Республика калмыкия на английском языке как пишется

Republic of Kalmykia
Republic
Республика Калмыкия
Other transcription(s)
• Kalmyk	Хальмг Таңһч
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: «Khalmg Tanghchin chastr« «Anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia» [3]
Coordinates: 46°34′N 45°19′E / 46.567°N 45.317°ECoordinates: 46°34′N 45°19′E / 46.567°N 45.317°E
Country	Russia
Federal district	Southern[1]
Economic region	Volga[2]
Capital	Elista[4]
Government
• Body	People’s Khural[5]
• Head[7]	Batu Khasikov[6]
Area [8]
• Total	76,100 km2 (29,400 sq mi)
• Rank	41st
Population  (2021 Census)[9]
• Total	267,133
• Estimate  (2018)[10]	275,413
• Rank	78th
• Density	3.5/km2 (9.1/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [11])
ISO 3166 code	RU-KL
License plates	08
OKTMO ID	85000000
Official languages	Russian;[12] Kalmyk[13]

Kalmykia (Russian: Калмыкия; Kalmyk: Хальмг, romanized: Haľmg, IPA: [xɑlʲˈməg]), officially the Republic of Kalmykia,^[a] is a republic of Russia, located in the Lower Volga region of southern Russia. The republic is part of the Southern Federal District, and borders Dagestan to the south and Stavropol Krai to the southwest; Volgograd Oblast to the northwest and north and Astrakhan Oblast to the north and east; Rostov Oblast to the west and the Caspian Sea to the east. Kalmykia is the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the predominant religion.^[15]

The republic covers an area of 76,100 square kilometres (29,400 square miles), with a small population of about 275,000 residents.^[16] The republic is home to the Kalmyks, a people of Mongol origin who are primarily of Buddhist faith. The capital of the republic is the city of Elista, which has gained a reputation for international chess.

Geography[edit]

The republic is located in Southern Russia, lying north of the North Caucasus. A small stretch of the Volga River flows through eastern Kalmykia. Other major rivers include the Yegorlyk, the Kuma, and the Manych. Lake Manych-Gudilo is the largest lake; other lakes of significance include Lakes Sarpa and Tsagan-Khak. The highest point of Kalmykia is 222 metres (728 ft) high Shared, located in the Yergeni hills.^[17]

Kalmykia’s natural resources include coal, oil, and natural gas.

The republic’s wildlife includes the saiga antelope, whose habitat is protected in Chyornye Zemli Nature Reserve.

Climate[edit]

The average January temperature is −5 °C (23 °F) and the average July temperature is 24 °C (75 °F). Average annual precipitation ranges from 170 millimeters (6.7 in) in the east of the republic to 400 millimeters (16 in) in the west. The small town of Utta is the hottest place in Russia. On July 12, 2010, during a significant heatwave affecting all of Russia, an all-time record-high temperature was observed at 45.4 °C (113.7 °F).

Flora and fauna[edit]

National Parks[edit]

• Bamb Tsetsg Tulip Island

History[edit]

According to the Kurgan hypothesis, the upland regions of modern-day Kalmykia formed part of the cradle of Indo-European culture. Hundreds of Kurgans can be seen in these areas, known as the Indo-European Urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog culture, Yamna culture).

The territory of Kalmykia is unique in that it has been home to many major world religions and cultures over the course of history. Some of the first recorded peoples to move into this territory were the Scythians and Sarmatians from the central Eurasian steppe, bringing their respective religious systems with them. Later on, all three major Abrahamic religions also took root, with the Khazar conversion to Judaism being a notable (if historically contested) episode in the religion’s history. The Alans were a major Muslim people group, who faced the the invading Mongols and their Tengrist practices, with some of the latter settling permanently. The later Nogais were Muslim, but were replaced by the contemporaneous Kalmyks, who practice Buddhism. With the annexation of the region by the Russian Empire, there was an influx of Slavic-speaking Christian settlers. Many religious institutions were suppressed in the wake of the Russian Revolution.

Kalmyk autonomy[edit]

The ancestors of the Kalmyks, the Oirats, migrated from the steppes of southern Siberia on the banks of the Irtysh River, reaching the Lower Volga region by the early-17th century. Historians have given various explanations for the move, but generally recognise that the Kalmyks sought abundant pastures for their herds. Another motivation may have involved escaping the growing dominance of the neighbouring Dzungar Mongol tribe.^[18]
They reached the lower Volga region in or about 1630. That land, however, was not uncontested pastures, but rather the homeland of the Nogai Horde, a confederation of Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes. The Kalmyks expelled the Nogais, who fled to the Caucasian plains and to the Crimean Khanate, areas (at least theoretically) under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Some Nogai groups sought the protection of the Russian garrison at Astrakhan. The remaining nomadic Mongol Oirat tribes became vassals of the Kalmyk Khan.

The Kalmyks settled in the wide-open steppes – from Saratov in the north to Astrakhan on the Volga delta in the south and to the Terek River in the southwest. They also encamped on both sides of the Volga River, from the Don River in the west to the Ural River in the east. Although these territories had been recently annexed by the Tsardom of Russia, Moscow was in no position to settle the area with Russian colonists. This area under Kalmyk control would eventually be called the Kalmyk Khanate.

Within twenty-five years of settling in the Lower Volga region, the Kalmyks became subjects of the Tsar of Russia. In exchange for protecting Russia’s southern border, the Kalmyks were promised an annual allowance and access to the markets of Russian border settlements. The open access to Russian markets was supposed to discourage mutual raiding on the part of the Kalmyks and of the Russians and Bashkirs, a Russian-dominated Turkic people, but this was not often the practice. In addition, Kalmyk allegiance was often nominal, as the Kalmyk Khans practised self-government, based on a set of laws they called the Great Code of the Nomads (Iki Tsaadzhin Bichig).

The Kalmyk Khanate reached its peak of military and political power under Ayuka Khan (ruled 1672–1724, khan 1690–1724). During his era, the Kalmyk Khanate fulfilled its responsibility to protect the southern borders of Russia and conducted many military expeditions against its Turkic-speaking neighbours. Successful military expeditions were also conducted in the Caucasus. The Khanate experienced economic prosperity from free trade with Russian border towns, with China, with Tibet and with Muslim neighbours. During this era, the Kalmyks also kept close contacts with their Oirat kinsmen in Dzungaria, as well as with the Dalai Lama in Tibet.

Russian Civil War[edit]

After the October Revolution in 1917, many Don Kalmyks joined the White Russian army and fought under the command of Generals Denikin and Wrangel during the Russian Civil War. Before the Red Army broke through to the Crimean Peninsula towards the end of 1920, a large group of Kalmyks fled from Russia with the remnants of the defeated White Army to the Black Sea ports of Turkey.

The majority of the refugees chose to resettle in Belgrade, Serbia. Other, much smaller, groups chose Sofia (Bulgaria), Prague (Czechoslovakia) and Paris and Lyon (France). The Kalmyk refugees in Belgrade built a Buddhist temple there in 1929.

Soviet period[edit]

In July 1919, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin issued an appeal^[19] to the Kalmyk people, calling for them to revolt and to aid the Red Army. Lenin promised to provide the Kalmyks, among other things, a sufficient quantity of land for their own use. The promise came to fruition on November 4, 1920, when a resolution was passed by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee proclaiming the formation of the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast. Fifteen years later, on October 22, 1935, the Oblast was elevated to republic status, Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

In line with the policy of Korenizatsiya based on the concept of titular nations, the government of the Soviet Union adopted a strategy of national delimitation, while at the same time enforcing the Leninist principle of democratic centralism. According to Dorzha Arbakov, decentralized governing bodies were a tool the Bolsheviks used to control the Kalmyk people:

… the Soviet authorities were greatly interested in Sovietizing Kalmykia as quickly as possible and with the least amount of bloodshed. Although the Kalmyks alone were not a significant force, the Soviet authorities wished to win popularity in the Asian and Buddhist worlds by demonstrating their evident concern for the Buddhists in Russia.^[20]

After establishing control, the Soviet authorities did not overtly enforce an anti-religion policy, other than through passive means, because it sought to bring Mongolia^[21] and Tibet^[22] into its sphere of influence. The government also was compelled to respond to domestic disturbances resulting from the economic policies of War Communism and the 1921 famine.
The passive measures that were taken by Soviet authorities to control the people included the imposition of a harsh tax to close places of worship and religious schools. The Cyrillic script replaced Todo Bichig, the traditional Kalmyk vertical script.

On January 22, 1922, Mongolia proposed to migrate the Kalmyks during the famine in Kalmykia, but Russia refused. 71–72,000 Kalmyks died during the famine.^{[23][dubious – discuss]} Revolts erupted among the Kalmyks in 1926 and 1930 (on 1942–1943, see the next section). In March 1927, Soviet deported 20,000 Kalmyks to the tundras of Siberia and Karelia.^[23]

The Kalmyks of the Don Voisko Oblast were subject to the policies of de-cossackization where villages were destroyed, khuruls (temples) and monasteries were burned down and executions were indiscriminate. At the same time, grain, livestock and other foodstuffs were seized.^{[citation needed]}
In December 1927 the Fifteenth Party Congress of the Soviet Union passed a resolution calling for the «voluntary» collectivization of agriculture. The change in policy was accompanied by a new campaign of repression, directed initially against the small farming class. The objective of this campaign was to suppress the resistance of farming peasants to the full-scale collectivization of agriculture.

World War II[edit]

On June 22, 1941, the German army invaded the Soviet Union. By August 12, 1942, the German Army Group South captured Elista, the capital of the Kalmyk ASSR. After capturing the Kalmyk territory, German army officials established a propaganda campaign with the assistance of anti-communist Kalmyk nationalists, including white emigre, Kalmyk exiles. The total Jewish dead numbered between 100^[24] and upwards of 700, according to documents held in the Kalmyk State Archives.^[25] The campaign was focused primarily on recruiting and organizing Kalmyk men into anti-Soviet militia units.

• Kalmüken Verband Dr. Doll (Kalmukian Volunteers)
• Abwehrtrupp 103 (Kalmukian Volunteers)
• Kalmücken-Legion or Kalmücken-Kavallerie-Korps (Kalmukian Volunteers)

The Kalmyk units were extremely successful in flushing out and killing Soviet partisans. But by December 1942, the Soviet Red Army retook the Kalmyk ASSR, forcing the Kalmyks assigned to those units to flee, in some cases with their wives and children in hand.

The Kalmyk units retreated westward into unfamiliar territory with the retreating German army and were reorganized into the Kalmuck Legion, although the Kalmyks themselves preferred the name Kalmuck Cavalry Corps. The casualty rate also increased substantially during the retreat, especially among the Kalmyk officers. To replace those killed, the German army imposed forced conscription, taking in teenagers and middle-aged men. As a result, the overall effectiveness of the Kalmyk units declined.

By the end of the war, the remnants of the Kalmuck Cavalry Corps had made their way to Austria where the Kalmyk soldiers and their family members became post-war refugees.

Those who did not want to leave formed militia units that chose to stay behind and harass the oncoming Soviet Red Army.

Although a number of Kalmyks chose to fight against the Soviet Union, the majority by and large did not, fighting the German army in regular Soviet Red army units and in partisan resistance units behind the battlelines throughout the Soviet Union. Before their removal from the Soviet Red Army and from partisan resistance units after December 1943, approximately 8,000 Kalmyks were awarded various orders and medals, including 21 Kalmyk men who were recognized as a Hero of the Soviet Union.^[26]

On December 27, 1943, Soviet authorities declared that «many Kalmyks» were guilty of cooperation with the German Army^[27] and cited that as a justification to order the deportation of the entire Kalmyk population, including those who had served with the Soviet Army, to various locations in Central Asia and Siberia. In conjunction with the deportation, the Kalmyk ASSR was abolished and its territory was split between adjacent Astrakhan, Rostov and Stalingrad Oblasts and Stavropol Krai. To completely obliterate any traces of the Kalmyk people, the Soviet authorities renamed the former republic’s towns and villages.^[28]

Post-war Kalmykia[edit]

Due to their widespread dispersal in Siberia, their language and culture suffered a possibly irreversible decline. Khrushchev finally allowed their return in 1957, when they found their homes, jobs, and land occupied by imported Russians and Ukrainians, who remained.^{[citation needed]} On January 9, 1957, Kalmykia again became an autonomous oblast, and on July 29, 1958, an autonomous republic within the Russian SFSR.

In the following years, bad planning of agricultural and irrigation projects resulted in widespread desertification. On orders from Moscow, sheep production increased beyond levels that the fragile steppe could sustain, resulting in 1.4 million acres (5666 km²) of the artificial desert.^[29] To ramp up output, economically nonviable industrial plants were constructed.

After the dissolution of the USSR, Kalmykia kept the status of an autonomous republic within the newly formed Russian Federation (effective March 31, 1992).

Politics[edit]

The head of the government in Kalmykia is called «The Head of the Republic». The President of Russia selects a candidate for the Head of the Republic position and presents it to the Parliament of Kalmyk Republic, the People’s Khural, for approval. If a candidate is not approved, the President of the Russian Federation can dissolve the Parliament and set up new elections.

From 1993 to 2010, the Head of the Republic was Kirsan Nikolayevich Ilyumzhinov. He also was the president of the world chess organization FIDE until the Russo-Ukrainian War. He has spent much of his fortune on promoting chess in Kalmykia—where chess is compulsory in all primary schools—and also overseas, with Elista, the capital of Kalmykia, hosting many international tournaments.

In the late 1990s, the Ilyumzhinov government was alleged to be spending too much government money on chess-related projects. The allegations were published in Sovietskaya Kalmykia, the opposition newspaper in Elista. Larisa Yudina, the journalist who investigated these accusations, was kidnapped and murdered in 1998. Two men, Sergei Vaskin and Tyurbi Boskomdzhiv, who worked in the local civil service, were charged with her murder, one of them having been a former presidential bodyguard. After prolonged investigations by the Russian authorities, both men were found guilty and jailed, but no evidence was discovered that Ilyumzhinov himself was in any way responsible.^[30][31][32]

On October 24, 2010, Ilyumzhinov was replaced by Alexey Orlov as the new Head of Kalmykia. Since September 2019 the acting President of Kalmykia is Batu Khasikov.^[33]

Since 2008, Anatoly Kozachko has been President of the Parliament, the People’s Khural. The current^[when?] Prime Minister of Kalmykia is Lyudmila Ivanovna. All the three top politicians belong to the Kremlin’s «United Russia» Party.^[34]

The Kalmyk Nationalist Oirat-Kalmyk People’s Congress has been convening since 2015 and supporting certain people in the People’s Khural of Kalmykia elections, as well as pushing for political change inside Kalmykia.^[35][36]

Administrative divisions[edit]

Demographics[edit]

Population: 267,133 (2021 Census);^[37] 289,481 (2010 Census);^[16] 292,410 (2002 Census);^[38] 322,589 (1989 Census).^[39]

Life expectancy:^[40][41]

	2019	2021
Average:	74.8 years	71.4 years
Male:	69.3 years	67.3 years
Female:	80.3 years	75.4 years

Vital statistics[edit]

Ethnic groups[edit]

According to the 2021 Census, Kalmyks make up 62.5% of the republic’s population. Other groups include Russians (25.7%), Dargins (2.8%), Kazakhs (1.7%), Turks (1.6%), Chechens (1.1%), Avars (1.0%), and Koreans (0.4%).^[42]

Ethnic group	1926 census	1939 census	1959 census	1970 census	1979 census	1989 census	2002 census	2010 census	2021 census1
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Kalmyks	107,026	75.6%	107,315	48.6%	64,882	35.1%	110,264	41.1%	122,167	41.5%	146,316	45.4%	155,938	53.3%	162,740	57.4%	159,138	62.5%
Russians	15,212	10.7%	100,814	45.7%	103,349	55.9%	122,757	45.8%	125,510	42.6%	121,531	37.7%	98,115	33.6%	85,712	30.2%	65,490	25.7%
Others	19,356	13.7%	12,555	5.7%	16,626	9.0%	34,972	13.0%	46,850	15.9%	54,732	17.0%	38,357	13.1%	35,239	12.4%	30,135	11.8%
1 12,370 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[43]

This statistics is about the demographics of the Kalmyks in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and Russian Federation.

1897[44]	1926	1939	1959	1970	1979	1989	2002	2010	2021
190,648	128,809	129,786	100,603	131,318	140,103	165,103	174,000	183,372	179,547

Religion[edit]

Tibetan Buddhism is the traditional and most popular religion among the Kalmyks, while Russians in the country practice predominantly Russian Orthodoxy. A minority of Kalmyks practice pre-Buddhist shamanism or Tengrism (a contemporary revival of the Turkic and Mongolic shamanic religions). Many people are unaffiliated and non-religious.

According to a 2012 survey,^[46] 47.6% of the population of Kalmykia adhere to Buddhism, 18% to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4.8% to Islam, 3% to Tengrism or Kalmyk shamanism, 1% are unaffiliated Christians, 1% are either Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to a church or are members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 0.4% adhere to forms of Hinduism, and 9.0% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. In addition, 13% of the population declared themselves to be «spiritual but not religious» and another 13% to be atheist.^[46]

Education[edit]

Kalmyk State University is the largest higher education facility in the republic.

Economy[edit]

Kalmykia has a developed agricultural sector. Other developed industries include the food processing and oil and gas industries.

As most of Kalmykia is arid, irrigation is necessary for agriculture. The Cherney Zemli Irrigation Scheme (Черноземельская оросительная система) in southern Kalmykia receives water from the Caucasian rivers Terek and Kuma via a chain of canals: water flows from the Terek to the Kuma via the Terek-Kuma Canal, then to the Chogray Reservoir on the East Manych River via the Kuma-Manych Canal, and finally into Kalmykia’s steppes over the Cherney Zemli Main Canal, constructed in the 1970s.^[48]

The government of Kalmykia spends about $100 million annually. Its annual oil production is about 1,270,000 barrels.

Emigration and culture[edit]

The Kalmyks of Kyrgyzstan live primarily in the Karakol region of eastern Kyrgyzstan. They are referred to as Sart Kalmyks. The origin of this name is unknown. Likewise, it is not known when, why and from where this small group of Kalmyks migrated to eastern Kyrgyzstan. Due to their minority status, the Sart Kalmyks have adopted the Kyrgyz language and culture of the majority Kyrgyz population. As a result, nearly all now are Muslims.^{[citation needed]}

Although Sart Kalmyks are Muslims, Kalmyks elsewhere, by and large, remain faithful to the Gelugpa Order of Tibetan Buddhism. In Kalmykia, for example, the Gelugpa Order with the assistance of the government has constructed numerous Buddhist temples. In addition, the Kalmyk people recognize Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama as their spiritual leader and Erdne Ombadybadykowkow, a Kalmyk American, as the supreme lama of the Kalmyk people. The Dalai Lama has visited Elista on a number of occasions.

The Kalmyks have also established communities in the United States, primarily in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The majority are descended from those Kalmyks who fled from Russia in late 1920 to France, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and, later, Germany. Many of those Kalmyks living in Germany at the end of World War II were eventually granted passage to the United States.

As a consequence of their decades-long migration through Europe, many older Kalmyks are fluent in German, French, and Serbo-Croatian, in addition to Russian and their native Kalmyk language. There are several Kalmyk Buddhist temples in Monmouth County, New Jersey, where the vast majority of American Kalmyks reside, as well as a Tibetan Buddhist Learning Center and monastery in Washington Township, New Jersey. At one point during the 20th century, there was a Kalmyk Buddhist temple in Belgrade, Serbia.

The word Kalmyk means ‘those who remained’. Its origin is unknown but this name was known centuries before a large part of the Kalmyks moved back from the Volga River to Dzhungaria in the 18th century.

There are three cultural subgroups within the Kalmyk nation: Turguts, Durbets (Durwets), and Buzavs (Oirats, who joined the Russian Cossacks), as well as some villages of Hoshouts and Zungars. The Durbets subgroup includes the Chonos tribe (literally meaning «a tribe of the wolf», also called «Shonos», «Chinos», «A-Shino», or «A-Chino»), which is considered^{[by whom?]} to be one of the most ancient tribes in the world, dating back to the 6th to 11th century.

Kalmykia staged the 2006 World Chess Championship between Veselin Topalov and Vladimir Kramnik.^[49]

Most of the Republic of Kalmykia lies in the Caspian Depression, a low-lying region down to 27 meters (89 ft) below sea level.

See also[edit]

• Buddhism in Kalmykia
• Music of Kalmykia
• Geden Sheddup Choikorling Monastery
• Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Explanatory notes[edit]

Citations[edit]

General sources[edit]

• Конституционное Собрание Республики Калмыкия. 5 апреля 1994 г. «Степное Уложение (Конституция) Республики Калмыкия», в ред. Закона №358-IV-З от 29 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Республики Калмыкия по вопросам проведения выборов Главы Республики Калмыкия». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования в газетах «Хальмг Унн» и «Известия Калмыкии». Опубликован: «Известия Калмыкии», №60, 7 апреля 1994 г. (Constitutional Assembly of the Republic of Kalmykia. April 5, 1994 Steppe Code (Constitution) of the Republic of Kalmykia, as amended by the Law #358-IV-Z of June 29, 2012 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kalmykia on the Issues of Organization of the Elections of the Head of the Republic of Kalmykia. Effective as of the day of the official publications in the «Khalmg Unn» and «Izvestiya Kalmykii» newspapers.).
• Народный Хурал (Парламент) Республики Калмыкия. Закон №44-I-З от 14 июня 1996 г. «О государственных символах Республики Калмыкия», в ред. Закона №152-IV-З от 18 ноября 2009 г. «О внесении изменения в Закон Республики Калмыкия «О государственных символах Республики Калмыкия»». Вступил в силу с момента опубликования. Опубликован: «Ведомости Народного Хурала (Парламента) Республики Калмыкия», №2, стр. 113, 1997 г. (People’s Khural (Parliament) of the Republic of Kalmykia. Law #44-I-Z of June 14, 1996 On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Kalmykia, as amended by the Law #152-IV-Z of November 18, 2009 On Amending the Law of the Republic of Kalmykia «On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Kalmykia». Effective as of the moment of publication.).
• Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 29 июля 1958 г. «О преобразовании Калмыцкой автономной области в Калмыцкую Автономную Советскую Социалистическую Республику». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of July 29, 1958 On the Transformation of Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast into the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. ).

Further reading[edit]

• Arbakov, Dorzha. Genocide in the USSR, Chapter II, «Complete Destruction of National Groups as Groups, The Kalmyks», Nikolai Dekker and Andrei Lebed, Editors, Series I, No. 40, Institute for the Study of the USSR, Munich, 1958.
• Balinov, Shamba. Genocide in the USSR, Chapter V, «Attempted Destruction of Other Religious Groups, The Kalmyk Buddhists», Nikolai Dekker and Andrei Lebed, Editors, Series I, No. 40, Institute for the Study of the USSR, Munich, 1958.
• Bethell, Nicholas. The Last Secret, Futura Publications Limited, Great Britain, 1974.
• Corfield, Justin. The History of Kalmykia: From Ancient times to Kirsan Ilyumzhinov and Aleksey Orlov, Australia, 2015. The first major history of Kalmykia in English, heavily illustrated, and drawing on interviews with Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, Nicholas Ilyumzhinov and Aleksey Orlov amongst others.
• Epstein, Julius. Operation Keelhaul, Devin-Adair, Connecticut, 1973.
• Grousset, René. The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, Rutgers University Press, 1970.
• Halkovic, Stephen A. Jr. The Mongols of the West, Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 148, Larry Moses, Editor, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1985.
• Hoffmann, Joachim: Deutsche und Kalmyken 1942 bis 1945, Rombach Verlag, Friedberg, 1986.
• Kalder, Daniel. Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist
• Muñoz, Antonio J. The East Came West: Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist Volunteers in the German Armed Forces, 1941–1945, Chapter 8, «Followers of ‘The Greater Way’: Kalmück Volunteers in the German Army», Antonio J. Muñoz, Editor, Axis Europa Books, Bayside, NY, 2001.
• Tolstoy, Nikolai. The Secret Betrayal, 1944–1947, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1977.

External links[edit]

• Official website of the Republic of Kalmykia Archived February 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
• News from Kalmykia (in English)
• News from Kalmykia (in German)
• News from Kalmykia (in Spanish)
• Official website of the Kalmyk diplomatic representation at the President of the Russian Federation (in English and Russian)
• Tourism in Kalmykia
• News about life in Kalmykia (in Russian)
• Official website of the Kalmyk State University (in Russian)
• News Agency of the Republic of Kalmykia (in English and Russian)
• Ethnologue report on Kalmyk language
• Forum of Kalmyk Internet Community
• Kalmyk Portal
• Web-Portal of the Interregional Not-for-Profit Organization «The Leaders of Kalmykia»
• Mistaken Foreign Myths about Shambhala
• The man who bought chess, The Observer 29 October 2006
• The Buddhist hordes of Kalmykia, The Guardian September 19, 2006
• Kalmyk Buddhist Temple in Belgrade (1929–1944)
• Czech republics, New Humanist November–December, 2007
• Lagansky Express free bulletin board of the city Lagan
• Caspian fish City Lagan
• The nature of Kalmykia Video
• hotographs of Buddhist sites in Kalmykia and in Central Asia

Republic of Kalmykia
Republic
Республика Калмыкия
Other transcription(s)
• Kalmyk	Хальмг Таңһч
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: «Khalmg Tanghchin chastr« «Anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia» [3]
Coordinates: 46°34′N 45°19′E / 46.567°N 45.317°ECoordinates: 46°34′N 45°19′E / 46.567°N 45.317°E
Country	Russia
Federal district	Southern[1]
Economic region	Volga[2]
Capital	Elista[4]
Government
• Body	People’s Khural[5]
• Head[7]	Batu Khasikov[6]
Area [8]
• Total	76,100 km2 (29,400 sq mi)
• Rank	41st
Population  (2021 Census)[9]
• Total	267,133
• Estimate  (2018)[10]	275,413
• Rank	78th
• Density	3.5/km2 (9.1/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [11])
ISO 3166 code	RU-KL
License plates	08
OKTMO ID	85000000
Official languages	Russian;[12] Kalmyk[13]

Kalmykia (Russian: Калмыкия; Kalmyk: Хальмг, romanized: Haľmg, IPA: [xɑlʲˈməg]), officially the Republic of Kalmykia,^[a] is a republic of Russia, located in the Lower Volga region of southern Russia. The republic is part of the Southern Federal District, and borders Dagestan to the south and Stavropol Krai to the southwest; Volgograd Oblast to the northwest and north and Astrakhan Oblast to the north and east; Rostov Oblast to the west and the Caspian Sea to the east. Kalmykia is the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the predominant religion.^[15]

The republic covers an area of 76,100 square kilometres (29,400 square miles), with a small population of about 275,000 residents.^[16] The republic is home to the Kalmyks, a people of Mongol origin who are primarily of Buddhist faith. The capital of the republic is the city of Elista, which has gained a reputation for international chess.

Geography[edit]

The republic is located in Southern Russia, lying north of the North Caucasus. A small stretch of the Volga River flows through eastern Kalmykia. Other major rivers include the Yegorlyk, the Kuma, and the Manych. Lake Manych-Gudilo is the largest lake; other lakes of significance include Lakes Sarpa and Tsagan-Khak. The highest point of Kalmykia is 222 metres (728 ft) high Shared, located in the Yergeni hills.^[17]

Kalmykia’s natural resources include coal, oil, and natural gas.

The republic’s wildlife includes the saiga antelope, whose habitat is protected in Chyornye Zemli Nature Reserve.

Climate[edit]

The average January temperature is −5 °C (23 °F) and the average July temperature is 24 °C (75 °F). Average annual precipitation ranges from 170 millimeters (6.7 in) in the east of the republic to 400 millimeters (16 in) in the west. The small town of Utta is the hottest place in Russia. On July 12, 2010, during a significant heatwave affecting all of Russia, an all-time record-high temperature was observed at 45.4 °C (113.7 °F).

Flora and fauna[edit]

National Parks[edit]

• Bamb Tsetsg Tulip Island

History[edit]

According to the Kurgan hypothesis, the upland regions of modern-day Kalmykia formed part of the cradle of Indo-European culture. Hundreds of Kurgans can be seen in these areas, known as the Indo-European Urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog culture, Yamna culture).

The territory of Kalmykia is unique in that it has been home to many major world religions and cultures over the course of history. Some of the first recorded peoples to move into this territory were the Scythians and Sarmatians from the central Eurasian steppe, bringing their respective religious systems with them. Later on, all three major Abrahamic religions also took root, with the Khazar conversion to Judaism being a notable (if historically contested) episode in the religion’s history. The Alans were a major Muslim people group, who faced the the invading Mongols and their Tengrist practices, with some of the latter settling permanently. The later Nogais were Muslim, but were replaced by the contemporaneous Kalmyks, who practice Buddhism. With the annexation of the region by the Russian Empire, there was an influx of Slavic-speaking Christian settlers. Many religious institutions were suppressed in the wake of the Russian Revolution.

Kalmyk autonomy[edit]

The ancestors of the Kalmyks, the Oirats, migrated from the steppes of southern Siberia on the banks of the Irtysh River, reaching the Lower Volga region by the early-17th century. Historians have given various explanations for the move, but generally recognise that the Kalmyks sought abundant pastures for their herds. Another motivation may have involved escaping the growing dominance of the neighbouring Dzungar Mongol tribe.^[18]
They reached the lower Volga region in or about 1630. That land, however, was not uncontested pastures, but rather the homeland of the Nogai Horde, a confederation of Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes. The Kalmyks expelled the Nogais, who fled to the Caucasian plains and to the Crimean Khanate, areas (at least theoretically) under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Some Nogai groups sought the protection of the Russian garrison at Astrakhan. The remaining nomadic Mongol Oirat tribes became vassals of the Kalmyk Khan.

The Kalmyks settled in the wide-open steppes – from Saratov in the north to Astrakhan on the Volga delta in the south and to the Terek River in the southwest. They also encamped on both sides of the Volga River, from the Don River in the west to the Ural River in the east. Although these territories had been recently annexed by the Tsardom of Russia, Moscow was in no position to settle the area with Russian colonists. This area under Kalmyk control would eventually be called the Kalmyk Khanate.

Within twenty-five years of settling in the Lower Volga region, the Kalmyks became subjects of the Tsar of Russia. In exchange for protecting Russia’s southern border, the Kalmyks were promised an annual allowance and access to the markets of Russian border settlements. The open access to Russian markets was supposed to discourage mutual raiding on the part of the Kalmyks and of the Russians and Bashkirs, a Russian-dominated Turkic people, but this was not often the practice. In addition, Kalmyk allegiance was often nominal, as the Kalmyk Khans practised self-government, based on a set of laws they called the Great Code of the Nomads (Iki Tsaadzhin Bichig).

The Kalmyk Khanate reached its peak of military and political power under Ayuka Khan (ruled 1672–1724, khan 1690–1724). During his era, the Kalmyk Khanate fulfilled its responsibility to protect the southern borders of Russia and conducted many military expeditions against its Turkic-speaking neighbours. Successful military expeditions were also conducted in the Caucasus. The Khanate experienced economic prosperity from free trade with Russian border towns, with China, with Tibet and with Muslim neighbours. During this era, the Kalmyks also kept close contacts with their Oirat kinsmen in Dzungaria, as well as with the Dalai Lama in Tibet.

Russian Civil War[edit]

After the October Revolution in 1917, many Don Kalmyks joined the White Russian army and fought under the command of Generals Denikin and Wrangel during the Russian Civil War. Before the Red Army broke through to the Crimean Peninsula towards the end of 1920, a large group of Kalmyks fled from Russia with the remnants of the defeated White Army to the Black Sea ports of Turkey.

The majority of the refugees chose to resettle in Belgrade, Serbia. Other, much smaller, groups chose Sofia (Bulgaria), Prague (Czechoslovakia) and Paris and Lyon (France). The Kalmyk refugees in Belgrade built a Buddhist temple there in 1929.

Soviet period[edit]

In July 1919, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin issued an appeal^[19] to the Kalmyk people, calling for them to revolt and to aid the Red Army. Lenin promised to provide the Kalmyks, among other things, a sufficient quantity of land for their own use. The promise came to fruition on November 4, 1920, when a resolution was passed by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee proclaiming the formation of the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast. Fifteen years later, on October 22, 1935, the Oblast was elevated to republic status, Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

In line with the policy of Korenizatsiya based on the concept of titular nations, the government of the Soviet Union adopted a strategy of national delimitation, while at the same time enforcing the Leninist principle of democratic centralism. According to Dorzha Arbakov, decentralized governing bodies were a tool the Bolsheviks used to control the Kalmyk people:

… the Soviet authorities were greatly interested in Sovietizing Kalmykia as quickly as possible and with the least amount of bloodshed. Although the Kalmyks alone were not a significant force, the Soviet authorities wished to win popularity in the Asian and Buddhist worlds by demonstrating their evident concern for the Buddhists in Russia.^[20]

After establishing control, the Soviet authorities did not overtly enforce an anti-religion policy, other than through passive means, because it sought to bring Mongolia^[21] and Tibet^[22] into its sphere of influence. The government also was compelled to respond to domestic disturbances resulting from the economic policies of War Communism and the 1921 famine.
The passive measures that were taken by Soviet authorities to control the people included the imposition of a harsh tax to close places of worship and religious schools. The Cyrillic script replaced Todo Bichig, the traditional Kalmyk vertical script.

On January 22, 1922, Mongolia proposed to migrate the Kalmyks during the famine in Kalmykia, but Russia refused. 71–72,000 Kalmyks died during the famine.^{[23][dubious – discuss]} Revolts erupted among the Kalmyks in 1926 and 1930 (on 1942–1943, see the next section). In March 1927, Soviet deported 20,000 Kalmyks to the tundras of Siberia and Karelia.^[23]

The Kalmyks of the Don Voisko Oblast were subject to the policies of de-cossackization where villages were destroyed, khuruls (temples) and monasteries were burned down and executions were indiscriminate. At the same time, grain, livestock and other foodstuffs were seized.^{[citation needed]}
In December 1927 the Fifteenth Party Congress of the Soviet Union passed a resolution calling for the «voluntary» collectivization of agriculture. The change in policy was accompanied by a new campaign of repression, directed initially against the small farming class. The objective of this campaign was to suppress the resistance of farming peasants to the full-scale collectivization of agriculture.

World War II[edit]

On June 22, 1941, the German army invaded the Soviet Union. By August 12, 1942, the German Army Group South captured Elista, the capital of the Kalmyk ASSR. After capturing the Kalmyk territory, German army officials established a propaganda campaign with the assistance of anti-communist Kalmyk nationalists, including white emigre, Kalmyk exiles. The total Jewish dead numbered between 100^[24] and upwards of 700, according to documents held in the Kalmyk State Archives.^[25] The campaign was focused primarily on recruiting and organizing Kalmyk men into anti-Soviet militia units.

• Kalmüken Verband Dr. Doll (Kalmukian Volunteers)
• Abwehrtrupp 103 (Kalmukian Volunteers)
• Kalmücken-Legion or Kalmücken-Kavallerie-Korps (Kalmukian Volunteers)

The Kalmyk units were extremely successful in flushing out and killing Soviet partisans. But by December 1942, the Soviet Red Army retook the Kalmyk ASSR, forcing the Kalmyks assigned to those units to flee, in some cases with their wives and children in hand.

The Kalmyk units retreated westward into unfamiliar territory with the retreating German army and were reorganized into the Kalmuck Legion, although the Kalmyks themselves preferred the name Kalmuck Cavalry Corps. The casualty rate also increased substantially during the retreat, especially among the Kalmyk officers. To replace those killed, the German army imposed forced conscription, taking in teenagers and middle-aged men. As a result, the overall effectiveness of the Kalmyk units declined.

By the end of the war, the remnants of the Kalmuck Cavalry Corps had made their way to Austria where the Kalmyk soldiers and their family members became post-war refugees.

Those who did not want to leave formed militia units that chose to stay behind and harass the oncoming Soviet Red Army.

Although a number of Kalmyks chose to fight against the Soviet Union, the majority by and large did not, fighting the German army in regular Soviet Red army units and in partisan resistance units behind the battlelines throughout the Soviet Union. Before their removal from the Soviet Red Army and from partisan resistance units after December 1943, approximately 8,000 Kalmyks were awarded various orders and medals, including 21 Kalmyk men who were recognized as a Hero of the Soviet Union.^[26]

On December 27, 1943, Soviet authorities declared that «many Kalmyks» were guilty of cooperation with the German Army^[27] and cited that as a justification to order the deportation of the entire Kalmyk population, including those who had served with the Soviet Army, to various locations in Central Asia and Siberia. In conjunction with the deportation, the Kalmyk ASSR was abolished and its territory was split between adjacent Astrakhan, Rostov and Stalingrad Oblasts and Stavropol Krai. To completely obliterate any traces of the Kalmyk people, the Soviet authorities renamed the former republic’s towns and villages.^[28]

Post-war Kalmykia[edit]

Due to their widespread dispersal in Siberia, their language and culture suffered a possibly irreversible decline. Khrushchev finally allowed their return in 1957, when they found their homes, jobs, and land occupied by imported Russians and Ukrainians, who remained.^{[citation needed]} On January 9, 1957, Kalmykia again became an autonomous oblast, and on July 29, 1958, an autonomous republic within the Russian SFSR.

In the following years, bad planning of agricultural and irrigation projects resulted in widespread desertification. On orders from Moscow, sheep production increased beyond levels that the fragile steppe could sustain, resulting in 1.4 million acres (5666 km²) of the artificial desert.^[29] To ramp up output, economically nonviable industrial plants were constructed.

After the dissolution of the USSR, Kalmykia kept the status of an autonomous republic within the newly formed Russian Federation (effective March 31, 1992).

Politics[edit]

The head of the government in Kalmykia is called «The Head of the Republic». The President of Russia selects a candidate for the Head of the Republic position and presents it to the Parliament of Kalmyk Republic, the People’s Khural, for approval. If a candidate is not approved, the President of the Russian Federation can dissolve the Parliament and set up new elections.

From 1993 to 2010, the Head of the Republic was Kirsan Nikolayevich Ilyumzhinov. He also was the president of the world chess organization FIDE until the Russo-Ukrainian War. He has spent much of his fortune on promoting chess in Kalmykia—where chess is compulsory in all primary schools—and also overseas, with Elista, the capital of Kalmykia, hosting many international tournaments.

In the late 1990s, the Ilyumzhinov government was alleged to be spending too much government money on chess-related projects. The allegations were published in Sovietskaya Kalmykia, the opposition newspaper in Elista. Larisa Yudina, the journalist who investigated these accusations, was kidnapped and murdered in 1998. Two men, Sergei Vaskin and Tyurbi Boskomdzhiv, who worked in the local civil service, were charged with her murder, one of them having been a former presidential bodyguard. After prolonged investigations by the Russian authorities, both men were found guilty and jailed, but no evidence was discovered that Ilyumzhinov himself was in any way responsible.^[30][31][32]

On October 24, 2010, Ilyumzhinov was replaced by Alexey Orlov as the new Head of Kalmykia. Since September 2019 the acting President of Kalmykia is Batu Khasikov.^[33]

Since 2008, Anatoly Kozachko has been President of the Parliament, the People’s Khural. The current^[when?] Prime Minister of Kalmykia is Lyudmila Ivanovna. All the three top politicians belong to the Kremlin’s «United Russia» Party.^[34]

The Kalmyk Nationalist Oirat-Kalmyk People’s Congress has been convening since 2015 and supporting certain people in the People’s Khural of Kalmykia elections, as well as pushing for political change inside Kalmykia.^[35][36]

Administrative divisions[edit]

Demographics[edit]

Population: 267,133 (2021 Census);^[37] 289,481 (2010 Census);^[16] 292,410 (2002 Census);^[38] 322,589 (1989 Census).^[39]

Life expectancy:^[40][41]

	2019	2021
Average:	74.8 years	71.4 years
Male:	69.3 years	67.3 years
Female:	80.3 years	75.4 years

Vital statistics[edit]

Ethnic groups[edit]

According to the 2021 Census, Kalmyks make up 62.5% of the republic’s population. Other groups include Russians (25.7%), Dargins (2.8%), Kazakhs (1.7%), Turks (1.6%), Chechens (1.1%), Avars (1.0%), and Koreans (0.4%).^[42]

Ethnic group	1926 census	1939 census	1959 census	1970 census	1979 census	1989 census	2002 census	2010 census	2021 census1
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Kalmyks	107,026	75.6%	107,315	48.6%	64,882	35.1%	110,264	41.1%	122,167	41.5%	146,316	45.4%	155,938	53.3%	162,740	57.4%	159,138	62.5%
Russians	15,212	10.7%	100,814	45.7%	103,349	55.9%	122,757	45.8%	125,510	42.6%	121,531	37.7%	98,115	33.6%	85,712	30.2%	65,490	25.7%
Others	19,356	13.7%	12,555	5.7%	16,626	9.0%	34,972	13.0%	46,850	15.9%	54,732	17.0%	38,357	13.1%	35,239	12.4%	30,135	11.8%
1 12,370 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[43]

This statistics is about the demographics of the Kalmyks in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and Russian Federation.

1897[44]	1926	1939	1959	1970	1979	1989	2002	2010	2021
190,648	128,809	129,786	100,603	131,318	140,103	165,103	174,000	183,372	179,547

Religion[edit]

Tibetan Buddhism is the traditional and most popular religion among the Kalmyks, while Russians in the country practice predominantly Russian Orthodoxy. A minority of Kalmyks practice pre-Buddhist shamanism or Tengrism (a contemporary revival of the Turkic and Mongolic shamanic religions). Many people are unaffiliated and non-religious.

According to a 2012 survey,^[46] 47.6% of the population of Kalmykia adhere to Buddhism, 18% to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4.8% to Islam, 3% to Tengrism or Kalmyk shamanism, 1% are unaffiliated Christians, 1% are either Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to a church or are members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 0.4% adhere to forms of Hinduism, and 9.0% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. In addition, 13% of the population declared themselves to be «spiritual but not religious» and another 13% to be atheist.^[46]

Education[edit]

Kalmyk State University is the largest higher education facility in the republic.

Economy[edit]

Kalmykia has a developed agricultural sector. Other developed industries include the food processing and oil and gas industries.

As most of Kalmykia is arid, irrigation is necessary for agriculture. The Cherney Zemli Irrigation Scheme (Черноземельская оросительная система) in southern Kalmykia receives water from the Caucasian rivers Terek and Kuma via a chain of canals: water flows from the Terek to the Kuma via the Terek-Kuma Canal, then to the Chogray Reservoir on the East Manych River via the Kuma-Manych Canal, and finally into Kalmykia’s steppes over the Cherney Zemli Main Canal, constructed in the 1970s.^[48]

The government of Kalmykia spends about $100 million annually. Its annual oil production is about 1,270,000 barrels.

Emigration and culture[edit]

The Kalmyks of Kyrgyzstan live primarily in the Karakol region of eastern Kyrgyzstan. They are referred to as Sart Kalmyks. The origin of this name is unknown. Likewise, it is not known when, why and from where this small group of Kalmyks migrated to eastern Kyrgyzstan. Due to their minority status, the Sart Kalmyks have adopted the Kyrgyz language and culture of the majority Kyrgyz population. As a result, nearly all now are Muslims.^{[citation needed]}

Although Sart Kalmyks are Muslims, Kalmyks elsewhere, by and large, remain faithful to the Gelugpa Order of Tibetan Buddhism. In Kalmykia, for example, the Gelugpa Order with the assistance of the government has constructed numerous Buddhist temples. In addition, the Kalmyk people recognize Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama as their spiritual leader and Erdne Ombadybadykowkow, a Kalmyk American, as the supreme lama of the Kalmyk people. The Dalai Lama has visited Elista on a number of occasions.

The Kalmyks have also established communities in the United States, primarily in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The majority are descended from those Kalmyks who fled from Russia in late 1920 to France, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and, later, Germany. Many of those Kalmyks living in Germany at the end of World War II were eventually granted passage to the United States.

As a consequence of their decades-long migration through Europe, many older Kalmyks are fluent in German, French, and Serbo-Croatian, in addition to Russian and their native Kalmyk language. There are several Kalmyk Buddhist temples in Monmouth County, New Jersey, where the vast majority of American Kalmyks reside, as well as a Tibetan Buddhist Learning Center and monastery in Washington Township, New Jersey. At one point during the 20th century, there was a Kalmyk Buddhist temple in Belgrade, Serbia.

The word Kalmyk means ‘those who remained’. Its origin is unknown but this name was known centuries before a large part of the Kalmyks moved back from the Volga River to Dzhungaria in the 18th century.

There are three cultural subgroups within the Kalmyk nation: Turguts, Durbets (Durwets), and Buzavs (Oirats, who joined the Russian Cossacks), as well as some villages of Hoshouts and Zungars. The Durbets subgroup includes the Chonos tribe (literally meaning «a tribe of the wolf», also called «Shonos», «Chinos», «A-Shino», or «A-Chino»), which is considered^{[by whom?]} to be one of the most ancient tribes in the world, dating back to the 6th to 11th century.

Kalmykia staged the 2006 World Chess Championship between Veselin Topalov and Vladimir Kramnik.^[49]

Most of the Republic of Kalmykia lies in the Caspian Depression, a low-lying region down to 27 meters (89 ft) below sea level.

See also[edit]

• Buddhism in Kalmykia
• Music of Kalmykia
• Geden Sheddup Choikorling Monastery
• Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Explanatory notes[edit]

Citations[edit]

General sources[edit]

• Конституционное Собрание Республики Калмыкия. 5 апреля 1994 г. «Степное Уложение (Конституция) Республики Калмыкия», в ред. Закона №358-IV-З от 29 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Республики Калмыкия по вопросам проведения выборов Главы Республики Калмыкия». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования в газетах «Хальмг Унн» и «Известия Калмыкии». Опубликован: «Известия Калмыкии», №60, 7 апреля 1994 г. (Constitutional Assembly of the Republic of Kalmykia. April 5, 1994 Steppe Code (Constitution) of the Republic of Kalmykia, as amended by the Law #358-IV-Z of June 29, 2012 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kalmykia on the Issues of Organization of the Elections of the Head of the Republic of Kalmykia. Effective as of the day of the official publications in the «Khalmg Unn» and «Izvestiya Kalmykii» newspapers.).
• Народный Хурал (Парламент) Республики Калмыкия. Закон №44-I-З от 14 июня 1996 г. «О государственных символах Республики Калмыкия», в ред. Закона №152-IV-З от 18 ноября 2009 г. «О внесении изменения в Закон Республики Калмыкия «О государственных символах Республики Калмыкия»». Вступил в силу с момента опубликования. Опубликован: «Ведомости Народного Хурала (Парламента) Республики Калмыкия», №2, стр. 113, 1997 г. (People’s Khural (Parliament) of the Republic of Kalmykia. Law #44-I-Z of June 14, 1996 On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Kalmykia, as amended by the Law #152-IV-Z of November 18, 2009 On Amending the Law of the Republic of Kalmykia «On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Kalmykia». Effective as of the moment of publication.).
• Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 29 июля 1958 г. «О преобразовании Калмыцкой автономной области в Калмыцкую Автономную Советскую Социалистическую Республику». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of July 29, 1958 On the Transformation of Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast into the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. ).

Further reading[edit]

• Arbakov, Dorzha. Genocide in the USSR, Chapter II, «Complete Destruction of National Groups as Groups, The Kalmyks», Nikolai Dekker and Andrei Lebed, Editors, Series I, No. 40, Institute for the Study of the USSR, Munich, 1958.
• Balinov, Shamba. Genocide in the USSR, Chapter V, «Attempted Destruction of Other Religious Groups, The Kalmyk Buddhists», Nikolai Dekker and Andrei Lebed, Editors, Series I, No. 40, Institute for the Study of the USSR, Munich, 1958.
• Bethell, Nicholas. The Last Secret, Futura Publications Limited, Great Britain, 1974.
• Corfield, Justin. The History of Kalmykia: From Ancient times to Kirsan Ilyumzhinov and Aleksey Orlov, Australia, 2015. The first major history of Kalmykia in English, heavily illustrated, and drawing on interviews with Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, Nicholas Ilyumzhinov and Aleksey Orlov amongst others.
• Epstein, Julius. Operation Keelhaul, Devin-Adair, Connecticut, 1973.
• Grousset, René. The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, Rutgers University Press, 1970.
• Halkovic, Stephen A. Jr. The Mongols of the West, Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 148, Larry Moses, Editor, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1985.
• Hoffmann, Joachim: Deutsche und Kalmyken 1942 bis 1945, Rombach Verlag, Friedberg, 1986.
• Kalder, Daniel. Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist
• Muñoz, Antonio J. The East Came West: Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist Volunteers in the German Armed Forces, 1941–1945, Chapter 8, «Followers of ‘The Greater Way’: Kalmück Volunteers in the German Army», Antonio J. Muñoz, Editor, Axis Europa Books, Bayside, NY, 2001.
• Tolstoy, Nikolai. The Secret Betrayal, 1944–1947, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1977.

External links[edit]

• Official website of the Republic of Kalmykia Archived February 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
• News from Kalmykia (in English)
• News from Kalmykia (in German)
• News from Kalmykia (in Spanish)
• Official website of the Kalmyk diplomatic representation at the President of the Russian Federation (in English and Russian)
• Tourism in Kalmykia
• News about life in Kalmykia (in Russian)
• Official website of the Kalmyk State University (in Russian)
• News Agency of the Republic of Kalmykia (in English and Russian)
• Ethnologue report on Kalmyk language
• Forum of Kalmyk Internet Community
• Kalmyk Portal
• Web-Portal of the Interregional Not-for-Profit Organization «The Leaders of Kalmykia»
• Mistaken Foreign Myths about Shambhala
• The man who bought chess, The Observer 29 October 2006
• The Buddhist hordes of Kalmykia, The Guardian September 19, 2006
• Kalmyk Buddhist Temple in Belgrade (1929–1944)
• Czech republics, New Humanist November–December, 2007
• Lagansky Express free bulletin board of the city Lagan
• Caspian fish City Lagan
• The nature of Kalmykia Video
• hotographs of Buddhist sites in Kalmykia and in Central Asia

Republic of Kalmykia
Republic
Республика Калмыкия
Other transcription(s)
• Kalmyk	Хальмг Таңһч
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: «Khalmg Tanghchin chastr« «Anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia» [3]
Coordinates: 46°34′N 45°19′E / 46.567°N 45.317°ECoordinates: 46°34′N 45°19′E / 46.567°N 45.317°E
Country	Russia
Federal district	Southern[1]
Economic region	Volga[2]
Capital	Elista[4]
Government
• Body	People’s Khural[5]
• Head[7]	Batu Khasikov[6]
Area [8]
• Total	76,100 km2 (29,400 sq mi)
• Rank	41st
Population  (2021 Census)[9]
• Total	267,133
• Estimate  (2018)[10]	275,413
• Rank	78th
• Density	3.5/km2 (9.1/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [11])
ISO 3166 code	RU-KL
License plates	08
OKTMO ID	85000000
Official languages	Russian;[12] Kalmyk[13]

Kalmykia (Russian: Калмыкия; Kalmyk: Хальмг, romanized: Haľmg, IPA: [xɑlʲˈməg]), officially the Republic of Kalmykia,^[a] is a republic of Russia, located in the Lower Volga region of southern Russia. The republic is part of the Southern Federal District, and borders Dagestan to the south and Stavropol Krai to the southwest; Volgograd Oblast to the northwest and north and Astrakhan Oblast to the north and east; Rostov Oblast to the west and the Caspian Sea to the east. Kalmykia is the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the predominant religion.^[15]

The republic covers an area of 76,100 square kilometres (29,400 square miles), with a small population of about 275,000 residents.^[16] The republic is home to the Kalmyks, a people of Mongol origin who are primarily of Buddhist faith. The capital of the republic is the city of Elista, which has gained a reputation for international chess.

Geography[edit]

The republic is located in Southern Russia, lying north of the North Caucasus. A small stretch of the Volga River flows through eastern Kalmykia. Other major rivers include the Yegorlyk, the Kuma, and the Manych. Lake Manych-Gudilo is the largest lake; other lakes of significance include Lakes Sarpa and Tsagan-Khak. The highest point of Kalmykia is 222 metres (728 ft) high Shared, located in the Yergeni hills.^[17]

Kalmykia’s natural resources include coal, oil, and natural gas.

The republic’s wildlife includes the saiga antelope, whose habitat is protected in Chyornye Zemli Nature Reserve.

Climate[edit]

The average January temperature is −5 °C (23 °F) and the average July temperature is 24 °C (75 °F). Average annual precipitation ranges from 170 millimeters (6.7 in) in the east of the republic to 400 millimeters (16 in) in the west. The small town of Utta is the hottest place in Russia. On July 12, 2010, during a significant heatwave affecting all of Russia, an all-time record-high temperature was observed at 45.4 °C (113.7 °F).

Flora and fauna[edit]

National Parks[edit]

• Bamb Tsetsg Tulip Island

History[edit]

According to the Kurgan hypothesis, the upland regions of modern-day Kalmykia formed part of the cradle of Indo-European culture. Hundreds of Kurgans can be seen in these areas, known as the Indo-European Urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog culture, Yamna culture).

The territory of Kalmykia is unique in that it has been home to many major world religions and cultures over the course of history. Some of the first recorded peoples to move into this territory were the Scythians and Sarmatians from the central Eurasian steppe, bringing their respective religious systems with them. Later on, all three major Abrahamic religions also took root, with the Khazar conversion to Judaism being a notable (if historically contested) episode in the religion’s history. The Alans were a major Muslim people group, who faced the the invading Mongols and their Tengrist practices, with some of the latter settling permanently. The later Nogais were Muslim, but were replaced by the contemporaneous Kalmyks, who practice Buddhism. With the annexation of the region by the Russian Empire, there was an influx of Slavic-speaking Christian settlers. Many religious institutions were suppressed in the wake of the Russian Revolution.

Kalmyk autonomy[edit]

The ancestors of the Kalmyks, the Oirats, migrated from the steppes of southern Siberia on the banks of the Irtysh River, reaching the Lower Volga region by the early-17th century. Historians have given various explanations for the move, but generally recognise that the Kalmyks sought abundant pastures for their herds. Another motivation may have involved escaping the growing dominance of the neighbouring Dzungar Mongol tribe.^[18]
They reached the lower Volga region in or about 1630. That land, however, was not uncontested pastures, but rather the homeland of the Nogai Horde, a confederation of Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes. The Kalmyks expelled the Nogais, who fled to the Caucasian plains and to the Crimean Khanate, areas (at least theoretically) under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Some Nogai groups sought the protection of the Russian garrison at Astrakhan. The remaining nomadic Mongol Oirat tribes became vassals of the Kalmyk Khan.

The Kalmyks settled in the wide-open steppes – from Saratov in the north to Astrakhan on the Volga delta in the south and to the Terek River in the southwest. They also encamped on both sides of the Volga River, from the Don River in the west to the Ural River in the east. Although these territories had been recently annexed by the Tsardom of Russia, Moscow was in no position to settle the area with Russian colonists. This area under Kalmyk control would eventually be called the Kalmyk Khanate.

Within twenty-five years of settling in the Lower Volga region, the Kalmyks became subjects of the Tsar of Russia. In exchange for protecting Russia’s southern border, the Kalmyks were promised an annual allowance and access to the markets of Russian border settlements. The open access to Russian markets was supposed to discourage mutual raiding on the part of the Kalmyks and of the Russians and Bashkirs, a Russian-dominated Turkic people, but this was not often the practice. In addition, Kalmyk allegiance was often nominal, as the Kalmyk Khans practised self-government, based on a set of laws they called the Great Code of the Nomads (Iki Tsaadzhin Bichig).

The Kalmyk Khanate reached its peak of military and political power under Ayuka Khan (ruled 1672–1724, khan 1690–1724). During his era, the Kalmyk Khanate fulfilled its responsibility to protect the southern borders of Russia and conducted many military expeditions against its Turkic-speaking neighbours. Successful military expeditions were also conducted in the Caucasus. The Khanate experienced economic prosperity from free trade with Russian border towns, with China, with Tibet and with Muslim neighbours. During this era, the Kalmyks also kept close contacts with their Oirat kinsmen in Dzungaria, as well as with the Dalai Lama in Tibet.

Russian Civil War[edit]

After the October Revolution in 1917, many Don Kalmyks joined the White Russian army and fought under the command of Generals Denikin and Wrangel during the Russian Civil War. Before the Red Army broke through to the Crimean Peninsula towards the end of 1920, a large group of Kalmyks fled from Russia with the remnants of the defeated White Army to the Black Sea ports of Turkey.

The majority of the refugees chose to resettle in Belgrade, Serbia. Other, much smaller, groups chose Sofia (Bulgaria), Prague (Czechoslovakia) and Paris and Lyon (France). The Kalmyk refugees in Belgrade built a Buddhist temple there in 1929.

Soviet period[edit]

In July 1919, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin issued an appeal^[19] to the Kalmyk people, calling for them to revolt and to aid the Red Army. Lenin promised to provide the Kalmyks, among other things, a sufficient quantity of land for their own use. The promise came to fruition on November 4, 1920, when a resolution was passed by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee proclaiming the formation of the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast. Fifteen years later, on October 22, 1935, the Oblast was elevated to republic status, Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

In line with the policy of Korenizatsiya based on the concept of titular nations, the government of the Soviet Union adopted a strategy of national delimitation, while at the same time enforcing the Leninist principle of democratic centralism. According to Dorzha Arbakov, decentralized governing bodies were a tool the Bolsheviks used to control the Kalmyk people:

… the Soviet authorities were greatly interested in Sovietizing Kalmykia as quickly as possible and with the least amount of bloodshed. Although the Kalmyks alone were not a significant force, the Soviet authorities wished to win popularity in the Asian and Buddhist worlds by demonstrating their evident concern for the Buddhists in Russia.^[20]

After establishing control, the Soviet authorities did not overtly enforce an anti-religion policy, other than through passive means, because it sought to bring Mongolia^[21] and Tibet^[22] into its sphere of influence. The government also was compelled to respond to domestic disturbances resulting from the economic policies of War Communism and the 1921 famine.
The passive measures that were taken by Soviet authorities to control the people included the imposition of a harsh tax to close places of worship and religious schools. The Cyrillic script replaced Todo Bichig, the traditional Kalmyk vertical script.

On January 22, 1922, Mongolia proposed to migrate the Kalmyks during the famine in Kalmykia, but Russia refused. 71–72,000 Kalmyks died during the famine.^{[23][dubious – discuss]} Revolts erupted among the Kalmyks in 1926 and 1930 (on 1942–1943, see the next section). In March 1927, Soviet deported 20,000 Kalmyks to the tundras of Siberia and Karelia.^[23]

The Kalmyks of the Don Voisko Oblast were subject to the policies of de-cossackization where villages were destroyed, khuruls (temples) and monasteries were burned down and executions were indiscriminate. At the same time, grain, livestock and other foodstuffs were seized.^{[citation needed]}
In December 1927 the Fifteenth Party Congress of the Soviet Union passed a resolution calling for the «voluntary» collectivization of agriculture. The change in policy was accompanied by a new campaign of repression, directed initially against the small farming class. The objective of this campaign was to suppress the resistance of farming peasants to the full-scale collectivization of agriculture.

World War II[edit]

On June 22, 1941, the German army invaded the Soviet Union. By August 12, 1942, the German Army Group South captured Elista, the capital of the Kalmyk ASSR. After capturing the Kalmyk territory, German army officials established a propaganda campaign with the assistance of anti-communist Kalmyk nationalists, including white emigre, Kalmyk exiles. The total Jewish dead numbered between 100^[24] and upwards of 700, according to documents held in the Kalmyk State Archives.^[25] The campaign was focused primarily on recruiting and organizing Kalmyk men into anti-Soviet militia units.

• Kalmüken Verband Dr. Doll (Kalmukian Volunteers)
• Abwehrtrupp 103 (Kalmukian Volunteers)
• Kalmücken-Legion or Kalmücken-Kavallerie-Korps (Kalmukian Volunteers)

The Kalmyk units were extremely successful in flushing out and killing Soviet partisans. But by December 1942, the Soviet Red Army retook the Kalmyk ASSR, forcing the Kalmyks assigned to those units to flee, in some cases with their wives and children in hand.

The Kalmyk units retreated westward into unfamiliar territory with the retreating German army and were reorganized into the Kalmuck Legion, although the Kalmyks themselves preferred the name Kalmuck Cavalry Corps. The casualty rate also increased substantially during the retreat, especially among the Kalmyk officers. To replace those killed, the German army imposed forced conscription, taking in teenagers and middle-aged men. As a result, the overall effectiveness of the Kalmyk units declined.

By the end of the war, the remnants of the Kalmuck Cavalry Corps had made their way to Austria where the Kalmyk soldiers and their family members became post-war refugees.

Those who did not want to leave formed militia units that chose to stay behind and harass the oncoming Soviet Red Army.

Although a number of Kalmyks chose to fight against the Soviet Union, the majority by and large did not, fighting the German army in regular Soviet Red army units and in partisan resistance units behind the battlelines throughout the Soviet Union. Before their removal from the Soviet Red Army and from partisan resistance units after December 1943, approximately 8,000 Kalmyks were awarded various orders and medals, including 21 Kalmyk men who were recognized as a Hero of the Soviet Union.^[26]

On December 27, 1943, Soviet authorities declared that «many Kalmyks» were guilty of cooperation with the German Army^[27] and cited that as a justification to order the deportation of the entire Kalmyk population, including those who had served with the Soviet Army, to various locations in Central Asia and Siberia. In conjunction with the deportation, the Kalmyk ASSR was abolished and its territory was split between adjacent Astrakhan, Rostov and Stalingrad Oblasts and Stavropol Krai. To completely obliterate any traces of the Kalmyk people, the Soviet authorities renamed the former republic’s towns and villages.^[28]

Post-war Kalmykia[edit]

Due to their widespread dispersal in Siberia, their language and culture suffered a possibly irreversible decline. Khrushchev finally allowed their return in 1957, when they found their homes, jobs, and land occupied by imported Russians and Ukrainians, who remained.^{[citation needed]} On January 9, 1957, Kalmykia again became an autonomous oblast, and on July 29, 1958, an autonomous republic within the Russian SFSR.

In the following years, bad planning of agricultural and irrigation projects resulted in widespread desertification. On orders from Moscow, sheep production increased beyond levels that the fragile steppe could sustain, resulting in 1.4 million acres (5666 km²) of the artificial desert.^[29] To ramp up output, economically nonviable industrial plants were constructed.

After the dissolution of the USSR, Kalmykia kept the status of an autonomous republic within the newly formed Russian Federation (effective March 31, 1992).

Politics[edit]

The head of the government in Kalmykia is called «The Head of the Republic». The President of Russia selects a candidate for the Head of the Republic position and presents it to the Parliament of Kalmyk Republic, the People’s Khural, for approval. If a candidate is not approved, the President of the Russian Federation can dissolve the Parliament and set up new elections.

From 1993 to 2010, the Head of the Republic was Kirsan Nikolayevich Ilyumzhinov. He also was the president of the world chess organization FIDE until the Russo-Ukrainian War. He has spent much of his fortune on promoting chess in Kalmykia—where chess is compulsory in all primary schools—and also overseas, with Elista, the capital of Kalmykia, hosting many international tournaments.

In the late 1990s, the Ilyumzhinov government was alleged to be spending too much government money on chess-related projects. The allegations were published in Sovietskaya Kalmykia, the opposition newspaper in Elista. Larisa Yudina, the journalist who investigated these accusations, was kidnapped and murdered in 1998. Two men, Sergei Vaskin and Tyurbi Boskomdzhiv, who worked in the local civil service, were charged with her murder, one of them having been a former presidential bodyguard. After prolonged investigations by the Russian authorities, both men were found guilty and jailed, but no evidence was discovered that Ilyumzhinov himself was in any way responsible.^[30][31][32]

On October 24, 2010, Ilyumzhinov was replaced by Alexey Orlov as the new Head of Kalmykia. Since September 2019 the acting President of Kalmykia is Batu Khasikov.^[33]

Since 2008, Anatoly Kozachko has been President of the Parliament, the People’s Khural. The current^[when?] Prime Minister of Kalmykia is Lyudmila Ivanovna. All the three top politicians belong to the Kremlin’s «United Russia» Party.^[34]

The Kalmyk Nationalist Oirat-Kalmyk People’s Congress has been convening since 2015 and supporting certain people in the People’s Khural of Kalmykia elections, as well as pushing for political change inside Kalmykia.^[35][36]

Administrative divisions[edit]

Demographics[edit]

Population: 267,133 (2021 Census);^[37] 289,481 (2010 Census);^[16] 292,410 (2002 Census);^[38] 322,589 (1989 Census).^[39]

Life expectancy:^[40][41]

	2019	2021
Average:	74.8 years	71.4 years
Male:	69.3 years	67.3 years
Female:	80.3 years	75.4 years

Vital statistics[edit]

Ethnic groups[edit]

According to the 2021 Census, Kalmyks make up 62.5% of the republic’s population. Other groups include Russians (25.7%), Dargins (2.8%), Kazakhs (1.7%), Turks (1.6%), Chechens (1.1%), Avars (1.0%), and Koreans (0.4%).^[42]

Ethnic group	1926 census	1939 census	1959 census	1970 census	1979 census	1989 census	2002 census	2010 census	2021 census1
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Kalmyks	107,026	75.6%	107,315	48.6%	64,882	35.1%	110,264	41.1%	122,167	41.5%	146,316	45.4%	155,938	53.3%	162,740	57.4%	159,138	62.5%
Russians	15,212	10.7%	100,814	45.7%	103,349	55.9%	122,757	45.8%	125,510	42.6%	121,531	37.7%	98,115	33.6%	85,712	30.2%	65,490	25.7%
Others	19,356	13.7%	12,555	5.7%	16,626	9.0%	34,972	13.0%	46,850	15.9%	54,732	17.0%	38,357	13.1%	35,239	12.4%	30,135	11.8%
1 12,370 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[43]

This statistics is about the demographics of the Kalmyks in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and Russian Federation.

1897[44]	1926	1939	1959	1970	1979	1989	2002	2010	2021
190,648	128,809	129,786	100,603	131,318	140,103	165,103	174,000	183,372	179,547

Religion[edit]

Tibetan Buddhism is the traditional and most popular religion among the Kalmyks, while Russians in the country practice predominantly Russian Orthodoxy. A minority of Kalmyks practice pre-Buddhist shamanism or Tengrism (a contemporary revival of the Turkic and Mongolic shamanic religions). Many people are unaffiliated and non-religious.

According to a 2012 survey,^[46] 47.6% of the population of Kalmykia adhere to Buddhism, 18% to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4.8% to Islam, 3% to Tengrism or Kalmyk shamanism, 1% are unaffiliated Christians, 1% are either Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to a church or are members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 0.4% adhere to forms of Hinduism, and 9.0% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. In addition, 13% of the population declared themselves to be «spiritual but not religious» and another 13% to be atheist.^[46]

Education[edit]

Kalmyk State University is the largest higher education facility in the republic.

Economy[edit]

Kalmykia has a developed agricultural sector. Other developed industries include the food processing and oil and gas industries.

As most of Kalmykia is arid, irrigation is necessary for agriculture. The Cherney Zemli Irrigation Scheme (Черноземельская оросительная система) in southern Kalmykia receives water from the Caucasian rivers Terek and Kuma via a chain of canals: water flows from the Terek to the Kuma via the Terek-Kuma Canal, then to the Chogray Reservoir on the East Manych River via the Kuma-Manych Canal, and finally into Kalmykia’s steppes over the Cherney Zemli Main Canal, constructed in the 1970s.^[48]

The government of Kalmykia spends about $100 million annually. Its annual oil production is about 1,270,000 barrels.

Emigration and culture[edit]

The Kalmyks of Kyrgyzstan live primarily in the Karakol region of eastern Kyrgyzstan. They are referred to as Sart Kalmyks. The origin of this name is unknown. Likewise, it is not known when, why and from where this small group of Kalmyks migrated to eastern Kyrgyzstan. Due to their minority status, the Sart Kalmyks have adopted the Kyrgyz language and culture of the majority Kyrgyz population. As a result, nearly all now are Muslims.^{[citation needed]}

Although Sart Kalmyks are Muslims, Kalmyks elsewhere, by and large, remain faithful to the Gelugpa Order of Tibetan Buddhism. In Kalmykia, for example, the Gelugpa Order with the assistance of the government has constructed numerous Buddhist temples. In addition, the Kalmyk people recognize Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama as their spiritual leader and Erdne Ombadybadykowkow, a Kalmyk American, as the supreme lama of the Kalmyk people. The Dalai Lama has visited Elista on a number of occasions.

The Kalmyks have also established communities in the United States, primarily in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The majority are descended from those Kalmyks who fled from Russia in late 1920 to France, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and, later, Germany. Many of those Kalmyks living in Germany at the end of World War II were eventually granted passage to the United States.

As a consequence of their decades-long migration through Europe, many older Kalmyks are fluent in German, French, and Serbo-Croatian, in addition to Russian and their native Kalmyk language. There are several Kalmyk Buddhist temples in Monmouth County, New Jersey, where the vast majority of American Kalmyks reside, as well as a Tibetan Buddhist Learning Center and monastery in Washington Township, New Jersey. At one point during the 20th century, there was a Kalmyk Buddhist temple in Belgrade, Serbia.

The word Kalmyk means ‘those who remained’. Its origin is unknown but this name was known centuries before a large part of the Kalmyks moved back from the Volga River to Dzhungaria in the 18th century.

There are three cultural subgroups within the Kalmyk nation: Turguts, Durbets (Durwets), and Buzavs (Oirats, who joined the Russian Cossacks), as well as some villages of Hoshouts and Zungars. The Durbets subgroup includes the Chonos tribe (literally meaning «a tribe of the wolf», also called «Shonos», «Chinos», «A-Shino», or «A-Chino»), which is considered^{[by whom?]} to be one of the most ancient tribes in the world, dating back to the 6th to 11th century.

Kalmykia staged the 2006 World Chess Championship between Veselin Topalov and Vladimir Kramnik.^[49]

Most of the Republic of Kalmykia lies in the Caspian Depression, a low-lying region down to 27 meters (89 ft) below sea level.

See also[edit]

• Buddhism in Kalmykia
• Music of Kalmykia
• Geden Sheddup Choikorling Monastery
• Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Explanatory notes[edit]

Citations[edit]

General sources[edit]

• Конституционное Собрание Республики Калмыкия. 5 апреля 1994 г. «Степное Уложение (Конституция) Республики Калмыкия», в ред. Закона №358-IV-З от 29 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Республики Калмыкия по вопросам проведения выборов Главы Республики Калмыкия». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования в газетах «Хальмг Унн» и «Известия Калмыкии». Опубликован: «Известия Калмыкии», №60, 7 апреля 1994 г. (Constitutional Assembly of the Republic of Kalmykia. April 5, 1994 Steppe Code (Constitution) of the Republic of Kalmykia, as amended by the Law #358-IV-Z of June 29, 2012 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kalmykia on the Issues of Organization of the Elections of the Head of the Republic of Kalmykia. Effective as of the day of the official publications in the «Khalmg Unn» and «Izvestiya Kalmykii» newspapers.).
• Народный Хурал (Парламент) Республики Калмыкия. Закон №44-I-З от 14 июня 1996 г. «О государственных символах Республики Калмыкия», в ред. Закона №152-IV-З от 18 ноября 2009 г. «О внесении изменения в Закон Республики Калмыкия «О государственных символах Республики Калмыкия»». Вступил в силу с момента опубликования. Опубликован: «Ведомости Народного Хурала (Парламента) Республики Калмыкия», №2, стр. 113, 1997 г. (People’s Khural (Parliament) of the Republic of Kalmykia. Law #44-I-Z of June 14, 1996 On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Kalmykia, as amended by the Law #152-IV-Z of November 18, 2009 On Amending the Law of the Republic of Kalmykia «On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Kalmykia». Effective as of the moment of publication.).
• Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 29 июля 1958 г. «О преобразовании Калмыцкой автономной области в Калмыцкую Автономную Советскую Социалистическую Республику». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of July 29, 1958 On the Transformation of Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast into the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. ).

Further reading[edit]

• Arbakov, Dorzha. Genocide in the USSR, Chapter II, «Complete Destruction of National Groups as Groups, The Kalmyks», Nikolai Dekker and Andrei Lebed, Editors, Series I, No. 40, Institute for the Study of the USSR, Munich, 1958.
• Balinov, Shamba. Genocide in the USSR, Chapter V, «Attempted Destruction of Other Religious Groups, The Kalmyk Buddhists», Nikolai Dekker and Andrei Lebed, Editors, Series I, No. 40, Institute for the Study of the USSR, Munich, 1958.
• Bethell, Nicholas. The Last Secret, Futura Publications Limited, Great Britain, 1974.
• Corfield, Justin. The History of Kalmykia: From Ancient times to Kirsan Ilyumzhinov and Aleksey Orlov, Australia, 2015. The first major history of Kalmykia in English, heavily illustrated, and drawing on interviews with Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, Nicholas Ilyumzhinov and Aleksey Orlov amongst others.
• Epstein, Julius. Operation Keelhaul, Devin-Adair, Connecticut, 1973.
• Grousset, René. The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, Rutgers University Press, 1970.
• Halkovic, Stephen A. Jr. The Mongols of the West, Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 148, Larry Moses, Editor, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1985.
• Hoffmann, Joachim: Deutsche und Kalmyken 1942 bis 1945, Rombach Verlag, Friedberg, 1986.
• Kalder, Daniel. Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist
• Muñoz, Antonio J. The East Came West: Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist Volunteers in the German Armed Forces, 1941–1945, Chapter 8, «Followers of ‘The Greater Way’: Kalmück Volunteers in the German Army», Antonio J. Muñoz, Editor, Axis Europa Books, Bayside, NY, 2001.
• Tolstoy, Nikolai. The Secret Betrayal, 1944–1947, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1977.

External links[edit]

• Official website of the Republic of Kalmykia Archived February 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
• News from Kalmykia (in English)
• News from Kalmykia (in German)
• News from Kalmykia (in Spanish)
• Official website of the Kalmyk diplomatic representation at the President of the Russian Federation (in English and Russian)
• Tourism in Kalmykia
• News about life in Kalmykia (in Russian)
• Official website of the Kalmyk State University (in Russian)
• News Agency of the Republic of Kalmykia (in English and Russian)
• Ethnologue report on Kalmyk language
• Forum of Kalmyk Internet Community
• Kalmyk Portal
• Web-Portal of the Interregional Not-for-Profit Organization «The Leaders of Kalmykia»
• Mistaken Foreign Myths about Shambhala
• The man who bought chess, The Observer 29 October 2006
• The Buddhist hordes of Kalmykia, The Guardian September 19, 2006
• Kalmyk Buddhist Temple in Belgrade (1929–1944)
• Czech republics, New Humanist November–December, 2007
• Lagansky Express free bulletin board of the city Lagan
• Caspian fish City Lagan
• The nature of Kalmykia Video
• hotographs of Buddhist sites in Kalmykia and in Central Asia

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

Перевод «Республика Калмыкия» на английский

«Республика Калмыкия обладает большим природным потенциалом использования возобновляемых источников энергии, в частности энергии ветра.

The Republic of Kalmykia has a great natural potential for using renewable energy sources, in particular regarding wind energy.

Родился в г.Элиста (Республика Калмыкия).

Кроме этого, как он отметил, на сегодняшний день Республика Калмыкия заинтересована во взаимовыгодном сотрудничестве с Казахстаном.

In addition, he noted that today the Republic of Kalmykia is interested in mutually beneficial cooperation with Kazakhstan.

Республика Калмыкия обладает около 8% пастбищных земель России

Алексей Орлов родился 9 октября 1961 года в городе Элиста, Республика Калмыкия.

Aleksey Orlov was born on the 9th of October 1961 in Elista, the capital of the Republic of Kalmykia.

на маммографические аппараты — Республика Калмыкия, город Севастополь, Тамбовская область

Церемония подписания соглашения Республика Калмыкия и ООО «Вымпел» Соглашение о сотрудничестве по развитию спорта в республике.

Agreement Signing Ceremony The Republic of Kalmykia and Vympel Cooperation agreement to develop sports in the republic.

9 июня 2007 года была введена процедура конкурсного производства отсутствующего должника — ООО «Дальняя степь», по результатам которой 22 октября 2007 года Арбитражный суд Республика Калмыкия принял решение о завершении конкурсного производства и ликвидации общества.

On June 9, 2007, the bankruptcy proceeding was started against the absent debtor, Dalnaya Step LLC, and on October 22, 2007, the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Kalmykia delivered a decision to complete the bankruptcy proceedings and liquidate the company.

Церемония подписания соглашения Республика Калмыкия и АНО «Агентство инвестиций в социальную сферу» Предметом подписания соглашения является определение условий сотрудничества, направленного на преобразование приоритетных отраслей экономики и соци…

Agreement Signing Ceremony The Republic of Kalmykia and Agency for Investment in the Social Sphere The agreement focuses on identifying the conditions for cooperation that aim to transform priority sectors of the economy and the social sphere as…

7 июня 2019 года был проведен первый совместный туркмено-калмыцкий концерт в г.Элиста, Республика Калмыкия.

On the 7th of June 2019, the first joint Turkmen-Kalmyk concert was held in the city of Elista of the Republic of Kalmykia.

Но вначале состоялось открытие двух персональных выставок Дюлустана Бойтунова (Республика Саха) и Виктора Дорджиева (Республика Калмыкия), которые тоже принимают участие в симпозиуме.

But in the beginning, two personal exhibitions by Dyulustan Boitunov (Republic of Sakha) and Viktor Dordzhiev (Republic of Kalmykia), who also take part in the symposium were held.

После обучения в вузе и службе в рядах Советской Армии трудовую деятельность начал в 1990 году на заводе «Звезда» (г. Элиста, Республика Калмыкия) инженером по подготовке производства и диспетчером цеха с вредными условиями труда.

After higher education institute and service in the Soviet Army in 1990 he started working at the Zvezda Factory (Elista, Republic of Kalmykia) as a production engineer and floor manager under harmful conditions

Пушкина, 11, Элиста, Республика Калмыкия, 358000, Россия

На видео, опубликованном в YouTube с названием «Вброс бюллетеней Республика Калмыкия«, видно, как женщина и один мужчина в присутствии еще одной женщины помещают листы пачками в урну для голосования.

The video posted on the YouTube «Ballot-Stuffing, Republic of Kalmykia» shows how a woman and a man, in the presence of another woman, are stuffing the ballot box with packs of ballots.

Сюда же относится Республика Адыгея, находящаяся на территории Кубани, Ростовская область, Республика Калмыкия и Астраханская область.

This includes the Republic of Adygea, located on the territory of Kuban, Rostov oblast, Republic of Kalmykia and Astrakhan oblast.

10 декабря 2006 Орден Белого Лотоса (Республика Калмыкия, Россия)

December 10, 2006 Order of the White Lotus Republic of Kalmykia, Russian Federation Kalmykia

от 10 февраля 1996 г. (Республика Калмыкия вместо Республики Калмыкия — Хальмг Тангч)

Вы выбрали Республика Калмыкия.

18 Апреля 2002 Республика Калмыкия.

Россия (Республика Калмыкия).

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 41. Точных совпадений: 41. Затраченное время: 74 мс

Documents

Корпоративные решения

Спряжение

Синонимы

Корректор

Справка и о нас

Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

республика калмыкия

В данной статье опубликован список городов России с переводом или транслитерацией, одобренной посольством США для анкеты DS-160 на неиммиграционную визу в США, формы DS-260 и других. Список правильного перевода городов других стран по ссылкам здесь: Украина, Казахстан, Беларусь.

Для удобства поиска нужного города, области, края, республики России — список городов отсортирован в алфавитном порядке. Либо можете воспользоваться поиском в браузере: нажмите одновременно на клавиатуре 2 клавиши «Ctrl и F», откроется окно с поиском, где указываете нужный город РФ для которого требуется найти перевод на английский язык для анкеты на визу в США или для американского посольства.

Города России на английском языке для анкеты на визу в США

Ниже список городов России по английски, как требуется указать в анкетах и формах на визу США, Грин Карту и прочих, например как правильно перевести и написать русский город для анкеты DS-160.

На заметку

Если собеседование планируется не в местном консульском отделе, а заграничном.. к примеру, не в посольстве США в Москве, а в посольстве США в Польше или ином консульском отделе США за пределами России, то в названии региона указываете «Region» вместо «Oblast | Republic | Krai».

Примеры,
Moscow Oblast -> Moscow Region
Krasnodar Krai -> Krasnodar Region
Republic of Tatarstan -> Tatarstan Region

А
Абаза, Республика Хакасия -> Abaza, Republic of Khakassia
Абакан, Республика Хакасия -> Abakan, Republic of Khakassia
Абдулино, Оренбургская область -> Abdulino, Orenburg Oblast
Абинск, Краснодарский край -> Abinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Агидель, Республика Башкортостан -> Agidel, Republic of Bashkortostan
Агрыз, Республика Татарстан -> Agryz, Republic of Tatarstan
Адыгейск, Республика Адыгея -> Adygeysk, Republic of Adygea
Азнакаево, Республика Татарстан -> Aznakayevo, Republic of Tatarstan
Азов, Ростовская область -> Azov, Rostov Oblast
Ак-Довурак, Республика Тыва -> Ak-Dovurak, Tuva Republic
Аксай, Ростовская область -> Aksay, Rostov Oblast
Алагир, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Alagir, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Алапаевск, Свердловская область -> Alapayevsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Алатырь, Чувашская Республика -> Alatyr, Chuvash Republic
Алдан, Республика Саха -> Aldan, Sakha Republic
Алейск, Алтайский край -> Aleysk, Altai Krai
Александров, Владимирская область -> Alexandrov, Vladimir Oblast
Александровск, Пермский край -> Alexandrovsk, Perm Krai
Александровск-Сахалинский, Сахалинская область -> Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Sakhalin Oblast
Алексеевка, Белгородская область -> Alexeyevka, Belgorod Oblast
Алексин, Тульская область -> Aleksin, Tula Oblast
Алзамай, Иркутская область -> Alzamay, Irkutsk Oblast
Алупка, Республика Крым -> Alupka, Republic of Crimea
Алушта, Республика Крым -> Alushta, Republic of Crimea
Альметьевск, Республика Татарстан -> Almetyevsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Амурск, Хабаровский край -> Amursk, Khabarovsk Krai
Анадырь, Чукотский автономный округ -> Anadyr, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Анапа, Краснодарский край -> Anapa, Krasnodar Krai
Ангарск, Иркутская область -> Angarsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Андреаполь, Тверская область -> Andreapol, Tver Oblast
Анжеро-Судженск, Кемеровская область -> Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Kemerovo Oblast
Анива, Сахалинская область -> Aniva, Sakhalin Oblast
Апатиты, Мурманская область -> Apatity, Murmansk Oblast
Апрелевка, Московская область -> Aprelevka, Moscow Oblast
Апшеронск, Краснодарский край -> Apsheronsk, Krasnodar Krai
Арамиль, Свердловская область -> Aramil, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Аргун, Чеченская Республика -> Argun, Chechen Republic
Ардатов, Республика Мордовия -> Ardatov, Republic of Mordovia
Ардон, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Ardon, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Арзамас, Нижегородская область -> Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Аркадак, Саратовская область -> Arkadak, Saratov Oblast
Армавир, Краснодарский край -> Armavir, Krasnodar Krai
Армянск, Республика Крым -> Armyansk, Republic of Crimea
Арсеньев, Приморский край -> Arsenyev, Primorsky Krai
Арск, Республика Татарстан -> Arsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Артём, Приморский край -> Artyom, Primorsky Krai
Артёмовск, Красноярский край -> Artyomovsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Артёмовский, Свердловская область -> Artyomovsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Архангельск, Архангельская область -> Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Асбест, Свердловская область -> Asbest, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Асино, Томская область -> Asino, Tomsk Oblast
Астрахань, Астраханская область -> Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast
Аткарск, Саратовская область -> Atkarsk, Saratov Oblast
Ахтубинск, Астраханская область -> Akhtubinsk, Astrakhan Oblast
Ачинск, Красноярский край -> Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Аша, Челябинская область -> Asha, Chelyabinsk Oblast

Б
Бабаево, Вологодская область -> Babayevo, Vologda Oblast
Бабушкин, Республика Бурятия -> Babushkin, Republic of Buryatia
Бавлы, Республика Татарстан -> Bavly, Republic of Tatarstan
Багратионовск, Калининградская область -> Bagrationovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Байкальск, Иркутская область -> Baykalsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Баймак, Республика Башкортостан -> Baymak, Republic of Bashkortostan
Бакал, Челябинская область -> Bakal, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Баксан, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Baksan, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Балабаново, Калужская область -> Balabanovo, Kaluga Oblast
Балаково, Саратовская область -> Balakovo, Saratov Oblast
Балахна, Нижегородская область -> Balakhna, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Балашиха, Московская область -> Balashikha, Moscow Oblast
Балашов, Саратовская область -> Balashov, Saratov Oblast
Балей, Забайкальский край -> Baley, Zabaykalsky Krai
Балтийск, Калининградская область -> Baltiysk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Барабинск, Новосибирская область -> Barabinsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Барнаул, Алтайский край -> Barnaul, Altai Krai
Барыш, Ульяновская область -> Barysh, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Батайск, Ростовская область -> Bataysk, Rostov Oblast
Бахчисарай, Республика Крым -> Bakhchysarai, Republic of Crimea
Бежецк, Тверская область -> Bezhetsk, Tver Oblast
Белая Калитва, Ростовская область -> Belaya Kalitva, Rostov Oblast
Белая Холуница, Кировская область -> Belaya Kholunitsa, Kirov Oblast
Белгород, Белгородская область -> Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast
Белебей, Республика Башкортостан -> Belebey, Republic of Bashkortostan
Белёв, Тульская область -> Belyov, Tula Oblast
Белинский, Пензенская область -> Belinsky, Penza Oblast
Белово, Кемеровская область -> Belovo, Kemerovo Oblast
Белогорск, Амурская область -> Belogorsk, Amur Oblast
Белогорск, Республика Крым -> Bilohirsk, Republic of Crimea
Белозерск, Вологодская область -> Belozersk, Vologda Oblast
Белокуриха, Алтайский край -> Belokurikha, Altai Krai
Беломорск, Республика Карелия -> Belomorsk, Republic of Karelia
Белорецк, Республика Башкортостан -> Beloretsk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Белореченск, Краснодарский край -> Belorechensk, Krasnodar Krai
Белоусово, Калужская область -> Belousovo, Kaluga Oblast
Белоярский, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Beloyarsky, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Белый, Тверская область -> Bely, Tver Oblast
Бердск, Новосибирская область -> Berdsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Березники, Пермский край -> Berezniki, Perm Krai
Берёзовский, Кемеровская область -> Beryozovsky, Kemerovo Oblast
Берёзовский, Свердловская область -> Beryozovsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Беслан, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Beslan, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Бийск, Алтайский край -> Biysk, Altai Krai
Бикин, Хабаровский край -> Bikin, Khabarovsk Krai
Билибино, Чукотский автономный округ -> Bilibino, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Биробиджан, Еврейская автономная область -> Birobidzhan, Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Бирск, Республика Башкортостан -> Birsk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Бирюсинск, Иркутская область -> Biryusinsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Бирюч, Белгородская область -> Biryuch, Belgorod Oblast
Благовещенск, Республика Башкортостан -> Blagoveshchensk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Благовещенск, Амурская область -> Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast
Благодарный, Ставропольский край -> Blagodarny, Stavropol Krai
Бобров, Воронежская область -> Bobrov, Voronezh Oblast
Богданович, Свердловская область -> Bogdanovich, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Богородицк, Тульская область -> Bogoroditsk, Tula Oblast
Богородск, Нижегородская область -> Bogorodsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Боготол, Красноярский край -> Bogotol, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Богучар, Воронежская область -> Boguchar, Voronezh Oblast
Бодайбо, Иркутская область -> Bodaybo, Irkutsk Oblast
Бокситогорск, Ленинградская область -> Boksitogorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Болгар, Республика Татарстан -> Bolgar, Republic of Tatarstan
Бологое, Тверская область -> Bologoye, Tver Oblast
Болотное, Новосибирская область -> Bolotnoye, Novosibirsk Oblast
Болохово, Тульская область -> Bolokhovo, Tula Oblast
Болхов, Орловская область -> Bolkhov, Oryol Oblast
Большой Камень, Приморский край -> Bolshoy Kamen, Primorsky Krai
Бор, Нижегородская область -> Bor, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Борзя, Забайкальский край -> Borzya, Zabaykalsky Krai
Борисоглебск, Воронежская область -> Borisoglebsk, Voronezh Oblast
Боровичи, Новгородская область -> Borovichi, Novgorod Oblast
Боровск, Калужская область -> Borovsk, Kaluga Oblast
Бородино, Красноярский край -> Borodino, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Братск, Иркутская область -> Bratsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Бронницы, Московская область -> Bronnitsy, Moscow Oblast
Брянск, Брянская область -> Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast
Бугульма, Республика Татарстан -> Bugulma, Republic of Tatarstan
Бугуруслан, Оренбургская область -> Buguruslan, Orenburg Oblast
Будённовск, Ставропольский край -> Budyonnovsk, Stavropol Krai
Бузулук, Оренбургская область -> Buzuluk, Orenburg Oblast
Буинск, Республика Татарстан -> Buinsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Буй, Костромская область -> Buy, Kostroma Oblast
Буйнакск, Республика Дагестан -> Buynaksk, Republic of Dagestan
Бутурлиновка, Воронежская область -> Buturlinovka, Voronezh Oblast

В
Валдай, Новгородская область -> Valday, Novgorod Oblast
Валуйки, Белгородская область -> Valuyki, Belgorod Oblast
Велиж, Смоленская область -> Velizh, Smolensk Oblast
Великие Луки, Псковская область -> Velikiye Luki, Pskov Oblast
Великий Новгород, Новгородская область -> Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast
Великий Устюг, Вологодская область -> Veliky Ustyug, Vologda Oblast
Вельск, Архангельская область -> Velsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Венёв, Тульская область -> Venyov, Tula Oblast
Верещагино, Пермский край -> Vereshchagino, Perm Krai
Верея, Московская область -> Vereya, Moscow Oblast
Верхнеуральск, Челябинская область -> Verkhneuralsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Верхний Тагил, Свердловская область -> Verkhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхний Уфалей, Челябинская область -> Verkhny Ufaley, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Верхняя Пышма, Свердловская область -> Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхняя Салда, Свердловская область -> Verkhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхняя Тура, Свердловская область -> Verkhnyaya Tura, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхотурье, Свердловская область -> Verkhoturye, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхоянск, Республика Саха -> Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic
Весьегонск, Тверская область -> Vesyegonsk, Tver Oblast
Ветлуга, Нижегородская область -> Vetluga, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Видное, Московская область -> Vidnoye, Moscow Oblast
Вилюйск, Республика Саха -> Vilyuysk, Sakha Republic
Вилючинск, Камчатский край -> Vilyuchinsk, Kamchatka Krai
Вихоревка, Иркутская область -> Vikhorevka, Irkutsk Oblast
Вичуга, Ивановская область -> Vichuga, Ivanovo Oblast
Владивосток, Приморский край -> Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai
Владикавказ, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Vladikavkaz, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Владимир, Владимирская область -> Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast
Волгоград, Волгоградская область -> Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast
Волгодонск, Ростовская область -> Volgodonsk, Rostov Oblast
Волгореченск, Костромская область -> Volgorechensk, Kostroma Oblast
Волжск, Республика Марий Эл -> Volzhsk, Mari El Republic
Волжский, Волгоградская область -> Volzhsky, Volgograd Oblast
Вологда, Вологодская область -> Vologda, Vologda Oblast
Володарск, Нижегородская область -> Volodarsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Волоколамск, Московская область -> Volokolamsk, Moscow Oblast
Волосово, Ленинградская область -> Volosovo, Leningrad Oblast
Волхов, Ленинградская область -> Volkhov, Leningrad Oblast
Волчанск, Свердловская область -> Volchansk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Вольск, Саратовская область -> Volsk, Saratov Oblast
Воркута, Республика Коми -> Vorkuta, Komi Republic
Воронеж, Воронежская область -> Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast
Ворсма, Нижегородская область -> Vorsma, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Воскресенск, Московская область -> Voskresensk, Moscow Oblast
Воткинск, Удмуртская Республика -> Votkinsk, Udmurt Republic
Всеволожск, Ленинградская область -> Vsevolozhsk, Leningrad Oblast
Вуктыл, Республика Коми -> Vuktyl, Komi Republic
Выборг, Ленинградская область -> Vyborg, Leningrad Oblast
Выкса, Нижегородская область -> Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Высоковск, Московская область -> Vysokovsk, Moscow Oblast
Высоцк, Ленинградская область -> Vysotsk, Leningrad Oblast
Вытегра, Вологодская область -> Vytegra, Vologda Oblast
Вышний Волочёк, Тверская область -> Vyshny Volochyok, Tver Oblast
Вяземский, Хабаровский край -> Vyazemsky, Khabarovsk Krai
Вязники, Владимирская область -> Vyazniki, Vladimir Oblast
Вязьма, Смоленская область -> Vyazma, Smolensk Oblast
Вятские Поляны, Кировская область -> Vyatskiye Polyany, Kirov Oblast

Г
Гаврилов Посад, Ивановская область -> Gavrilov Posad, Ivanovo Oblast
Гаврилов-Ям, Ярославская область -> Gavrilov-Yam, Yaroslavl Oblast
Гагарин, Смоленская область -> Gagarin, Smolensk Oblast
Гаджиево, Мурманская область -> Gadzhiyevo, Murmansk Oblast
Гай, Оренбургская область -> Gay, Orenburg Oblast
Галич, Костромская область -> Galich, Kostroma Oblast
Гатчина, Ленинградская область -> Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast
Гвардейск, Калининградская область -> Gvardeysk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Гдов, Псковская область -> Gdov, Pskov Oblast
Геленджик, Краснодарский край -> Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai
Георгиевск, Ставропольский край -> Georgiyevsk, Stavropol Krai
Глазов, Удмуртская Республика -> Glazov, Udmurt Republic
Голицыно, Московская область -> Golitsyno, Moscow Oblast
Горбатов, Нижегородская область -> Gorbatov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Горно-Алтайск, Республика Алтай -> Gorno-Altaysk, Altai Republic
Горнозаводск, Пермский край -> Gornozavodsk, Perm Krai
Горняк, Алтайский край -> Gornyak, Altai Krai
Городец, Нижегородская область -> Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Городище, Пензенская область -> Gorodishche, Penza Oblast
Городовиковск, Республика Калмыкия -> Gorodovikovsk, Republic of Kalmykia
Гороховец, Владимирская область -> Gorokhovets, Vladimir Oblast
Горячий Ключ, Краснодарский край -> Goryachy Klyuch, Krasnodar Krai
Грайворон, Белгородская область -> Grayvoron, Belgorod Oblast
Гремячинск, Пермский край -> Gremyachinsk, Perm Krai
Грозный, Чеченская Республика -> Grozny, Chechen Republic
Грязи, Липецкая область -> Gryazi, Lipetsk Oblast
Грязовец, Вологодская область -> Gryazovets, Vologda Oblast
Губаха, Пермский край -> Gubakha, Perm Krai
Губкин, Белгородская область -> Gubkin, Belgorod Oblast
Губкинский, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Gubkinsky, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Гудермес, Чеченская Республика -> Gudermes, Chechen Republic
Гуково, Ростовская область -> Gukovo, Rostov Oblast
Гулькевичи, Краснодарский край -> Gulkevichi, Krasnodar Krai
Гурьевск, Калининградская область -> Guryevsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Гурьевск, Кемеровская область -> Guryevsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Гусев, Калининградская область -> Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast
Гусиноозёрск, Республика Бурятия -> Gusinoozyorsk, Republic of Buryatia
Гусь-Хрустальный, Владимирская область -> Gus-Khrustalny, Vladimir Oblast

Д
Давлеканово, Республика Башкортостан -> Davlekanovo, Republic of Bashkortostan
Дагестанские Огни, Республика Дагестан -> Dagestanskiye Ogni, Republic of Dagestan
Далматово, Курганская область -> Dalmatovo, Kurgan Oblast
Дальнегорск, Приморский край -> Dalnegorsk, Primorsky Krai
Дальнереченск, Приморский край -> Dalnerechensk, Primorsky Krai
Данилов, Ярославская область -> Danilov, Yaroslavl Oblast
Данков, Липецкая область -> Dankov, Lipetsk Oblast
Дегтярск, Свердловская область -> Degtyarsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Дедовск, Московская область -> Dedovsk, Moscow Oblast
Демидов, Смоленская область -> Demidov, Smolensk Oblast
Дербент, Республика Дагестан -> Derbent, Republic of Dagestan
Десногорск, Смоленская область -> Desnogorsk, Smolensk Oblast
Джанкой, Республика Крым -> Dzhankoy, Republic of Crimea
Дзержинск, Нижегородская область -> Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Дзержинский, Московская область -> Dzerzhinsky, Moscow Oblast
Дивногорск, Красноярский край -> Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Дигора, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Digora, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Димитровград, Ульяновская область -> Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Дмитриев, Курская область -> Dmitriyev, Kursk Oblast
Дмитров, Московская область -> Dmitrov, Moscow Oblast
Дмитровск, Орловская область -> Dmitrovsk, Oryol Oblast
Дно, Псковская область -> Dno, Pskov Oblast
Добрянка, Пермский край -> Dobryanka, Perm Krai
Долгопрудный, Московская область -> Dolgoprudny, Moscow Oblast
Долинск, Сахалинская область -> Dolinsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Домодедово, Московская область -> Domodedovo, Moscow Oblast
Донецк, Ростовская область -> Donetsk, Rostov Oblast
Донской, Тульская область -> Donskoy, Tula Oblast
Дорогобуж, Смоленская область -> Dorogobuzh, Smolensk Oblast
Дрезна, Московская область -> Drezna, Moscow Oblast
Дубна, Московская область -> Dubna, Moscow Oblast
Дубовка, Волгоградская область -> Dubovka, Volgograd Oblast
Дудинка, Красноярский край -> Dudinka, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Духовщина, Смоленская область -> Dukhovshchina, Smolensk Oblast
Дюртюли, Республика Башкортостан -> Dyurtyuli, Republic of Bashkortostan
Дятьково, Брянская область -> Dyatkovo, Bryansk Oblast

Е
Евпатория, Республика Крым -> Yevpatoria, Republic of Crimea
Егорьевск, Московская область -> Yegoryevsk, Moscow Oblast
Ейск, Краснодарский край -> Yeysk, Krasnodar Krai
Екатеринбург, Свердловская область -> Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Елабуга, Республика Татарстан -> Yelabuga, Republic of Tatarstan
Елец, Липецкая область -> Yelets, Lipetsk Oblast
Елизово, Камчатский край -> Yelizovo, Kamchatka Krai
Ельня, Смоленская область -> Yelnya, Smolensk Oblast
Еманжелинск, Челябинская область -> Yemanzhelinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Емва, Республика Коми -> Yemva, Komi Republic
Енисейск, Красноярский край -> Yeniseysk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ермолино, Калужская область -> Yermolino, Kaluga Oblast
Ершов, Саратовская область -> Yershov, Saratov Oblast
Ессентуки, Ставропольский край -> Yessentuki, Stavropol Krai
Ефремов, Тульская область -> Yefremov, Tula Oblast

Ж
Железноводск, Ставропольский край -> Zheleznovodsk, Stavropol Krai
Железногорск, Красноярский край -> Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Железногорск, Курская область -> Zheleznogorsk, Kursk Oblast
Железногорск-Илимский, Иркутская область -> Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky, Irkutsk Oblast
Жердевка, Тамбовская область -> Zherdevka, Tambov Oblast
Жигулёвск, Самарская область -> Zhigulyovsk, Samara Oblast
Жиздра, Калужская область -> Zhizdra, Kaluga Oblast
Жирновск, Волгоградская область -> Zhirnovsk, Volgograd Oblast
Жуков, Калужская область -> Zhukov, Kaluga Oblast
Жуковка, Брянская область -> Zhukovka, Bryansk Oblast
Жуковский, Московская область -> Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast

З
Завитинск, Амурская область -> Zavitinsk, Amur Oblast
Заводоуковск, Тюменская область -> Zavodoukovsk, Tyumen Oblast
Заволжск, Ивановская область -> Zavolzhsk, Ivanovo Oblast
Заволжье, Нижегородская область -> Zavolzhye, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Задонск, Липецкая область -> Zadonsk, Lipetsk Oblast
Заинск, Республика Татарстан -> Zainsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Закаменск, Республика Бурятия -> Zakamensk, Republic of Buryatia
Заозёрный, Красноярский край -> Zaozyorny, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Заозёрск, Мурманская область -> Zaozyorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Западная Двина, Тверская область -> Zapadnaya Dvina, Tver Oblast
Заполярный, Мурманская область -> Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast
Зарайск, Московская область -> Zaraysk, Moscow Oblast
Заречный, Пензенская область -> Zarechny, Penza Oblast
Заречный, Свердловская область -> Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Заринск, Алтайский край -> Zarinsk, Altai Krai
Звенигово, Республика Марий Эл -> Zvenigovo, Mari El Republic
Звенигород, Московская область -> Zvenigorod, Moscow Oblast
Зверево, Ростовская область -> Zverevo, Rostov Oblast
Зеленогорск, Красноярский край -> Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Зеленоградск, Калининградская область -> Zelenogradsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Зеленодольск, Республика Татарстан -> Zelenodolsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Зеленокумск, Ставропольский край -> Zelenokumsk, Stavropol Krai
Зерноград, Ростовская область -> Zernograd, Rostov Oblast
Зея, Амурская область -> Zeya, Amur Oblast
Зима, Иркутская область -> Zima, Irkutsk Oblast
Златоуст, Челябинская область -> Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Злынка, Брянская область -> Zlynka, Bryansk Oblast
Змеиногорск, Алтайский край -> Zmeinogorsk, Altai Krai
Знаменск, Астраханская область -> Znamensk, Astrakhan Oblast
Зубцов, Тверская область -> Zubtsov, Tver Oblast
Зуевка, Кировская область -> Zuyevka, Kirov Oblast

И,Й
Ивангород, Ленинградская область -> Ivangorod, Leningrad Oblast
Иваново, Ивановская область -> Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
Ивантеевка, Московская область -> Ivanteyevka, Moscow Oblast
Ивдель, Свердловская область -> Ivdel, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Игарка, Красноярский край -> Igarka, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ижевск, Удмуртская Республика -> Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic
Избербаш, Республика Дагестан -> Izberbash, Republic of Dagestan
Изобильный, Ставропольский край -> Izobilny, Stavropol Krai
Иланский, Красноярский край -> Ilansky, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Инза, Ульяновская область -> Inza, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Инкерман, Севастополь -> Inkerman, Sevastopol (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Иннополис, Республика Татарстан -> Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan
Инсар, Республика Мордовия -> Insar, Republic of Mordovia
Инта, Республика Коми -> Inta, Komi Republic
Ипатово, Ставропольский край -> Ipatovo, Stavropol Krai
Ирбит, Свердловская область -> Irbit, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Иркутск, Иркутская область -> Irkutsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Исилькуль, Омская область -> Isilkul, Omsk Oblast
Искитим, Новосибирская область -> Iskitim, Novosibirsk Oblast
Истра, Московская область -> Istra, Moscow Oblast
Ишим, Тюменская область -> Ishim, Tyumen Oblast
Ишимбай, Республика Башкортостан -> Ishimbay, Republic of Bashkortostan

Йошкар-Ола, Республика Марий Эл -> Mari El, Mari El Republic

К
Кадников, Вологодская область -> Kadnikov, Vologda Oblast
Казань, Республика Татарстан -> Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan
Калач, Воронежская область -> Kalach, Voronezh Oblast
Калач-на-Дону, Волгоградская область -> Kalach-na-Donu, Volgograd Oblast
Калачинск, Омская область -> Kalachinsk, Omsk Oblast
Калининград, Калининградская область -> Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast
Калининск, Саратовская область -> Kalininsk, Saratov Oblast
Калтан, Кемеровская область -> Kaltan, Kemerovo Oblast
Калуга, Калужская область -> Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast
Калязин, Тверская область -> Kalyazin, Tver Oblast
Камбарка, Удмуртская Республика -> Kambarka, Udmurt Republic
Каменка, Пензенская область -> Kamenka, Penza Oblast
Каменногорск, Ленинградская область -> Kamennogorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Каменск-Уральский, Свердловская область -> Kamensk-Uralsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Каменск-Шахтинский, Ростовская область -> Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, Rostov Oblast
Камень-на-Оби, Алтайский край -> Kamen-na-Obi, Altai Krai
Камешково, Владимирская область -> Kameshkovo, Vladimir Oblast
Камызяк, Астраханская область -> Kamyzyak, Astrakhan Oblast
Камышин, Волгоградская область -> Kamyshin, Volgograd Oblast
Камышлов, Свердловская область -> Kamyshlov, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Канаш, Чувашская Республика -> Kanash, Chuvash Republic
Кандалакша, Мурманская область -> Kandalaksha, Murmansk Oblast
Канск, Красноярский край -> Kansk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Карабаново, Владимирская область -> Karabanovo, Vladimir Oblast
Карабаш, Челябинская область -> Karabash, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Карабулак, Республика Ингушетия -> Karabulak, Republic of Ingushetia
Карасук, Новосибирская область -> Karasuk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Карачаевск, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Karachayevsk, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Карачев, Брянская область -> Karachev, Bryansk Oblast
Каргат, Новосибирская область -> Kargat, Novosibirsk Oblast
Каргополь, Архангельская область -> Kargopol, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Карпинск, Свердловская область -> Karpinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Карталы, Челябинская область -> Kartaly, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Касимов, Рязанская область -> Kasimov, Ryazan Oblast
Касли, Челябинская область -> Kasli, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Каспийск, Республика Дагестан -> Kaspiysk, Republic of Dagestan
Катав-Ивановск, Челябинская область -> Katav-Ivanovsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Катайск, Курганская область -> Kataysk, Kurgan Oblast
Качканар, Свердловская область -> Kachkanar, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Кашин, Тверская область -> Kashin, Tver Oblast
Кашира, Московская область -> Kashira, Moscow Oblast
Кедровый, Томская область -> Kedrovy, Tomsk Oblast
Кемерово, Кемеровская область -> Kemerovo, Kemerovo Oblast
Кемь, Республика Карелия -> Kem, Republic of Karelia
Керчь, Республика Крым -> Kerch, Republic of Crimea (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Кизел, Пермский край -> Kizel, Perm Krai
Кизилюрт, Республика Дагестан -> Kizilyurt, Republic of Dagestan
Кизляр, Республика Дагестан -> Kizlyar, Republic of Dagestan
Кимовск, Тульская область -> Kimovsk, Tula Oblast
Кимры, Тверская область -> Kimry, Tver Oblast
Кингисепп, Ленинградская область -> Kingisepp, Leningrad Oblast
Кинель, Самарская область -> Kinel, Samara Oblast
Кинешма, Ивановская область -> Kineshma, Ivanovo Oblast
Киреевск, Тульская область -> Kireyevsk, Tula Oblast
Киренск, Иркутская область -> Kirensk, Irkutsk Oblast
Киржач, Владимирская область -> Kirzhach, Vladimir Oblast
Кириллов, Вологодская область -> Kirillov, Vologda Oblast
Кириши, Ленинградская область -> Kirishi, Leningrad Oblast
Киров, Калужская область -> Kirov, Kaluga Oblast
Киров, Кировская область -> Kirov, Kirov Oblast
Кировград, Свердловская область -> Kirovgrad, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Кирово-Чепецк, Кировская область -> Kirovo-Chepetsk, Kirov Oblast
Кировск, Ленинградская область -> Kirovsk, Leningrad Oblast
Кировск, Мурманская область -> Kirovsk, Murmansk Oblast
Кирс, Кировская область -> Kirs, Kirov Oblast
Кирсанов, Тамбовская область -> Kirsanov, Tambov Oblast
Киселёвск, Кемеровская область -> Kiselyovsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Кисловодск, Ставропольский край -> Kislovodsk, Stavropol Krai
Клин, Московская область -> Klin, Moscow Oblast
Клинцы, Брянская область -> Klintsy, Bryansk Oblast
Княгинино, Нижегородская область -> Knyaginino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Ковдор, Мурманская область -> Kovdor, Murmansk Oblast
Ковров, Владимирская область -> Kovrov, Vladimir Oblast
Ковылкино, Республика Мордовия -> Kovylkino, Republic of Mordovia
Когалым, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Kogalym, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Кодинск, Красноярский край -> Kodinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Козельск, Калужская область -> Kozelsk, Kaluga Oblast
Козловка, Чувашская Республика -> Kozlovka, Chuvash Republic
Козьмодемьянск, Республика Марий Эл -> Kozmodemyansk, Mari El Republic
Кола, Мурманская область -> Kola, Murmansk Oblast
Кологрив, Костромская область -> Kologriv, Kostroma Oblast
Коломна, Московская область -> Kolomna, Moscow Oblast
Колпашево, Томская область -> Kolpashevo, Tomsk Oblast
Кольчугино, Владимирская область -> Kolchugino, Vladimir Oblast
Коммунар, Ленинградская область -> Kommunar, Leningrad Oblast
Комсомольск, Ивановская область -> Komsomolsk, Ivanovo Oblast
Комсомольск-на-Амуре, Хабаровский край -> Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai
Конаково, Тверская область -> Konakovo, Tver Oblast
Кондопога, Республика Карелия -> Kondopoga, Republic of Karelia
Кондрово, Калужская область -> Kondrovo, Kaluga Oblast
Константиновск, Ростовская область -> Konstantinovsk, Rostov Oblast
Копейск, Челябинская область -> Kopeysk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Кораблино, Рязанская область -> Korablino, Ryazan Oblast
Кореновск, Краснодарский край -> Korenovsk, Krasnodar Krai
Коркино, Челябинская область -> Korkino, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Королёв, Московская область -> Korolev, Moscow Oblast
Короча, Белгородская область -> Korocha, Belgorod Oblast
Корсаков, Сахалинская область -> Korsakov, Sakhalin Oblast
Коряжма, Архангельская область -> Koryazhma, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Костерёво, Владимирская область -> Kosteryovo, Vladimir Oblast
Костомукша, Республика Карелия -> Kostomuksha, Republic of Karelia
Кострома, Костромская область -> Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
Котельники, Московская область -> Kotelniki, Moscow Oblast
Котельниково, Волгоградская область -> Kotelnikovo, Volgograd Oblast
Котельнич, Кировская область -> Kotelnich, Kirov Oblast
Котлас, Архангельская область -> Kotlas, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Котово, Волгоградская область -> Kotovo, Volgograd Oblast
Котовск, Тамбовская область -> Kotovsk, Tambov Oblast
Кохма, Ивановская область -> Kokhma, Ivanovo Oblast
Красавино, Вологодская область -> Krasavino, Vologda Oblast
Красноармейск, Московская область -> Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow Oblast
Красноармейск, Саратовская область -> Krasnoarmeysk, Saratov Oblast
Красновишерск, Пермский край -> Krasnovishersk, Perm Krai
Красногорск, Московская область -> Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast
Краснодар, Краснодарский край -> Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai
Краснозаводск, Московская область -> Krasnozavodsk, Moscow Oblast
Краснознаменск, Калининградская область -> Krasnoznamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Краснознаменск, Московская область -> Krasnoznamensk, Moscow Oblast
Краснокаменск, Забайкальский край -> Krasnokamensk, Zabaykalsky Krai
Краснокамск, Пермский край -> Krasnokamsk, Perm Krai
Красноперекопск, Республика Крым -> Krasnoperekopsk, Republic of Crimea (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Краснослободск, Волгоградская область -> Krasnoslobodsk, Volgograd Oblast
Краснослободск, Республика Мордовия -> Krasnoslobodsk, Republic of Mordovia
Краснотурьинск, Свердловская область -> Krasnoturyinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Красноуральск, Свердловская область -> Krasnouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Красноуфимск, Свердловская область -> Krasnoufimsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Красноярск, Красноярский край -> Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Красный Кут, Саратовская область -> Krasny Kut, Saratov Oblast
Красный Сулин, Ростовская область -> Krasny Sulin, Rostov Oblast
Красный Холм, Тверская область -> Krasny Kholm, Tver Oblast
Кремёнки, Калужская область -> Kremyonki, Kaluga Oblast
Кропоткин, Краснодарский край -> Kropotkin, Krasnodar Krai
Крым, Республика Крым -> Crimea, Republic of Crimea (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Крымск, Краснодарский край -> Krymsk, Krasnodar Krai
Кстово, Нижегородская область -> Kstovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Кубинка, Московская область -> Kubinka, Moscow Oblast
Кувандык, Оренбургская область -> Kuvandyk, Orenburg Oblast
Кувшиново, Тверская область -> Kuvshinovo, Tver Oblast
Кудымкар, Пермский край -> Kudymkar, Perm Krai
Кузнецк, Пензенская область -> Kuznetsk, Penza Oblast
Куйбышев, Новосибирская область -> Kuybyshev, Novosibirsk Oblast
Кулебаки, Нижегородская область -> Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Кумертау, Республика Башкортостан -> Kumertau, Republic of Bashkortostan
Кунгур, Пермский край -> Kungur, Perm Krai
Купино, Новосибирская область -> Kupino, Novosibirsk Oblast
Курган, Курганская область -> Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast
Курганинск, Краснодарский край -> Kurganinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Курильск, Сахалинская область -> Kurilsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Курлово, Владимирская область -> Kurlovo, Vladimir Oblast
Куровское, Московская область -> Kurovskoye, Moscow Oblast
Курск, Курская область -> Kursk, Kursk Oblast
Куртамыш, Курганская область -> Kurtamysh, Kurgan Oblast
Курчатов, Курская область -> Kurchatov, Kursk Oblast
Куса, Челябинская область -> Kusa, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Кушва, Свердловская область -> Kushva, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Кызыл, Республика Тыва -> Kyzyl, Tyva Republic
Кыштым, Челябинская область -> Kyshtym, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Кяхта, Республика Бурятия -> Kyakhta, Republic of Buryatia

Л
Лабинск, Краснодарский край -> Labinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Лабытнанги, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Labytnangi, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Лагань, Республика Калмыкия -> Lagan, Republic of Kalmykia
Ладушкин, Калининградская область -> Ladushkin, Kaliningrad Oblast
Лаишево, Республика Татарстан -> Laishevo, Republic of Tatarstan
Лакинск, Владимирская область -> Lakinsk, Vladimir Oblast
Лангепас, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Langepas, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Лахденпохья, Республика Карелия -> Lakhdenpokhya, Republic of Karelia
Лебедянь, Липецкая область -> Lebedyan, Lipetsk Oblast
Лениногорск, Республика Татарстан -> Leninogorsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Ленинск, Волгоградская область -> Leninsk, Volgograd Oblast
Ленинск-Кузнецкий, Кемеровская область -> Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Kemerovo Oblast
Ленск, Республика Саха -> Lensk, Sakha Republic
Лермонтов, Ставропольский край -> Lermontov, Stavropol Krai
Лесной, Свердловская область -> Lesnoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Лесозаводск, Приморский край -> Lesozavodsk, Primorsky Krai
Лесосибирск, Красноярский край -> Lesosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ливны, Орловская область -> Livny, Oryol Oblast
Липецк, Липецкая область -> Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast
Ликино-Дулёво, Московская область -> Likino-Dulyovo, Moscow Oblast
Липки, Тульская область -> Lipki, Tula Oblast
Лиски, Воронежская область -> Liski, Voronezh Oblast
Лихославль, Тверская область -> Likhoslavl, Tver Oblast
Лобня, Московская область -> Lobnya, Moscow Oblast
Лодейное Поле, Ленинградская область -> Lodeynoye Pole, Leningrad Oblast
Лосино-Петровский, Московская область -> Losino-Petrovsky, Moscow Oblast
Луга, Ленинградская область -> Luga, Leningrad Oblast
Луза, Кировская область -> Luza, Kirov Oblast
Лукоянов, Нижегородская область -> Lukoyanov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Луховицы, Московская область -> Lukhovitsy, Moscow Oblast
Лысково, Нижегородская область -> Lyskovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Лысьва, Пермский край -> Lysva, Perm Krai
Лыткарино, Московская область -> Lytkarino, Moscow Oblast
Льгов, Курская область -> Lgov, Kursk Oblast
Любань, Ленинградская область -> Lyuban, Leningrad Oblast
Люберцы, Московская область -> Lyubertsy, Moscow Oblast
Любим, Ярославская область -> Lyubim, Yaroslavl Oblast
Людиново, Калужская область -> Lyudinovo, Kaluga Oblast
Лянтор, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Lyantor, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

М
Магадан, Магаданская область -> Magadan, Magadan Oblast
Магас, Республика Ингушетия -> Magas, Republic of Ingushetia
Магнитогорск, Челябинская область -> Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Майкоп, Республика Адыгея -> Maykop, Republic of Adygea
Майский, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Maysky, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Макаров, Сахалинская область -> Makarov, Sakhalin Oblast
Макарьев, Костромская область -> Makaryev, Kostroma Oblast
Макушино, Курганская область -> Makushino, Kurgan Oblast
Малая Вишера, Новгородская область -> Malaya Vishera, Novgorod Oblast
Малгобек, Республика Ингушетия -> Malgobek, Republic of Ingushetia
Малмыж, Кировская область -> Malmyzh, Kirov Oblast
Малоархангельск, Орловская область -> Maloarkhangelsk, Oryol Oblast
Малоярославец, Калужская область -> Maloyaroslavets, Kaluga Oblast
Мамадыш, Республика Татарстан -> Mamadysh, Republic of Tatarstan
Мамоново, Калининградская область -> Mamonovo, Kaliningrad Oblast
Мантурово, Костромская область -> Manturovo, Kostroma Oblast
Мариинск, Кемеровская область -> Mariinsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Мариинский Посад, Чувашская Республика -> Mariinsky Posad, Chuvash Republic
Маркс, Саратовская область -> Marks, Saratov Oblast
Махачкала, Республика Дагестан -> Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan
Мглин, Брянская область -> Mglin, Bryansk Oblast
Мегион, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Megion, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Медвежьегорск, Республика Карелия -> Medvezhyegorsk, Republic of Karelia
Медногорск, Оренбургская область -> Mednogorsk, Orenburg Oblast
Медынь, Калужская область -> Medyn, Kaluga Oblast
Межгорье, Республика Башкортостан -> Mezhgorye, Republic of Bashkortostan
Междуреченск, Кемеровская область -> Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo Oblast
Мезень, Архангельская область -> Mezen, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Меленки, Владимирская область -> Melenki, Vladimir Oblast
Мелеуз, Республика Башкортостан -> Meleuz, Republic of Bashkortostan
Менделеевск, Республика Татарстан -> Mendeleyevsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Мензелинск, Республика Татарстан -> Menzelinsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Мещовск, Калужская область -> Meshchovsk, Kaluga Oblast
Миасс, Челябинская область -> Miass, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Микунь, Республика Коми -> Mikun, Komi Republic
Миллерово, Ростовская область -> Millerovo, Rostov Oblast
Минеральные Воды, Ставропольский край -> Mineralnye Vody, Stavropol Krai
Минусинск, Красноярский край -> Minusinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Миньяр, Челябинская область -> Minyar, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Мирный, Республика Саха -> Mirny, Sakha Republic
Мирный, Архангельская область -> Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Михайлов, Рязанская область -> Mikhaylov, Ryazan Oblast
Михайловка, Волгоградская область -> Mikhaylovka, Volgograd Oblast
Михайловск, Свердловская область -> Mikhaylovsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Михайловск, Ставропольский край -> Mikhaylovsk, Stavropol Krai
Мичуринск, Тамбовская область -> Michurinsk, Tambov Oblast
Могоча, Забайкальский край -> Mogocha, Zabaykalsky Krai
Можайск, Московская область -> Mozhaysk, Moscow Oblast
Можга, Удмуртская Республика -> Mozhga, Udmurt Republic
Моздок, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Mozdok, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Мончегорск, Мурманская область -> Monchegorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Морозовск, Ростовская область -> Morozovsk, Rostov Oblast
Моршанск, Тамбовская область -> Morshansk, Tambov Oblast
Мосальск, Калужская область -> Mosalsk, Kaluga Oblast
Москва -> Moscow
Муравленко, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Muravlenko, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Мураши, Кировская область -> Murashi, Kirov Oblast
Мурманск, Мурманская область -> Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast
Муром, Владимирская область -> Murom, Vladimir Oblast
Мценск, Орловская область -> Mtsensk, Oryol Oblast
Мыски, Кемеровская область -> Myski, Kemerovo Oblast
Мытищи, Московская область -> Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast
Мышкин, Ярославская область -> Myshkin, Yaroslavl Oblast

Н
Набережные Челны, Республика Татарстан -> Naberezhnye Chelny, Republic of Tatarstan
Навашино, Нижегородская область -> Navashino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Наволоки, Ивановская область -> Navoloki, Ivanovo Oblast
Надым, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Nadym, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Назарово, Красноярский край-> Nazarovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Назрань, Республика Ингушетия -> Nazran, Republic of Ingushetia
Называевск, Омская область -> Nazyvayevsk, Omsk Oblast
Нальчик, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Нариманов, Астраханская область -> Narimanov, Astrakhan Oblast
Наро-Фоминск, Московская область -> Naro-Fominsk, Moscow Oblast
Нарткала, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Nartkala, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Нарьян-Мар, Ненецкий автономный округ -> Naryan-Mar, Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Находка, Приморский край -> Nakhodka, Primorsky Krai
Невель, Псковская область -> Nevel, Pskov Oblast
Невельск, Сахалинская область -> Nevelsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Невинномысск, Ставропольский край -> Nevinnomyssk, Stavropol Krai
Невьянск, Свердловская область -> Nevyansk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нелидово, Тверская область -> Nelidovo, Tver Oblast
Неман, Калининградская область -> Neman, Kaliningrad Oblast
Нерехта, Костромская область -> Nerekhta, Kostroma Oblast
Нерчинск, Забайкальский край -> Nerchinsk, Zabaykalsky Krai
Нерюнгри, Республика Саха -> Neryungri, Sakha Republic
Нестеров, Калининградская область -> Nesterov, Kaliningrad Oblast
Нефтегорск, Самарская область -> Neftegorsk, Samara Oblast
Нефтекамск, Республика Башкортостан -> Neftekamsk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Нефтекумск, Ставропольский край -> Neftekumsk, Stavropol Krai
Нефтеюганск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Nefteyugansk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Нея, Костромская область -> Neya, Kostroma Oblast
Нижневартовск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Nizhnevartovsk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Нижнекамск, Республика Татарстан -> Nizhnekamsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Нижнеудинск, Иркутская область -> Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Нижние Серги, Свердловская область -> Nizhniye Sergi, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нижний Ломов, Пензенская область -> Nizhny Lomov, Penza Oblast
Нижний Новгород, Нижегородская область -> Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Нижний Тагил, Свердловская область -> Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нижняя Салда, Свердловская область -> Nizhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нижняя Тура, Свердловская область -> Nizhnyaya Tura, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Николаевск, Волгоградская область -> Nikolayevsk, Volgograd Oblast
Николаевск-на-Амуре, Хабаровский край -> Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai
Никольск, Вологодская область -> Nikolsk, Vologda Oblast
Никольск, Пензенская область -> Nikolsk, Penza Oblast
Никольское, Ленинградская область -> Nikolskoye, Leningrad Oblast
Новая Ладога, Ленинградская область -> Novaya Ladoga, Leningrad Oblast
Новая Ляля, Свердловская область -> Novaya Lyalya, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Новоалександровск, Ставропольский край -> Novoalexandrovsk, Stavropol Krai
Новоалтайск, Алтайский край -> Novoaltaysk, Altai Krai
Новоаннинский, Волгоградская область -> Novoanninsky, Volgograd Oblast
Нововоронеж, Воронежская область -> Novovoronezh, Voronezh Oblast
Новодвинск, Архангельская область -> Novodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Новозыбков, Брянская область -> Novozybkov, Bryansk Oblast
Новокубанск, Краснодарский край -> Novokubansk, Krasnodar Krai
Новокузнецк, Кемеровская область -> Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Новокуйбышевск, Самарская область -> Novokuybyshevsk, Samara Oblast
Новомичуринск, Рязанская область -> Novomichurinsk, Ryazan Oblast
Новомосковск, Тульская область -> Novomoskovsk, Tula Oblast
Новопавловск, Ставропольский край -> Novopavlovsk, Stavropol Krai
Новоржев, Псковская область -> Novorzhev, Pskov Oblast
Новороссийск, Краснодарский край -> Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai
Новосибирск, Новосибирская область -> Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Новосиль, Орловская область -> Novosil, Oryol Oblast
Новосокольники, Псковская область -> Novosokolniki, Pskov Oblast
Новотроицк, Оренбургская область -> Novotroitsk, Orenburg Oblast
Новоузенск, Саратовская область -> Novouzensk, Saratov Oblast
Новоульяновск, Ульяновская область -> Novoulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Новоуральск, Свердловская область -> Novouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Новохопёрск, Воронежская область -> Novokhopyorsk, Voronezh Oblast
Новочебоксарск, Чувашская Республика -> Novocheboksarsk, Chuvash Republic
Новочеркасск, Ростовская область -> Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast
Новошахтинск, Ростовская область -> Novoshakhtinsk, Rostov Oblast
Новый Оскол, Белгородская область -> Novy Oskol, Belgorod Oblast
Новый Уренгой, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Novy Urengoy, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Ногинск, Московская область -> Noginsk, Moscow Oblast
Нолинск, Кировская область -> Nolinsk, Kirov Oblast
Норильск, Красноярский край -> Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ноябрьск, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Noyabrsk, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Нурлат, Республика Татарстан -> Nurlat, Republic of Tatarstan
Нытва, Пермский край -> Nytva, Perm Krai
Нюрба, Республика Саха -> Nyurba, Sakha Republic
Нягань, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Nyagan, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Нязепетровск, Челябинская область -> Nyazepetrovsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Няндома, Архангельская область -> Nyandoma, Arkhangelsk Oblast

О
Облучье, Еврейская автономная область -> Obluchye, Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Обнинск, Калужская область -> Obninsk, Kaluga Oblast
Обоянь, Курская область -> Oboyan, Kursk Oblast
Обь, Новосибирская область -> Ob, Novosibirsk Oblast
Одинцово, Московская область -> Odintsovo, Moscow Oblast
Озёрск, Калининградская область -> Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Озёрск, Челябинская область -> Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Озёры, Московская область -> Ozyory, Moscow Oblast
Октябрьск, Самарская область -> Oktyabrsk, Samara Oblast
Октябрьский, Республика Башкортостан -> Oktyabrsky, Republic of Bashkortostan
Окуловка, Новгородская область -> Okulovka, Novgorod Oblast
Олёкминск, Республика Саха -> Olyokminsk, Sakha Republic
Оленегорск, Мурманская область -> Olenegorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Олонец, Республика Карелия -> Olonets, Republic of Karelia
Омск, Омская область -> Omsk, Omsk Oblast
Омутнинск, Кировская область -> Omutninsk, Kirov Oblast
Онега, Архангельская область -> Onega, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Опочка, Псковская область -> Opochka, Pskov Oblast
Орёл, Орловская область -> Oryol, Oryol Oblast
Оренбург, Оренбургская область -> Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast
Орехово-Зуево, Московская область -> Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Moscow Oblast
Орлов, Кировская область -> Orlov, Kirov Oblast
Орск, Оренбургская область -> Orsk, Orenburg Oblast
Оса, Пермский край -> Osa, Perm Krai
Осинники, Кемеровская область -> Osinniki, Kemerovo Oblast
Осташков, Тверская область -> Ostashkov, Tver Oblast
Остров, Псковская область -> Ostrov, Pskov Oblast
Островной, Мурманская область -> Ostrovnoy, Murmansk Oblast
Острогожск, Воронежская область -> Ostrogozhsk, Voronezh Oblast
Отрадное, Ленинградская область -> Otradnoye, Leningrad Oblast
Отрадный, Самарская область -> Otradny, Samara Oblast
Оха, Сахалинская область -> Okha, Sakhalin Oblast
Оханск, Пермский край -> Okhansk, Perm Krai
Очёр, Пермский край -> Ochyor, Perm Krai

П
Павлово, Нижегородская область -> Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Павловск, Воронежская область -> Pavlovsk, Voronezh Oblast
Павловский Посад, Московская область -> Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow Oblast
Палласовка, Волгоградская область -> Pallasovka, Volgograd Oblast
Партизанск, Приморский край -> Partizansk, Primorsky Krai
Певек, Чукотский автономный округ -> Pevek, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Пенза, Пензенская область -> Penza, Penza Oblast
Первомайск, Нижегородская область -> Pervomaysk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Первоуральск, Свердловская область -> Pervouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Перевоз, Нижегородская область -> Perevoz, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Пересвет, Московская область -> Peresvet, Moscow Oblast
Переславль-Залесский, Ярославская область -> Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yaroslavl Oblast
Пермь, Пермский край -> Perm, Perm Krai
Пестово, Новгородская область -> Pestovo, Novgorod Oblast
Петров Вал, Волгоградская область -> Petrov Val, Volgograd Oblast
Петровск, Саратовская область -> Petrovsk, Saratov Oblast
Петровск-Забайкальский, Забайкальский край -> Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky, Zabaykalsky Krai
Петрозаводск, Республика Карелия -> Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia
Петропавловск-Камчатский, Камчатский край -> Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Kamchatka Krai
Петухово, Курганская область -> Petukhovo, Kurgan Oblast
Петушки, Владимирская область -> Petushki, Vladimir Oblast
Печора, Республика Коми -> Pechora, Komi Republic
Печоры, Псковская область -> Pechory, Pskov Oblast
Пикалёво, Ленинградская область -> Pikalyovo, Leningrad Oblast
Пионерский, Калининградская область -> Pionersky, Kaliningrad Oblast
Питкяранта, Республика Карелия -> Pitkyaranta, Republic of Karelia
Плавск, Тульская область -> Plavsk, Tula Oblast
Пласт, Челябинская область -> Plast, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Плёс, Ивановская область -> Plyos, Ivanovo Oblast
Поворино, Воронежская область -> Povorino, Voronezh Oblast
Подольск, Московская область -> Podolsk, Moscow Oblast
Подпорожье, Ленинградская область -> Podporozhye, Leningrad Oblast
Покачи, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Pokachi, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Покров, Владимирская область -> Pokrov, Vladimir Oblast
Покровск, Республика Саха -> Pokrovsk, Sakha Republic
Полевской, Свердловская область -> Polevskoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Полесск, Калининградская область -> Polessk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Полысаево, Кемеровская область -> Polysayevo, Kemerovo Oblast
Полярные Зори, Мурманская область -> Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk Oblast
Полярный, Мурманская область -> Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast
Поронайск, Сахалинская область -> Poronaysk, Sakhalin Oblast
Порхов, Псковская область -> Porkhov, Pskov Oblast
Похвистнево, Самарская область -> Pokhvistnevo, Samara Oblast
Почеп, Брянская область -> Pochep, Bryansk Oblast
Починок, Смоленская область -> Pochinok, Pochinkovsky District, Smolensk Oblast
Пошехонье, Ярославская область -> Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl Oblast
Правдинск, Калининградская область -> Pravdinsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Приволжск, Ивановская область -> Privolzhsk, Ivanovo Oblast
Приморск, Калининградская область -> Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Приморск, Ленинградская область -> Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Приморско-Ахтарск, Краснодарский край -> Primorsko-Akhtarsk, Krasnodar Krai
Приозерск, Ленинградская область -> Priozersk, Leningrad Oblast
Прокопьевск, Кемеровская область -> Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Пролетарск, Ростовская область -> Proletarsk, Rostov Oblast
Протвино, Московская область -> Protvino, Moscow Oblast
Прохладный, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Prokhladny, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Псков, Псковская область -> Pskov, Pskov Oblast
Пугачёв, Саратовская область -> Pugachyov, Saratov Oblast
Пудож, Республика Карелия -> Pudozh, Republic of Karelia
Пустошка, Псковская область -> Pustoshka, Pskov Oblast
Пучеж, Ивановская область -> Puchezh, Ivanovo Oblast
Пушкино, Московская область -> Pushkino, Moscow Oblast
Пущино, Московская область -> Pushchino, Moscow Oblast
Пыталово, Псковская область -> Pytalovo, Pskov Oblast
Пыть-Ях, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Pyt-Yakh, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Пятигорск, Ставропольский край -> Pyatigorsk, Stavropol Krai

Р
Радужный, Владимирская область -> Raduzhny, Vladimir Oblast
Радужный, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Raduzhny, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Райчихинск, Амурская область -> Raychikhinsk, Amur Oblast
Раменское, Московская область -> Ramenskoye, Moscow Oblast
Рассказово, Тамбовская область -> Rasskazovo, Tambov Oblast
Ревда, Свердловская область -> Revda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Реж, Свердловская область -> Rezh, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Реутов, Московская область -> Reutov, Moscow Oblast
Ржев, Тверская область -> Rzhev, Tver Oblast
Родники, Ивановская область -> Rodniki, Ivanovo Oblast
Рославль, Смоленская область -> Roslavl, Smolensk Oblast
Россошь, Воронежская область -> Rossosh, Voronezh Oblast
Ростов-на-Дону, Ростовская область -> Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast
Ростов, Ярославская область -> Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast
Рошаль, Московская область -> Roshal, Moscow Oblast
Ртищево, Саратовская область -> Rtishchevo, Saratov Oblast
Рубцовск, Алтайский край -> Rubtsovsk, Altai Krai
Рудня, Смоленская область -> Rudnya, Smolensk Oblast
Руза, Московская область -> Ruza, Moscow Oblast
Рузаевка, Республика Мордовия -> Ruzayevka, Republic of Mordovia
Рыбинск, Ярославская область -> Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Oblast
Рыбное, Рязанская область -> Rybnoye, Ryazan Oblast
Рыльск, Курская область -> Rylsk, Kursk Oblast
Ряжск, Рязанская область -> Ryazhsk, Ryazan Oblast
Рязань, Рязанская область -> Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast

С
Саки, Республика Крым -> Republic of Crimea
Салават, Республика Башкортостан -> Salavat, Republic of Bashkortostan
Салаир, Кемеровская область -> Salair, Kemerovo Oblast
Салехард, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Salekhard, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Сальск, Ростовская область -> Salsk, Rostov Oblast
Самара, Самарская область -> Samara, Samara Oblast
Санкт-Петербург -> Saint Petersburg
Саранск, Республика Мордовия -> Saransk, Republic of Mordovia
Сарапул, Удмуртская Республика -> Sarapul, Udmurt Republic
Саратов, Саратовская область -> Saratov, Saratov Oblast
Саров, Нижегородская область -> Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Сасово, Рязанская область -> Sasovo, Ryazan Oblast
Сатка, Челябинская область -> Satka, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Сафоново, Смоленская область -> Safonovo, Smolensk Oblast
Саяногорск, Республика Хакасия -> Sayanogorsk, Republic of Khakassia
Саянск, Иркутская область -> Sayansk, Irkutsk Oblast
Светлогорск, Калининградская область -> Svetlogorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Светлоград, Ставропольский край -> Svetlograd, Stavropol Krai
Светлый, Калининградская область -> Svetly, Kaliningrad Oblast
Светогорск, Ленинградская область -> Svetogorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Свирск, Иркутская область -> Svirsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Свободный, Амурская область -> Svobodny, Amur Oblast
Себеж, Псковская область -> Sebezh, Pskov Oblast
Севастополь -> Sevastopol
Северо-Курильск, Сахалинская область -> Severo-Kurilsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Северобайкальск, Республика Бурятия -> Severobaykalsk, Republic of Buryatia
Северодвинск, Архангельская область -> Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Североморск, Мурманская область -> Severomorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Североуральск, Свердловская область -> Severouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Северск, Томская область -> Seversk, Tomsk Oblast
Севск, Брянская область -> Sevsk, Bryansk Oblast
Сегежа, Республика Карелия -> Segezha, Republic of Karelia
Сельцо, Брянская область -> Seltso, Bryansk Oblast
Семёнов, Нижегородская область -> Semyonov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Семикаракорск, Ростовская область -> Semikarakorsk, Rostov Oblast
Семилуки, Воронежская область -> Semiluki, Voronezh Oblast
Сенгилей, Ульяновская область -> Sengiley, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Серафимович, Волгоградская область -> Serafimovich, Volgograd Oblast
Сергач, Нижегородская область -> Sergach, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Сергиев Посад, Московская область -> Sergiyev Posad, Moscow Oblast
Сердобск, Пензенская область -> Serdobsk, Penza Oblast
Серов, Свердловская область -> Serov, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Серпухов, Московская область -> Serpukhov, Moscow Oblast
Сертолово, Ленинградская область -> Sertolovo, Leningrad Oblast
Сибай, Республика Башкортостан -> Sibay, Republic of Bashkortostan
Сим, Челябинская область -> Sim, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Симферополь, Республика Крым -> Simferopol, Republic of Crimea
Сковородино, Амурская область -> Skovorodino, Amur Oblast
Скопин, Рязанская область -> Skopin, Ryazan Oblast
Славгород, Алтайский край -> Slavgorod, Altai Krai
Славск, Калининградская область -> Slavsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Славянск-на-Кубани, Краснодарский край -> Slavyansk-na-Kubani, Krasnodar Krai
Сланцы, Ленинградская область -> Slantsy, Leningrad Oblast
Слободской, Кировская область -> Slobodskoy, Kirov Oblast
Слюдянка, Иркутская область -> Slyudyanka, Irkutsk Oblast
Смоленск, Смоленская область -> Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast
Снежинск, Челябинская область -> Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Снежногорск, Мурманская область -> Snezhnogorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Собинка, Владимирская область -> Sobinka, Vladimir Oblast
Советск, Калининградская область -> Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Советск, Кировская область -> Sovetsk, Kirov Oblast
Советск, Тульская область -> Sovetsk, Tula Oblast
Советская Гавань, Хабаровский край -> Sovetskaya Gavan, Khabarovsk Krai
Советский, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Sovetsky, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Сокол, Вологодская область -> Sokol, Vologda Oblast
Солигалич, Костромская область -> Soligalich, Kostroma Oblast
Соликамск, Пермский край -> Solikamsk, Perm Krai
Солнечногорск, Московская область -> Solnechnogorsk, Moscow Oblast
Соль-Илецк, Оренбургская область -> Sol-Iletsk, Orenburg Oblast
Сольвычегодск, Архангельская область -> Solvychegodsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Сольцы, Новгородская область -> Soltsy, Novgorod Oblast
Сорочинск, Оренбургская область -> Sorochinsk, Orenburg Oblast
Сорск, Республика Хакасия -> Sorsk, Republic of Khakassia
Сортавала, Республика Карелия -> Sortavala, Republic of Karelia
Сосенский, Калужская область -> Sosensky, Kaluga Oblast
Сосновка, Кировская область -> Sosnovka, Kirov Oblast
Сосновоборск, Красноярский край -> Sosnovoborsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Сосновый Бор, Ленинградская область -> Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Oblast
Сосногорск, Республика Коми -> Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic
Сочи, Краснодарский край -> Sochi, Krasnodar Krai
Спас-Деменск, Калужская область -> Spas-Demensk, Kaluga Oblast
Спас-Клепики, Рязанская область -> Spas-Klepiki, Ryazan Oblast
Спасск, Пензенская область -> Spassk, Penza Oblast
Спасск-Дальний, Приморский край -> Spassk-Dalny, Primorsky Krai
Спасск-Рязанский, Рязанская область -> Spassk-Ryazansky, Ryazan Oblast
Среднеколымск, Республика Саха -> Srednekolymsk, Sakha Republic
Среднеуральск, Свердловская область -> Sredneuralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Сретенск, Забайкальский край -> Sretensk, Zabaykalsky Krai
Ставрополь, Ставропольский край -> Stavropol, Stavropol Krai
Старая Купавна, Московская область -> Staraya Kupavna, Moscow Oblast
Старая Русса, Новгородская область -> Staraya Russa, Novgorod Oblast
Старица, Тверская область -> Staritsa, Tver Oblast
Стародуб, Брянская область -> Starodub, Bryansk Oblast
Старый Крым, Республика Крым -> Stary Krym, Republic of Crimea
Старый Оскол, Белгородская область -> Stary Oskol, Belgorod Oblast
Стерлитамак, Республика Башкортостан -> Sterlitamak, Republic of Bashkortostan
Стрежевой, Томская область -> Strezhevoy, Tomsk Oblast
Строитель, Белгородская область -> Stroitel, Belgorod Oblast
Струнино, Владимирская область -> Strunino, Vladimir Oblast
Ступино, Московская область -> Stupino, Moscow Oblast
Суворов, Тульская область -> Suvorov, Tula Oblast
Судак, Республика Крым -> Sudak, Republic of Crimea
Суджа, Курская область -> Sudzha, Kursk Oblast
Судогда, Владимирская область -> Sudogda, Vladimir Oblast
Суздаль, Владимирская область -> Suzdal, Vladimir Oblast
Суоярви, Республика Карелия -> Suoyarvi, Republic of Karelia
Сураж, Брянская область -> Surazh, Bryansk Oblast
Сургут, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Surgut, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Суровикино, Волгоградская область -> Surovikino, Volgograd Oblast
Сурск, Пензенская область -> Sursk, Penza Oblast
Сусуман, Магаданская область -> Susuman, Magadan Oblast
Сухиничи, Калужская область -> Sukhinichi, Kaluga Oblast
Сухой Лог, Свердловская область -> Sukhoy Log, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Сызрань, Самарская область -> Syzran, Samara Oblast
Сыктывкар, Республика Коми -> Syktyvkar, Komi Republic
Сысерть, Свердловская область -> Sysert, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Сычёвка, Смоленская область -> Sychyovka, Smolensk Oblast
Сясьстрой, Ленинградская область -> Syasstroy, Leningrad Oblast

Т
Тавда, Свердловская область -> Tavda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Таганрог, Ростовская область -> Taganrog, Rostov Oblast
Тайга, Кемеровская область -> Tayga, Kemerovo Oblast
Тайшет, Иркутская область -> Tayshet, Irkutsk Oblast
Талдом, Московская область -> Taldom, Moscow Oblast
Талица, Свердловская область -> Talitsa, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Тамбов, Тамбовская область -> Tambov, Tambov Oblast
Тара, Омская область -> Tara, Omsk Oblast
Тарко-Сале, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Tarko-Sale, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Таруса, Калужская область -> Tarusa, Kaluga Oblast
Татарск, Новосибирская область -> Tatarsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Таштагол, Кемеровская область -> Tashtagol, Kemerovo Oblast
Тверь, Тверская область -> Tver, Tver Oblast
Теберда, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Teberda, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Тейково, Ивановская область -> Teykovo, Ivanovo Oblast
Темников, Республика Мордовия -> Temnikov, Republic of Mordovia
Темрюк, Краснодарский край -> Temryuk, Krasnodar Krai
Терек, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Terek, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Тетюши, Республика Татарстан -> Tetyushi, Republic of Tatarstan
Тимашёвск, Краснодарский край -> Timashyovsk, Krasnodar Krai
Тихвин, Ленинградская область -> Tikhvin, Leningrad Oblast
Тихорецк, Краснодарский край -> Tikhoretsk, Krasnodar Krai
Тобольск, Тюменская область -> Tobolsk, Tyumen Oblast
Тогучин, Новосибирская область -> Toguchin, Novosibirsk Oblast
Тольятти, Самарская область -> Tolyatti, Samara Oblast
Томари, Сахалинская область -> Tomari, Sakhalin Oblast
Томмот, Республика Саха -> Tommot, Sakha Republic
Томск, Томская область -> Tomsk, Tomsk Oblast
Топки, Кемеровская область -> Topki, Kemerovo Oblast
Торжок, Тверская область -> Torzhok, Tver Oblast
Торопец, Тверская область -> Toropets, Tver Oblast
Тосно, Ленинградская область -> Tosno, Leningrad Oblast
Тотьма, Вологодская область -> Totma, Vologda Oblast
Трёхгорный, Челябинская область -> Tryokhgorny, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Троицк, Челябинская область -> Troitsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Трубчевск, Брянская область -> Trubchevsk, Bryansk Oblast
Туапсе, Краснодарский край -> Tuapse, Krasnodar Krai
Туймазы, Республика Башкортостан -> Tuymazy, Republic of Bashkortostan
Тула, Тульская область -> Tula, Tula Oblast
Тулун, Иркутская область -> Tulun, Irkutsk Oblast
Туран, Республика Тыва -> Turan, Tuva Republic
Туринск, Свердловская область -> Turinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Тутаев, Ярославская область -> Tutayev, Yaroslavl Oblast
Тында, Амурская область -> Tynda, Amur Oblast
Тырныауз, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Tyrnyauz, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Тюкалинск, Омская область -> Tyukalinsk, Omsk Oblast
Тюмень, Тюменская область -> Tyumen, Tyumen Oblast

У
Уварово, Тамбовская область -> Uvarovo, Tambov Oblast
Углегорск, Сахалинская область -> Uglegorsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Углич, Ярославская область -> Uglich, Yaroslavl Oblast
Удачный, Республика Саха -> Udachny, Sakha Republic
Удомля, Тверская область -> Udomlya, Tver Oblast
Ужур, Красноярский край -> Uzhur, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Узловая, Тульская область -> Uzlovaya, Tula Oblast
Улан-Удэ, Республика Бурятия -> Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia
Ульяновск, Ульяновская область -> Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Унеча, Брянская область -> Unecha, Bryansk Oblast
Урай, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Uray, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Урень, Нижегородская область -> Uren, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Уржум, Кировская область -> Urzhum, Kirov Oblast
Урус-Мартан, Чеченская Республика -> Urus-Martan
Урюпинск, Волгоградская область -> Uryupinsk, Volgograd Oblast
Усинск, Республика Коми -> Usinsk, Komi Republic
Усмань, Липецкая область -> Usman, Lipetsk Oblast
Усолье-Сибирское, Иркутская область -> Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk Oblast
Усолье, Пермский край -> Usolye, Perm Krai
Уссурийск, Приморский край -> Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai
Усть-Джегута, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Ust-Dzheguta, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Усть-Илимск, Иркутская область -> Ust-Ilimsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Усть-Катав, Челябинская область -> Ust-Katav, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Усть-Кут, Иркутская область -> Ust-Kut, Irkutsk Oblast
Усть-Лабинск, Краснодарский край -> Ust-Labinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Устюжна, Вологодская область -> Ustyuzhna, Vologda Oblast
Уфа, Республика Башкортостан -> Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan
Ухта, Республика Коми -> Ukhta, Komi Republic
Учалы, Республика Башкортостан -> Uchaly, Republic of Bashkortostan
Уяр, Красноярский край -> Uyar, Krasnoyarsk Krai

Ф
Фатеж, Курская область -> Fatezh, Kursk Oblast
Феодосия, Республика Крым -> Feodosia, Republic of Crimea
Фокино, Брянская область -> Fokino, Bryansk Oblast
Фокино, Приморский край -> Fokino, Primorsky Krai
Фролово, Волгоградская область -> Frolovo, Volgograd Oblast
Фрязино, Московская область -> Fryazino, Moscow Oblast
Фурманов, Ивановская область -> Furmanov, Ivanovo Oblast

Х,Ц
Хабаровск, Хабаровский край -> Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Krai
Хадыженск, Краснодарский край -> Khadyzhensk, Krasnodar Krai
Ханты-Мансийск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Khanty-Mansiysk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Харабали, Астраханская область -> Kharabali, Astrakhan Oblast
Харовск, Вологодская область -> Kharovsk, Vologda Oblast
Хасавюрт, Республика Дагестан -> Khasavyurt, Republic of Dagestan
Хвалынск, Саратовская область -> Khvalynsk, Saratov Oblast
Хилок, Забайкальский край -> Khilok, Zabaykalsky Krai
Химки, Московская область -> Khimki, Moscow Oblast
Холм, Новгородская область -> Kholm, Novgorod Oblast
Холмск, Сахалинская область -> Kholmsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Хотьково, Московская область -> Khotkovo, Moscow Oblast

Цивильск, Чувашская Республика -> Tsivilsk, Chuvash Republic
Цимлянск, Ростовская область -> Tsimlyansk, Rostov Oblast

Ч
Чадан, Республика Тыва -> Chadan, Tuva Republic
Чайковский, Пермский край -> Chaykovsky, Perm Krai
Чапаевск, Самарская область -> Chapayevsk, Samara Oblast
Чаплыгин, Липецкая область -> Chaplygin, Lipetsk Oblast
Чебаркуль, Челябинская область -> Chebarkul, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Чебоксары, Чувашская Республика -> Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic
Чегем, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Chegem, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Чекалин, Тульская область -> Chekalin, Tula Oblast
Челябинск, Челябинская область -> Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Чердынь, Пермский край -> Cherdyn, Perm Krai
Черемхово, Иркутская область -> Cheremkhovo, Irkutsk Oblast
Черепаново, Новосибирская область -> Cherepanovo, Novosibirsk Oblast
Череповец, Вологодская область -> Cherepovets, Vologda Oblast
Черкесск, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Чёрмоз, Пермский край -> Chyormoz, Perm Krai
Черноголовка, Московская область -> Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast
Черногорск, Республика Хакасия -> Chernogorsk, Republic of Khakassia
Чернушка, Пермский край -> Chernushka, Perm Krai
Черняховск, Калининградская область -> Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Чехов, Московская область -> Chekhov, Moscow Oblast
Чистополь, Республика Татарстан -> Chistopol, Republic of Tatarstan
Чита, Забайкальский край -> Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai
Чкаловск, Нижегородская область -> Chkalovsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Чудово, Новгородская область -> Chudovo, Novgorod Oblast
Чулым, Новосибирская область -> Chulym, Novosibirsk Oblast
Чусовой, Пермский край -> Chusovoy, Perm Krai
Чухлома, Костромская область -> Chukhloma, Kostroma Oblast

Ш
Шагонар, Республика Тыва -> Shagonar, Tuva Republic
Шадринск, Курганская область -> Shadrinsk, Kurgan Oblast
Шали, Чеченская Республика -> Shali, Chechen Republic
Шарыпово, Красноярский край -> Sharypovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Шарья, Костромская область -> Sharya, Kostroma Oblast
Шатура, Московская область -> Shatura, Moscow Oblast
Шахты, Ростовская область -> Shakhty, Rostov Oblast
Шахунья, Нижегородская область -> Shakhunya, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Шацк, Рязанская область -> Shatsk, Ryazan Oblast
Шебекино, Белгородская область -> Shebekino, Belgorod Oblast
Шелехов, Иркутская область -> Shelekhov, Irkutsk Oblast
Шенкурск, Архангельская область -> Shenkursk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Шилка, Забайкальский край -> Shilka, Zabaykalsky Krai
Шимановск, Амурская область -> Shimanovsk, Amur Oblast
Шиханы, Саратовская область -> Shikhany, Saratov Oblast
Шлиссельбург, Ленинградская область -> Shlisselburg, Leningrad Oblast
Шумерля, Чувашская Республика -> Shumerlya, Chuvash Republic
Шумиха, Курганская область -> Shumikha, Kurgan Oblast
Шуя, Ивановская область -> Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast

Щ
Щёкино, Тульская область -> Shchyokino, Tula Oblast
Щёлкино, Республика Крым -> Shchelkino, Republic of Crimea
Щёлково, Московская область -> Shchyolkovo, Moscow Oblast
Щигры, Курская область -> Shchigry, Kursk Oblast
Щучье, Курганская область -> Shchuchye, Kurgan Oblast

Э
Электрогорск, Московская область -> Elektrogorsk, Moscow Oblast
Электросталь, Московская область -> Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast
Электроугли, Московская область -> Elektrougli, Moscow Oblast
Элиста, Республика Калмыкия -> Elista, Republic of Kalmykia
Энгельс, Саратовская область -> Engels, Saratov Oblast
Эртиль, Воронежская область -> Ertil, Voronezh Oblast

Ю
Югорск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Yugorsk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Южа, Ивановская область -> Yuzha, Ivanovo Oblast
Южно-Сахалинск, Сахалинская область -> Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Южно-Сухокумск, Республика Дагестан -> Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk, Republic of Dagestan
Южноуральск, Челябинская область -> Yuzhnouralsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Юрга, Кемеровская область -> Yurga, Kemerovo Oblast
Юрьев-Польский, Владимирская область -> Yuryev-Polsky, Vladimir Oblast
Юрьевец, Ивановская область -> Yuryevets, Ivanovo Oblast
Юрюзань, Челябинская область -> Yuryuzan, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Юхнов, Калужская область -> Yukhnov, Kaluga Oblast

Я
Ядрин, Чувашская Республика -> Yadrin, Chuvash Republic
Якутск, Республика Саха -> Yakutsk, Sakha Republic
Ялта, Республика Крым -> Yalta, Republic of Crimea
Ялуторовск, Тюменская область -> Yalutorovsk, Tyumen Oblast
Янаул, Республика Башкортостан -> Yanaul, Republic of Bashkortostan
Яранск, Кировская область -> Yaransk, Kirov Oblast
Яровое, Алтайский край -> Yarovoye, Altai Krai
Ярославль, Ярославская область -> Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast
Ярцево, Смоленская область -> Yartsevo, Smolensk Oblast
Ясногорск, Тульская область -> Yasnogorsk, Tula Oblast
Ясный, Оренбургская область -> Yasny, Orenburg Oblast
Яхрома, Московская область -> Yakhroma, Moscow Oblast

Область/Край/Республика России на английском языке для визовой анкеты США

Адыгея | Республика Адыгея -> Republic of Adygea
Алтай | Республика Алтай -> Altai Republic
Алтайский край -> Altai Krai
Амурская область -> Amur Oblast
Архангельская область -> Arkhangelsk Oblast
Астраханская область -> Astrakhan Oblast
Башкортостан | Республика Башкортостан -> Republic of Bashkortostan
Белгородская область -> Belgorod Oblast
Брянская область -> Bryansk Oblast
Бурятия | Республика Бурятия -> Republic of Buryatia
Владимирская область -> Vladimir Oblast
Волгоградская область -> Volgograd Oblast
Вологодская область -> Vologda Oblast
Воронежская область -> Voronezh Oblast
Дагестан | Республика Дагестан -> Republic of Dagestan
Еврейская автономная область -> Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Забайкальский край -> Zabaykalsky Krai
Ивановская область -> Ivanovo Oblast
Ингушетия | Республика Ингушетия -> Republic of Ingushetia
Иркутская область -> Irkutsk Oblast
Кабардино-Балкария | Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Калининградская область -> Kaliningrad Oblast
Калмыкия | Республика Калмыкия -> Republic of Kalmykia
Калужская область -> Kaluga Oblast
Камчатский край -> Kamchatka Krai
Карачаево-Черкесия | Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Карелия | Республика Карелия -> Republic of Karelia
Кемеровская область -> Kemerovo Oblast
Кировская область -> Kirov Oblast
Коми | Республика Коми -> Komi Republic
Костромская область -> Kostroma Oblast
Краснодарский край -> Krasnodar Krai
Красноярский край -> Krasnoyarsk Krai
Крым | Республика Крым -> Republic of Crimea
Курганская область -> Kurgan Oblast
Курская область -> Kursk Oblast
Ленинградская область -> Leningrad Oblast
Липецкая область -> Lipetsk Oblast
Магаданская область -> Magadan Oblast
Марий Эл | Республика Марий Эл -> Mari El Republic
Мордовия | Республика Мордовия -> Republic of Mordovia
Московская область -> Moscow Oblast
Мурманская область -> Murmansk Oblast
Ненецкий автономный округ -> Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Нижегородская область -> Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Новгородская область -> Novgorod Oblast
Новосибирская область -> Novosibirsk Oblast
Омская область -> Omsk Oblast
Оренбургская область -> Orenburg Oblast
Орловская область -> Oryol Oblast
Пензенская область -> Penza Oblast
Пермский край -> Perm Krai
Приморский край -> Primorsky Krai
Псковская область -> Pskov Oblast
Ростовская область -> Rostov Oblast
Рязанская область -> Ryazan Oblast
Самарская область -> Samara Oblast
Саратовская область -> Saratov Oblast
Саха | Республика Саха (Якутия) -> Sakha Republic (Yakutia)
Сахалинская область -> Sakhalin Oblast
Свердловская область -> Sverdlovsk Oblast
Северная Осетия | Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Смоленская область -> Smolensk Oblast
Ставропольский край -> Stavropol Krai
Тамбовская область -> Tambov Oblast
Татарстан | Республика Татарстан -> Republic of Tatarstan
Тверская область -> Tver Oblast
Томская область -> Tomsk Oblast
Тульская область -> Tula Oblast
Тыва | Республика Тыва -> Tyva Republic
Тюменская область -> Tyumen Oblast
Удмуртия | Удмуртская Республика -> Udmurt Republic
Ульяновская область -> Ulyanovsk Oblast
Хабаровский край -> Khabarovsk Krai
Хакасия | Республика Хакасия -> Republic of Khakassia
Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Челябинская область -> Chelyabinsk Oblast
Чечня | Чеченская Республика -> Chechen Republic
Чувашия | Чувашская Республика -> Chuvash Republic
Чукотка | Чукотский автономный округ -> Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Ярославская область -> Yaroslavl Oblast