20] On 11 October 1990, it adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. In the Constitution of Bashkortostan and Constitution of Russia, Bashkortostan is defined as a state.^[21][22]

Terminology[edit]

The name «Bashkortostan» derives from the name of the Bashkir ethnic group. While the root of the name is Turkic (being a combination of ‘baş‘, which in Turkish can mean head, chief, main, principal and «qort» meaning wolf, one of the animals regarded as sacred to Turkic peoples);^{[citation needed]} the suffix -stan is Persian, common to many Eurasian territorial names. The Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language, which belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic language group.

History[edit]

The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the early Paleolithic period, but the Bronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory.^[23] When people of the Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals.

Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people, the Bashkirs. The Slavonic name of the country, Bashkiriya, formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the forms Bashkir land, Bashkir, Bashkirda and Bashkir horde. The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 7th century. In the 10th century, Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited the Southern Urals, while the other lived near the Danube River, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as «an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik River».

• 

• 

  Mausoleum of Turahan, 14th-century building.

After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between the Kazan and Siberia Khanates and the Nogai Horde. The tribes that lived there were headed by bi (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy.^{[citation needed]}

Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria’s territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798 the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established, an indication that the tsarist government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars, and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate (guberniya), with a center in Ufa, was formed in 1865—another step towards territorial identification.

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 were All-Bashkir Qoroltays (conventions) on which a decision on the need to create a national federal republic within Russia. As a result, on 28 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (Central) Shuro (Council) proclaimed the establishment of territorial and national autonomy in areas of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces with a predominantly Bashkir population.

In December 1917, delegates to the All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population edge of all nationalities, voted unanimously for the resolution (Farman #2) of the Bashkir regional Shuro for the proclamation of national-territorial autonomy (of the Republic) Bashkurdistan. The congress formed the government of Bashkurdistan, the Pre-parliament—Kese-Qoroltay and other bodies of power and administration, and decisions were made on how to proceed.

In March 1919, based on the agreements of the Russian Government with the Bashkir Government was formed Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights—the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia.

On 11 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR. On 25 February 1992, the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.

On 31 March 1992, a Federative Compact «On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan» was signed. On 3 August 1994,^[24] a Compact «On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan» was signed, granting the republic autonomy. This agreement was abolished on 7 July 2005.^[25]

Geography[edit]

Bashkortostan contains part of the southern Urals and the adjacent plains.

• 

  Shihan Toratau. Single hills are popular symbols of Bashkortostan.

• 

  Atysh waterfall

• 

• Area: 143,600 square kilometers (55,400 sq mi) (according to the 2002 Census)
• Borders: Bashkortostan borders with Perm Krai (N), Sverdlovsk Oblast (NE), Chelyabinsk Oblast (NE/E/SE), Orenburg Oblast (SE/S/SW), the Republic of Tatarstan (W), and the Udmurt Republic (NW)
• Highest point: Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
• Maximum North-South distance: 550 km
• Maximum East-West distance: over 430 km

Rivers[edit]

There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deepwater transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and Black seas.

Major rivers include:

• Belaya (Aghidhel) River (1,430 km)
• Ufa (Qaraidel) River (918 km)
• Sakmara River (760 km)
• Ik (Iq) River (571 km)
• Dyoma (Dim) River (556 km)
• Ay River (549 km)
• Yuruzan River (404 km)
• Bystry Tanyp River (345 km)
• Sim River (239 km)
• Nugush River (235 km)
• Tanalyk River (225 km)
• Zilim (Yethem) River (215 km)
• Syun River (209 km)

Lakes[edit]

There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include:

• Asylykül Lake (23.5 km²)
• Qandrykül Lake (15.6 km²)
• Urgun Lake (12.0 km²)
• Pavlovskoye Reservoir (120.0 km²)
• Nugushkoye Reservoir (25.2 km²)

Mountains[edit]

The Republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from the northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include:

• Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
• Mount Bolshoy Iremel (1,582 m)
• Mount Maly Iremel (1,449 m)
• Mount Arwyakryaz (1,068 m)
• Mount Zilmerdaq (909 m)
• Mount Alataw (845 m)
• Mount Yurmataw (842 m)

Natural resources[edit]

The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the richest territories of Russia in mineral resources with deposits of some 3,000 mineral resources. Bashkortostan is rich in crude oil reserves, and is one of the principal centers of oil extraction in the Russian Federation. Other major resources are natural gas, coal, ferrous metal ores, manganese, chromite, iron ores, non-ferrous metals ores (lead, tungsten), non-metallic ores (rock crystal, fluorite, Iceland spar, sulfide pyrites, barite, silicates, silica, asbestos, talcum), deposits of precious and semi-precious stones and natural stones (malachite, jade, granite).

The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its power and fuel complex as well as petrochemical, chemical, agro-industrial complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, glass-making and ceramic branches with raw materials.

Bashkortostan is one of the major raw materials bases for Russia non-ferrous metallurgy. The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumen. This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers, and other stimulants for plant growth. Mining-chemical raw materials (rock salt, lime, phosphorites, barytes, etc.) are quite substantial, and are utilized in the republic economy.

Bashkortostan is also rich in woods. The total territory covered with forests is about 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi). More than one third of the republic territory is covered with woods. The following types of trees dominate: birch tree, conifers, lime, oak, and maple. The general stock of timber according to some evaluation is 717.9 million m³. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi).

Bashkortostan is also rich in springs and sources of mineral, medicinal, and drinking water.

The Asselian Age at the start of the Permian Period of geological time is named after the Assel River in Bashkortostan.^[26]

Climate[edit]

• Average annual temperature: +0.3 °C (32.5 °F) (mountains) to +2.8 °C (37.0 °F) (plains)
• Average January temperature: −16 °C (3 °F)
• Average July temperature: +18 °C (64 °F)

Administrative divisions[edit]

Politics[edit]

The head of the government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Head (before 1 January 2015 the title was called «President»^[27]). According to the Constitution, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties of the country’s people and citizens, protects economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law, and order within its territory.

Since 11 October 2018, the head of the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been Radiy Khabirov. He was first appointed as acting head by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2019 he was officially elected after winning 82% of the vote in the 2019 Bashkir head election. The next election will be in 2024. Before his current role, Radiy Khabirov was the Head of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast. His predecessor was Rustem Khamitov who was the leader since 19 July 2010. He resigned on 11 October 2018 ahead of the election because he personally decided to not run for re-election.^[28]

The Republic’s parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai, popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 110 deputies.

The Republic’s Constitution was adopted on 24 December 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases.^{[citation needed]}

The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are at present based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Federative Treaty (with amendments) and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The judicial power of the republic is in the hands of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, District Courts, and justices of the peace.

In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government is recognized and guaranteed within the republic’s territory.^{[citation needed]}

The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names, are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law «On administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities».

The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbour, the Republic of Tatarstan.^[29][30][31]

Economy[edit]

Bashkortostan is one of the most developed regions of the Russian Federation in terms of its cross regional output, the volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets.

The largest companies in the region include Bashneft (revenues of $9.57 billion in 2017), Ufa Engine Industrial Association (part of United Engine Corporation; $1.26 billion), Peton Holding ($1.04 billion), Bashkhim ($857 million), Ufaorgsintez ($473.07 million), Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works ($409.65 million).^[32]

The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. At the end of 1943 large crude oil deposits were discovered.^{[by whom?]} During the Great Patriotic War of 1941 to 1945, Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, a number of industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining, machine-building and (especially) oil-refining. Bashkiria’s industry became a solid base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia.

The economy of Bashkortostan, being one of the largest industrial centers of Russia, is very diverse. Bashkortostan has a large agricultural sector. But the republic’s most important industry is chemical processing; Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country’s gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides, and plastics.

Bashkortostan’s gross regional product (GRP) in 2016 was 1.34 trillion rubles,^[33] making the republic the subject with the ninth-highest GRP in Russia. The state had a positive trade balance, with $13.7 billion exported and $1.2 billion imported in 2013.^[34] 82.9% of enterprises in Bashkortostan are profitable,^[35] higher than the nationwide average of 68.42%. Bashkortostan has been recognized as the subject with the lowest economic risk.^[36][37]

Bashkortostan is among the leaders in real estate development,^[38] developed electric power industry^[39] and tourism.^[40]

According to Forbes, Ufa is the best city in Russia for business among cities with a population of over one million (2013).^[41]

Structure of GRP[edit]

GRP structure of Bashkortostan for 2013.^[42]

Sector	%
Manufacturing	36.2
Wholesale and retail trade	16.7
Transport and communications	7.3
Real estate transactions	7
Construction	6.9
Agriculture	6.5
Education	4.1
Healthcare and social services	4.1
State management and social insurance	3.8
Mining	2.8
Production of electricity, gas, water	2.4
Hotels and restaurants	1.1
Other	1.1

• Some industrial products of Bashkortostan

• 

Tourism[edit]

The development of tourism in Bashkortostan is regulated by the main provisions of the Program …, regulatory and legal documents of the Russian Federation, as well as the «Concept for the development of tourist and recreational clusters in the Republic of Bashkortostan until 2030». Today, a lot of work continues to develop tourism and hospitality on the territory of the tourist and recreational cluster «North-East» of the Republic of Bashkortostan on the basis of the innovative scientific, educational and industrial infrastructure of the Geopark «Yangan-Tau».^[43] The development of tourism and hospitality is possible on the basis of a multifunctional multidisciplinary center based on the Yangan-Tau and Toratau Geoparks (figures 1, 2). The Yangan-Tau Geopark was created in Bashkiria on October 18, 2017; it is the only one among the CIS countries that is included in the UNESCO Global Geoparks network. «Toratau» was created by the decree of the head of the region in December 2018. Then the authorities announced that the Geopark could become part of the UNESCO network, and a nomination dossier is currently being prepared.^[44]

Demographics[edit]

Settlements[edit]

Population development[edit]

Year	Population
1897	1,991,000
1913	2,811,000
1926	2,547,000
1939	3,158,000
1959	3,340,000
1970	3,818,000
1979	3,849,000
1989	3,950,482[45]
2002	4,104,336[46]
2010	4,072,292[13]
2021	4,091,423[8]

Vital statistics[edit]

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate
1970	3,817	63,498	28,004	35,494	16.6	7.3	9.3
1975	3,825	63,096	31,802	31,294	16.5	8.3	8.2
1980	3,850	67,743	36,067	31,676	17.6	9.4	8.2
1985	3,868	76,839	39,101	37,738	19.9	10.1	9.8
1990	3,952	63,899	38,157	25,742	16.2	9.7	6.5
1991	3,975	58,240	39,638	18,602	14.7	10.0	4.7
1992	4,005	53,271	43,539	9,732	13.3	10.9	2.4
1993	4,030	46,772	50,738	-3,966	11.6	12.6	-1.0
1994	4,050	47,296	54,267	-6,971	11.7	13.4	-1.7
1995	4,074	45,622	51,734	-6,112	11.2	12.7	-1.5
1996	4,091	45,228	49,600	-4,372	11.1	12.1	-1.1
1997	4,103	43,776	49,354	-5,578	10.7	12.0	-1.4
1998	4,113	44,465	48,470	-4,005	10.8	11.8	-1.0
1999	4,119	41,368	52,608	-11,240	10.0	12.8	-2.7
2000	4,117	41,642	53,550	-11,908	10.1	13.0	-2.9
2001	4,112	42,793	55,001	-12,208	10.4	13.4	-3.0
2002	4,104	45,481	57,836	-12,355	11.1	14.1	-3.0
2003	4,095	45,583	58,237	-12,654	11.1	14.2	-3.1
2004	4,084	45,733	57,726	-11,993	11.2	14.1	-2.9
2005	4,074	44,094	57,787	-13,693	10.8	14.2	-3.4
2006	4,064	45,055	55,319	-10,264	11.1	13.6	-2.5
2007	4,060	51,453	55,144	-3,691	12.7	13.6	-0.9
2008	4,059	54,493	55,568	-1,075	13.4	13.7	-0.3
2009	4,062	55,587	53,227	2,360	13.7	13.1	0.6	1,74
2010	4,067	57,093	54,457	2,636	14.0	13.4	0.6	1,77
2011	4,072	55,806	54,432	1,374	13.7	13.4	0.3	1,74
2012	4,064	59,180	53,624	5,556	14.6	13.2	1.4	1.86
2013	4,065	59,260	53,346	5,914	14.6	13.1	1.5	1.89
2014	4,071	60,239	53,509	6,730	14.8	13.1	1.7	1.95
2015	4,072	59,196	54,107	5,087	14.5	13.3	1.2	1.94
2016	4,069	55,708	52,283	3,425	13.7	12.8	0.9	1.86(e)
2017	4 065	49,260	50,261	-1,001	12.1	12.3	-0.2
2018		47,044	50,473	-3,429	11.6	12.4	-0.8
2019		42,031	49,195	-7,164	10.4	12.2	-1.8
2020		41,043	60,211	-19,168	10.2	15.0	-4.8

Note: Total fertility rate 200-12 source.^[47]

Ethnic groups[edit]

Bashkirs as the indigenous (autochthonal) peoples of Bashkortostan have the sole rights to self-determination.^[48][49][50] According to the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was:^[51]

• Russians 37.5%
• Bashkirs 31.5%
• Volga Tatars 24.2%
• Mari 2.1%
• Chuvash 2.0%
• Udmurts 0.4%
• Ukrainians 0.4%

Ethnic group	1920 Census	1926 Census	1939 Census	1959 Census	1970 Census	1979 Census	1989 Census	2002 Census	2010 Census	2021 Census1
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Bashkirs	807,213	40.13%	625,845	23.5%	671,188	21.2%	737,744	22.1%	892,248	23.4%	935,880	24.3%	863,808	21.9%	1,221,302	29.8%	1,172,287	29.5%	1,268,806	31.5%
Russians	794,131	39.48%	1,064,707	39.9%	1,281,347	40.6%	1,418,147	42.4%	1,546,304	40.5%	1,547,893	40.3%	1,548,291	39.3%	1,490,715	36.3%	1,432,906	36.1%	1,509,246	37.5%
Tatars	103,928	5.17%	461,871	17.3%	777,230	24.6%	768,566	23.0%	944,505	24.7%	940,436	24.5%	1,120,702	28.4%	990,702	24.1%	1,009,295	25.4%	974,533	24.2%
Mari	84,809	4.22%	79,298	3.0%	90,163	2.9%	93,902	2.8%	109,638	2.9%	106,793	2.8%	105,768	2.7%	105,829	2.6%	103,658	2.6%	84,988	2.1%
Chuvash	47,929	2.38%	84,886	3.2%	106,892	3.4%	109,970	3.3%	126,638	3.3%	122,344	3.2%	118,509	3.0%	117,317	2.9%	107,450	2.7%	79,950	2.0%
Udmurts	23,907	1.32%	23,256	0.9%	25,103	0.8%	25,388	0.8%	27,918	0.7%	25,906	0.7%	23,696	0.6%	22,625	0.6%	21,477	0.5%	17,149	0.4%
Ukrainians	57,024	2.84%	76,710	2.9%	99,289	3.1%	83,594	2.5%	76,005	2.0%	75,571	2.0%	74,990	1.9%	55,249	1.3%	39,875	1.0%	14,876	0.4%
Others	5,103	0.12%	249,263	9.3%	107,757	3.4%	104,298	3.1%	94,819	2.5%	87,445	2.3%	87,349	2.2%	96,231	2.3%	87,772	2.2%	75,819	1.9%
1 66,056 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[52]

Languages[edit]

According to the 2021 Census, spoken languages: Russian (97%), Bashkir (23%) and Tatar (20%),.^[53]

Religion[edit]

Islam is adhered to by a majority of the nation’s population^[56] of Bashkir and Tatar descent. The Muslims of Bashkortostan follow the Sunni Hanafi school of Islamic law.

Most ethnic Russians, Chuvash, and Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians. Most Mari are Pagan. Non-religious people form a substantial part of any ethnic group in Bashkortostan. There are 13,000 Jews in the republic, with a historic synagogue in Ufa, and a new Jewish Community Center built in 2008.^[57]

According to the 2012 Sreda survey which interviewed 56,900 people,^[54] 58% of the population of Bashkortostan are Muslim, 17% adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, and 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), the Mari native religion, Chuvash Vattisen Yaly or Tengrism. In addition, 4% of the population declare to be «spiritual but not religious», 5% are atheist, and 7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question.^[54] Note, however, that this survey has been criticized as biased. It was conducted by the service «Sreda», which has ties to the Christian organizations.^[58]

In 2010, there were over 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan,^[59] 200 Orthodox churches and 60 religious buildings of other confessions.^[60]

Education[edit]

About sixty scientific organizations are active in the republic. Fundamental and applied scientific research is underway at twelve institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, twenty-nine institutes of different branches of industry, as well as numerous design bureaus and organizations, universities, and colleges.

The country’s system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people’s folklore, national customs, and traditions. When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually— primarily religious schools operated under the supervision of mosques (maktabeh and madrasah).

In addition, many institutions of higher education operate in the republic, including branches of 16 leading Russian universities and colleges. Specialists graduate with degrees in about 200 trades and professions.

Education is primarily in Russian and Bashkir.

Sport[edit]

Russian Premier League football club FC Ufa is from Ufa. KHL team Salavat Yulaev Ufa plays in the city, as does Supreme Hockey League teams Toros Neftekamsk and HC Gornyak Uchaly, Minor Hockey League team Tolpar Ufa and Russian Women’s Hockey League team Agidel. Russian Volleyball Super League team Ural and volleyball team Samrau-UGNTU are from Ufa. Russian Handball Super League team Ugntu-VNZM and Russian Women’s Handball Super League team Ufa-Alisa are from Ufa. Formula One driver Daniil Kvyat hails from Ufa. It was decided in 2018 to revive bandy.^[61][62][63] There are even preliminary plans for building an indoor arena.^[64]

Culture[edit]

Bashkortostan is home to song and dance companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries, and a number of annual folk festivals. The republic has seven Bashkir, four Russian, and two Tatar State Drama Theaters, a State Opera and Ballet Theater, a National Symphony Orchestra, «Bashkortostan» film studio, thirty philharmonic collectives, and the Bashkir State Folk Dance Ensemble.

The Bashkir School of Dance is well respected^{[citation needed]}, with many students receiving international awards at competitions in Russia and other countries. World-renowned ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev, as a child, was encouraged to dance in Bashkir folk performances, and began his dancing career in Ufa.

Bashkir literature is the literary tradition of the Republic of Bashkortostan.^[65][66][67]

There are many museums in the Republic where you can get acquainted with the history of the region. The National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Bashkir Nesterov Art Museum, the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography are the largest of them.

See also[edit]

• Bashkir cuisine
• Kuvandyk corridor
• Shonqar

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Ilishev, Ildus G. (December 1998). «Russian federalism: Political, legal, and ethnolingual aspects — a view from the republic of Bashkortostan». Nationalities Papers. 26 (4): 723–759. doi:10.1080/00905999808408597. S2CID 155083799.
• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). «Ufa (government)» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 556–557.

External links[edit]

• The centralized portal of the authorities of the Republic of Bashkortostan Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
• The Head of Republic of Bashkortostan

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Перевод «Республика Башкортостан» на английский

В список попала и Республика Башкортостан, сообщает РБК.

Республика Башкортостан — идеальное место отдыха, если вы любите сплавляться по рекам, кататься на лошадях или на горных лыжах.

The Republic of Bashkortostan is the best vacation place if you like rafting, horse-riding or mountain skiing.

Также огромное значение для нас имел уровень экономического развития региона, и Республика Башкортостан по этому показателю занимает одно из первых мест в России.

Economy development level of the region was also crucial to us. Republic Bashkortostan takes the leading place by such activities in Russia.

В конце мая к иску в качестве соистца присоединилась Республика Башкортостан.

Республика Башкортостан традиционно является местом проведения всероссийских и международных турниров и соревнований по различным видам спорта.

The Republic of Bashkortostan traditionally hosts various Russian and international sport tournaments and competitions.

Республика Башкортостан является регионом, сопоставимым по размеру с Южной Кореей.

Также компания имеет сервисный центр в г. Салават, Республика Башкортостан, обслуживающий предприятия близлежащих регионов.

The company also has a service center in the city of Salavat, Republic of Bashkortostan, serving businesses in nearby regions.

Третье-четвёртое место в рейтинге 2018 года разделили Краснодарский край и Республика Башкортостан.

ЗАО предлагает к продаже (выставлен на торги) производственный (деревообрабатывающий) комплекс расположенный: Республика Башкортостан, Сибай.

CJSC offers for sale (offered for sale) manufacturing (woodworking) the complex is located: Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibay.

Ключевые слова: политический процесс, событийный анализ, политический протест, мобилизация, политический кризис, Республика Башкортостан.

Key words: political process, event analysis, political protest, mobilization, political crisis, Republic of Bashkortostan.

Ключевые слова: культура, межнациональные отношения, регионы, Республика Башкортостан

Республика Башкортостан представит на Российском инвестиционном форуме в Сочи свой экономический и инвестиционный потенциал.

The Republic of Bashkortostan will present its economic and investment potential at the Russian Investment Forum in Sochi.

Ключевые слова: Республика Башкортостан, система дополнительного образования детей, национальные вос-кресные школы, условия творческой работы педагогов, фестиваль дружбы

Keywords: Republic of Bashkortostan, the system of additional education of children, the national Sunday school, conditions, works by the teachers, the friendship festival

Соседняя с Татарстаном Республика Башкортостан уже давно имеет собственный гимн со словами, и часть на башкирском языке поется перед частью на русском.

Tatarstan’s neighboring republic of Bashkortostan has long had an anthem with words, with the Bashkir part sung before the Russian.

В 2014 году «Газпром» и Республика Башкортостан подписали Дорожную карту проекта по расширению использования высокотехнологичной продукции организаций региона в интересах компании.

In 2014, Gazprom and the Republic of Bashkortostan inked the Roadmap for the project for a wider use of high-tech products manufactured by regional producers for the needs of the Company.

В России лидером по количеству площадок стала Республика Башкортостан, где Диктант прошёл в 416 организациях.

In Russia, the Republic of Bashkortostan became the leader in the number of venues, where the Dictation was held in 416 organizations.

Республика Башкортостан — субъект Российской Федерации, названный по имени коренного народа — башкир.

Republic of Bashkortostan is the subject of the Russian Federation, named for the indigenous people — the Bashkirs.

Республика Башкортостан, также известная как Башкирия, является субъектом Российской Федерации.

Лидерами в организации волонтерского движения также являются Красноярский край, Республика Башкортостан, Калининградская область.

The leaders in the organization of the volunteer movement are also the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Bashkortostan, and Kaliningrad Region.

АО «Полиэф» (Благовещенск, Республика Башкортостан) — единственный производитель терефталевой кислоты и крупнейший поставщик полиэтилентерефталата в России.

Polief JSC (Blagoveshchensk, Republic of Bashkortostan) is the only producer of terephthalic acid and the largest supplier of polyethylene terephthalate in Russia.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 105. Точных совпадений: 105. Затраченное время: 93 мс

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Перевод «республика башкортостан» на английский

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Контексты

Два года назад Лаврентьев пошел в министерство культуры Республики Башкортостан, чтобы узнать о судьбе дома.
Two years ago, Lavrentev went to the Ministry of Culture for the Republic of Bashkortostan in order to find out about the fate of the house.

Река Урал, являющаяся частью условной границы между Европой и Азией, берет свое начало на юго-восточных склонах Уральских гор (Республика Башкортостан, Российская Федерация).
The Ural River, which forms part of the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia, rises in the South-eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains (Bashkortostan Republic, Russian Federation).

Германия — парламентская республика.
Germany is a parliamentary republic.

Делегация крупных бизнесменов из Саудовской Аравии, заинтересованных в совместных проектах, посетит богатый на нефть Башкортостан в Центральной России, сообщил президент республики Рустэм Хамитов.
A Saudi delegation will visit the oil-rich majority-Muslim province of Bashkortostan in central Russia to explore opportunities, regional President Rustem Khamitov said.

Республика — это государство, главой которого является не король или королева, а президент.
A republic is a nation whose head is not a king or queen, but a president.

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Bashkortostan overview

Bashkortostan Republic or simply Bashkiria is a federal subject of Russia named after the Bashkir people. Located between the Ural mountains and the Volga River, on the border of Europe and Asia, the region is part of the Volga Federal District. Ufa is the capital city of the republic.

The population of Bashkiria is about 4,071,000 (2015), the area — 142,947 sq. km.

Bashkortostan history

The first people came to the territory of today’s Bashkiria at the beginning of the Palaeolithic. The population began to grow rapidly in the Bronze Age. The first permanent settlements in the southern part of the Ural Mountains were founded by people of Abashevo culture.

The word “Bashkirs” was first mentioned in the 9th century. Islam began to spread among the Bashkir population in the 10th century. It became the dominant religion in the region in the 14th century.

In the 13th-14th centuries, the territory on which Bashkirs lived was part of the Golden Horde. The Bashkirs had territorial autonomy as part of the Mongol Empire. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Bashkirs lived in the Nogai Horde, Kazan and Siberian khanates.

More Historical Facts…

Bashkortostan nature

Bashkiria features

Bashkortostan is located on the western slopes of the Southern Urals. The highest point is Yamantau Mountain (1,640 meters). The length of the region from north to south — 550 km, from west to east — 430 km. The republic borders on Perm krai, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg regions, Tatarstan and Udmurtia republics.

Bashkiria has deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, gold, salt. Forests cover more than 40% of the territory. There are more than 12,000 rivers and 2,700 lakes, ponds and reservoirs on the territory of Bashkiria.

The climate is continental with humid, warm summers and moderately cold winters. The average temperature in January is minus 18 degrees Celsius, in July — plus 18 degrees Celsius.

The Republic of Bashkortostan has three reserves (Bashkir Reserve, South Ural Reserve, “Shulgan-Tash”), 12 medical plants reserves, 15 game reserves, the national park “Bashkiria”, two nature parks and over 150 natural monuments. The total area of protected areas is 1,226 thous. hectares (8.5% of the area of the region).

The largest cities of the republic are Ufa (1,105,000), Sterlitamak (280,000), Salavat (154,000), Neftekamsk (125,000), Oktyabrsky (113,600). National composition of Bashkortostan according to the National Population Census 2010: Russians (36,1%), Bashkirs (29.5%), Tatars (25.4%), Chuvash (2.7%), Mari (2.6%), Ukrainians (1%), people of other nationalities (2.7%).

In 2010, there were more than 1,000 functioning mosques in Bashkiria, over 200 Orthodox churches and more than 60 places of worship of other faiths.

Bashkiria views

Bashkortostan economy and tourism

Bashkortostan is one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. The most important industries are oil production and refining, chemical and petrochemical, power engineering, wood processing and production of building materials.

Agriculture of Bashkiria includes cultivation of wheat, rye, oats, barley, sugar beets and sunflowers, cattle breeding, meat and wool sheep breeding, poultry farming, horse breeding, bee-keeping. Bashkir honey is well known throughout Russia.

Ufa is connected with Samara, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk and other large Russian cities by railways. The highway M5 “Ural” crosses the region, M7 “Volga” ends in Ufa. The Belaya and the Ufa rivers are navigable.

Tourism resources of Bashkortostan: the monuments of culture and art in Ufa, Sterlitamak, Ishimbay, Salavat; about 300 karst caves, 600 rivers, 800 lakes; the ridges of the Ural Mountains (the oldest rock formations in Europe), three national reserves and the national park “Bashkiria”.

Ski resorts are located in Abzakovo and on Lake Bannoye. Shulgan-Tash is a cave with unique Paleolithic drawings.

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2022)

Republic of Bashkortostan Республика Башкортостан
Republic
Other transcription(s)
• Bashkir	Башҡортостан Республикаһы
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: «State Anthem of the Republic of Bashkortostan»[2]
Coordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°ECoordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°E
Country	Russia
Federal district[1]	Volga
Economic region[3]	Ural
Capital	Ufa[4]
Government
• Type	State Assembly-Kurultay[5]
• Head[5]	Radiy Khabirov[6]
Area [7]
• Total	142,947 km2 (55,192 sq mi)
Population  (2021 Census)[8]
• Total	4,091,423
• Rank	7th
• Density	28.62/km2 (74.1/sq mi)
• Urban	61.8%
• Rural	38.2%
Time zone	UTC+5 (MSK+2[9])
ISO 3166 code	RU-BA
Vehicle registration	02, 102, 702
Official language(s)	Russian,[10] Bashkir[11]
Website	http://www.bashkortostan.ru/

Bashkortostan, officially the Republic of Bashkortostan (Bashkir: Башҡортостан Республикаһы, romanized: Bashqortostan Respublikahy;^{[12][note 1]} Russian: Республика Башкортостан, romanized: Respublika Bashkortostan),^[a] also unofficially called Bashkiria (Russian: Башкирия, tr. Bashkiriya),^[b] is a republic of Russia located between the Volga and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It covers 143,600 square kilometres (55,400 square miles) and has a population of 4 million. It is the seventh-most populous federal subject in Russia and the most populous republic.^[13] Its capital and largest city is Ufa.

Bashkortostan was established on 28 November [O.S. 15 November] 1917.^[14][15][16] On 20 March 1919 it was transformed into the Bashkir ASSR,^[17] the first autonomous republic in the Russian SFSR.^[18][19][20] On 11 October 1990, it adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. In the Constitution of Bashkortostan and Constitution of Russia, Bashkortostan is defined as a state.^[21][22]

Terminology[edit]

The name «Bashkortostan» derives from the name of the Bashkir ethnic group. While the root of the name is Turkic (being a combination of ‘baş‘, which in Turkish can mean head, chief, main, principal and «qort» meaning wolf, one of the animals regarded as sacred to Turkic peoples);^{[citation needed]} the suffix -stan is Persian, common to many Eurasian territorial names. The Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language, which belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic language group.

History[edit]

The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the early Paleolithic period, but the Bronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory.^[23] When people of the Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals.

Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people, the Bashkirs. The Slavonic name of the country, Bashkiriya, formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the forms Bashkir land, Bashkir, Bashkirda and Bashkir horde. The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 7th century. In the 10th century, Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited the Southern Urals, while the other lived near the Danube River, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as «an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik River».

• 

• 

  Mausoleum of Turahan, 14th-century building.

After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between the Kazan and Siberia Khanates and the Nogai Horde. The tribes that lived there were headed by bi (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy.^{[citation needed]}

Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria’s territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798 the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established, an indication that the tsarist government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars, and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate (guberniya), with a center in Ufa, was formed in 1865—another step towards territorial identification.

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 were All-Bashkir Qoroltays (conventions) on which a decision on the need to create a national federal republic within Russia. As a result, on 28 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (Central) Shuro (Council) proclaimed the establishment of territorial and national autonomy in areas of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces with a predominantly Bashkir population.

In December 1917, delegates to the All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population edge of all nationalities, voted unanimously for the resolution (Farman #2) of the Bashkir regional Shuro for the proclamation of national-territorial autonomy (of the Republic) Bashkurdistan. The congress formed the government of Bashkurdistan, the Pre-parliament—Kese-Qoroltay and other bodies of power and administration, and decisions were made on how to proceed.

In March 1919, based on the agreements of the Russian Government with the Bashkir Government was formed Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights—the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia.

On 11 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR. On 25 February 1992, the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.

On 31 March 1992, a Federative Compact «On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan» was signed. On 3 August 1994,^[24] a Compact «On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan» was signed, granting the republic autonomy. This agreement was abolished on 7 July 2005.^[25]

Geography[edit]

Bashkortostan contains part of the southern Urals and the adjacent plains.

• 

  Shihan Toratau. Single hills are popular symbols of Bashkortostan.

• 

  Atysh waterfall

• 

• Area: 143,600 square kilometers (55,400 sq mi) (according to the 2002 Census)
• Borders: Bashkortostan borders with Perm Krai (N), Sverdlovsk Oblast (NE), Chelyabinsk Oblast (NE/E/SE), Orenburg Oblast (SE/S/SW), the Republic of Tatarstan (W), and the Udmurt Republic (NW)
• Highest point: Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
• Maximum North-South distance: 550 km
• Maximum East-West distance: over 430 km

Rivers[edit]

There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deepwater transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and Black seas.

Major rivers include:

• Belaya (Aghidhel) River (1,430 km)
• Ufa (Qaraidel) River (918 km)
• Sakmara River (760 km)
• Ik (Iq) River (571 km)
• Dyoma (Dim) River (556 km)
• Ay River (549 km)
• Yuruzan River (404 km)
• Bystry Tanyp River (345 km)
• Sim River (239 km)
• Nugush River (235 km)
• Tanalyk River (225 km)
• Zilim (Yethem) River (215 km)
• Syun River (209 km)

Lakes[edit]

There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include:

• Asylykül Lake (23.5 km²)
• Qandrykül Lake (15.6 km²)
• Urgun Lake (12.0 km²)
• Pavlovskoye Reservoir (120.0 km²)
• Nugushkoye Reservoir (25.2 km²)

Mountains[edit]

The Republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from the northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include:

• Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
• Mount Bolshoy Iremel (1,582 m)
• Mount Maly Iremel (1,449 m)
• Mount Arwyakryaz (1,068 m)
• Mount Zilmerdaq (909 m)
• Mount Alataw (845 m)
• Mount Yurmataw (842 m)

Natural resources[edit]

The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the richest territories of Russia in mineral resources with deposits of some 3,000 mineral resources. Bashkortostan is rich in crude oil reserves, and is one of the principal centers of oil extraction in the Russian Federation. Other major resources are natural gas, coal, ferrous metal ores, manganese, chromite, iron ores, non-ferrous metals ores (lead, tungsten), non-metallic ores (rock crystal, fluorite, Iceland spar, sulfide pyrites, barite, silicates, silica, asbestos, talcum), deposits of precious and semi-precious stones and natural stones (malachite, jade, granite).

The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its power and fuel complex as well as petrochemical, chemical, agro-industrial complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, glass-making and ceramic branches with raw materials.

Bashkortostan is one of the major raw materials bases for Russia non-ferrous metallurgy. The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumen. This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers, and other stimulants for plant growth. Mining-chemical raw materials (rock salt, lime, phosphorites, barytes, etc.) are quite substantial, and are utilized in the republic economy.

Bashkortostan is also rich in woods. The total territory covered with forests is about 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi). More than one third of the republic territory is covered with woods. The following types of trees dominate: birch tree, conifers, lime, oak, and maple. The general stock of timber according to some evaluation is 717.9 million m³. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi).

Bashkortostan is also rich in springs and sources of mineral, medicinal, and drinking water.

The Asselian Age at the start of the Permian Period of geological time is named after the Assel River in Bashkortostan.^[26]

Climate[edit]

• Average annual temperature: +0.3 °C (32.5 °F) (mountains) to +2.8 °C (37.0 °F) (plains)
• Average January temperature: −16 °C (3 °F)
• Average July temperature: +18 °C (64 °F)

Administrative divisions[edit]

Politics[edit]

The head of the government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Head (before 1 January 2015 the title was called «President»^[27]). According to the Constitution, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties of the country’s people and citizens, protects economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law, and order within its territory.

Since 11 October 2018, the head of the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been Radiy Khabirov. He was first appointed as acting head by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2019 he was officially elected after winning 82% of the vote in the 2019 Bashkir head election. The next election will be in 2024. Before his current role, Radiy Khabirov was the Head of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast. His predecessor was Rustem Khamitov who was the leader since 19 July 2010. He resigned on 11 October 2018 ahead of the election because he personally decided to not run for re-election.^[28]

The Republic’s parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai, popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 110 deputies.

The Republic’s Constitution was adopted on 24 December 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases.^{[citation needed]}

The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are at present based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Federative Treaty (with amendments) and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The judicial power of the republic is in the hands of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, District Courts, and justices of the peace.

In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government is recognized and guaranteed within the republic’s territory.^{[citation needed]}

The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names, are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law «On administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities».

The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbour, the Republic of Tatarstan.^[29][30][31]

Economy[edit]

Bashkortostan is one of the most developed regions of the Russian Federation in terms of its cross regional output, the volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets.

The largest companies in the region include Bashneft (revenues of $9.57 billion in 2017), Ufa Engine Industrial Association (part of United Engine Corporation; $1.26 billion), Peton Holding ($1.04 billion), Bashkhim ($857 million), Ufaorgsintez ($473.07 million), Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works ($409.65 million).^[32]

The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. At the end of 1943 large crude oil deposits were discovered.^{[by whom?]} During the Great Patriotic War of 1941 to 1945, Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, a number of industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining, machine-building and (especially) oil-refining. Bashkiria’s industry became a solid base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia.

The economy of Bashkortostan, being one of the largest industrial centers of Russia, is very diverse. Bashkortostan has a large agricultural sector. But the republic’s most important industry is chemical processing; Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country’s gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides, and plastics.

Bashkortostan’s gross regional product (GRP) in 2016 was 1.34 trillion rubles,^[33] making the republic the subject with the ninth-highest GRP in Russia. The state had a positive trade balance, with $13.7 billion exported and $1.2 billion imported in 2013.^[34] 82.9% of enterprises in Bashkortostan are profitable,^[35] higher than the nationwide average of 68.42%. Bashkortostan has been recognized as the subject with the lowest economic risk.^[36][37]

Bashkortostan is among the leaders in real estate development,^[38] developed electric power industry^[39] and tourism.^[40]

According to Forbes, Ufa is the best city in Russia for business among cities with a population of over one million (2013).^[41]

Structure of GRP[edit]

GRP structure of Bashkortostan for 2013.^[42]

Sector	%
Manufacturing	36.2
Wholesale and retail trade	16.7
Transport and communications	7.3
Real estate transactions	7
Construction	6.9
Agriculture	6.5
Education	4.1
Healthcare and social services	4.1
State management and social insurance	3.8
Mining	2.8
Production of electricity, gas, water	2.4
Hotels and restaurants	1.1
Other	1.1

• Some industrial products of Bashkortostan

• 

Tourism[edit]

The development of tourism in Bashkortostan is regulated by the main provisions of the Program …, regulatory and legal documents of the Russian Federation, as well as the «Concept for the development of tourist and recreational clusters in the Republic of Bashkortostan until 2030». Today, a lot of work continues to develop tourism and hospitality on the territory of the tourist and recreational cluster «North-East» of the Republic of Bashkortostan on the basis of the innovative scientific, educational and industrial infrastructure of the Geopark «Yangan-Tau».^[43] The development of tourism and hospitality is possible on the basis of a multifunctional multidisciplinary center based on the Yangan-Tau and Toratau Geoparks (figures 1, 2). The Yangan-Tau Geopark was created in Bashkiria on October 18, 2017; it is the only one among the CIS countries that is included in the UNESCO Global Geoparks network. «Toratau» was created by the decree of the head of the region in December 2018. Then the authorities announced that the Geopark could become part of the UNESCO network, and a nomination dossier is currently being prepared.^[44]

Demographics[edit]

Settlements[edit]

Population development[edit]

Year	Population
1897	1,991,000
1913	2,811,000
1926	2,547,000
1939	3,158,000
1959	3,340,000
1970	3,818,000
1979	3,849,000
1989	3,950,482[45]
2002	4,104,336[46]
2010	4,072,292[13]
2021	4,091,423[8]

Vital statistics[edit]

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate
1970	3,817	63,498	28,004	35,494	16.6	7.3	9.3
1975	3,825	63,096	31,802	31,294	16.5	8.3	8.2
1980	3,850	67,743	36,067	31,676	17.6	9.4	8.2
1985	3,868	76,839	39,101	37,738	19.9	10.1	9.8
1990	3,952	63,899	38,157	25,742	16.2	9.7	6.5
1991	3,975	58,240	39,638	18,602	14.7	10.0	4.7
1992	4,005	53,271	43,539	9,732	13.3	10.9	2.4
1993	4,030	46,772	50,738	-3,966	11.6	12.6	-1.0
1994	4,050	47,296	54,267	-6,971	11.7	13.4	-1.7
1995	4,074	45,622	51,734	-6,112	11.2	12.7	-1.5
1996	4,091	45,228	49,600	-4,372	11.1	12.1	-1.1
1997	4,103	43,776	49,354	-5,578	10.7	12.0	-1.4
1998	4,113	44,465	48,470	-4,005	10.8	11.8	-1.0
1999	4,119	41,368	52,608	-11,240	10.0	12.8	-2.7
2000	4,117	41,642	53,550	-11,908	10.1	13.0	-2.9
2001	4,112	42,793	55,001	-12,208	10.4	13.4	-3.0
2002	4,104	45,481	57,836	-12,355	11.1	14.1	-3.0
2003	4,095	45,583	58,237	-12,654	11.1	14.2	-3.1
2004	4,084	45,733	57,726	-11,993	11.2	14.1	-2.9
2005	4,074	44,094	57,787	-13,693	10.8	14.2	-3.4
2006	4,064	45,055	55,319	-10,264	11.1	13.6	-2.5
2007	4,060	51,453	55,144	-3,691	12.7	13.6	-0.9
2008	4,059	54,493	55,568	-1,075	13.4	13.7	-0.3
2009	4,062	55,587	53,227	2,360	13.7	13.1	0.6	1,74
2010	4,067	57,093	54,457	2,636	14.0	13.4	0.6	1,77
2011	4,072	55,806	54,432	1,374	13.7	13.4	0.3	1,74
2012	4,064	59,180	53,624	5,556	14.6	13.2	1.4	1.86
2013	4,065	59,260	53,346	5,914	14.6	13.1	1.5	1.89
2014	4,071	60,239	53,509	6,730	14.8	13.1	1.7	1.95
2015	4,072	59,196	54,107	5,087	14.5	13.3	1.2	1.94
2016	4,069	55,708	52,283	3,425	13.7	12.8	0.9	1.86(e)
2017	4 065	49,260	50,261	-1,001	12.1	12.3	-0.2
2018		47,044	50,473	-3,429	11.6	12.4	-0.8
2019		42,031	49,195	-7,164	10.4	12.2	-1.8
2020		41,043	60,211	-19,168	10.2	15.0	-4.8

Note: Total fertility rate 200-12 source.^[47]

Ethnic groups[edit]

Bashkirs as the indigenous (autochthonal) peoples of Bashkortostan have the sole rights to self-determination.^[48][49][50] According to the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was:^[51]

• Russians 37.5%
• Bashkirs 31.5%
• Volga Tatars 24.2%
• Mari 2.1%
• Chuvash 2.0%
• Udmurts 0.4%
• Ukrainians 0.4%

Ethnic group	1920 Census	1926 Census	1939 Census	1959 Census	1970 Census	1979 Census	1989 Census	2002 Census	2010 Census	2021 Census1
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Bashkirs	807,213	40.13%	625,845	23.5%	671,188	21.2%	737,744	22.1%	892,248	23.4%	935,880	24.3%	863,808	21.9%	1,221,302	29.8%	1,172,287	29.5%	1,268,806	31.5%
Russians	794,131	39.48%	1,064,707	39.9%	1,281,347	40.6%	1,418,147	42.4%	1,546,304	40.5%	1,547,893	40.3%	1,548,291	39.3%	1,490,715	36.3%	1,432,906	36.1%	1,509,246	37.5%
Tatars	103,928	5.17%	461,871	17.3%	777,230	24.6%	768,566	23.0%	944,505	24.7%	940,436	24.5%	1,120,702	28.4%	990,702	24.1%	1,009,295	25.4%	974,533	24.2%
Mari	84,809	4.22%	79,298	3.0%	90,163	2.9%	93,902	2.8%	109,638	2.9%	106,793	2.8%	105,768	2.7%	105,829	2.6%	103,658	2.6%	84,988	2.1%
Chuvash	47,929	2.38%	84,886	3.2%	106,892	3.4%	109,970	3.3%	126,638	3.3%	122,344	3.2%	118,509	3.0%	117,317	2.9%	107,450	2.7%	79,950	2.0%
Udmurts	23,907	1.32%	23,256	0.9%	25,103	0.8%	25,388	0.8%	27,918	0.7%	25,906	0.7%	23,696	0.6%	22,625	0.6%	21,477	0.5%	17,149	0.4%
Ukrainians	57,024	2.84%	76,710	2.9%	99,289	3.1%	83,594	2.5%	76,005	2.0%	75,571	2.0%	74,990	1.9%	55,249	1.3%	39,875	1.0%	14,876	0.4%
Others	5,103	0.12%	249,263	9.3%	107,757	3.4%	104,298	3.1%	94,819	2.5%	87,445	2.3%	87,349	2.2%	96,231	2.3%	87,772	2.2%	75,819	1.9%
1 66,056 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[52]

Languages[edit]

According to the 2021 Census, spoken languages: Russian (97%), Bashkir (23%) and Tatar (20%),.^[53]

Religion[edit]

Islam is adhered to by a majority of the nation’s population^[56] of Bashkir and Tatar descent. The Muslims of Bashkortostan follow the Sunni Hanafi school of Islamic law.

Most ethnic Russians, Chuvash, and Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians. Most Mari are Pagan. Non-religious people form a substantial part of any ethnic group in Bashkortostan. There are 13,000 Jews in the republic, with a historic synagogue in Ufa, and a new Jewish Community Center built in 2008.^[57]

According to the 2012 Sreda survey which interviewed 56,900 people,^[54] 58% of the population of Bashkortostan are Muslim, 17% adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, and 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), the Mari native religion, Chuvash Vattisen Yaly or Tengrism. In addition, 4% of the population declare to be «spiritual but not religious», 5% are atheist, and 7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question.^[54] Note, however, that this survey has been criticized as biased. It was conducted by the service «Sreda», which has ties to the Christian organizations.^[58]

In 2010, there were over 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan,^[59] 200 Orthodox churches and 60 religious buildings of other confessions.^[60]

Education[edit]

About sixty scientific organizations are active in the republic. Fundamental and applied scientific research is underway at twelve institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, twenty-nine institutes of different branches of industry, as well as numerous design bureaus and organizations, universities, and colleges.

The country’s system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people’s folklore, national customs, and traditions. When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually— primarily religious schools operated under the supervision of mosques (maktabeh and madrasah).

In addition, many institutions of higher education operate in the republic, including branches of 16 leading Russian universities and colleges. Specialists graduate with degrees in about 200 trades and professions.

Education is primarily in Russian and Bashkir.

Sport[edit]

Russian Premier League football club FC Ufa is from Ufa. KHL team Salavat Yulaev Ufa plays in the city, as does Supreme Hockey League teams Toros Neftekamsk and HC Gornyak Uchaly, Minor Hockey League team Tolpar Ufa and Russian Women’s Hockey League team Agidel. Russian Volleyball Super League team Ural and volleyball team Samrau-UGNTU are from Ufa. Russian Handball Super League team Ugntu-VNZM and Russian Women’s Handball Super League team Ufa-Alisa are from Ufa. Formula One driver Daniil Kvyat hails from Ufa. It was decided in 2018 to revive bandy.^[61][62][63] There are even preliminary plans for building an indoor arena.^[64]

Culture[edit]

Bashkortostan is home to song and dance companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries, and a number of annual folk festivals. The republic has seven Bashkir, four Russian, and two Tatar State Drama Theaters, a State Opera and Ballet Theater, a National Symphony Orchestra, «Bashkortostan» film studio, thirty philharmonic collectives, and the Bashkir State Folk Dance Ensemble.

The Bashkir School of Dance is well respected^{[citation needed]}, with many students receiving international awards at competitions in Russia and other countries. World-renowned ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev, as a child, was encouraged to dance in Bashkir folk performances, and began his dancing career in Ufa.

Bashkir literature is the literary tradition of the Republic of Bashkortostan.^[65][66][67]

There are many museums in the Republic where you can get acquainted with the history of the region. The National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Bashkir Nesterov Art Museum, the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography are the largest of them.

See also[edit]

• Bashkir cuisine
• Kuvandyk corridor
• Shonqar

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Ilishev, Ildus G. (December 1998). «Russian federalism: Political, legal, and ethnolingual aspects — a view from the republic of Bashkortostan». Nationalities Papers. 26 (4): 723–759. doi:10.1080/00905999808408597. S2CID 155083799.
• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). «Ufa (government)» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 556–557.

External links[edit]

• The centralized portal of the authorities of the Republic of Bashkortostan Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
• The Head of Republic of Bashkortostan

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2022)

Republic of Bashkortostan Республика Башкортостан
Republic
Other transcription(s)
• Bashkir	Башҡортостан Республикаһы
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: «State Anthem of the Republic of Bashkortostan»[2]
Coordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°ECoordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°E
Country	Russia
Federal district[1]	Volga
Economic region[3]	Ural
Capital	Ufa[4]
Government
• Type	State Assembly-Kurultay[5]
• Head[5]	Radiy Khabirov[6]
Area [7]
• Total	142,947 km2 (55,192 sq mi)
Population  (2021 Census)[8]
• Total	4,091,423
• Rank	7th
• Density	28.62/km2 (74.1/sq mi)
• Urban	61.8%
• Rural	38.2%
Time zone	UTC+5 (MSK+2[9])
ISO 3166 code	RU-BA
Vehicle registration	02, 102, 702
Official language(s)	Russian,[10] Bashkir[11]
Website	http://www.bashkortostan.ru/

Bashkortostan, officially the Republic of Bashkortostan (Bashkir: Башҡортостан Республикаһы, romanized: Bashqortostan Respublikahy;^{[12][note 1]} Russian: Республика Башкортостан, romanized: Respublika Bashkortostan),^[a] also unofficially called Bashkiria (Russian: Башкирия, tr. Bashkiriya),^[b] is a republic of Russia located between the Volga and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It covers 143,600 square kilometres (55,400 square miles) and has a population of 4 million. It is the seventh-most populous federal subject in Russia and the most populous republic.^[13] Its capital and largest city is Ufa.

Bashkortostan was established on 28 November [O.S. 15 November] 1917.^[14][15][16] On 20 March 1919 it was transformed into the Bashkir ASSR,^[17] the first autonomous republic in the Russian SFSR.^[18][19][20] On 11 October 1990, it adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. In the Constitution of Bashkortostan and Constitution of Russia, Bashkortostan is defined as a state.^[21][22]

Terminology[edit]

The name «Bashkortostan» derives from the name of the Bashkir ethnic group. While the root of the name is Turkic (being a combination of ‘baş‘, which in Turkish can mean head, chief, main, principal and «qort» meaning wolf, one of the animals regarded as sacred to Turkic peoples);^{[citation needed]} the suffix -stan is Persian, common to many Eurasian territorial names. The Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language, which belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic language group.

History[edit]

The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the early Paleolithic period, but the Bronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory.^[23] When people of the Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals.

Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people, the Bashkirs. The Slavonic name of the country, Bashkiriya, formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the forms Bashkir land, Bashkir, Bashkirda and Bashkir horde. The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 7th century. In the 10th century, Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited the Southern Urals, while the other lived near the Danube River, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as «an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik River».

• 

• 

  Mausoleum of Turahan, 14th-century building.

After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between the Kazan and Siberia Khanates and the Nogai Horde. The tribes that lived there were headed by bi (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy.^{[citation needed]}

Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria’s territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798 the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established, an indication that the tsarist government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars, and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate (guberniya), with a center in Ufa, was formed in 1865—another step towards territorial identification.

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 were All-Bashkir Qoroltays (conventions) on which a decision on the need to create a national federal republic within Russia. As a result, on 28 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (Central) Shuro (Council) proclaimed the establishment of territorial and national autonomy in areas of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces with a predominantly Bashkir population.

In December 1917, delegates to the All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population edge of all nationalities, voted unanimously for the resolution (Farman #2) of the Bashkir regional Shuro for the proclamation of national-territorial autonomy (of the Republic) Bashkurdistan. The congress formed the government of Bashkurdistan, the Pre-parliament—Kese-Qoroltay and other bodies of power and administration, and decisions were made on how to proceed.

In March 1919, based on the agreements of the Russian Government with the Bashkir Government was formed Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights—the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia.

On 11 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR. On 25 February 1992, the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.

On 31 March 1992, a Federative Compact «On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan» was signed. On 3 August 1994,^[24] a Compact «On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan» was signed, granting the republic autonomy. This agreement was abolished on 7 July 2005.^[25]

Geography[edit]

Bashkortostan contains part of the southern Urals and the adjacent plains.

• 

  Shihan Toratau. Single hills are popular symbols of Bashkortostan.

• 

  Atysh waterfall

• 

• Area: 143,600 square kilometers (55,400 sq mi) (according to the 2002 Census)
• Borders: Bashkortostan borders with Perm Krai (N), Sverdlovsk Oblast (NE), Chelyabinsk Oblast (NE/E/SE), Orenburg Oblast (SE/S/SW), the Republic of Tatarstan (W), and the Udmurt Republic (NW)
• Highest point: Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
• Maximum North-South distance: 550 km
• Maximum East-West distance: over 430 km

Rivers[edit]

There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deepwater transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and Black seas.

Major rivers include:

• Belaya (Aghidhel) River (1,430 km)
• Ufa (Qaraidel) River (918 km)
• Sakmara River (760 km)
• Ik (Iq) River (571 km)
• Dyoma (Dim) River (556 km)
• Ay River (549 km)
• Yuruzan River (404 km)
• Bystry Tanyp River (345 km)
• Sim River (239 km)
• Nugush River (235 km)
• Tanalyk River (225 km)
• Zilim (Yethem) River (215 km)
• Syun River (209 km)

Lakes[edit]

There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include:

• Asylykül Lake (23.5 km²)
• Qandrykül Lake (15.6 km²)
• Urgun Lake (12.0 km²)
• Pavlovskoye Reservoir (120.0 km²)
• Nugushkoye Reservoir (25.2 km²)

Mountains[edit]

The Republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from the northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include:

• Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
• Mount Bolshoy Iremel (1,582 m)
• Mount Maly Iremel (1,449 m)
• Mount Arwyakryaz (1,068 m)
• Mount Zilmerdaq (909 m)
• Mount Alataw (845 m)
• Mount Yurmataw (842 m)

Natural resources[edit]

The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the richest territories of Russia in mineral resources with deposits of some 3,000 mineral resources. Bashkortostan is rich in crude oil reserves, and is one of the principal centers of oil extraction in the Russian Federation. Other major resources are natural gas, coal, ferrous metal ores, manganese, chromite, iron ores, non-ferrous metals ores (lead, tungsten), non-metallic ores (rock crystal, fluorite, Iceland spar, sulfide pyrites, barite, silicates, silica, asbestos, talcum), deposits of precious and semi-precious stones and natural stones (malachite, jade, granite).

The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its power and fuel complex as well as petrochemical, chemical, agro-industrial complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, glass-making and ceramic branches with raw materials.

Bashkortostan is one of the major raw materials bases for Russia non-ferrous metallurgy. The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumen. This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers, and other stimulants for plant growth. Mining-chemical raw materials (rock salt, lime, phosphorites, barytes, etc.) are quite substantial, and are utilized in the republic economy.

Bashkortostan is also rich in woods. The total territory covered with forests is about 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi). More than one third of the republic territory is covered with woods. The following types of trees dominate: birch tree, conifers, lime, oak, and maple. The general stock of timber according to some evaluation is 717.9 million m³. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi).

Bashkortostan is also rich in springs and sources of mineral, medicinal, and drinking water.

The Asselian Age at the start of the Permian Period of geological time is named after the Assel River in Bashkortostan.^[26]

Climate[edit]

• Average annual temperature: +0.3 °C (32.5 °F) (mountains) to +2.8 °C (37.0 °F) (plains)
• Average January temperature: −16 °C (3 °F)
• Average July temperature: +18 °C (64 °F)

Administrative divisions[edit]

Politics[edit]

The head of the government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Head (before 1 January 2015 the title was called «President»^[27]). According to the Constitution, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties of the country’s people and citizens, protects economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law, and order within its territory.

Since 11 October 2018, the head of the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been Radiy Khabirov. He was first appointed as acting head by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2019 he was officially elected after winning 82% of the vote in the 2019 Bashkir head election. The next election will be in 2024. Before his current role, Radiy Khabirov was the Head of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast. His predecessor was Rustem Khamitov who was the leader since 19 July 2010. He resigned on 11 October 2018 ahead of the election because he personally decided to not run for re-election.^[28]

The Republic’s parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai, popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 110 deputies.

The Republic’s Constitution was adopted on 24 December 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases.^{[citation needed]}

The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are at present based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Federative Treaty (with amendments) and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The judicial power of the republic is in the hands of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, District Courts, and justices of the peace.

In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government is recognized and guaranteed within the republic’s territory.^{[citation needed]}

The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names, are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law «On administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities».

The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbour, the Republic of Tatarstan.^[29][30][31]

Economy[edit]

Bashkortostan is one of the most developed regions of the Russian Federation in terms of its cross regional output, the volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets.

The largest companies in the region include Bashneft (revenues of $9.57 billion in 2017), Ufa Engine Industrial Association (part of United Engine Corporation; $1.26 billion), Peton Holding ($1.04 billion), Bashkhim ($857 million), Ufaorgsintez ($473.07 million), Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works ($409.65 million).^[32]

The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. At the end of 1943 large crude oil deposits were discovered.^{[by whom?]} During the Great Patriotic War of 1941 to 1945, Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, a number of industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining, machine-building and (especially) oil-refining. Bashkiria’s industry became a solid base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia.

The economy of Bashkortostan, being one of the largest industrial centers of Russia, is very diverse. Bashkortostan has a large agricultural sector. But the republic’s most important industry is chemical processing; Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country’s gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides, and plastics.

Bashkortostan’s gross regional product (GRP) in 2016 was 1.34 trillion rubles,^[33] making the republic the subject with the ninth-highest GRP in Russia. The state had a positive trade balance, with $13.7 billion exported and $1.2 billion imported in 2013.^[34] 82.9% of enterprises in Bashkortostan are profitable,^[35] higher than the nationwide average of 68.42%. Bashkortostan has been recognized as the subject with the lowest economic risk.^[36][37]

Bashkortostan is among the leaders in real estate development,^[38] developed electric power industry^[39] and tourism.^[40]

According to Forbes, Ufa is the best city in Russia for business among cities with a population of over one million (2013).^[41]

Structure of GRP[edit]

GRP structure of Bashkortostan for 2013.^[42]

Sector	%
Manufacturing	36.2
Wholesale and retail trade	16.7
Transport and communications	7.3
Real estate transactions	7
Construction	6.9
Agriculture	6.5
Education	4.1
Healthcare and social services	4.1
State management and social insurance	3.8
Mining	2.8
Production of electricity, gas, water	2.4
Hotels and restaurants	1.1
Other	1.1

• Some industrial products of Bashkortostan

• 

Tourism[edit]

The development of tourism in Bashkortostan is regulated by the main provisions of the Program …, regulatory and legal documents of the Russian Federation, as well as the «Concept for the development of tourist and recreational clusters in the Republic of Bashkortostan until 2030». Today, a lot of work continues to develop tourism and hospitality on the territory of the tourist and recreational cluster «North-East» of the Republic of Bashkortostan on the basis of the innovative scientific, educational and industrial infrastructure of the Geopark «Yangan-Tau».^[43] The development of tourism and hospitality is possible on the basis of a multifunctional multidisciplinary center based on the Yangan-Tau and Toratau Geoparks (figures 1, 2). The Yangan-Tau Geopark was created in Bashkiria on October 18, 2017; it is the only one among the CIS countries that is included in the UNESCO Global Geoparks network. «Toratau» was created by the decree of the head of the region in December 2018. Then the authorities announced that the Geopark could become part of the UNESCO network, and a nomination dossier is currently being prepared.^[44]

Demographics[edit]

Settlements[edit]

Population development[edit]

Year	Population
1897	1,991,000
1913	2,811,000
1926	2,547,000
1939	3,158,000
1959	3,340,000
1970	3,818,000
1979	3,849,000
1989	3,950,482[45]
2002	4,104,336[46]
2010	4,072,292[13]
2021	4,091,423[8]

Vital statistics[edit]

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate
1970	3,817	63,498	28,004	35,494	16.6	7.3	9.3
1975	3,825	63,096	31,802	31,294	16.5	8.3	8.2
1980	3,850	67,743	36,067	31,676	17.6	9.4	8.2
1985	3,868	76,839	39,101	37,738	19.9	10.1	9.8
1990	3,952	63,899	38,157	25,742	16.2	9.7	6.5
1991	3,975	58,240	39,638	18,602	14.7	10.0	4.7
1992	4,005	53,271	43,539	9,732	13.3	10.9	2.4
1993	4,030	46,772	50,738	-3,966	11.6	12.6	-1.0
1994	4,050	47,296	54,267	-6,971	11.7	13.4	-1.7
1995	4,074	45,622	51,734	-6,112	11.2	12.7	-1.5
1996	4,091	45,228	49,600	-4,372	11.1	12.1	-1.1
1997	4,103	43,776	49,354	-5,578	10.7	12.0	-1.4
1998	4,113	44,465	48,470	-4,005	10.8	11.8	-1.0
1999	4,119	41,368	52,608	-11,240	10.0	12.8	-2.7
2000	4,117	41,642	53,550	-11,908	10.1	13.0	-2.9
2001	4,112	42,793	55,001	-12,208	10.4	13.4	-3.0
2002	4,104	45,481	57,836	-12,355	11.1	14.1	-3.0
2003	4,095	45,583	58,237	-12,654	11.1	14.2	-3.1
2004	4,084	45,733	57,726	-11,993	11.2	14.1	-2.9
2005	4,074	44,094	57,787	-13,693	10.8	14.2	-3.4
2006	4,064	45,055	55,319	-10,264	11.1	13.6	-2.5
2007	4,060	51,453	55,144	-3,691	12.7	13.6	-0.9
2008	4,059	54,493	55,568	-1,075	13.4	13.7	-0.3
2009	4,062	55,587	53,227	2,360	13.7	13.1	0.6	1,74
2010	4,067	57,093	54,457	2,636	14.0	13.4	0.6	1,77
2011	4,072	55,806	54,432	1,374	13.7	13.4	0.3	1,74
2012	4,064	59,180	53,624	5,556	14.6	13.2	1.4	1.86
2013	4,065	59,260	53,346	5,914	14.6	13.1	1.5	1.89
2014	4,071	60,239	53,509	6,730	14.8	13.1	1.7	1.95
2015	4,072	59,196	54,107	5,087	14.5	13.3	1.2	1.94
2016	4,069	55,708	52,283	3,425	13.7	12.8	0.9	1.86(e)
2017	4 065	49,260	50,261	-1,001	12.1	12.3	-0.2
2018		47,044	50,473	-3,429	11.6	12.4	-0.8
2019		42,031	49,195	-7,164	10.4	12.2	-1.8
2020		41,043	60,211	-19,168	10.2	15.0	-4.8

Note: Total fertility rate 200-12 source.^[47]

Ethnic groups[edit]

Bashkirs as the indigenous (autochthonal) peoples of Bashkortostan have the sole rights to self-determination.^[48][49][50] According to the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was:^[51]

• Russians 37.5%
• Bashkirs 31.5%
• Volga Tatars 24.2%
• Mari 2.1%
• Chuvash 2.0%
• Udmurts 0.4%
• Ukrainians 0.4%

Ethnic group	1920 Census	1926 Census	1939 Census	1959 Census	1970 Census	1979 Census	1989 Census	2002 Census	2010 Census	2021 Census1
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Bashkirs	807,213	40.13%	625,845	23.5%	671,188	21.2%	737,744	22.1%	892,248	23.4%	935,880	24.3%	863,808	21.9%	1,221,302	29.8%	1,172,287	29.5%	1,268,806	31.5%
Russians	794,131	39.48%	1,064,707	39.9%	1,281,347	40.6%	1,418,147	42.4%	1,546,304	40.5%	1,547,893	40.3%	1,548,291	39.3%	1,490,715	36.3%	1,432,906	36.1%	1,509,246	37.5%
Tatars	103,928	5.17%	461,871	17.3%	777,230	24.6%	768,566	23.0%	944,505	24.7%	940,436	24.5%	1,120,702	28.4%	990,702	24.1%	1,009,295	25.4%	974,533	24.2%
Mari	84,809	4.22%	79,298	3.0%	90,163	2.9%	93,902	2.8%	109,638	2.9%	106,793	2.8%	105,768	2.7%	105,829	2.6%	103,658	2.6%	84,988	2.1%
Chuvash	47,929	2.38%	84,886	3.2%	106,892	3.4%	109,970	3.3%	126,638	3.3%	122,344	3.2%	118,509	3.0%	117,317	2.9%	107,450	2.7%	79,950	2.0%
Udmurts	23,907	1.32%	23,256	0.9%	25,103	0.8%	25,388	0.8%	27,918	0.7%	25,906	0.7%	23,696	0.6%	22,625	0.6%	21,477	0.5%	17,149	0.4%
Ukrainians	57,024	2.84%	76,710	2.9%	99,289	3.1%	83,594	2.5%	76,005	2.0%	75,571	2.0%	74,990	1.9%	55,249	1.3%	39,875	1.0%	14,876	0.4%
Others	5,103	0.12%	249,263	9.3%	107,757	3.4%	104,298	3.1%	94,819	2.5%	87,445	2.3%	87,349	2.2%	96,231	2.3%	87,772	2.2%	75,819	1.9%
1 66,056 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[52]

Languages[edit]

According to the 2021 Census, spoken languages: Russian (97%), Bashkir (23%) and Tatar (20%),.^[53]

Religion[edit]

Islam is adhered to by a majority of the nation’s population^[56] of Bashkir and Tatar descent. The Muslims of Bashkortostan follow the Sunni Hanafi school of Islamic law.

Most ethnic Russians, Chuvash, and Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians. Most Mari are Pagan. Non-religious people form a substantial part of any ethnic group in Bashkortostan. There are 13,000 Jews in the republic, with a historic synagogue in Ufa, and a new Jewish Community Center built in 2008.^[57]

According to the 2012 Sreda survey which interviewed 56,900 people,^[54] 58% of the population of Bashkortostan are Muslim, 17% adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, and 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), the Mari native religion, Chuvash Vattisen Yaly or Tengrism. In addition, 4% of the population declare to be «spiritual but not religious», 5% are atheist, and 7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question.^[54] Note, however, that this survey has been criticized as biased. It was conducted by the service «Sreda», which has ties to the Christian organizations.^[58]

In 2010, there were over 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan,^[59] 200 Orthodox churches and 60 religious buildings of other confessions.^[60]

Education[edit]

About sixty scientific organizations are active in the republic. Fundamental and applied scientific research is underway at twelve institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, twenty-nine institutes of different branches of industry, as well as numerous design bureaus and organizations, universities, and colleges.

The country’s system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people’s folklore, national customs, and traditions. When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually— primarily religious schools operated under the supervision of mosques (maktabeh and madrasah).

In addition, many institutions of higher education operate in the republic, including branches of 16 leading Russian universities and colleges. Specialists graduate with degrees in about 200 trades and professions.

Education is primarily in Russian and Bashkir.

Sport[edit]

Russian Premier League football club FC Ufa is from Ufa. KHL team Salavat Yulaev Ufa plays in the city, as does Supreme Hockey League teams Toros Neftekamsk and HC Gornyak Uchaly, Minor Hockey League team Tolpar Ufa and Russian Women’s Hockey League team Agidel. Russian Volleyball Super League team Ural and volleyball team Samrau-UGNTU are from Ufa. Russian Handball Super League team Ugntu-VNZM and Russian Women’s Handball Super League team Ufa-Alisa are from Ufa. Formula One driver Daniil Kvyat hails from Ufa. It was decided in 2018 to revive bandy.^[61][62][63] There are even preliminary plans for building an indoor arena.^[64]

Culture[edit]

Bashkortostan is home to song and dance companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries, and a number of annual folk festivals. The republic has seven Bashkir, four Russian, and two Tatar State Drama Theaters, a State Opera and Ballet Theater, a National Symphony Orchestra, «Bashkortostan» film studio, thirty philharmonic collectives, and the Bashkir State Folk Dance Ensemble.

The Bashkir School of Dance is well respected^{[citation needed]}, with many students receiving international awards at competitions in Russia and other countries. World-renowned ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev, as a child, was encouraged to dance in Bashkir folk performances, and began his dancing career in Ufa.

Bashkir literature is the literary tradition of the Republic of Bashkortostan.^[65][66][67]

There are many museums in the Republic where you can get acquainted with the history of the region. The National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Bashkir Nesterov Art Museum, the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography are the largest of them.

See also[edit]

• Bashkir cuisine
• Kuvandyk corridor
• Shonqar

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Ilishev, Ildus G. (December 1998). «Russian federalism: Political, legal, and ethnolingual aspects — a view from the republic of Bashkortostan». Nationalities Papers. 26 (4): 723–759. doi:10.1080/00905999808408597. S2CID 155083799.
• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). «Ufa (government)» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 556–557.

External links[edit]

• The centralized portal of the authorities of the Republic of Bashkortostan Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
• The Head of Republic of Bashkortostan

башкортостан