Mari El Republic |
|
---|---|
Republic |
|
Республика Марий Эл | |
Other transcription(s) | |
• Meadow Mari | Марий Эл Республик |
• Hill Mari | Мары Эл Республик |
Flag Coat of arms |
|
Anthem: «State Anthem of the Mari El Republic»[3] | |
Coordinates: 56°42′N 47°52′E / 56.700°N 47.867°ECoordinates: 56°42′N 47°52′E / 56.700°N 47.867°E | |
Country | Russia |
Federal district | Volga[1] |
Economic region | Volga-Vyatka[2] |
Capital | Yoshkar-Ola |
Government | |
• Body | State Assembly[4] |
• Head[4] | Yury Zaitsev[5] |
Area
[6] |
|
• Total | 23,200 km2 (9,000 sq mi) |
• Rank | 72nd |
Population
(2010 Census)[7] |
|
• Total | 696,459 |
• Estimate
(2018)[8] |
682,333 (−2%) |
• Rank | 65th |
• Density | 30/km2 (78/sq mi) |
• Urban | 63.1% |
• Rural | 36.9% |
Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK [9]) |
ISO 3166 code | RU-ME |
License plates | 12 |
OKTMO ID | 88000000 |
Official languages | Russian;[10] Mari (Meadow, Northwestern, and Hill variants)[11] |
Website | http://gov.mari.ru |
The Mari El Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Мари́й Эл, Respublika Mariy El; Meadow Mari: Марий Эл Республик; Hill Mari: Мары Эл Республик) is a republic of Russia. It is in the European Russia region of the country, along the northern bank of the Volga River, and is administratively part of the Volga Federal District. The republic has a population of 696,459 (2010 Census).[7] Yoshkar-Ola is the capital and the largest city.
Mari El is one of Russia’s ethnic republics, established for the indigenous Mari people, a Finnic nation who have traditionally lived along the Volga River and Kama River. The majority of the Republic’s population are ethnic Russians (47.4%) and Mari (43.9%), with minority populations of Tatars and Chuvash. The official languages are Russian and Mari. Mari El is bordered by Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to the west, Kirov Oblast to the north, Tatarstan Republic to the east, and Chuvashia Republic to the south.
Geography[edit]
The Republic is located in the eastern part of the East European Plain of Russia, along and mostly to the north of the Volga River. The swampy Mari Depression is in the west of the Republic, contrasted by more hilly landscapes in the east where the highest point of the Republic (at 278 meters (912 ft)[13]) is located. The Republic borders with Kirov Oblast in the north and east, the Republic of Tatarstan in the southeast and south, the Chuvash Republic in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in the west and north.[citation needed]
There are 476 rivers in the Republic, with the Volga and its tributaries being the major water arteries. Most rivers are considered to be minor—10–50 meters (33–164 ft) wide and 0.5–1.4 meters (1 ft 8 in – 4 ft 7 in) deep—and usually freeze between mid-November and mid-April. There are over 700 lakes and ponds; many located in the swampy areas and having areas of less than 1 square kilometer (0.39 sq mi) and depths between 1 and 3 meters (3 ft 3 in and 9 ft 10 in). Lake Yalchik, occupying 150 hectares (370 acres), is the largest by area, while Lake Tabashinskoye is the deepest. Swamps cover large areas—10–70 square kilometers (3.9–27.0 sq mi) and up to 100 square kilometers (39 sq mi)—and usually freeze in December. While swamps tend to be shallow, with an average depth of 0.5–1.5 meters (1 ft 8 in – 4 ft 11 in), they are impassable in fall and spring due to flooding.[citation needed]
Climate is moderately continental, with moderately cold and snowy winters and warm and often rainy summers. The average temperatures range from 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) in summer to −18 – −20 °C (0 – −4 °F) in winter. November is the windiest month of the year. Annual precipitation varies from 450 to 500 millimeters (18 to 20 in).
There are virtually no natural resources of industrial significance in the Republic. Other resources include peat, mineral waters, and limestone. About 50% of the Republic’s territory is forested, although the level of forestation varies significantly from one district to another.[citation needed]
History[edit]
Map of the Mari El Republic.
Ancient Mari tribes were known since the 5th century, though archaeologists suspect that the Mari culture is much older in its roots. Later their area was a tributary of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde. In the 1440s it was incorporated into the Khanate of Kazan and was occupied by the Tsardom of Russia (governed by Ivan the Terrible) after the fall of Kazan in 1552.
After the Russian Revolution, under the Bolshevik regime, the Mari Autonomous Oblast was established on 4 November 1920. It was re-organized into the Mari ASSR on 5 December 1936, at the same time as the enactment of the 1936 Soviet Constitution. In its present form, the Mari El Republic was formed on 22 December 1990. On 21 May 1998, Mari El alongside Amur, Ivanovo, Kostroma, and Voronezh Oblast signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.[14] This agreement was abolished on 31 December 2001.[15]
The name of the republic is based on the ethnic self-designation of its indigenous population – Марий, «Mari» (from мари, «man, husband»), and эл, «country, land».[16]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Politics[edit]
Building of the Government of Mari El.
The head of government in the Mari El Republic is the Head (formerly President). As of 2017, the Head was Alexander Yevstifeyev, who was appointed in April 2017.[17]
The government of Mari El has been pursuing Russification in recent years, with the former head of the republic, Leonid Markelov, ordering many Mari language newspapers to close.[citation needed] Many ethnic Mari activists live in fear of violence. The Mari activist and chief editor Vladimir Kozlov was badly beaten after he criticized Markelov’s government. Other Mari leaders have been subject to violence, legal persecution, and intimidation.[18]
The Mari people’s native religion, based on the worship of the forces of nature, has encountered hostility as well. Vitaly Tanakov was charged with inciting religious, national, social, and linguistic hatred after publishing the book The Priest Speaks.[19]
The International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and the Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG), in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation: The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El, found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people, and of «a broader trend of repression of dissidents in the republic».[20]
Demographics[edit]
Population: 696,459 (2010 Census);[7] 727,979 (2002 Census);[21] 749,386 (1989 Census).[22]
Vital statistics[edit]
- Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 686 | 10,505 | 6,364 | 4,141 | 15.3 | 9.3 | 6.0 | |
1975 | 695 | 11,816 | 7,190 | 4,626 | 17.0 | 10.3 | 6.7 | |
1980 | 710 | 13,169 | 8,091 | 5,078 | 18.5 | 11.4 | 7.2 | |
1985 | 728 | 14,198 | 8,529 | 5,669 | 19.5 | 11.7 | 7.8 | |
1990 | 755 | 11,953 | 7,775 | 4,178 | 15.8 | 10.3 | 5.5 | 2,16 |
1991 | 756 | 10,578 | 7,786 | 2,792 | 14.0 | 10.3 | 3.7 | 1,97 |
1992 | 758 | 9,227 | 8,330 | 897 | 12.2 | 11.0 | 1.2 | 1,76 |
1993 | 758 | 8,019 | 9,622 | — 1,603 | 10.6 | 12.7 | — 2.1 | 1,56 |
1994 | 758 | 7,851 | 10,788 | — 2,937 | 10.4 | 14.2 | — 3.9 | 1,53 |
1995 | 757 | 7,337 | 9,999 | — 2,662 | 9.7 | 13.2 | — 3.5 | 1,43 |
1996 | 755 | 6,952 | 9,495 | — 2,543 | 9.2 | 12.6 | — 3.4 | 1,35 |
1997 | 752 | 6,782 | 9,625 | — 2,843 | 9.0 | 12.8 | — 3.8 | 1,32 |
1998 | 749 | 6,657 | 9,623 | — 2,966 | 8.9 | 12.8 | — 4.0 | 1,29 |
1999 | 746 | 6,597 | 10,674 | — 4,077 | 8.8 | 14.3 | — 5.5 | 1,28 |
2000 | 741 | 6,784 | 11,040 | — 4,256 | 9.1 | 14.9 | — 5.7 | 1,30 |
2001 | 736 | 6,832 | 11,434 | — 4,602 | 9.3 | 15.5 | — 6.3 | 1,30 |
2002 | 729 | 7,300 | 12,105 | — 4,805 | 10.0 | 16.6 | — 6.6 | 1,38 |
2003 | 723 | 7,515 | 11,861 | — 4,346 | 10.4 | 16.4 | — 6.0 | 1,40 |
2004 | 718 | 7,715 | 12,098 | — 4,383 | 10.7 | 16.9 | — 6.1 | 1,40 |
2005 | 713 | 7,475 | 12,256 | — 4,781 | 10.5 | 17.2 | — 6.7 | 1,34 |
2006 | 708 | 7,550 | 11,286 | — 3,736 | 10.7 | 15.9 | — 5.3 | 1,32 |
2007 | 704 | 8,306 | 10,745 | — 2,439 | 11.8 | 15.3 | — 3.5 | 1,45 |
2008 | 701 | 8,620 | 10,699 | — 2,079 | 12.3 | 15.3 | — 3.0 | 1,50 |
2009 | 699 | 8,896 | 10,435 | — 1,539 | 12.7 | 14.9 | — 2.2 | 1,60 |
2010 | 696 | 8,857 | 10,572 | — 1,715 | 12.7 | 15.2 | — 2.5 | 1,59 |
2011 | 694 | 9,066 | 9,816 | — 750 | 13.0 | 14.1 | — 1.1 | 1,66 |
2012 | 691 | 9,834 | 9,449 | 385 | 14.2 | 13.7 | 0.5 | 1,83 |
2013 | 689 | 10,088 | 9,444 | 644 | 14.6 | 13.7 | 0.9 | 1,93 |
2014 | 688 | 10,081 | 9,411 | 670 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 1.0 | 1,98 |
2015 | 687 | 9,951 | 9,448 | 503 | 14.5 | 13.7 | 0.8 | 1,99 |
2016 | 685 | 9,567 | 9,025 | 542 | 13.9 | 13.2 | 0.7 | 1,98 |
2017 | 683 | 8,147 | 8,493 | -346 | 11.9 | 12.4 | -0.5 | 1,75 |
Note: Total fertility rate source.[23]
Ethnic groups[edit]
Though the Mari people have lived in the area for millennia, they did not have a designated territory before the Russian Revolution of 1917. According to the 2002 Census, only 51.7% of the Mari within Russia live in the Mari El Republic, while 17.5% live in the Republic of Bashkortostan (consisting of the Eastern Mari, who fled to Bashkorostan to escape religious persecution). During the last Soviet Census (1989), 4% of the Mari of the Soviet Union lived outside of Russia.
Since World War II, more ethnic Russians and Tatars have moved into the area. According to the 2010 Census,[7] Russians make up 47.4% of the republic’s population, while the ethnic Mari make up 43.9%. Other groups include Tatars (5.8%), Chuvash (0.9%), Ukrainians (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
Ethnic group |
1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census1 | 2021 Census | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Mari | 247,979 | 51.4% | 273,332 | 47.2% | 279,450 | 43.1% | 299,179 | 43.7% | 306,627 | 43.5% | 324,349 | 43.3% | 312,178 | 42.9% | 290,863 | 43.9% | 246,560 | 40.1% |
Russians | 210,016 | 43.6% | 266,951 | 46.1% | 309,514 | 47.8% | 320,825 | 46.9% | 334,561 | 47.5% | 355,973 | 47.5% | 345,513 | 47.5% | 313,947 | 47.4% | 322,932 | 52.5% |
Tatars | 20,219 | 4.2% | 27,149 | 4.7% | 38,821 | 6.0% | 40,279 | 5.9% | 40,917 | 5.8% | 43,850 | 5.9% | 43,377 | 6.0% | 38,357 | 5.8% | 29,317 | 4.8% |
Chuvash | 2,184 | 0.5% | 5,504 | 0.9% | 9,065 | 1.4% | 9,032 | 1.3% | 8,087 | 1.1% | 8,993 | 1.2% | 7,418 | 1.0% | 6,025 | 0.9% | 3,656 | 0.6% |
Others | 1,703 | 0.4% | 6,674 | 1.2% | 10,830 | 1.7% | 15,433 | 2.3% | 14,015 | 2.0% | 16,167 | 2.2% | 19,943 | 2.7% | 13,138 | 2.0% | 12,494 | 2.0% |
1 34,129 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[24] |
Religion[edit]
The religions with the most adherents in the republic are Russian Orthodoxy, the Mari native religion, the Old Believers, and Islam. The traditional Mari religion (Chimari yula) is still practised today by many Mari people and is the main religion of the Mari of Bashkortostan; also practised is a syncretism with Christianity. The Czars took drastic measures to force Christianity on the Mari, going so far as blowing up a holy mountain, and the persecution of the religion went on under the Soviet Union.
During the 1990s the religion was officially recognized by the State and began to revive. The Mari gather at around 520 holy groves where they offer animal and vegetable sacrifices, there are about 20 festivals yearly. Although traditional religion is one of Mari El’s three officially recognized religions (along with Orthodoxy and Islam) Mari religious practises have come under increasing pressure, according to human rights groups.[27]
Symbol used by adherents of the Mari Native Religion.
According to a 2012 survey,[25] 47.8% of the population of Mari El adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 6–15% adheres to the Mari native religion, 6% adheres to Islam, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Old Believers and 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without church affiliation or members of other Orthodox churches. In addition, 25% of the population is «spiritual but not religious», 6% is atheist and 4.2% follows other religions or did not answer the question.[25]
Education[edit]
The most important facilities of higher education are Mari State Technical University and Mari State University,[28] both located in Yoshkar-Ola. There are also more than 900 primary and secondary schools located throughout the republic.
For the past few years, the Mari El Republic has been participating in the national project «Education» («Oбразование»), which is designed to improve education throughout Russia by bringing new technology into the classroom, improving material conditions in schools, and providing financial awards to extraordinary students and teachers. Although the Mari language is officially a state language, Mari educators and administrators have been forced from their positions in recent years and Mari-language education has been defunded, according to the U.S. State Department,[29] the European Union, and others.[30]
Economy[edit]
The most developed industries are machine construction, metalworking, timber, woodworking, and food industries. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the capital Yoshkar-Ola, as well as in the towns of Kozmodemyansk, Volzhsk, and Zvenigovo.[citation needed]
The largest companies in the region include Mariysky Oil Refinery (revenues of $502.2 million in 2017), Mari Pulp and Paper Mill ($137.12 million), Shelanger Chemical Plant «Siver» ($14.52 million), Marbiopharm ($14.02 million).[31]
Transportation[edit]
Traveling cheaply and quickly to various towns and villages within the Republic is made possible through a network of fifteen train stations, fifty-three bus stations, and numerous marshrutkas. The republic is connected to different regions throughout Russia by daily trains to and from Moscow and Kazan, flights on one commercial airline from Yoshkar-Ola Airport, located near Yoshkar-Ola, and a port on the Volga River in Kozmodemyansk. There are also four other minor river ports in the republic. Regional automobile code is 12.[citation needed]
Communication[edit]
Telephony, Internet service, and cable television are provided by VolgaTelecom.[citation needed]
Culture[edit]
Mari people in Yoshkar-Ola
There are many museums located throughout the territory of the republic. The largest ones include the National Museum, the Museum of History, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Yoshkar-Ola; the Museum of Arts and History, the Ethnographic Open-Air Museum, and the Merchant Life Museum in Kozmodemyansk; and the Sheremetyev Castle Museum-reserve in Yurino. There are also museums dedicated to the poet Nikolay Mukhin and the composer Ivan Klyuchnikov-Palantay in Yoshkar-Ola and the house-museum of writer Sergei Chavayn in Chavaynur.
The National Art Museum of the Mari El Republic
Five theaters are located in Yoshkar-Ola with performances in both the Russian and Mari languages.
Notable people[edit]
- Valentin Kolumb, poet
- Shabdar Osyp, author
- Andrei Eshpai, composer, pianist
See also[edit]
- Mari National Rebirth Party «Ushem»
References[edit]
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: «Собрание законодательства РФ», No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ Constitution of the Mari El Republic, Article 16
- ^ a b Constitution, Article 6.2
- ^ «Полиглот, человек из бизнеса и жесткий руководитель: что еще известно о новом главе Марий Эл Юрии Зайцеве». www.kazan.kp.ru (in Russian). September 14, 2022.
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). «Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)». Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ «26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года». Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ «Об исчислении времени». Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ Constitution of the Mari El Republic, Article 15
- ^ Official website of the Mari El Republic. Ethnic and Historical Reference Archived August 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, mari.ru; accessed September 14, 2017. (in Russian)
- ^ =»SportTourism»>Спортивный туризм в Татарстане. По просторам Марий Эл. Справка о местности. (in Russian)
- ^ «Newsline — May 22, 1998 Yeltsin Signs More Power-Sharing Agreements with Regions». Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
- ^ Chuman, Mizuki. «The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia» (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146.
- ^ «Марийская республика — это… Что такое Марийская республика?». Словари и энциклопедии на Академике (in Russian). Retrieved December 19, 2021.
- ^ «Alexander Yevstifeyev appointed Acting Head of Mari El». Kremlin.ru. April 6, 2017.
- ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. «World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples — Russian Federation: Mari». Unhcr.org. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ Russia Moves to Ban Religious Rites of Indigenous Finno-Ugric People Mari Archived October 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ «Russian Federation: The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El : A Study of the Titular Nationality of One of Russia’s Ethnic Regions» (PDF). Mhg.ru. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ «Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики». Gks.ru. Archived from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ «ВПН-2010». Perepis-2010.ru. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ a b c «Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia». Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. «Ogonek», № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
- ^ «Russian Federation: Amnesty International launches annual report and second Memorandum to President Medvedev». Amnesty. May 20, 2009. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ «marsu.ru». marsu.ru. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ «Human Rights Reports». State.gov. January 20, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ Fuller, Liz. «Russia: Marii El Begins To Look Like Belarus On The Volga». Rferl.org. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО. СБИС (in Russian). Retrieved October 20, 2018.
Sources[edit]
- 24 июня 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №21-З от 31 июля 2014 г. «О поправке 59 к Конституции Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу 7 июля 1995 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: «Марийская правда», 7 июля 1995 г. (June 24, 1995 Constitution of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #21-Z of July 31, 2014 On Amendment 59 to the Constitution of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of July 7, 1995 (with the exception of several clauses).).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mari El.
- (in Russian) Old Official website of the Mari El Republic
- (in Russian) Official website of the Mari El Republic
- (in Russian) Industry in the Mari El Republic
- Mari El Republic nature views and sceneries
- A short Meadow Mari-English dictionary
- (in Russian) Meadow Mari-Russian-Japanese dictionary
- (in Russian) About nature in Mari EL republic
- Kimberli Mäkäräinen’s Meadow Mari Grammar
- (in Russian) Map of Mari El
Further reading[edit]
- Daniel Kalder. Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist
Mari El Republic |
|
---|---|
Republic |
|
Республика Марий Эл | |
Other transcription(s) | |
• Meadow Mari | Марий Эл Республик |
• Hill Mari | Мары Эл Республик |
Flag Coat of arms |
|
Anthem: «State Anthem of the Mari El Republic»[3] | |
Coordinates: 56°42′N 47°52′E / 56.700°N 47.867°ECoordinates: 56°42′N 47°52′E / 56.700°N 47.867°E | |
Country | Russia |
Federal district | Volga[1] |
Economic region | Volga-Vyatka[2] |
Capital | Yoshkar-Ola |
Government | |
• Body | State Assembly[4] |
• Head[4] | Yury Zaitsev[5] |
Area
[6] |
|
• Total | 23,200 km2 (9,000 sq mi) |
• Rank | 72nd |
Population
(2010 Census)[7] |
|
• Total | 696,459 |
• Estimate
(2018)[8] |
682,333 (−2%) |
• Rank | 65th |
• Density | 30/km2 (78/sq mi) |
• Urban | 63.1% |
• Rural | 36.9% |
Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK [9]) |
ISO 3166 code | RU-ME |
License plates | 12 |
OKTMO ID | 88000000 |
Official languages | Russian;[10] Mari (Meadow, Northwestern, and Hill variants)[11] |
Website | http://gov.mari.ru |
The Mari El Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Мари́й Эл, Respublika Mariy El; Meadow Mari: Марий Эл Республик; Hill Mari: Мары Эл Республик) is a republic of Russia. It is in the European Russia region of the country, along the northern bank of the Volga River, and is administratively part of the Volga Federal District. The republic has a population of 696,459 (2010 Census).[7] Yoshkar-Ola is the capital and the largest city.
Mari El is one of Russia’s ethnic republics, established for the indigenous Mari people, a Finnic nation who have traditionally lived along the Volga River and Kama River. The majority of the Republic’s population are ethnic Russians (47.4%) and Mari (43.9%), with minority populations of Tatars and Chuvash. The official languages are Russian and Mari. Mari El is bordered by Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to the west, Kirov Oblast to the north, Tatarstan Republic to the east, and Chuvashia Republic to the south.
Geography[edit]
The Republic is located in the eastern part of the East European Plain of Russia, along and mostly to the north of the Volga River. The swampy Mari Depression is in the west of the Republic, contrasted by more hilly landscapes in the east where the highest point of the Republic (at 278 meters (912 ft)[13]) is located. The Republic borders with Kirov Oblast in the north and east, the Republic of Tatarstan in the southeast and south, the Chuvash Republic in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in the west and north.[citation needed]
There are 476 rivers in the Republic, with the Volga and its tributaries being the major water arteries. Most rivers are considered to be minor—10–50 meters (33–164 ft) wide and 0.5–1.4 meters (1 ft 8 in – 4 ft 7 in) deep—and usually freeze between mid-November and mid-April. There are over 700 lakes and ponds; many located in the swampy areas and having areas of less than 1 square kilometer (0.39 sq mi) and depths between 1 and 3 meters (3 ft 3 in and 9 ft 10 in). Lake Yalchik, occupying 150 hectares (370 acres), is the largest by area, while Lake Tabashinskoye is the deepest. Swamps cover large areas—10–70 square kilometers (3.9–27.0 sq mi) and up to 100 square kilometers (39 sq mi)—and usually freeze in December. While swamps tend to be shallow, with an average depth of 0.5–1.5 meters (1 ft 8 in – 4 ft 11 in), they are impassable in fall and spring due to flooding.[citation needed]
Climate is moderately continental, with moderately cold and snowy winters and warm and often rainy summers. The average temperatures range from 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) in summer to −18 – −20 °C (0 – −4 °F) in winter. November is the windiest month of the year. Annual precipitation varies from 450 to 500 millimeters (18 to 20 in).
There are virtually no natural resources of industrial significance in the Republic. Other resources include peat, mineral waters, and limestone. About 50% of the Republic’s territory is forested, although the level of forestation varies significantly from one district to another.[citation needed]
History[edit]
Map of the Mari El Republic.
Ancient Mari tribes were known since the 5th century, though archaeologists suspect that the Mari culture is much older in its roots. Later their area was a tributary of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde. In the 1440s it was incorporated into the Khanate of Kazan and was occupied by the Tsardom of Russia (governed by Ivan the Terrible) after the fall of Kazan in 1552.
After the Russian Revolution, under the Bolshevik regime, the Mari Autonomous Oblast was established on 4 November 1920. It was re-organized into the Mari ASSR on 5 December 1936, at the same time as the enactment of the 1936 Soviet Constitution. In its present form, the Mari El Republic was formed on 22 December 1990. On 21 May 1998, Mari El alongside Amur, Ivanovo, Kostroma, and Voronezh Oblast signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.[14] This agreement was abolished on 31 December 2001.[15]
The name of the republic is based on the ethnic self-designation of its indigenous population – Марий, «Mari» (from мари, «man, husband»), and эл, «country, land».[16]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Politics[edit]
Building of the Government of Mari El.
The head of government in the Mari El Republic is the Head (formerly President). As of 2017, the Head was Alexander Yevstifeyev, who was appointed in April 2017.[17]
The government of Mari El has been pursuing Russification in recent years, with the former head of the republic, Leonid Markelov, ordering many Mari language newspapers to close.[citation needed] Many ethnic Mari activists live in fear of violence. The Mari activist and chief editor Vladimir Kozlov was badly beaten after he criticized Markelov’s government. Other Mari leaders have been subject to violence, legal persecution, and intimidation.[18]
The Mari people’s native religion, based on the worship of the forces of nature, has encountered hostility as well. Vitaly Tanakov was charged with inciting religious, national, social, and linguistic hatred after publishing the book The Priest Speaks.[19]
The International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and the Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG), in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation: The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El, found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people, and of «a broader trend of repression of dissidents in the republic».[20]
Demographics[edit]
Population: 696,459 (2010 Census);[7] 727,979 (2002 Census);[21] 749,386 (1989 Census).[22]
Vital statistics[edit]
- Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 686 | 10,505 | 6,364 | 4,141 | 15.3 | 9.3 | 6.0 | |
1975 | 695 | 11,816 | 7,190 | 4,626 | 17.0 | 10.3 | 6.7 | |
1980 | 710 | 13,169 | 8,091 | 5,078 | 18.5 | 11.4 | 7.2 | |
1985 | 728 | 14,198 | 8,529 | 5,669 | 19.5 | 11.7 | 7.8 | |
1990 | 755 | 11,953 | 7,775 | 4,178 | 15.8 | 10.3 | 5.5 | 2,16 |
1991 | 756 | 10,578 | 7,786 | 2,792 | 14.0 | 10.3 | 3.7 | 1,97 |
1992 | 758 | 9,227 | 8,330 | 897 | 12.2 | 11.0 | 1.2 | 1,76 |
1993 | 758 | 8,019 | 9,622 | — 1,603 | 10.6 | 12.7 | — 2.1 | 1,56 |
1994 | 758 | 7,851 | 10,788 | — 2,937 | 10.4 | 14.2 | — 3.9 | 1,53 |
1995 | 757 | 7,337 | 9,999 | — 2,662 | 9.7 | 13.2 | — 3.5 | 1,43 |
1996 | 755 | 6,952 | 9,495 | — 2,543 | 9.2 | 12.6 | — 3.4 | 1,35 |
1997 | 752 | 6,782 | 9,625 | — 2,843 | 9.0 | 12.8 | — 3.8 | 1,32 |
1998 | 749 | 6,657 | 9,623 | — 2,966 | 8.9 | 12.8 | — 4.0 | 1,29 |
1999 | 746 | 6,597 | 10,674 | — 4,077 | 8.8 | 14.3 | — 5.5 | 1,28 |
2000 | 741 | 6,784 | 11,040 | — 4,256 | 9.1 | 14.9 | — 5.7 | 1,30 |
2001 | 736 | 6,832 | 11,434 | — 4,602 | 9.3 | 15.5 | — 6.3 | 1,30 |
2002 | 729 | 7,300 | 12,105 | — 4,805 | 10.0 | 16.6 | — 6.6 | 1,38 |
2003 | 723 | 7,515 | 11,861 | — 4,346 | 10.4 | 16.4 | — 6.0 | 1,40 |
2004 | 718 | 7,715 | 12,098 | — 4,383 | 10.7 | 16.9 | — 6.1 | 1,40 |
2005 | 713 | 7,475 | 12,256 | — 4,781 | 10.5 | 17.2 | — 6.7 | 1,34 |
2006 | 708 | 7,550 | 11,286 | — 3,736 | 10.7 | 15.9 | — 5.3 | 1,32 |
2007 | 704 | 8,306 | 10,745 | — 2,439 | 11.8 | 15.3 | — 3.5 | 1,45 |
2008 | 701 | 8,620 | 10,699 | — 2,079 | 12.3 | 15.3 | — 3.0 | 1,50 |
2009 | 699 | 8,896 | 10,435 | — 1,539 | 12.7 | 14.9 | — 2.2 | 1,60 |
2010 | 696 | 8,857 | 10,572 | — 1,715 | 12.7 | 15.2 | — 2.5 | 1,59 |
2011 | 694 | 9,066 | 9,816 | — 750 | 13.0 | 14.1 | — 1.1 | 1,66 |
2012 | 691 | 9,834 | 9,449 | 385 | 14.2 | 13.7 | 0.5 | 1,83 |
2013 | 689 | 10,088 | 9,444 | 644 | 14.6 | 13.7 | 0.9 | 1,93 |
2014 | 688 | 10,081 | 9,411 | 670 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 1.0 | 1,98 |
2015 | 687 | 9,951 | 9,448 | 503 | 14.5 | 13.7 | 0.8 | 1,99 |
2016 | 685 | 9,567 | 9,025 | 542 | 13.9 | 13.2 | 0.7 | 1,98 |
2017 | 683 | 8,147 | 8,493 | -346 | 11.9 | 12.4 | -0.5 | 1,75 |
Note: Total fertility rate source.[23]
Ethnic groups[edit]
Though the Mari people have lived in the area for millennia, they did not have a designated territory before the Russian Revolution of 1917. According to the 2002 Census, only 51.7% of the Mari within Russia live in the Mari El Republic, while 17.5% live in the Republic of Bashkortostan (consisting of the Eastern Mari, who fled to Bashkorostan to escape religious persecution). During the last Soviet Census (1989), 4% of the Mari of the Soviet Union lived outside of Russia.
Since World War II, more ethnic Russians and Tatars have moved into the area. According to the 2010 Census,[7] Russians make up 47.4% of the republic’s population, while the ethnic Mari make up 43.9%. Other groups include Tatars (5.8%), Chuvash (0.9%), Ukrainians (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
Ethnic group |
1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census1 | 2021 Census | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Mari | 247,979 | 51.4% | 273,332 | 47.2% | 279,450 | 43.1% | 299,179 | 43.7% | 306,627 | 43.5% | 324,349 | 43.3% | 312,178 | 42.9% | 290,863 | 43.9% | 246,560 | 40.1% |
Russians | 210,016 | 43.6% | 266,951 | 46.1% | 309,514 | 47.8% | 320,825 | 46.9% | 334,561 | 47.5% | 355,973 | 47.5% | 345,513 | 47.5% | 313,947 | 47.4% | 322,932 | 52.5% |
Tatars | 20,219 | 4.2% | 27,149 | 4.7% | 38,821 | 6.0% | 40,279 | 5.9% | 40,917 | 5.8% | 43,850 | 5.9% | 43,377 | 6.0% | 38,357 | 5.8% | 29,317 | 4.8% |
Chuvash | 2,184 | 0.5% | 5,504 | 0.9% | 9,065 | 1.4% | 9,032 | 1.3% | 8,087 | 1.1% | 8,993 | 1.2% | 7,418 | 1.0% | 6,025 | 0.9% | 3,656 | 0.6% |
Others | 1,703 | 0.4% | 6,674 | 1.2% | 10,830 | 1.7% | 15,433 | 2.3% | 14,015 | 2.0% | 16,167 | 2.2% | 19,943 | 2.7% | 13,138 | 2.0% | 12,494 | 2.0% |
1 34,129 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[24] |
Religion[edit]
The religions with the most adherents in the republic are Russian Orthodoxy, the Mari native religion, the Old Believers, and Islam. The traditional Mari religion (Chimari yula) is still practised today by many Mari people and is the main religion of the Mari of Bashkortostan; also practised is a syncretism with Christianity. The Czars took drastic measures to force Christianity on the Mari, going so far as blowing up a holy mountain, and the persecution of the religion went on under the Soviet Union.
During the 1990s the religion was officially recognized by the State and began to revive. The Mari gather at around 520 holy groves where they offer animal and vegetable sacrifices, there are about 20 festivals yearly. Although traditional religion is one of Mari El’s three officially recognized religions (along with Orthodoxy and Islam) Mari religious practises have come under increasing pressure, according to human rights groups.[27]
Symbol used by adherents of the Mari Native Religion.
According to a 2012 survey,[25] 47.8% of the population of Mari El adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 6–15% adheres to the Mari native religion, 6% adheres to Islam, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Old Believers and 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without church affiliation or members of other Orthodox churches. In addition, 25% of the population is «spiritual but not religious», 6% is atheist and 4.2% follows other religions or did not answer the question.[25]
Education[edit]
The most important facilities of higher education are Mari State Technical University and Mari State University,[28] both located in Yoshkar-Ola. There are also more than 900 primary and secondary schools located throughout the republic.
For the past few years, the Mari El Republic has been participating in the national project «Education» («Oбразование»), which is designed to improve education throughout Russia by bringing new technology into the classroom, improving material conditions in schools, and providing financial awards to extraordinary students and teachers. Although the Mari language is officially a state language, Mari educators and administrators have been forced from their positions in recent years and Mari-language education has been defunded, according to the U.S. State Department,[29] the European Union, and others.[30]
Economy[edit]
The most developed industries are machine construction, metalworking, timber, woodworking, and food industries. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the capital Yoshkar-Ola, as well as in the towns of Kozmodemyansk, Volzhsk, and Zvenigovo.[citation needed]
The largest companies in the region include Mariysky Oil Refinery (revenues of $502.2 million in 2017), Mari Pulp and Paper Mill ($137.12 million), Shelanger Chemical Plant «Siver» ($14.52 million), Marbiopharm ($14.02 million).[31]
Transportation[edit]
Traveling cheaply and quickly to various towns and villages within the Republic is made possible through a network of fifteen train stations, fifty-three bus stations, and numerous marshrutkas. The republic is connected to different regions throughout Russia by daily trains to and from Moscow and Kazan, flights on one commercial airline from Yoshkar-Ola Airport, located near Yoshkar-Ola, and a port on the Volga River in Kozmodemyansk. There are also four other minor river ports in the republic. Regional automobile code is 12.[citation needed]
Communication[edit]
Telephony, Internet service, and cable television are provided by VolgaTelecom.[citation needed]
Culture[edit]
Mari people in Yoshkar-Ola
There are many museums located throughout the territory of the republic. The largest ones include the National Museum, the Museum of History, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Yoshkar-Ola; the Museum of Arts and History, the Ethnographic Open-Air Museum, and the Merchant Life Museum in Kozmodemyansk; and the Sheremetyev Castle Museum-reserve in Yurino. There are also museums dedicated to the poet Nikolay Mukhin and the composer Ivan Klyuchnikov-Palantay in Yoshkar-Ola and the house-museum of writer Sergei Chavayn in Chavaynur.
The National Art Museum of the Mari El Republic
Five theaters are located in Yoshkar-Ola with performances in both the Russian and Mari languages.
Notable people[edit]
- Valentin Kolumb, poet
- Shabdar Osyp, author
- Andrei Eshpai, composer, pianist
See also[edit]
- Mari National Rebirth Party «Ushem»
References[edit]
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: «Собрание законодательства РФ», No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ Constitution of the Mari El Republic, Article 16
- ^ a b Constitution, Article 6.2
- ^ «Полиглот, человек из бизнеса и жесткий руководитель: что еще известно о новом главе Марий Эл Юрии Зайцеве». www.kazan.kp.ru (in Russian). September 14, 2022.
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). «Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)». Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ «26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года». Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ «Об исчислении времени». Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ Constitution of the Mari El Republic, Article 15
- ^ Official website of the Mari El Republic. Ethnic and Historical Reference Archived August 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, mari.ru; accessed September 14, 2017. (in Russian)
- ^ =»SportTourism»>Спортивный туризм в Татарстане. По просторам Марий Эл. Справка о местности. (in Russian)
- ^ «Newsline — May 22, 1998 Yeltsin Signs More Power-Sharing Agreements with Regions». Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
- ^ Chuman, Mizuki. «The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia» (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146.
- ^ «Марийская республика — это… Что такое Марийская республика?». Словари и энциклопедии на Академике (in Russian). Retrieved December 19, 2021.
- ^ «Alexander Yevstifeyev appointed Acting Head of Mari El». Kremlin.ru. April 6, 2017.
- ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. «World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples — Russian Federation: Mari». Unhcr.org. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ Russia Moves to Ban Religious Rites of Indigenous Finno-Ugric People Mari Archived October 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ «Russian Federation: The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El : A Study of the Titular Nationality of One of Russia’s Ethnic Regions» (PDF). Mhg.ru. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ «Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики». Gks.ru. Archived from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ «ВПН-2010». Perepis-2010.ru. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ a b c «Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia». Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. «Ogonek», № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
- ^ «Russian Federation: Amnesty International launches annual report and second Memorandum to President Medvedev». Amnesty. May 20, 2009. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ «marsu.ru». marsu.ru. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ «Human Rights Reports». State.gov. January 20, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ Fuller, Liz. «Russia: Marii El Begins To Look Like Belarus On The Volga». Rferl.org. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО. СБИС (in Russian). Retrieved October 20, 2018.
Sources[edit]
- 24 июня 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №21-З от 31 июля 2014 г. «О поправке 59 к Конституции Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу 7 июля 1995 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: «Марийская правда», 7 июля 1995 г. (June 24, 1995 Constitution of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #21-Z of July 31, 2014 On Amendment 59 to the Constitution of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of July 7, 1995 (with the exception of several clauses).).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mari El.
- (in Russian) Old Official website of the Mari El Republic
- (in Russian) Official website of the Mari El Republic
- (in Russian) Industry in the Mari El Republic
- Mari El Republic nature views and sceneries
- A short Meadow Mari-English dictionary
- (in Russian) Meadow Mari-Russian-Japanese dictionary
- (in Russian) About nature in Mari EL republic
- Kimberli Mäkäräinen’s Meadow Mari Grammar
- (in Russian) Map of Mari El
Further reading[edit]
- Daniel Kalder. Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist
Mari El Republic |
|
---|---|
Republic |
|
Республика Марий Эл | |
Other transcription(s) | |
• Meadow Mari | Марий Эл Республик |
• Hill Mari | Мары Эл Республик |
Flag Coat of arms |
|
Anthem: «State Anthem of the Mari El Republic»[3] | |
Coordinates: 56°42′N 47°52′E / 56.700°N 47.867°ECoordinates: 56°42′N 47°52′E / 56.700°N 47.867°E | |
Country | Russia |
Federal district | Volga[1] |
Economic region | Volga-Vyatka[2] |
Capital | Yoshkar-Ola |
Government | |
• Body | State Assembly[4] |
• Head[4] | Yury Zaitsev[5] |
Area
[6] |
|
• Total | 23,200 km2 (9,000 sq mi) |
• Rank | 72nd |
Population
(2010 Census)[7] |
|
• Total | 696,459 |
• Estimate
(2018)[8] |
682,333 (−2%) |
• Rank | 65th |
• Density | 30/km2 (78/sq mi) |
• Urban | 63.1% |
• Rural | 36.9% |
Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK [9]) |
ISO 3166 code | RU-ME |
License plates | 12 |
OKTMO ID | 88000000 |
Official languages | Russian;[10] Mari (Meadow, Northwestern, and Hill variants)[11] |
Website | http://gov.mari.ru |
The Mari El Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Мари́й Эл, Respublika Mariy El; Meadow Mari: Марий Эл Республик; Hill Mari: Мары Эл Республик) is a republic of Russia. It is in the European Russia region of the country, along the northern bank of the Volga River, and is administratively part of the Volga Federal District. The republic has a population of 696,459 (2010 Census).[7] Yoshkar-Ola is the capital and the largest city.
Mari El is one of Russia’s ethnic republics, established for the indigenous Mari people, a Finnic nation who have traditionally lived along the Volga River and Kama River. The majority of the Republic’s population are ethnic Russians (47.4%) and Mari (43.9%), with minority populations of Tatars and Chuvash. The official languages are Russian and Mari. Mari El is bordered by Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to the west, Kirov Oblast to the north, Tatarstan Republic to the east, and Chuvashia Republic to the south.
Geography[edit]
The Republic is located in the eastern part of the East European Plain of Russia, along and mostly to the north of the Volga River. The swampy Mari Depression is in the west of the Republic, contrasted by more hilly landscapes in the east where the highest point of the Republic (at 278 meters (912 ft)[13]) is located. The Republic borders with Kirov Oblast in the north and east, the Republic of Tatarstan in the southeast and south, the Chuvash Republic in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in the west and north.[citation needed]
There are 476 rivers in the Republic, with the Volga and its tributaries being the major water arteries. Most rivers are considered to be minor—10–50 meters (33–164 ft) wide and 0.5–1.4 meters (1 ft 8 in – 4 ft 7 in) deep—and usually freeze between mid-November and mid-April. There are over 700 lakes and ponds; many located in the swampy areas and having areas of less than 1 square kilometer (0.39 sq mi) and depths between 1 and 3 meters (3 ft 3 in and 9 ft 10 in). Lake Yalchik, occupying 150 hectares (370 acres), is the largest by area, while Lake Tabashinskoye is the deepest. Swamps cover large areas—10–70 square kilometers (3.9–27.0 sq mi) and up to 100 square kilometers (39 sq mi)—and usually freeze in December. While swamps tend to be shallow, with an average depth of 0.5–1.5 meters (1 ft 8 in – 4 ft 11 in), they are impassable in fall and spring due to flooding.[citation needed]
Climate is moderately continental, with moderately cold and snowy winters and warm and often rainy summers. The average temperatures range from 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) in summer to −18 – −20 °C (0 – −4 °F) in winter. November is the windiest month of the year. Annual precipitation varies from 450 to 500 millimeters (18 to 20 in).
There are virtually no natural resources of industrial significance in the Republic. Other resources include peat, mineral waters, and limestone. About 50% of the Republic’s territory is forested, although the level of forestation varies significantly from one district to another.[citation needed]
History[edit]
Map of the Mari El Republic.
Ancient Mari tribes were known since the 5th century, though archaeologists suspect that the Mari culture is much older in its roots. Later their area was a tributary of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde. In the 1440s it was incorporated into the Khanate of Kazan and was occupied by the Tsardom of Russia (governed by Ivan the Terrible) after the fall of Kazan in 1552.
After the Russian Revolution, under the Bolshevik regime, the Mari Autonomous Oblast was established on 4 November 1920. It was re-organized into the Mari ASSR on 5 December 1936, at the same time as the enactment of the 1936 Soviet Constitution. In its present form, the Mari El Republic was formed on 22 December 1990. On 21 May 1998, Mari El alongside Amur, Ivanovo, Kostroma, and Voronezh Oblast signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.[14] This agreement was abolished on 31 December 2001.[15]
The name of the republic is based on the ethnic self-designation of its indigenous population – Марий, «Mari» (from мари, «man, husband»), and эл, «country, land».[16]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Politics[edit]
Building of the Government of Mari El.
The head of government in the Mari El Republic is the Head (formerly President). As of 2017, the Head was Alexander Yevstifeyev, who was appointed in April 2017.[17]
The government of Mari El has been pursuing Russification in recent years, with the former head of the republic, Leonid Markelov, ordering many Mari language newspapers to close.[citation needed] Many ethnic Mari activists live in fear of violence. The Mari activist and chief editor Vladimir Kozlov was badly beaten after he criticized Markelov’s government. Other Mari leaders have been subject to violence, legal persecution, and intimidation.[18]
The Mari people’s native religion, based on the worship of the forces of nature, has encountered hostility as well. Vitaly Tanakov was charged with inciting religious, national, social, and linguistic hatred after publishing the book The Priest Speaks.[19]
The International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and the Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG), in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation: The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El, found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people, and of «a broader trend of repression of dissidents in the republic».[20]
Demographics[edit]
Population: 696,459 (2010 Census);[7] 727,979 (2002 Census);[21] 749,386 (1989 Census).[22]
Vital statistics[edit]
- Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 686 | 10,505 | 6,364 | 4,141 | 15.3 | 9.3 | 6.0 | |
1975 | 695 | 11,816 | 7,190 | 4,626 | 17.0 | 10.3 | 6.7 | |
1980 | 710 | 13,169 | 8,091 | 5,078 | 18.5 | 11.4 | 7.2 | |
1985 | 728 | 14,198 | 8,529 | 5,669 | 19.5 | 11.7 | 7.8 | |
1990 | 755 | 11,953 | 7,775 | 4,178 | 15.8 | 10.3 | 5.5 | 2,16 |
1991 | 756 | 10,578 | 7,786 | 2,792 | 14.0 | 10.3 | 3.7 | 1,97 |
1992 | 758 | 9,227 | 8,330 | 897 | 12.2 | 11.0 | 1.2 | 1,76 |
1993 | 758 | 8,019 | 9,622 | — 1,603 | 10.6 | 12.7 | — 2.1 | 1,56 |
1994 | 758 | 7,851 | 10,788 | — 2,937 | 10.4 | 14.2 | — 3.9 | 1,53 |
1995 | 757 | 7,337 | 9,999 | — 2,662 | 9.7 | 13.2 | — 3.5 | 1,43 |
1996 | 755 | 6,952 | 9,495 | — 2,543 | 9.2 | 12.6 | — 3.4 | 1,35 |
1997 | 752 | 6,782 | 9,625 | — 2,843 | 9.0 | 12.8 | — 3.8 | 1,32 |
1998 | 749 | 6,657 | 9,623 | — 2,966 | 8.9 | 12.8 | — 4.0 | 1,29 |
1999 | 746 | 6,597 | 10,674 | — 4,077 | 8.8 | 14.3 | — 5.5 | 1,28 |
2000 | 741 | 6,784 | 11,040 | — 4,256 | 9.1 | 14.9 | — 5.7 | 1,30 |
2001 | 736 | 6,832 | 11,434 | — 4,602 | 9.3 | 15.5 | — 6.3 | 1,30 |
2002 | 729 | 7,300 | 12,105 | — 4,805 | 10.0 | 16.6 | — 6.6 | 1,38 |
2003 | 723 | 7,515 | 11,861 | — 4,346 | 10.4 | 16.4 | — 6.0 | 1,40 |
2004 | 718 | 7,715 | 12,098 | — 4,383 | 10.7 | 16.9 | — 6.1 | 1,40 |
2005 | 713 | 7,475 | 12,256 | — 4,781 | 10.5 | 17.2 | — 6.7 | 1,34 |
2006 | 708 | 7,550 | 11,286 | — 3,736 | 10.7 | 15.9 | — 5.3 | 1,32 |
2007 | 704 | 8,306 | 10,745 | — 2,439 | 11.8 | 15.3 | — 3.5 | 1,45 |
2008 | 701 | 8,620 | 10,699 | — 2,079 | 12.3 | 15.3 | — 3.0 | 1,50 |
2009 | 699 | 8,896 | 10,435 | — 1,539 | 12.7 | 14.9 | — 2.2 | 1,60 |
2010 | 696 | 8,857 | 10,572 | — 1,715 | 12.7 | 15.2 | — 2.5 | 1,59 |
2011 | 694 | 9,066 | 9,816 | — 750 | 13.0 | 14.1 | — 1.1 | 1,66 |
2012 | 691 | 9,834 | 9,449 | 385 | 14.2 | 13.7 | 0.5 | 1,83 |
2013 | 689 | 10,088 | 9,444 | 644 | 14.6 | 13.7 | 0.9 | 1,93 |
2014 | 688 | 10,081 | 9,411 | 670 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 1.0 | 1,98 |
2015 | 687 | 9,951 | 9,448 | 503 | 14.5 | 13.7 | 0.8 | 1,99 |
2016 | 685 | 9,567 | 9,025 | 542 | 13.9 | 13.2 | 0.7 | 1,98 |
2017 | 683 | 8,147 | 8,493 | -346 | 11.9 | 12.4 | -0.5 | 1,75 |
Note: Total fertility rate source.[23]
Ethnic groups[edit]
Though the Mari people have lived in the area for millennia, they did not have a designated territory before the Russian Revolution of 1917. According to the 2002 Census, only 51.7% of the Mari within Russia live in the Mari El Republic, while 17.5% live in the Republic of Bashkortostan (consisting of the Eastern Mari, who fled to Bashkorostan to escape religious persecution). During the last Soviet Census (1989), 4% of the Mari of the Soviet Union lived outside of Russia.
Since World War II, more ethnic Russians and Tatars have moved into the area. According to the 2010 Census,[7] Russians make up 47.4% of the republic’s population, while the ethnic Mari make up 43.9%. Other groups include Tatars (5.8%), Chuvash (0.9%), Ukrainians (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
Ethnic group |
1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census1 | 2021 Census | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Mari | 247,979 | 51.4% | 273,332 | 47.2% | 279,450 | 43.1% | 299,179 | 43.7% | 306,627 | 43.5% | 324,349 | 43.3% | 312,178 | 42.9% | 290,863 | 43.9% | 246,560 | 40.1% |
Russians | 210,016 | 43.6% | 266,951 | 46.1% | 309,514 | 47.8% | 320,825 | 46.9% | 334,561 | 47.5% | 355,973 | 47.5% | 345,513 | 47.5% | 313,947 | 47.4% | 322,932 | 52.5% |
Tatars | 20,219 | 4.2% | 27,149 | 4.7% | 38,821 | 6.0% | 40,279 | 5.9% | 40,917 | 5.8% | 43,850 | 5.9% | 43,377 | 6.0% | 38,357 | 5.8% | 29,317 | 4.8% |
Chuvash | 2,184 | 0.5% | 5,504 | 0.9% | 9,065 | 1.4% | 9,032 | 1.3% | 8,087 | 1.1% | 8,993 | 1.2% | 7,418 | 1.0% | 6,025 | 0.9% | 3,656 | 0.6% |
Others | 1,703 | 0.4% | 6,674 | 1.2% | 10,830 | 1.7% | 15,433 | 2.3% | 14,015 | 2.0% | 16,167 | 2.2% | 19,943 | 2.7% | 13,138 | 2.0% | 12,494 | 2.0% |
1 34,129 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[24] |
Religion[edit]
The religions with the most adherents in the republic are Russian Orthodoxy, the Mari native religion, the Old Believers, and Islam. The traditional Mari religion (Chimari yula) is still practised today by many Mari people and is the main religion of the Mari of Bashkortostan; also practised is a syncretism with Christianity. The Czars took drastic measures to force Christianity on the Mari, going so far as blowing up a holy mountain, and the persecution of the religion went on under the Soviet Union.
During the 1990s the religion was officially recognized by the State and began to revive. The Mari gather at around 520 holy groves where they offer animal and vegetable sacrifices, there are about 20 festivals yearly. Although traditional religion is one of Mari El’s three officially recognized religions (along with Orthodoxy and Islam) Mari religious practises have come under increasing pressure, according to human rights groups.[27]
Symbol used by adherents of the Mari Native Religion.
According to a 2012 survey,[25] 47.8% of the population of Mari El adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 6–15% adheres to the Mari native religion, 6% adheres to Islam, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Old Believers and 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without church affiliation or members of other Orthodox churches. In addition, 25% of the population is «spiritual but not religious», 6% is atheist and 4.2% follows other religions or did not answer the question.[25]
Education[edit]
The most important facilities of higher education are Mari State Technical University and Mari State University,[28] both located in Yoshkar-Ola. There are also more than 900 primary and secondary schools located throughout the republic.
For the past few years, the Mari El Republic has been participating in the national project «Education» («Oбразование»), which is designed to improve education throughout Russia by bringing new technology into the classroom, improving material conditions in schools, and providing financial awards to extraordinary students and teachers. Although the Mari language is officially a state language, Mari educators and administrators have been forced from their positions in recent years and Mari-language education has been defunded, according to the U.S. State Department,[29] the European Union, and others.[30]
Economy[edit]
The most developed industries are machine construction, metalworking, timber, woodworking, and food industries. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the capital Yoshkar-Ola, as well as in the towns of Kozmodemyansk, Volzhsk, and Zvenigovo.[citation needed]
The largest companies in the region include Mariysky Oil Refinery (revenues of $502.2 million in 2017), Mari Pulp and Paper Mill ($137.12 million), Shelanger Chemical Plant «Siver» ($14.52 million), Marbiopharm ($14.02 million).[31]
Transportation[edit]
Traveling cheaply and quickly to various towns and villages within the Republic is made possible through a network of fifteen train stations, fifty-three bus stations, and numerous marshrutkas. The republic is connected to different regions throughout Russia by daily trains to and from Moscow and Kazan, flights on one commercial airline from Yoshkar-Ola Airport, located near Yoshkar-Ola, and a port on the Volga River in Kozmodemyansk. There are also four other minor river ports in the republic. Regional automobile code is 12.[citation needed]
Communication[edit]
Telephony, Internet service, and cable television are provided by VolgaTelecom.[citation needed]
Culture[edit]
Mari people in Yoshkar-Ola
There are many museums located throughout the territory of the republic. The largest ones include the National Museum, the Museum of History, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Yoshkar-Ola; the Museum of Arts and History, the Ethnographic Open-Air Museum, and the Merchant Life Museum in Kozmodemyansk; and the Sheremetyev Castle Museum-reserve in Yurino. There are also museums dedicated to the poet Nikolay Mukhin and the composer Ivan Klyuchnikov-Palantay in Yoshkar-Ola and the house-museum of writer Sergei Chavayn in Chavaynur.
The National Art Museum of the Mari El Republic
Five theaters are located in Yoshkar-Ola with performances in both the Russian and Mari languages.
Notable people[edit]
- Valentin Kolumb, poet
- Shabdar Osyp, author
- Andrei Eshpai, composer, pianist
See also[edit]
- Mari National Rebirth Party «Ushem»
References[edit]
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: «Собрание законодательства РФ», No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ Constitution of the Mari El Republic, Article 16
- ^ a b Constitution, Article 6.2
- ^ «Полиглот, человек из бизнеса и жесткий руководитель: что еще известно о новом главе Марий Эл Юрии Зайцеве». www.kazan.kp.ru (in Russian). September 14, 2022.
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). «Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)». Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ «26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года». Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ «Об исчислении времени». Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ Constitution of the Mari El Republic, Article 15
- ^ Official website of the Mari El Republic. Ethnic and Historical Reference Archived August 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, mari.ru; accessed September 14, 2017. (in Russian)
- ^ =»SportTourism»>Спортивный туризм в Татарстане. По просторам Марий Эл. Справка о местности. (in Russian)
- ^ «Newsline — May 22, 1998 Yeltsin Signs More Power-Sharing Agreements with Regions». Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
- ^ Chuman, Mizuki. «The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia» (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146.
- ^ «Марийская республика — это… Что такое Марийская республика?». Словари и энциклопедии на Академике (in Russian). Retrieved December 19, 2021.
- ^ «Alexander Yevstifeyev appointed Acting Head of Mari El». Kremlin.ru. April 6, 2017.
- ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. «World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples — Russian Federation: Mari». Unhcr.org. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ Russia Moves to Ban Religious Rites of Indigenous Finno-Ugric People Mari Archived October 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ «Russian Federation: The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El : A Study of the Titular Nationality of One of Russia’s Ethnic Regions» (PDF). Mhg.ru. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ «Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики». Gks.ru. Archived from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ «ВПН-2010». Perepis-2010.ru. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ a b c «Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia». Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. «Ogonek», № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
- ^ «Russian Federation: Amnesty International launches annual report and second Memorandum to President Medvedev». Amnesty. May 20, 2009. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ «marsu.ru». marsu.ru. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ «Human Rights Reports». State.gov. January 20, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ Fuller, Liz. «Russia: Marii El Begins To Look Like Belarus On The Volga». Rferl.org. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
- ^ Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО. СБИС (in Russian). Retrieved October 20, 2018.
Sources[edit]
- 24 июня 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №21-З от 31 июля 2014 г. «О поправке 59 к Конституции Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу 7 июля 1995 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: «Марийская правда», 7 июля 1995 г. (June 24, 1995 Constitution of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #21-Z of July 31, 2014 On Amendment 59 to the Constitution of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of July 7, 1995 (with the exception of several clauses).).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mari El.
- (in Russian) Old Official website of the Mari El Republic
- (in Russian) Official website of the Mari El Republic
- (in Russian) Industry in the Mari El Republic
- Mari El Republic nature views and sceneries
- A short Meadow Mari-English dictionary
- (in Russian) Meadow Mari-Russian-Japanese dictionary
- (in Russian) About nature in Mari EL republic
- Kimberli Mäkäräinen’s Meadow Mari Grammar
- (in Russian) Map of Mari El
Further reading[edit]
- Daniel Kalder. Lost Cosmonaut: Observations of an Anti-tourist
Mari El history
The Finno-Ugric tribes inhabited the current territory of the western, northern and central Russia since prehistoric times. The archaeological sites dating back to the first millennium B.C. are preserved on the territory of Mari El.
Due to the fact that Mari written language (tishte) was used only for recording economic information and Tatar written sources were destroyed, almost all of the written information on the history of the Middle Volga is in Russian language.
Between the 5th and the 8th centuries, the ancestors of Mari interrelated with the Goths and later with the Khazars, the state of Volga Bulgaria, which was located on the territory of present Tatarstan and was destroyed by the Mongols headed by Batu in 1236.
More Historical Facts…
From the 9th century, Mari had contacts with the Slavic people of Kievan Rus who were moving eastwards and lived in the towns of Rostov, Galich, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Vladimir, and Nizhny Novgorod. These towns were built on the lands of the Western Mari who converted to Christianity and were assimilated with the Slavs. Mari who refused to accept Christianity moved further east. Cheremis (the former name of Mari) were first mentioned in the 10th century.
In the 13th-15th centuries, the territory inhabited by Mari was part of the Golden Horde and then the Kazan Khanate. In the 16th century, the area became a place of confrontation between the Russian state and the Kazan Khanate. In 1551, the territory of the highland Mari (on the right bank of the Volga River) came under the control of Moscow. In 1552, the Russian state captured Kazan and the Khazar Khanate ceased to exist. The lowland Mari began to pay tribute to Moscow too.
However, the entry into the Russian state was not peaceful and resulted in the so-called Cheremis wars, which lasted about 30 years. The wars ended after construction of towns-fortresses with military garrisons (Kozmodemyansk — in 1583, Tsarevokokshaisk (present Yoshkar-Ola) — in 1584, Yaransk and Sanchursk).
Forcible conversion to Christianity was the reason why a lot of Mari left their villages and went into the woods. During the reign of Peter the Great, Mari began to serve in the Russian army. At the same time, the research of this territory began, the first documents about the Mari language were created.
Mari lived under hard conditions and, in 1775, they joined Pugachev’s Rebellion. In 1872, a pedagogical school was opened in Kazan, which contributed to national revival of Mari. Prior to the revolutionary events of 1917, Mari had no autonomy and lived in Kazanskaya, Vyatskaya, Nizhegorodskaya, Ufimskaya, and Yekaterinburgskaya gubernias (provinces).
November 4, 1920, Mari autonomous oblast was formed. In the 1920s, two equal literary language variants were established: lowland and highland Mari languages. These years were remarkable for rapid development of national culture. However, in the 1930s, when the mass repression began, this process slowed down. Mari population became the minority in the republic and the Mari language was replaced by Russian. December 5, 1936, Mari autonomous oblast was reorganized into the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
During the Second World War, more than 130 thousand people were drafted into the Soviet army. Only about 56 thousand people returned. At that time, a number of industrial enterprises were transferred from Moscow, Leningrad, Odessa, and others cities to Mari El.
In the postwar period, new large enterprises of machine-building and tool-making were opened. In 1972, the first university in the republic was opened — Mari State University.
December 9, 1992, it became the Republic of Mari El. The name is derived from the ethnic name of indigenous population “Mari” (meaning “man, husband”) and “el” (meaning “country, region”).
In the 2000s, a lot of cultural facilities in Yoshkar-Ola (Tsarevokokshaisk Kremlin, embankment, Arkhangelskaya Sloboda, Sergei Chavain Boulevard, Victory Boulevard and others) were built and reconstructed.
Mari El Republic nature
The Volga River in Mari El Republic
Author: Alex Grachov
Winter in Mari El
Author: Alex Grachov
Mari El features
Mari El is located in the east of the East European Plain, in the middle reaches of the Volga River. Most of the territory of the republic is located on the left bank of the Volga. Gornomariysky district is situated on the right bank.
The climate is temperate continental with long cold winters and warm summers. The average temperature in summer is about plus 18-20 degrees Celsius, in winter — about minus 18-19 degrees Celsius.
The main natural resources are peat, clay, building stone, limestone, glass, silicate sands, mineral springs. Mari El is rich in lakes and coniferous forests. The main industries are machine-building and metal working, timber, wood processing, paper and pulp, light and food industries. Agriculture is presented by meat and milk producing, sheep, goat and pig breeding, poultry farming. Such crops barley, oats, rye, wheat and vegetables are grown.
Yoshkar-Ola, with the population of about 265,000 people, is the largest city of the region. Also there are two towns: Volzhsky (54,600) and Kozmodemyansk (20,500). The national composition according to the 2010 Census: Russians (45.1%), Mari (41.8%), Tatars (5.5%).
Today, only about 320,000 of Mari out of 670,000 live in the Republic of Mari El. National culture of the Mari region is rich and diverse. Mari El is connected by cultural and economic ties with other Finno-Ugric peoples of Hungary, Finland and the Baltic countries.
The transport network of the republic is presented by all modes of transport: river (the Volga and Vetluga rivers with piers in Zvenigovo, Volzhsk, Kozmodemyansk, Yurino, Kokshaysk), air (the airport in Yoshkar-Ola offering flights to Moscow), rail (regular trains to Moscow), highways to Kazan and Cheboksary.
Mari El attractions
The Republic of Mari El is one of the most environmentally friendly regions in the European part of Russia. There are a lot of beautiful clean lakes, rivers and forests. It is a popular destination for travelers and tourists who enjoy nature.
The Volga, the longest river in Europe, flows for 155 kilometers through the territory of Mari El. Kozmodemyansk, one of the oldest towns in the territory of the republic, stands on its banks. Kozmodemyansk museum complex includes:
- Art and History Museum named after A.V. Grigoriev;
- Ethnographic Open-Air Museum — an exhibition showing the life and culture of the mountain Mari;
- Museum of Ostap Bender — installations and everyday objects one way or another related to the events of Ilf and Petrov’s novels “12 chairs” and “The Golden Calf”;
- Merchant Life Museum — the interior (furniture, household items) of a merchant’s house.
On the banks of the Volga you can also find the famous Sheremetev Castle (1874-1915). This palace and park ensemble, an architectural monument of federal importance, is located in the village of Yurino.
Numerous lakes are one of the main natural resources of the Republic of Mari El. Many of them are surrounded by forests and very picturesque. Tourist park, sports camps, rest homes, and sanatoriums are located on their shores. Bolshaya Kokshaga Nature Reserve is known for its virgin forests and wildlife.
The National Park “Mari Chodra”, located on Klenovaya (“Maple”) Mount, in the valley of the Ilet River, is an interesting natural complex offering various opportunities for boating, fishing, horseback riding, and mushrooming.
On its territory you can find “Klenovaya Mountain” sanatorium, such popular tourist places as Zelenyy Klyuch source, the lakes of Yalchik, Mashiner, Glukhoye, Konaner, the rivers of Ilet, Yushut, Petyalka. The oldest oak tree in the republic known as the Pugachev’s Oak is situated here too. According to legend, E.I. Pugachev with his troops stayed the night in its shadow.
Tours with recreational activities include water routes along the rivers of Malaya and Bolshaya Kokshaga, Bolshoy Kundysh, Ilet, Nemda, Volga; hiking and horseback riding in the south-western, southern and north-eastern parts of the republic; cycling and skiing throughout the entire region. Pilgrimage tours to holy places (monasteries, churches, sacred springs) and cult groves are also popular.
В данной статье опубликован список городов России с переводом или транслитерацией, одобренной посольством США для анкеты DS-160 на неиммиграционную визу в США, формы DS-260 и других. Список правильного перевода городов других стран по ссылкам здесь: Украина, Казахстан, Беларусь.
Для удобства поиска нужного города, области, края, республики России — список городов отсортирован в алфавитном порядке. Либо можете воспользоваться поиском в браузере: нажмите одновременно на клавиатуре 2 клавиши «Ctrl и F», откроется окно с поиском, где указываете нужный город РФ для которого требуется найти перевод на английский язык для анкеты на визу в США или для американского посольства.
Города России на английском языке для анкеты на визу в США
Ниже список городов России по английски, как требуется указать в анкетах и формах на визу США, Грин Карту и прочих, например как правильно перевести и написать русский город для анкеты DS-160.
На заметку
Если собеседование планируется не в местном консульском отделе, а заграничном.. к примеру, не в посольстве США в Москве, а в посольстве США в Польше или ином консульском отделе США за пределами России, то в названии региона указываете «Region» вместо «Oblast | Republic | Krai».
Примеры,
Moscow Oblast -> Moscow Region
Krasnodar Krai -> Krasnodar Region
Republic of Tatarstan -> Tatarstan Region
А
Абаза, Республика Хакасия -> Abaza, Republic of Khakassia
Абакан, Республика Хакасия -> Abakan, Republic of Khakassia
Абдулино, Оренбургская область -> Abdulino, Orenburg Oblast
Абинск, Краснодарский край -> Abinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Агидель, Республика Башкортостан -> Agidel, Republic of Bashkortostan
Агрыз, Республика Татарстан -> Agryz, Republic of Tatarstan
Адыгейск, Республика Адыгея -> Adygeysk, Republic of Adygea
Азнакаево, Республика Татарстан -> Aznakayevo, Republic of Tatarstan
Азов, Ростовская область -> Azov, Rostov Oblast
Ак-Довурак, Республика Тыва -> Ak-Dovurak, Tuva Republic
Аксай, Ростовская область -> Aksay, Rostov Oblast
Алагир, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Alagir, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Алапаевск, Свердловская область -> Alapayevsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Алатырь, Чувашская Республика -> Alatyr, Chuvash Republic
Алдан, Республика Саха -> Aldan, Sakha Republic
Алейск, Алтайский край -> Aleysk, Altai Krai
Александров, Владимирская область -> Alexandrov, Vladimir Oblast
Александровск, Пермский край -> Alexandrovsk, Perm Krai
Александровск-Сахалинский, Сахалинская область -> Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Sakhalin Oblast
Алексеевка, Белгородская область -> Alexeyevka, Belgorod Oblast
Алексин, Тульская область -> Aleksin, Tula Oblast
Алзамай, Иркутская область -> Alzamay, Irkutsk Oblast
Алупка, Республика Крым -> Alupka, Republic of Crimea
Алушта, Республика Крым -> Alushta, Republic of Crimea
Альметьевск, Республика Татарстан -> Almetyevsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Амурск, Хабаровский край -> Amursk, Khabarovsk Krai
Анадырь, Чукотский автономный округ -> Anadyr, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Анапа, Краснодарский край -> Anapa, Krasnodar Krai
Ангарск, Иркутская область -> Angarsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Андреаполь, Тверская область -> Andreapol, Tver Oblast
Анжеро-Судженск, Кемеровская область -> Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Kemerovo Oblast
Анива, Сахалинская область -> Aniva, Sakhalin Oblast
Апатиты, Мурманская область -> Apatity, Murmansk Oblast
Апрелевка, Московская область -> Aprelevka, Moscow Oblast
Апшеронск, Краснодарский край -> Apsheronsk, Krasnodar Krai
Арамиль, Свердловская область -> Aramil, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Аргун, Чеченская Республика -> Argun, Chechen Republic
Ардатов, Республика Мордовия -> Ardatov, Republic of Mordovia
Ардон, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Ardon, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Арзамас, Нижегородская область -> Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Аркадак, Саратовская область -> Arkadak, Saratov Oblast
Армавир, Краснодарский край -> Armavir, Krasnodar Krai
Армянск, Республика Крым -> Armyansk, Republic of Crimea
Арсеньев, Приморский край -> Arsenyev, Primorsky Krai
Арск, Республика Татарстан -> Arsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Артём, Приморский край -> Artyom, Primorsky Krai
Артёмовск, Красноярский край -> Artyomovsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Артёмовский, Свердловская область -> Artyomovsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Архангельск, Архангельская область -> Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Асбест, Свердловская область -> Asbest, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Асино, Томская область -> Asino, Tomsk Oblast
Астрахань, Астраханская область -> Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast
Аткарск, Саратовская область -> Atkarsk, Saratov Oblast
Ахтубинск, Астраханская область -> Akhtubinsk, Astrakhan Oblast
Ачинск, Красноярский край -> Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Аша, Челябинская область -> Asha, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Б
Бабаево, Вологодская область -> Babayevo, Vologda Oblast
Бабушкин, Республика Бурятия -> Babushkin, Republic of Buryatia
Бавлы, Республика Татарстан -> Bavly, Republic of Tatarstan
Багратионовск, Калининградская область -> Bagrationovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Байкальск, Иркутская область -> Baykalsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Баймак, Республика Башкортостан -> Baymak, Republic of Bashkortostan
Бакал, Челябинская область -> Bakal, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Баксан, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Baksan, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Балабаново, Калужская область -> Balabanovo, Kaluga Oblast
Балаково, Саратовская область -> Balakovo, Saratov Oblast
Балахна, Нижегородская область -> Balakhna, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Балашиха, Московская область -> Balashikha, Moscow Oblast
Балашов, Саратовская область -> Balashov, Saratov Oblast
Балей, Забайкальский край -> Baley, Zabaykalsky Krai
Балтийск, Калининградская область -> Baltiysk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Барабинск, Новосибирская область -> Barabinsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Барнаул, Алтайский край -> Barnaul, Altai Krai
Барыш, Ульяновская область -> Barysh, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Батайск, Ростовская область -> Bataysk, Rostov Oblast
Бахчисарай, Республика Крым -> Bakhchysarai, Republic of Crimea
Бежецк, Тверская область -> Bezhetsk, Tver Oblast
Белая Калитва, Ростовская область -> Belaya Kalitva, Rostov Oblast
Белая Холуница, Кировская область -> Belaya Kholunitsa, Kirov Oblast
Белгород, Белгородская область -> Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast
Белебей, Республика Башкортостан -> Belebey, Republic of Bashkortostan
Белёв, Тульская область -> Belyov, Tula Oblast
Белинский, Пензенская область -> Belinsky, Penza Oblast
Белово, Кемеровская область -> Belovo, Kemerovo Oblast
Белогорск, Амурская область -> Belogorsk, Amur Oblast
Белогорск, Республика Крым -> Bilohirsk, Republic of Crimea
Белозерск, Вологодская область -> Belozersk, Vologda Oblast
Белокуриха, Алтайский край -> Belokurikha, Altai Krai
Беломорск, Республика Карелия -> Belomorsk, Republic of Karelia
Белорецк, Республика Башкортостан -> Beloretsk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Белореченск, Краснодарский край -> Belorechensk, Krasnodar Krai
Белоусово, Калужская область -> Belousovo, Kaluga Oblast
Белоярский, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Beloyarsky, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Белый, Тверская область -> Bely, Tver Oblast
Бердск, Новосибирская область -> Berdsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Березники, Пермский край -> Berezniki, Perm Krai
Берёзовский, Кемеровская область -> Beryozovsky, Kemerovo Oblast
Берёзовский, Свердловская область -> Beryozovsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Беслан, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Beslan, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Бийск, Алтайский край -> Biysk, Altai Krai
Бикин, Хабаровский край -> Bikin, Khabarovsk Krai
Билибино, Чукотский автономный округ -> Bilibino, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Биробиджан, Еврейская автономная область -> Birobidzhan, Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Бирск, Республика Башкортостан -> Birsk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Бирюсинск, Иркутская область -> Biryusinsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Бирюч, Белгородская область -> Biryuch, Belgorod Oblast
Благовещенск, Республика Башкортостан -> Blagoveshchensk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Благовещенск, Амурская область -> Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast
Благодарный, Ставропольский край -> Blagodarny, Stavropol Krai
Бобров, Воронежская область -> Bobrov, Voronezh Oblast
Богданович, Свердловская область -> Bogdanovich, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Богородицк, Тульская область -> Bogoroditsk, Tula Oblast
Богородск, Нижегородская область -> Bogorodsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Боготол, Красноярский край -> Bogotol, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Богучар, Воронежская область -> Boguchar, Voronezh Oblast
Бодайбо, Иркутская область -> Bodaybo, Irkutsk Oblast
Бокситогорск, Ленинградская область -> Boksitogorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Болгар, Республика Татарстан -> Bolgar, Republic of Tatarstan
Бологое, Тверская область -> Bologoye, Tver Oblast
Болотное, Новосибирская область -> Bolotnoye, Novosibirsk Oblast
Болохово, Тульская область -> Bolokhovo, Tula Oblast
Болхов, Орловская область -> Bolkhov, Oryol Oblast
Большой Камень, Приморский край -> Bolshoy Kamen, Primorsky Krai
Бор, Нижегородская область -> Bor, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Борзя, Забайкальский край -> Borzya, Zabaykalsky Krai
Борисоглебск, Воронежская область -> Borisoglebsk, Voronezh Oblast
Боровичи, Новгородская область -> Borovichi, Novgorod Oblast
Боровск, Калужская область -> Borovsk, Kaluga Oblast
Бородино, Красноярский край -> Borodino, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Братск, Иркутская область -> Bratsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Бронницы, Московская область -> Bronnitsy, Moscow Oblast
Брянск, Брянская область -> Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast
Бугульма, Республика Татарстан -> Bugulma, Republic of Tatarstan
Бугуруслан, Оренбургская область -> Buguruslan, Orenburg Oblast
Будённовск, Ставропольский край -> Budyonnovsk, Stavropol Krai
Бузулук, Оренбургская область -> Buzuluk, Orenburg Oblast
Буинск, Республика Татарстан -> Buinsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Буй, Костромская область -> Buy, Kostroma Oblast
Буйнакск, Республика Дагестан -> Buynaksk, Republic of Dagestan
Бутурлиновка, Воронежская область -> Buturlinovka, Voronezh Oblast
В
Валдай, Новгородская область -> Valday, Novgorod Oblast
Валуйки, Белгородская область -> Valuyki, Belgorod Oblast
Велиж, Смоленская область -> Velizh, Smolensk Oblast
Великие Луки, Псковская область -> Velikiye Luki, Pskov Oblast
Великий Новгород, Новгородская область -> Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast
Великий Устюг, Вологодская область -> Veliky Ustyug, Vologda Oblast
Вельск, Архангельская область -> Velsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Венёв, Тульская область -> Venyov, Tula Oblast
Верещагино, Пермский край -> Vereshchagino, Perm Krai
Верея, Московская область -> Vereya, Moscow Oblast
Верхнеуральск, Челябинская область -> Verkhneuralsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Верхний Тагил, Свердловская область -> Verkhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхний Уфалей, Челябинская область -> Verkhny Ufaley, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Верхняя Пышма, Свердловская область -> Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхняя Салда, Свердловская область -> Verkhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхняя Тура, Свердловская область -> Verkhnyaya Tura, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхотурье, Свердловская область -> Verkhoturye, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Верхоянск, Республика Саха -> Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic
Весьегонск, Тверская область -> Vesyegonsk, Tver Oblast
Ветлуга, Нижегородская область -> Vetluga, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Видное, Московская область -> Vidnoye, Moscow Oblast
Вилюйск, Республика Саха -> Vilyuysk, Sakha Republic
Вилючинск, Камчатский край -> Vilyuchinsk, Kamchatka Krai
Вихоревка, Иркутская область -> Vikhorevka, Irkutsk Oblast
Вичуга, Ивановская область -> Vichuga, Ivanovo Oblast
Владивосток, Приморский край -> Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai
Владикавказ, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Vladikavkaz, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Владимир, Владимирская область -> Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast
Волгоград, Волгоградская область -> Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast
Волгодонск, Ростовская область -> Volgodonsk, Rostov Oblast
Волгореченск, Костромская область -> Volgorechensk, Kostroma Oblast
Волжск, Республика Марий Эл -> Volzhsk, Mari El Republic
Волжский, Волгоградская область -> Volzhsky, Volgograd Oblast
Вологда, Вологодская область -> Vologda, Vologda Oblast
Володарск, Нижегородская область -> Volodarsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Волоколамск, Московская область -> Volokolamsk, Moscow Oblast
Волосово, Ленинградская область -> Volosovo, Leningrad Oblast
Волхов, Ленинградская область -> Volkhov, Leningrad Oblast
Волчанск, Свердловская область -> Volchansk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Вольск, Саратовская область -> Volsk, Saratov Oblast
Воркута, Республика Коми -> Vorkuta, Komi Republic
Воронеж, Воронежская область -> Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast
Ворсма, Нижегородская область -> Vorsma, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Воскресенск, Московская область -> Voskresensk, Moscow Oblast
Воткинск, Удмуртская Республика -> Votkinsk, Udmurt Republic
Всеволожск, Ленинградская область -> Vsevolozhsk, Leningrad Oblast
Вуктыл, Республика Коми -> Vuktyl, Komi Republic
Выборг, Ленинградская область -> Vyborg, Leningrad Oblast
Выкса, Нижегородская область -> Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Высоковск, Московская область -> Vysokovsk, Moscow Oblast
Высоцк, Ленинградская область -> Vysotsk, Leningrad Oblast
Вытегра, Вологодская область -> Vytegra, Vologda Oblast
Вышний Волочёк, Тверская область -> Vyshny Volochyok, Tver Oblast
Вяземский, Хабаровский край -> Vyazemsky, Khabarovsk Krai
Вязники, Владимирская область -> Vyazniki, Vladimir Oblast
Вязьма, Смоленская область -> Vyazma, Smolensk Oblast
Вятские Поляны, Кировская область -> Vyatskiye Polyany, Kirov Oblast
Г
Гаврилов Посад, Ивановская область -> Gavrilov Posad, Ivanovo Oblast
Гаврилов-Ям, Ярославская область -> Gavrilov-Yam, Yaroslavl Oblast
Гагарин, Смоленская область -> Gagarin, Smolensk Oblast
Гаджиево, Мурманская область -> Gadzhiyevo, Murmansk Oblast
Гай, Оренбургская область -> Gay, Orenburg Oblast
Галич, Костромская область -> Galich, Kostroma Oblast
Гатчина, Ленинградская область -> Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast
Гвардейск, Калининградская область -> Gvardeysk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Гдов, Псковская область -> Gdov, Pskov Oblast
Геленджик, Краснодарский край -> Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai
Георгиевск, Ставропольский край -> Georgiyevsk, Stavropol Krai
Глазов, Удмуртская Республика -> Glazov, Udmurt Republic
Голицыно, Московская область -> Golitsyno, Moscow Oblast
Горбатов, Нижегородская область -> Gorbatov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Горно-Алтайск, Республика Алтай -> Gorno-Altaysk, Altai Republic
Горнозаводск, Пермский край -> Gornozavodsk, Perm Krai
Горняк, Алтайский край -> Gornyak, Altai Krai
Городец, Нижегородская область -> Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Городище, Пензенская область -> Gorodishche, Penza Oblast
Городовиковск, Республика Калмыкия -> Gorodovikovsk, Republic of Kalmykia
Гороховец, Владимирская область -> Gorokhovets, Vladimir Oblast
Горячий Ключ, Краснодарский край -> Goryachy Klyuch, Krasnodar Krai
Грайворон, Белгородская область -> Grayvoron, Belgorod Oblast
Гремячинск, Пермский край -> Gremyachinsk, Perm Krai
Грозный, Чеченская Республика -> Grozny, Chechen Republic
Грязи, Липецкая область -> Gryazi, Lipetsk Oblast
Грязовец, Вологодская область -> Gryazovets, Vologda Oblast
Губаха, Пермский край -> Gubakha, Perm Krai
Губкин, Белгородская область -> Gubkin, Belgorod Oblast
Губкинский, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Gubkinsky, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Гудермес, Чеченская Республика -> Gudermes, Chechen Republic
Гуково, Ростовская область -> Gukovo, Rostov Oblast
Гулькевичи, Краснодарский край -> Gulkevichi, Krasnodar Krai
Гурьевск, Калининградская область -> Guryevsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Гурьевск, Кемеровская область -> Guryevsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Гусев, Калининградская область -> Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast
Гусиноозёрск, Республика Бурятия -> Gusinoozyorsk, Republic of Buryatia
Гусь-Хрустальный, Владимирская область -> Gus-Khrustalny, Vladimir Oblast
Д
Давлеканово, Республика Башкортостан -> Davlekanovo, Republic of Bashkortostan
Дагестанские Огни, Республика Дагестан -> Dagestanskiye Ogni, Republic of Dagestan
Далматово, Курганская область -> Dalmatovo, Kurgan Oblast
Дальнегорск, Приморский край -> Dalnegorsk, Primorsky Krai
Дальнереченск, Приморский край -> Dalnerechensk, Primorsky Krai
Данилов, Ярославская область -> Danilov, Yaroslavl Oblast
Данков, Липецкая область -> Dankov, Lipetsk Oblast
Дегтярск, Свердловская область -> Degtyarsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Дедовск, Московская область -> Dedovsk, Moscow Oblast
Демидов, Смоленская область -> Demidov, Smolensk Oblast
Дербент, Республика Дагестан -> Derbent, Republic of Dagestan
Десногорск, Смоленская область -> Desnogorsk, Smolensk Oblast
Джанкой, Республика Крым -> Dzhankoy, Republic of Crimea
Дзержинск, Нижегородская область -> Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Дзержинский, Московская область -> Dzerzhinsky, Moscow Oblast
Дивногорск, Красноярский край -> Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Дигора, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Digora, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Димитровград, Ульяновская область -> Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Дмитриев, Курская область -> Dmitriyev, Kursk Oblast
Дмитров, Московская область -> Dmitrov, Moscow Oblast
Дмитровск, Орловская область -> Dmitrovsk, Oryol Oblast
Дно, Псковская область -> Dno, Pskov Oblast
Добрянка, Пермский край -> Dobryanka, Perm Krai
Долгопрудный, Московская область -> Dolgoprudny, Moscow Oblast
Долинск, Сахалинская область -> Dolinsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Домодедово, Московская область -> Domodedovo, Moscow Oblast
Донецк, Ростовская область -> Donetsk, Rostov Oblast
Донской, Тульская область -> Donskoy, Tula Oblast
Дорогобуж, Смоленская область -> Dorogobuzh, Smolensk Oblast
Дрезна, Московская область -> Drezna, Moscow Oblast
Дубна, Московская область -> Dubna, Moscow Oblast
Дубовка, Волгоградская область -> Dubovka, Volgograd Oblast
Дудинка, Красноярский край -> Dudinka, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Духовщина, Смоленская область -> Dukhovshchina, Smolensk Oblast
Дюртюли, Республика Башкортостан -> Dyurtyuli, Republic of Bashkortostan
Дятьково, Брянская область -> Dyatkovo, Bryansk Oblast
Е
Евпатория, Республика Крым -> Yevpatoria, Republic of Crimea
Егорьевск, Московская область -> Yegoryevsk, Moscow Oblast
Ейск, Краснодарский край -> Yeysk, Krasnodar Krai
Екатеринбург, Свердловская область -> Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Елабуга, Республика Татарстан -> Yelabuga, Republic of Tatarstan
Елец, Липецкая область -> Yelets, Lipetsk Oblast
Елизово, Камчатский край -> Yelizovo, Kamchatka Krai
Ельня, Смоленская область -> Yelnya, Smolensk Oblast
Еманжелинск, Челябинская область -> Yemanzhelinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Емва, Республика Коми -> Yemva, Komi Republic
Енисейск, Красноярский край -> Yeniseysk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ермолино, Калужская область -> Yermolino, Kaluga Oblast
Ершов, Саратовская область -> Yershov, Saratov Oblast
Ессентуки, Ставропольский край -> Yessentuki, Stavropol Krai
Ефремов, Тульская область -> Yefremov, Tula Oblast
Ж
Железноводск, Ставропольский край -> Zheleznovodsk, Stavropol Krai
Железногорск, Красноярский край -> Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Железногорск, Курская область -> Zheleznogorsk, Kursk Oblast
Железногорск-Илимский, Иркутская область -> Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky, Irkutsk Oblast
Жердевка, Тамбовская область -> Zherdevka, Tambov Oblast
Жигулёвск, Самарская область -> Zhigulyovsk, Samara Oblast
Жиздра, Калужская область -> Zhizdra, Kaluga Oblast
Жирновск, Волгоградская область -> Zhirnovsk, Volgograd Oblast
Жуков, Калужская область -> Zhukov, Kaluga Oblast
Жуковка, Брянская область -> Zhukovka, Bryansk Oblast
Жуковский, Московская область -> Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast
З
Завитинск, Амурская область -> Zavitinsk, Amur Oblast
Заводоуковск, Тюменская область -> Zavodoukovsk, Tyumen Oblast
Заволжск, Ивановская область -> Zavolzhsk, Ivanovo Oblast
Заволжье, Нижегородская область -> Zavolzhye, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Задонск, Липецкая область -> Zadonsk, Lipetsk Oblast
Заинск, Республика Татарстан -> Zainsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Закаменск, Республика Бурятия -> Zakamensk, Republic of Buryatia
Заозёрный, Красноярский край -> Zaozyorny, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Заозёрск, Мурманская область -> Zaozyorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Западная Двина, Тверская область -> Zapadnaya Dvina, Tver Oblast
Заполярный, Мурманская область -> Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast
Зарайск, Московская область -> Zaraysk, Moscow Oblast
Заречный, Пензенская область -> Zarechny, Penza Oblast
Заречный, Свердловская область -> Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Заринск, Алтайский край -> Zarinsk, Altai Krai
Звенигово, Республика Марий Эл -> Zvenigovo, Mari El Republic
Звенигород, Московская область -> Zvenigorod, Moscow Oblast
Зверево, Ростовская область -> Zverevo, Rostov Oblast
Зеленогорск, Красноярский край -> Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Зеленоградск, Калининградская область -> Zelenogradsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Зеленодольск, Республика Татарстан -> Zelenodolsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Зеленокумск, Ставропольский край -> Zelenokumsk, Stavropol Krai
Зерноград, Ростовская область -> Zernograd, Rostov Oblast
Зея, Амурская область -> Zeya, Amur Oblast
Зима, Иркутская область -> Zima, Irkutsk Oblast
Златоуст, Челябинская область -> Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Злынка, Брянская область -> Zlynka, Bryansk Oblast
Змеиногорск, Алтайский край -> Zmeinogorsk, Altai Krai
Знаменск, Астраханская область -> Znamensk, Astrakhan Oblast
Зубцов, Тверская область -> Zubtsov, Tver Oblast
Зуевка, Кировская область -> Zuyevka, Kirov Oblast
И,Й
Ивангород, Ленинградская область -> Ivangorod, Leningrad Oblast
Иваново, Ивановская область -> Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
Ивантеевка, Московская область -> Ivanteyevka, Moscow Oblast
Ивдель, Свердловская область -> Ivdel, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Игарка, Красноярский край -> Igarka, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ижевск, Удмуртская Республика -> Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic
Избербаш, Республика Дагестан -> Izberbash, Republic of Dagestan
Изобильный, Ставропольский край -> Izobilny, Stavropol Krai
Иланский, Красноярский край -> Ilansky, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Инза, Ульяновская область -> Inza, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Инкерман, Севастополь -> Inkerman, Sevastopol (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Иннополис, Республика Татарстан -> Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan
Инсар, Республика Мордовия -> Insar, Republic of Mordovia
Инта, Республика Коми -> Inta, Komi Republic
Ипатово, Ставропольский край -> Ipatovo, Stavropol Krai
Ирбит, Свердловская область -> Irbit, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Иркутск, Иркутская область -> Irkutsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Исилькуль, Омская область -> Isilkul, Omsk Oblast
Искитим, Новосибирская область -> Iskitim, Novosibirsk Oblast
Истра, Московская область -> Istra, Moscow Oblast
Ишим, Тюменская область -> Ishim, Tyumen Oblast
Ишимбай, Республика Башкортостан -> Ishimbay, Republic of Bashkortostan
Йошкар-Ола, Республика Марий Эл -> Mari El, Mari El Republic
К
Кадников, Вологодская область -> Kadnikov, Vologda Oblast
Казань, Республика Татарстан -> Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan
Калач, Воронежская область -> Kalach, Voronezh Oblast
Калач-на-Дону, Волгоградская область -> Kalach-na-Donu, Volgograd Oblast
Калачинск, Омская область -> Kalachinsk, Omsk Oblast
Калининград, Калининградская область -> Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast
Калининск, Саратовская область -> Kalininsk, Saratov Oblast
Калтан, Кемеровская область -> Kaltan, Kemerovo Oblast
Калуга, Калужская область -> Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast
Калязин, Тверская область -> Kalyazin, Tver Oblast
Камбарка, Удмуртская Республика -> Kambarka, Udmurt Republic
Каменка, Пензенская область -> Kamenka, Penza Oblast
Каменногорск, Ленинградская область -> Kamennogorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Каменск-Уральский, Свердловская область -> Kamensk-Uralsky, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Каменск-Шахтинский, Ростовская область -> Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, Rostov Oblast
Камень-на-Оби, Алтайский край -> Kamen-na-Obi, Altai Krai
Камешково, Владимирская область -> Kameshkovo, Vladimir Oblast
Камызяк, Астраханская область -> Kamyzyak, Astrakhan Oblast
Камышин, Волгоградская область -> Kamyshin, Volgograd Oblast
Камышлов, Свердловская область -> Kamyshlov, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Канаш, Чувашская Республика -> Kanash, Chuvash Republic
Кандалакша, Мурманская область -> Kandalaksha, Murmansk Oblast
Канск, Красноярский край -> Kansk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Карабаново, Владимирская область -> Karabanovo, Vladimir Oblast
Карабаш, Челябинская область -> Karabash, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Карабулак, Республика Ингушетия -> Karabulak, Republic of Ingushetia
Карасук, Новосибирская область -> Karasuk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Карачаевск, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Karachayevsk, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Карачев, Брянская область -> Karachev, Bryansk Oblast
Каргат, Новосибирская область -> Kargat, Novosibirsk Oblast
Каргополь, Архангельская область -> Kargopol, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Карпинск, Свердловская область -> Karpinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Карталы, Челябинская область -> Kartaly, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Касимов, Рязанская область -> Kasimov, Ryazan Oblast
Касли, Челябинская область -> Kasli, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Каспийск, Республика Дагестан -> Kaspiysk, Republic of Dagestan
Катав-Ивановск, Челябинская область -> Katav-Ivanovsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Катайск, Курганская область -> Kataysk, Kurgan Oblast
Качканар, Свердловская область -> Kachkanar, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Кашин, Тверская область -> Kashin, Tver Oblast
Кашира, Московская область -> Kashira, Moscow Oblast
Кедровый, Томская область -> Kedrovy, Tomsk Oblast
Кемерово, Кемеровская область -> Kemerovo, Kemerovo Oblast
Кемь, Республика Карелия -> Kem, Republic of Karelia
Керчь, Республика Крым -> Kerch, Republic of Crimea (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Кизел, Пермский край -> Kizel, Perm Krai
Кизилюрт, Республика Дагестан -> Kizilyurt, Republic of Dagestan
Кизляр, Республика Дагестан -> Kizlyar, Republic of Dagestan
Кимовск, Тульская область -> Kimovsk, Tula Oblast
Кимры, Тверская область -> Kimry, Tver Oblast
Кингисепп, Ленинградская область -> Kingisepp, Leningrad Oblast
Кинель, Самарская область -> Kinel, Samara Oblast
Кинешма, Ивановская область -> Kineshma, Ivanovo Oblast
Киреевск, Тульская область -> Kireyevsk, Tula Oblast
Киренск, Иркутская область -> Kirensk, Irkutsk Oblast
Киржач, Владимирская область -> Kirzhach, Vladimir Oblast
Кириллов, Вологодская область -> Kirillov, Vologda Oblast
Кириши, Ленинградская область -> Kirishi, Leningrad Oblast
Киров, Калужская область -> Kirov, Kaluga Oblast
Киров, Кировская область -> Kirov, Kirov Oblast
Кировград, Свердловская область -> Kirovgrad, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Кирово-Чепецк, Кировская область -> Kirovo-Chepetsk, Kirov Oblast
Кировск, Ленинградская область -> Kirovsk, Leningrad Oblast
Кировск, Мурманская область -> Kirovsk, Murmansk Oblast
Кирс, Кировская область -> Kirs, Kirov Oblast
Кирсанов, Тамбовская область -> Kirsanov, Tambov Oblast
Киселёвск, Кемеровская область -> Kiselyovsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Кисловодск, Ставропольский край -> Kislovodsk, Stavropol Krai
Клин, Московская область -> Klin, Moscow Oblast
Клинцы, Брянская область -> Klintsy, Bryansk Oblast
Княгинино, Нижегородская область -> Knyaginino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Ковдор, Мурманская область -> Kovdor, Murmansk Oblast
Ковров, Владимирская область -> Kovrov, Vladimir Oblast
Ковылкино, Республика Мордовия -> Kovylkino, Republic of Mordovia
Когалым, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Kogalym, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Кодинск, Красноярский край -> Kodinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Козельск, Калужская область -> Kozelsk, Kaluga Oblast
Козловка, Чувашская Республика -> Kozlovka, Chuvash Republic
Козьмодемьянск, Республика Марий Эл -> Kozmodemyansk, Mari El Republic
Кола, Мурманская область -> Kola, Murmansk Oblast
Кологрив, Костромская область -> Kologriv, Kostroma Oblast
Коломна, Московская область -> Kolomna, Moscow Oblast
Колпашево, Томская область -> Kolpashevo, Tomsk Oblast
Кольчугино, Владимирская область -> Kolchugino, Vladimir Oblast
Коммунар, Ленинградская область -> Kommunar, Leningrad Oblast
Комсомольск, Ивановская область -> Komsomolsk, Ivanovo Oblast
Комсомольск-на-Амуре, Хабаровский край -> Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai
Конаково, Тверская область -> Konakovo, Tver Oblast
Кондопога, Республика Карелия -> Kondopoga, Republic of Karelia
Кондрово, Калужская область -> Kondrovo, Kaluga Oblast
Константиновск, Ростовская область -> Konstantinovsk, Rostov Oblast
Копейск, Челябинская область -> Kopeysk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Кораблино, Рязанская область -> Korablino, Ryazan Oblast
Кореновск, Краснодарский край -> Korenovsk, Krasnodar Krai
Коркино, Челябинская область -> Korkino, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Королёв, Московская область -> Korolev, Moscow Oblast
Короча, Белгородская область -> Korocha, Belgorod Oblast
Корсаков, Сахалинская область -> Korsakov, Sakhalin Oblast
Коряжма, Архангельская область -> Koryazhma, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Костерёво, Владимирская область -> Kosteryovo, Vladimir Oblast
Костомукша, Республика Карелия -> Kostomuksha, Republic of Karelia
Кострома, Костромская область -> Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
Котельники, Московская область -> Kotelniki, Moscow Oblast
Котельниково, Волгоградская область -> Kotelnikovo, Volgograd Oblast
Котельнич, Кировская область -> Kotelnich, Kirov Oblast
Котлас, Архангельская область -> Kotlas, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Котово, Волгоградская область -> Kotovo, Volgograd Oblast
Котовск, Тамбовская область -> Kotovsk, Tambov Oblast
Кохма, Ивановская область -> Kokhma, Ivanovo Oblast
Красавино, Вологодская область -> Krasavino, Vologda Oblast
Красноармейск, Московская область -> Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow Oblast
Красноармейск, Саратовская область -> Krasnoarmeysk, Saratov Oblast
Красновишерск, Пермский край -> Krasnovishersk, Perm Krai
Красногорск, Московская область -> Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast
Краснодар, Краснодарский край -> Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai
Краснозаводск, Московская область -> Krasnozavodsk, Moscow Oblast
Краснознаменск, Калининградская область -> Krasnoznamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Краснознаменск, Московская область -> Krasnoznamensk, Moscow Oblast
Краснокаменск, Забайкальский край -> Krasnokamensk, Zabaykalsky Krai
Краснокамск, Пермский край -> Krasnokamsk, Perm Krai
Красноперекопск, Республика Крым -> Krasnoperekopsk, Republic of Crimea (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Краснослободск, Волгоградская область -> Krasnoslobodsk, Volgograd Oblast
Краснослободск, Республика Мордовия -> Krasnoslobodsk, Republic of Mordovia
Краснотурьинск, Свердловская область -> Krasnoturyinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Красноуральск, Свердловская область -> Krasnouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Красноуфимск, Свердловская область -> Krasnoufimsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Красноярск, Красноярский край -> Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Красный Кут, Саратовская область -> Krasny Kut, Saratov Oblast
Красный Сулин, Ростовская область -> Krasny Sulin, Rostov Oblast
Красный Холм, Тверская область -> Krasny Kholm, Tver Oblast
Кремёнки, Калужская область -> Kremyonki, Kaluga Oblast
Кропоткин, Краснодарский край -> Kropotkin, Krasnodar Krai
Крым, Республика Крым -> Crimea, Republic of Crimea (для посольства США — страна Украина)
Крымск, Краснодарский край -> Krymsk, Krasnodar Krai
Кстово, Нижегородская область -> Kstovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Кубинка, Московская область -> Kubinka, Moscow Oblast
Кувандык, Оренбургская область -> Kuvandyk, Orenburg Oblast
Кувшиново, Тверская область -> Kuvshinovo, Tver Oblast
Кудымкар, Пермский край -> Kudymkar, Perm Krai
Кузнецк, Пензенская область -> Kuznetsk, Penza Oblast
Куйбышев, Новосибирская область -> Kuybyshev, Novosibirsk Oblast
Кулебаки, Нижегородская область -> Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Кумертау, Республика Башкортостан -> Kumertau, Republic of Bashkortostan
Кунгур, Пермский край -> Kungur, Perm Krai
Купино, Новосибирская область -> Kupino, Novosibirsk Oblast
Курган, Курганская область -> Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast
Курганинск, Краснодарский край -> Kurganinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Курильск, Сахалинская область -> Kurilsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Курлово, Владимирская область -> Kurlovo, Vladimir Oblast
Куровское, Московская область -> Kurovskoye, Moscow Oblast
Курск, Курская область -> Kursk, Kursk Oblast
Куртамыш, Курганская область -> Kurtamysh, Kurgan Oblast
Курчатов, Курская область -> Kurchatov, Kursk Oblast
Куса, Челябинская область -> Kusa, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Кушва, Свердловская область -> Kushva, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Кызыл, Республика Тыва -> Kyzyl, Tyva Republic
Кыштым, Челябинская область -> Kyshtym, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Кяхта, Республика Бурятия -> Kyakhta, Republic of Buryatia
Л
Лабинск, Краснодарский край -> Labinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Лабытнанги, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Labytnangi, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Лагань, Республика Калмыкия -> Lagan, Republic of Kalmykia
Ладушкин, Калининградская область -> Ladushkin, Kaliningrad Oblast
Лаишево, Республика Татарстан -> Laishevo, Republic of Tatarstan
Лакинск, Владимирская область -> Lakinsk, Vladimir Oblast
Лангепас, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Langepas, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Лахденпохья, Республика Карелия -> Lakhdenpokhya, Republic of Karelia
Лебедянь, Липецкая область -> Lebedyan, Lipetsk Oblast
Лениногорск, Республика Татарстан -> Leninogorsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Ленинск, Волгоградская область -> Leninsk, Volgograd Oblast
Ленинск-Кузнецкий, Кемеровская область -> Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Kemerovo Oblast
Ленск, Республика Саха -> Lensk, Sakha Republic
Лермонтов, Ставропольский край -> Lermontov, Stavropol Krai
Лесной, Свердловская область -> Lesnoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Лесозаводск, Приморский край -> Lesozavodsk, Primorsky Krai
Лесосибирск, Красноярский край -> Lesosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ливны, Орловская область -> Livny, Oryol Oblast
Липецк, Липецкая область -> Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast
Ликино-Дулёво, Московская область -> Likino-Dulyovo, Moscow Oblast
Липки, Тульская область -> Lipki, Tula Oblast
Лиски, Воронежская область -> Liski, Voronezh Oblast
Лихославль, Тверская область -> Likhoslavl, Tver Oblast
Лобня, Московская область -> Lobnya, Moscow Oblast
Лодейное Поле, Ленинградская область -> Lodeynoye Pole, Leningrad Oblast
Лосино-Петровский, Московская область -> Losino-Petrovsky, Moscow Oblast
Луга, Ленинградская область -> Luga, Leningrad Oblast
Луза, Кировская область -> Luza, Kirov Oblast
Лукоянов, Нижегородская область -> Lukoyanov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Луховицы, Московская область -> Lukhovitsy, Moscow Oblast
Лысково, Нижегородская область -> Lyskovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Лысьва, Пермский край -> Lysva, Perm Krai
Лыткарино, Московская область -> Lytkarino, Moscow Oblast
Льгов, Курская область -> Lgov, Kursk Oblast
Любань, Ленинградская область -> Lyuban, Leningrad Oblast
Люберцы, Московская область -> Lyubertsy, Moscow Oblast
Любим, Ярославская область -> Lyubim, Yaroslavl Oblast
Людиново, Калужская область -> Lyudinovo, Kaluga Oblast
Лянтор, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Lyantor, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
М
Магадан, Магаданская область -> Magadan, Magadan Oblast
Магас, Республика Ингушетия -> Magas, Republic of Ingushetia
Магнитогорск, Челябинская область -> Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Майкоп, Республика Адыгея -> Maykop, Republic of Adygea
Майский, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Maysky, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Макаров, Сахалинская область -> Makarov, Sakhalin Oblast
Макарьев, Костромская область -> Makaryev, Kostroma Oblast
Макушино, Курганская область -> Makushino, Kurgan Oblast
Малая Вишера, Новгородская область -> Malaya Vishera, Novgorod Oblast
Малгобек, Республика Ингушетия -> Malgobek, Republic of Ingushetia
Малмыж, Кировская область -> Malmyzh, Kirov Oblast
Малоархангельск, Орловская область -> Maloarkhangelsk, Oryol Oblast
Малоярославец, Калужская область -> Maloyaroslavets, Kaluga Oblast
Мамадыш, Республика Татарстан -> Mamadysh, Republic of Tatarstan
Мамоново, Калининградская область -> Mamonovo, Kaliningrad Oblast
Мантурово, Костромская область -> Manturovo, Kostroma Oblast
Мариинск, Кемеровская область -> Mariinsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Мариинский Посад, Чувашская Республика -> Mariinsky Posad, Chuvash Republic
Маркс, Саратовская область -> Marks, Saratov Oblast
Махачкала, Республика Дагестан -> Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan
Мглин, Брянская область -> Mglin, Bryansk Oblast
Мегион, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Megion, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Медвежьегорск, Республика Карелия -> Medvezhyegorsk, Republic of Karelia
Медногорск, Оренбургская область -> Mednogorsk, Orenburg Oblast
Медынь, Калужская область -> Medyn, Kaluga Oblast
Межгорье, Республика Башкортостан -> Mezhgorye, Republic of Bashkortostan
Междуреченск, Кемеровская область -> Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo Oblast
Мезень, Архангельская область -> Mezen, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Меленки, Владимирская область -> Melenki, Vladimir Oblast
Мелеуз, Республика Башкортостан -> Meleuz, Republic of Bashkortostan
Менделеевск, Республика Татарстан -> Mendeleyevsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Мензелинск, Республика Татарстан -> Menzelinsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Мещовск, Калужская область -> Meshchovsk, Kaluga Oblast
Миасс, Челябинская область -> Miass, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Микунь, Республика Коми -> Mikun, Komi Republic
Миллерово, Ростовская область -> Millerovo, Rostov Oblast
Минеральные Воды, Ставропольский край -> Mineralnye Vody, Stavropol Krai
Минусинск, Красноярский край -> Minusinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Миньяр, Челябинская область -> Minyar, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Мирный, Республика Саха -> Mirny, Sakha Republic
Мирный, Архангельская область -> Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Михайлов, Рязанская область -> Mikhaylov, Ryazan Oblast
Михайловка, Волгоградская область -> Mikhaylovka, Volgograd Oblast
Михайловск, Свердловская область -> Mikhaylovsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Михайловск, Ставропольский край -> Mikhaylovsk, Stavropol Krai
Мичуринск, Тамбовская область -> Michurinsk, Tambov Oblast
Могоча, Забайкальский край -> Mogocha, Zabaykalsky Krai
Можайск, Московская область -> Mozhaysk, Moscow Oblast
Можга, Удмуртская Республика -> Mozhga, Udmurt Republic
Моздок, Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Mozdok, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Мончегорск, Мурманская область -> Monchegorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Морозовск, Ростовская область -> Morozovsk, Rostov Oblast
Моршанск, Тамбовская область -> Morshansk, Tambov Oblast
Мосальск, Калужская область -> Mosalsk, Kaluga Oblast
Москва -> Moscow
Муравленко, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Muravlenko, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Мураши, Кировская область -> Murashi, Kirov Oblast
Мурманск, Мурманская область -> Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast
Муром, Владимирская область -> Murom, Vladimir Oblast
Мценск, Орловская область -> Mtsensk, Oryol Oblast
Мыски, Кемеровская область -> Myski, Kemerovo Oblast
Мытищи, Московская область -> Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast
Мышкин, Ярославская область -> Myshkin, Yaroslavl Oblast
Н
Набережные Челны, Республика Татарстан -> Naberezhnye Chelny, Republic of Tatarstan
Навашино, Нижегородская область -> Navashino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Наволоки, Ивановская область -> Navoloki, Ivanovo Oblast
Надым, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Nadym, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Назарово, Красноярский край-> Nazarovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Назрань, Республика Ингушетия -> Nazran, Republic of Ingushetia
Называевск, Омская область -> Nazyvayevsk, Omsk Oblast
Нальчик, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Нариманов, Астраханская область -> Narimanov, Astrakhan Oblast
Наро-Фоминск, Московская область -> Naro-Fominsk, Moscow Oblast
Нарткала, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Nartkala, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Нарьян-Мар, Ненецкий автономный округ -> Naryan-Mar, Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Находка, Приморский край -> Nakhodka, Primorsky Krai
Невель, Псковская область -> Nevel, Pskov Oblast
Невельск, Сахалинская область -> Nevelsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Невинномысск, Ставропольский край -> Nevinnomyssk, Stavropol Krai
Невьянск, Свердловская область -> Nevyansk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нелидово, Тверская область -> Nelidovo, Tver Oblast
Неман, Калининградская область -> Neman, Kaliningrad Oblast
Нерехта, Костромская область -> Nerekhta, Kostroma Oblast
Нерчинск, Забайкальский край -> Nerchinsk, Zabaykalsky Krai
Нерюнгри, Республика Саха -> Neryungri, Sakha Republic
Нестеров, Калининградская область -> Nesterov, Kaliningrad Oblast
Нефтегорск, Самарская область -> Neftegorsk, Samara Oblast
Нефтекамск, Республика Башкортостан -> Neftekamsk, Republic of Bashkortostan
Нефтекумск, Ставропольский край -> Neftekumsk, Stavropol Krai
Нефтеюганск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Nefteyugansk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Нея, Костромская область -> Neya, Kostroma Oblast
Нижневартовск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Nizhnevartovsk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Нижнекамск, Республика Татарстан -> Nizhnekamsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Нижнеудинск, Иркутская область -> Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Нижние Серги, Свердловская область -> Nizhniye Sergi, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нижний Ломов, Пензенская область -> Nizhny Lomov, Penza Oblast
Нижний Новгород, Нижегородская область -> Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Нижний Тагил, Свердловская область -> Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нижняя Салда, Свердловская область -> Nizhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Нижняя Тура, Свердловская область -> Nizhnyaya Tura, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Николаевск, Волгоградская область -> Nikolayevsk, Volgograd Oblast
Николаевск-на-Амуре, Хабаровский край -> Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai
Никольск, Вологодская область -> Nikolsk, Vologda Oblast
Никольск, Пензенская область -> Nikolsk, Penza Oblast
Никольское, Ленинградская область -> Nikolskoye, Leningrad Oblast
Новая Ладога, Ленинградская область -> Novaya Ladoga, Leningrad Oblast
Новая Ляля, Свердловская область -> Novaya Lyalya, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Новоалександровск, Ставропольский край -> Novoalexandrovsk, Stavropol Krai
Новоалтайск, Алтайский край -> Novoaltaysk, Altai Krai
Новоаннинский, Волгоградская область -> Novoanninsky, Volgograd Oblast
Нововоронеж, Воронежская область -> Novovoronezh, Voronezh Oblast
Новодвинск, Архангельская область -> Novodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Новозыбков, Брянская область -> Novozybkov, Bryansk Oblast
Новокубанск, Краснодарский край -> Novokubansk, Krasnodar Krai
Новокузнецк, Кемеровская область -> Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Новокуйбышевск, Самарская область -> Novokuybyshevsk, Samara Oblast
Новомичуринск, Рязанская область -> Novomichurinsk, Ryazan Oblast
Новомосковск, Тульская область -> Novomoskovsk, Tula Oblast
Новопавловск, Ставропольский край -> Novopavlovsk, Stavropol Krai
Новоржев, Псковская область -> Novorzhev, Pskov Oblast
Новороссийск, Краснодарский край -> Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai
Новосибирск, Новосибирская область -> Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Новосиль, Орловская область -> Novosil, Oryol Oblast
Новосокольники, Псковская область -> Novosokolniki, Pskov Oblast
Новотроицк, Оренбургская область -> Novotroitsk, Orenburg Oblast
Новоузенск, Саратовская область -> Novouzensk, Saratov Oblast
Новоульяновск, Ульяновская область -> Novoulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Новоуральск, Свердловская область -> Novouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Новохопёрск, Воронежская область -> Novokhopyorsk, Voronezh Oblast
Новочебоксарск, Чувашская Республика -> Novocheboksarsk, Chuvash Republic
Новочеркасск, Ростовская область -> Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast
Новошахтинск, Ростовская область -> Novoshakhtinsk, Rostov Oblast
Новый Оскол, Белгородская область -> Novy Oskol, Belgorod Oblast
Новый Уренгой, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Novy Urengoy, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Ногинск, Московская область -> Noginsk, Moscow Oblast
Нолинск, Кировская область -> Nolinsk, Kirov Oblast
Норильск, Красноярский край -> Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ноябрьск, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Noyabrsk, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Нурлат, Республика Татарстан -> Nurlat, Republic of Tatarstan
Нытва, Пермский край -> Nytva, Perm Krai
Нюрба, Республика Саха -> Nyurba, Sakha Republic
Нягань, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Nyagan, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Нязепетровск, Челябинская область -> Nyazepetrovsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Няндома, Архангельская область -> Nyandoma, Arkhangelsk Oblast
О
Облучье, Еврейская автономная область -> Obluchye, Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Обнинск, Калужская область -> Obninsk, Kaluga Oblast
Обоянь, Курская область -> Oboyan, Kursk Oblast
Обь, Новосибирская область -> Ob, Novosibirsk Oblast
Одинцово, Московская область -> Odintsovo, Moscow Oblast
Озёрск, Калининградская область -> Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Озёрск, Челябинская область -> Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Озёры, Московская область -> Ozyory, Moscow Oblast
Октябрьск, Самарская область -> Oktyabrsk, Samara Oblast
Октябрьский, Республика Башкортостан -> Oktyabrsky, Republic of Bashkortostan
Окуловка, Новгородская область -> Okulovka, Novgorod Oblast
Олёкминск, Республика Саха -> Olyokminsk, Sakha Republic
Оленегорск, Мурманская область -> Olenegorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Олонец, Республика Карелия -> Olonets, Republic of Karelia
Омск, Омская область -> Omsk, Omsk Oblast
Омутнинск, Кировская область -> Omutninsk, Kirov Oblast
Онега, Архангельская область -> Onega, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Опочка, Псковская область -> Opochka, Pskov Oblast
Орёл, Орловская область -> Oryol, Oryol Oblast
Оренбург, Оренбургская область -> Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast
Орехово-Зуево, Московская область -> Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Moscow Oblast
Орлов, Кировская область -> Orlov, Kirov Oblast
Орск, Оренбургская область -> Orsk, Orenburg Oblast
Оса, Пермский край -> Osa, Perm Krai
Осинники, Кемеровская область -> Osinniki, Kemerovo Oblast
Осташков, Тверская область -> Ostashkov, Tver Oblast
Остров, Псковская область -> Ostrov, Pskov Oblast
Островной, Мурманская область -> Ostrovnoy, Murmansk Oblast
Острогожск, Воронежская область -> Ostrogozhsk, Voronezh Oblast
Отрадное, Ленинградская область -> Otradnoye, Leningrad Oblast
Отрадный, Самарская область -> Otradny, Samara Oblast
Оха, Сахалинская область -> Okha, Sakhalin Oblast
Оханск, Пермский край -> Okhansk, Perm Krai
Очёр, Пермский край -> Ochyor, Perm Krai
П
Павлово, Нижегородская область -> Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Павловск, Воронежская область -> Pavlovsk, Voronezh Oblast
Павловский Посад, Московская область -> Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow Oblast
Палласовка, Волгоградская область -> Pallasovka, Volgograd Oblast
Партизанск, Приморский край -> Partizansk, Primorsky Krai
Певек, Чукотский автономный округ -> Pevek, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Пенза, Пензенская область -> Penza, Penza Oblast
Первомайск, Нижегородская область -> Pervomaysk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Первоуральск, Свердловская область -> Pervouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Перевоз, Нижегородская область -> Perevoz, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Пересвет, Московская область -> Peresvet, Moscow Oblast
Переславль-Залесский, Ярославская область -> Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yaroslavl Oblast
Пермь, Пермский край -> Perm, Perm Krai
Пестово, Новгородская область -> Pestovo, Novgorod Oblast
Петров Вал, Волгоградская область -> Petrov Val, Volgograd Oblast
Петровск, Саратовская область -> Petrovsk, Saratov Oblast
Петровск-Забайкальский, Забайкальский край -> Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky, Zabaykalsky Krai
Петрозаводск, Республика Карелия -> Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia
Петропавловск-Камчатский, Камчатский край -> Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Kamchatka Krai
Петухово, Курганская область -> Petukhovo, Kurgan Oblast
Петушки, Владимирская область -> Petushki, Vladimir Oblast
Печора, Республика Коми -> Pechora, Komi Republic
Печоры, Псковская область -> Pechory, Pskov Oblast
Пикалёво, Ленинградская область -> Pikalyovo, Leningrad Oblast
Пионерский, Калининградская область -> Pionersky, Kaliningrad Oblast
Питкяранта, Республика Карелия -> Pitkyaranta, Republic of Karelia
Плавск, Тульская область -> Plavsk, Tula Oblast
Пласт, Челябинская область -> Plast, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Плёс, Ивановская область -> Plyos, Ivanovo Oblast
Поворино, Воронежская область -> Povorino, Voronezh Oblast
Подольск, Московская область -> Podolsk, Moscow Oblast
Подпорожье, Ленинградская область -> Podporozhye, Leningrad Oblast
Покачи, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Pokachi, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Покров, Владимирская область -> Pokrov, Vladimir Oblast
Покровск, Республика Саха -> Pokrovsk, Sakha Republic
Полевской, Свердловская область -> Polevskoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Полесск, Калининградская область -> Polessk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Полысаево, Кемеровская область -> Polysayevo, Kemerovo Oblast
Полярные Зори, Мурманская область -> Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk Oblast
Полярный, Мурманская область -> Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast
Поронайск, Сахалинская область -> Poronaysk, Sakhalin Oblast
Порхов, Псковская область -> Porkhov, Pskov Oblast
Похвистнево, Самарская область -> Pokhvistnevo, Samara Oblast
Почеп, Брянская область -> Pochep, Bryansk Oblast
Починок, Смоленская область -> Pochinok, Pochinkovsky District, Smolensk Oblast
Пошехонье, Ярославская область -> Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl Oblast
Правдинск, Калининградская область -> Pravdinsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Приволжск, Ивановская область -> Privolzhsk, Ivanovo Oblast
Приморск, Калининградская область -> Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Приморск, Ленинградская область -> Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Приморско-Ахтарск, Краснодарский край -> Primorsko-Akhtarsk, Krasnodar Krai
Приозерск, Ленинградская область -> Priozersk, Leningrad Oblast
Прокопьевск, Кемеровская область -> Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Пролетарск, Ростовская область -> Proletarsk, Rostov Oblast
Протвино, Московская область -> Protvino, Moscow Oblast
Прохладный, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Prokhladny, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Псков, Псковская область -> Pskov, Pskov Oblast
Пугачёв, Саратовская область -> Pugachyov, Saratov Oblast
Пудож, Республика Карелия -> Pudozh, Republic of Karelia
Пустошка, Псковская область -> Pustoshka, Pskov Oblast
Пучеж, Ивановская область -> Puchezh, Ivanovo Oblast
Пушкино, Московская область -> Pushkino, Moscow Oblast
Пущино, Московская область -> Pushchino, Moscow Oblast
Пыталово, Псковская область -> Pytalovo, Pskov Oblast
Пыть-Ях, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Pyt-Yakh, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Пятигорск, Ставропольский край -> Pyatigorsk, Stavropol Krai
Р
Радужный, Владимирская область -> Raduzhny, Vladimir Oblast
Радужный, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Raduzhny, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Райчихинск, Амурская область -> Raychikhinsk, Amur Oblast
Раменское, Московская область -> Ramenskoye, Moscow Oblast
Рассказово, Тамбовская область -> Rasskazovo, Tambov Oblast
Ревда, Свердловская область -> Revda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Реж, Свердловская область -> Rezh, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Реутов, Московская область -> Reutov, Moscow Oblast
Ржев, Тверская область -> Rzhev, Tver Oblast
Родники, Ивановская область -> Rodniki, Ivanovo Oblast
Рославль, Смоленская область -> Roslavl, Smolensk Oblast
Россошь, Воронежская область -> Rossosh, Voronezh Oblast
Ростов-на-Дону, Ростовская область -> Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast
Ростов, Ярославская область -> Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast
Рошаль, Московская область -> Roshal, Moscow Oblast
Ртищево, Саратовская область -> Rtishchevo, Saratov Oblast
Рубцовск, Алтайский край -> Rubtsovsk, Altai Krai
Рудня, Смоленская область -> Rudnya, Smolensk Oblast
Руза, Московская область -> Ruza, Moscow Oblast
Рузаевка, Республика Мордовия -> Ruzayevka, Republic of Mordovia
Рыбинск, Ярославская область -> Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Oblast
Рыбное, Рязанская область -> Rybnoye, Ryazan Oblast
Рыльск, Курская область -> Rylsk, Kursk Oblast
Ряжск, Рязанская область -> Ryazhsk, Ryazan Oblast
Рязань, Рязанская область -> Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast
С
Саки, Республика Крым -> Republic of Crimea
Салават, Республика Башкортостан -> Salavat, Republic of Bashkortostan
Салаир, Кемеровская область -> Salair, Kemerovo Oblast
Салехард, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Salekhard, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Сальск, Ростовская область -> Salsk, Rostov Oblast
Самара, Самарская область -> Samara, Samara Oblast
Санкт-Петербург -> Saint Petersburg
Саранск, Республика Мордовия -> Saransk, Republic of Mordovia
Сарапул, Удмуртская Республика -> Sarapul, Udmurt Republic
Саратов, Саратовская область -> Saratov, Saratov Oblast
Саров, Нижегородская область -> Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Сасово, Рязанская область -> Sasovo, Ryazan Oblast
Сатка, Челябинская область -> Satka, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Сафоново, Смоленская область -> Safonovo, Smolensk Oblast
Саяногорск, Республика Хакасия -> Sayanogorsk, Republic of Khakassia
Саянск, Иркутская область -> Sayansk, Irkutsk Oblast
Светлогорск, Калининградская область -> Svetlogorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Светлоград, Ставропольский край -> Svetlograd, Stavropol Krai
Светлый, Калининградская область -> Svetly, Kaliningrad Oblast
Светогорск, Ленинградская область -> Svetogorsk, Leningrad Oblast
Свирск, Иркутская область -> Svirsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Свободный, Амурская область -> Svobodny, Amur Oblast
Себеж, Псковская область -> Sebezh, Pskov Oblast
Севастополь -> Sevastopol
Северо-Курильск, Сахалинская область -> Severo-Kurilsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Северобайкальск, Республика Бурятия -> Severobaykalsk, Republic of Buryatia
Северодвинск, Архангельская область -> Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Североморск, Мурманская область -> Severomorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Североуральск, Свердловская область -> Severouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Северск, Томская область -> Seversk, Tomsk Oblast
Севск, Брянская область -> Sevsk, Bryansk Oblast
Сегежа, Республика Карелия -> Segezha, Republic of Karelia
Сельцо, Брянская область -> Seltso, Bryansk Oblast
Семёнов, Нижегородская область -> Semyonov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Семикаракорск, Ростовская область -> Semikarakorsk, Rostov Oblast
Семилуки, Воронежская область -> Semiluki, Voronezh Oblast
Сенгилей, Ульяновская область -> Sengiley, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Серафимович, Волгоградская область -> Serafimovich, Volgograd Oblast
Сергач, Нижегородская область -> Sergach, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Сергиев Посад, Московская область -> Sergiyev Posad, Moscow Oblast
Сердобск, Пензенская область -> Serdobsk, Penza Oblast
Серов, Свердловская область -> Serov, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Серпухов, Московская область -> Serpukhov, Moscow Oblast
Сертолово, Ленинградская область -> Sertolovo, Leningrad Oblast
Сибай, Республика Башкортостан -> Sibay, Republic of Bashkortostan
Сим, Челябинская область -> Sim, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Симферополь, Республика Крым -> Simferopol, Republic of Crimea
Сковородино, Амурская область -> Skovorodino, Amur Oblast
Скопин, Рязанская область -> Skopin, Ryazan Oblast
Славгород, Алтайский край -> Slavgorod, Altai Krai
Славск, Калининградская область -> Slavsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Славянск-на-Кубани, Краснодарский край -> Slavyansk-na-Kubani, Krasnodar Krai
Сланцы, Ленинградская область -> Slantsy, Leningrad Oblast
Слободской, Кировская область -> Slobodskoy, Kirov Oblast
Слюдянка, Иркутская область -> Slyudyanka, Irkutsk Oblast
Смоленск, Смоленская область -> Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast
Снежинск, Челябинская область -> Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Снежногорск, Мурманская область -> Snezhnogorsk, Murmansk Oblast
Собинка, Владимирская область -> Sobinka, Vladimir Oblast
Советск, Калининградская область -> Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Советск, Кировская область -> Sovetsk, Kirov Oblast
Советск, Тульская область -> Sovetsk, Tula Oblast
Советская Гавань, Хабаровский край -> Sovetskaya Gavan, Khabarovsk Krai
Советский, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Sovetsky, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Сокол, Вологодская область -> Sokol, Vologda Oblast
Солигалич, Костромская область -> Soligalich, Kostroma Oblast
Соликамск, Пермский край -> Solikamsk, Perm Krai
Солнечногорск, Московская область -> Solnechnogorsk, Moscow Oblast
Соль-Илецк, Оренбургская область -> Sol-Iletsk, Orenburg Oblast
Сольвычегодск, Архангельская область -> Solvychegodsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Сольцы, Новгородская область -> Soltsy, Novgorod Oblast
Сорочинск, Оренбургская область -> Sorochinsk, Orenburg Oblast
Сорск, Республика Хакасия -> Sorsk, Republic of Khakassia
Сортавала, Республика Карелия -> Sortavala, Republic of Karelia
Сосенский, Калужская область -> Sosensky, Kaluga Oblast
Сосновка, Кировская область -> Sosnovka, Kirov Oblast
Сосновоборск, Красноярский край -> Sosnovoborsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Сосновый Бор, Ленинградская область -> Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Oblast
Сосногорск, Республика Коми -> Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic
Сочи, Краснодарский край -> Sochi, Krasnodar Krai
Спас-Деменск, Калужская область -> Spas-Demensk, Kaluga Oblast
Спас-Клепики, Рязанская область -> Spas-Klepiki, Ryazan Oblast
Спасск, Пензенская область -> Spassk, Penza Oblast
Спасск-Дальний, Приморский край -> Spassk-Dalny, Primorsky Krai
Спасск-Рязанский, Рязанская область -> Spassk-Ryazansky, Ryazan Oblast
Среднеколымск, Республика Саха -> Srednekolymsk, Sakha Republic
Среднеуральск, Свердловская область -> Sredneuralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Сретенск, Забайкальский край -> Sretensk, Zabaykalsky Krai
Ставрополь, Ставропольский край -> Stavropol, Stavropol Krai
Старая Купавна, Московская область -> Staraya Kupavna, Moscow Oblast
Старая Русса, Новгородская область -> Staraya Russa, Novgorod Oblast
Старица, Тверская область -> Staritsa, Tver Oblast
Стародуб, Брянская область -> Starodub, Bryansk Oblast
Старый Крым, Республика Крым -> Stary Krym, Republic of Crimea
Старый Оскол, Белгородская область -> Stary Oskol, Belgorod Oblast
Стерлитамак, Республика Башкортостан -> Sterlitamak, Republic of Bashkortostan
Стрежевой, Томская область -> Strezhevoy, Tomsk Oblast
Строитель, Белгородская область -> Stroitel, Belgorod Oblast
Струнино, Владимирская область -> Strunino, Vladimir Oblast
Ступино, Московская область -> Stupino, Moscow Oblast
Суворов, Тульская область -> Suvorov, Tula Oblast
Судак, Республика Крым -> Sudak, Republic of Crimea
Суджа, Курская область -> Sudzha, Kursk Oblast
Судогда, Владимирская область -> Sudogda, Vladimir Oblast
Суздаль, Владимирская область -> Suzdal, Vladimir Oblast
Суоярви, Республика Карелия -> Suoyarvi, Republic of Karelia
Сураж, Брянская область -> Surazh, Bryansk Oblast
Сургут, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Surgut, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Суровикино, Волгоградская область -> Surovikino, Volgograd Oblast
Сурск, Пензенская область -> Sursk, Penza Oblast
Сусуман, Магаданская область -> Susuman, Magadan Oblast
Сухиничи, Калужская область -> Sukhinichi, Kaluga Oblast
Сухой Лог, Свердловская область -> Sukhoy Log, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Сызрань, Самарская область -> Syzran, Samara Oblast
Сыктывкар, Республика Коми -> Syktyvkar, Komi Republic
Сысерть, Свердловская область -> Sysert, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Сычёвка, Смоленская область -> Sychyovka, Smolensk Oblast
Сясьстрой, Ленинградская область -> Syasstroy, Leningrad Oblast
Т
Тавда, Свердловская область -> Tavda, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Таганрог, Ростовская область -> Taganrog, Rostov Oblast
Тайга, Кемеровская область -> Tayga, Kemerovo Oblast
Тайшет, Иркутская область -> Tayshet, Irkutsk Oblast
Талдом, Московская область -> Taldom, Moscow Oblast
Талица, Свердловская область -> Talitsa, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Тамбов, Тамбовская область -> Tambov, Tambov Oblast
Тара, Омская область -> Tara, Omsk Oblast
Тарко-Сале, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Tarko-Sale, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Таруса, Калужская область -> Tarusa, Kaluga Oblast
Татарск, Новосибирская область -> Tatarsk, Novosibirsk Oblast
Таштагол, Кемеровская область -> Tashtagol, Kemerovo Oblast
Тверь, Тверская область -> Tver, Tver Oblast
Теберда, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Teberda, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Тейково, Ивановская область -> Teykovo, Ivanovo Oblast
Темников, Республика Мордовия -> Temnikov, Republic of Mordovia
Темрюк, Краснодарский край -> Temryuk, Krasnodar Krai
Терек, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Terek, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Тетюши, Республика Татарстан -> Tetyushi, Republic of Tatarstan
Тимашёвск, Краснодарский край -> Timashyovsk, Krasnodar Krai
Тихвин, Ленинградская область -> Tikhvin, Leningrad Oblast
Тихорецк, Краснодарский край -> Tikhoretsk, Krasnodar Krai
Тобольск, Тюменская область -> Tobolsk, Tyumen Oblast
Тогучин, Новосибирская область -> Toguchin, Novosibirsk Oblast
Тольятти, Самарская область -> Tolyatti, Samara Oblast
Томари, Сахалинская область -> Tomari, Sakhalin Oblast
Томмот, Республика Саха -> Tommot, Sakha Republic
Томск, Томская область -> Tomsk, Tomsk Oblast
Топки, Кемеровская область -> Topki, Kemerovo Oblast
Торжок, Тверская область -> Torzhok, Tver Oblast
Торопец, Тверская область -> Toropets, Tver Oblast
Тосно, Ленинградская область -> Tosno, Leningrad Oblast
Тотьма, Вологодская область -> Totma, Vologda Oblast
Трёхгорный, Челябинская область -> Tryokhgorny, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Троицк, Челябинская область -> Troitsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Трубчевск, Брянская область -> Trubchevsk, Bryansk Oblast
Туапсе, Краснодарский край -> Tuapse, Krasnodar Krai
Туймазы, Республика Башкортостан -> Tuymazy, Republic of Bashkortostan
Тула, Тульская область -> Tula, Tula Oblast
Тулун, Иркутская область -> Tulun, Irkutsk Oblast
Туран, Республика Тыва -> Turan, Tuva Republic
Туринск, Свердловская область -> Turinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Тутаев, Ярославская область -> Tutayev, Yaroslavl Oblast
Тында, Амурская область -> Tynda, Amur Oblast
Тырныауз, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Tyrnyauz, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Тюкалинск, Омская область -> Tyukalinsk, Omsk Oblast
Тюмень, Тюменская область -> Tyumen, Tyumen Oblast
У
Уварово, Тамбовская область -> Uvarovo, Tambov Oblast
Углегорск, Сахалинская область -> Uglegorsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Углич, Ярославская область -> Uglich, Yaroslavl Oblast
Удачный, Республика Саха -> Udachny, Sakha Republic
Удомля, Тверская область -> Udomlya, Tver Oblast
Ужур, Красноярский край -> Uzhur, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Узловая, Тульская область -> Uzlovaya, Tula Oblast
Улан-Удэ, Республика Бурятия -> Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia
Ульяновск, Ульяновская область -> Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
Унеча, Брянская область -> Unecha, Bryansk Oblast
Урай, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Uray, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Урень, Нижегородская область -> Uren, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Уржум, Кировская область -> Urzhum, Kirov Oblast
Урус-Мартан, Чеченская Республика -> Urus-Martan
Урюпинск, Волгоградская область -> Uryupinsk, Volgograd Oblast
Усинск, Республика Коми -> Usinsk, Komi Republic
Усмань, Липецкая область -> Usman, Lipetsk Oblast
Усолье-Сибирское, Иркутская область -> Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk Oblast
Усолье, Пермский край -> Usolye, Perm Krai
Уссурийск, Приморский край -> Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai
Усть-Джегута, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Ust-Dzheguta, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Усть-Илимск, Иркутская область -> Ust-Ilimsk, Irkutsk Oblast
Усть-Катав, Челябинская область -> Ust-Katav, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Усть-Кут, Иркутская область -> Ust-Kut, Irkutsk Oblast
Усть-Лабинск, Краснодарский край -> Ust-Labinsk, Krasnodar Krai
Устюжна, Вологодская область -> Ustyuzhna, Vologda Oblast
Уфа, Республика Башкортостан -> Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan
Ухта, Республика Коми -> Ukhta, Komi Republic
Учалы, Республика Башкортостан -> Uchaly, Republic of Bashkortostan
Уяр, Красноярский край -> Uyar, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Ф
Фатеж, Курская область -> Fatezh, Kursk Oblast
Феодосия, Республика Крым -> Feodosia, Republic of Crimea
Фокино, Брянская область -> Fokino, Bryansk Oblast
Фокино, Приморский край -> Fokino, Primorsky Krai
Фролово, Волгоградская область -> Frolovo, Volgograd Oblast
Фрязино, Московская область -> Fryazino, Moscow Oblast
Фурманов, Ивановская область -> Furmanov, Ivanovo Oblast
Х,Ц
Хабаровск, Хабаровский край -> Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Krai
Хадыженск, Краснодарский край -> Khadyzhensk, Krasnodar Krai
Ханты-Мансийск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Khanty-Mansiysk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Харабали, Астраханская область -> Kharabali, Astrakhan Oblast
Харовск, Вологодская область -> Kharovsk, Vologda Oblast
Хасавюрт, Республика Дагестан -> Khasavyurt, Republic of Dagestan
Хвалынск, Саратовская область -> Khvalynsk, Saratov Oblast
Хилок, Забайкальский край -> Khilok, Zabaykalsky Krai
Химки, Московская область -> Khimki, Moscow Oblast
Холм, Новгородская область -> Kholm, Novgorod Oblast
Холмск, Сахалинская область -> Kholmsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Хотьково, Московская область -> Khotkovo, Moscow Oblast
Цивильск, Чувашская Республика -> Tsivilsk, Chuvash Republic
Цимлянск, Ростовская область -> Tsimlyansk, Rostov Oblast
Ч
Чадан, Республика Тыва -> Chadan, Tuva Republic
Чайковский, Пермский край -> Chaykovsky, Perm Krai
Чапаевск, Самарская область -> Chapayevsk, Samara Oblast
Чаплыгин, Липецкая область -> Chaplygin, Lipetsk Oblast
Чебаркуль, Челябинская область -> Chebarkul, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Чебоксары, Чувашская Республика -> Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic
Чегем, Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Chegem, Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Чекалин, Тульская область -> Chekalin, Tula Oblast
Челябинск, Челябинская область -> Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Чердынь, Пермский край -> Cherdyn, Perm Krai
Черемхово, Иркутская область -> Cheremkhovo, Irkutsk Oblast
Черепаново, Новосибирская область -> Cherepanovo, Novosibirsk Oblast
Череповец, Вологодская область -> Cherepovets, Vologda Oblast
Черкесск, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Чёрмоз, Пермский край -> Chyormoz, Perm Krai
Черноголовка, Московская область -> Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast
Черногорск, Республика Хакасия -> Chernogorsk, Republic of Khakassia
Чернушка, Пермский край -> Chernushka, Perm Krai
Черняховск, Калининградская область -> Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast
Чехов, Московская область -> Chekhov, Moscow Oblast
Чистополь, Республика Татарстан -> Chistopol, Republic of Tatarstan
Чита, Забайкальский край -> Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai
Чкаловск, Нижегородская область -> Chkalovsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Чудово, Новгородская область -> Chudovo, Novgorod Oblast
Чулым, Новосибирская область -> Chulym, Novosibirsk Oblast
Чусовой, Пермский край -> Chusovoy, Perm Krai
Чухлома, Костромская область -> Chukhloma, Kostroma Oblast
Ш
Шагонар, Республика Тыва -> Shagonar, Tuva Republic
Шадринск, Курганская область -> Shadrinsk, Kurgan Oblast
Шали, Чеченская Республика -> Shali, Chechen Republic
Шарыпово, Красноярский край -> Sharypovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Шарья, Костромская область -> Sharya, Kostroma Oblast
Шатура, Московская область -> Shatura, Moscow Oblast
Шахты, Ростовская область -> Shakhty, Rostov Oblast
Шахунья, Нижегородская область -> Shakhunya, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Шацк, Рязанская область -> Shatsk, Ryazan Oblast
Шебекино, Белгородская область -> Shebekino, Belgorod Oblast
Шелехов, Иркутская область -> Shelekhov, Irkutsk Oblast
Шенкурск, Архангельская область -> Shenkursk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Шилка, Забайкальский край -> Shilka, Zabaykalsky Krai
Шимановск, Амурская область -> Shimanovsk, Amur Oblast
Шиханы, Саратовская область -> Shikhany, Saratov Oblast
Шлиссельбург, Ленинградская область -> Shlisselburg, Leningrad Oblast
Шумерля, Чувашская Республика -> Shumerlya, Chuvash Republic
Шумиха, Курганская область -> Shumikha, Kurgan Oblast
Шуя, Ивановская область -> Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast
Щ
Щёкино, Тульская область -> Shchyokino, Tula Oblast
Щёлкино, Республика Крым -> Shchelkino, Republic of Crimea
Щёлково, Московская область -> Shchyolkovo, Moscow Oblast
Щигры, Курская область -> Shchigry, Kursk Oblast
Щучье, Курганская область -> Shchuchye, Kurgan Oblast
Э
Электрогорск, Московская область -> Elektrogorsk, Moscow Oblast
Электросталь, Московская область -> Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast
Электроугли, Московская область -> Elektrougli, Moscow Oblast
Элиста, Республика Калмыкия -> Elista, Republic of Kalmykia
Энгельс, Саратовская область -> Engels, Saratov Oblast
Эртиль, Воронежская область -> Ertil, Voronezh Oblast
Ю
Югорск, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ -> Yugorsk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Южа, Ивановская область -> Yuzha, Ivanovo Oblast
Южно-Сахалинск, Сахалинская область -> Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Sakhalin Oblast
Южно-Сухокумск, Республика Дагестан -> Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk, Republic of Dagestan
Южноуральск, Челябинская область -> Yuzhnouralsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Юрга, Кемеровская область -> Yurga, Kemerovo Oblast
Юрьев-Польский, Владимирская область -> Yuryev-Polsky, Vladimir Oblast
Юрьевец, Ивановская область -> Yuryevets, Ivanovo Oblast
Юрюзань, Челябинская область -> Yuryuzan, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Юхнов, Калужская область -> Yukhnov, Kaluga Oblast
Я
Ядрин, Чувашская Республика -> Yadrin, Chuvash Republic
Якутск, Республика Саха -> Yakutsk, Sakha Republic
Ялта, Республика Крым -> Yalta, Republic of Crimea
Ялуторовск, Тюменская область -> Yalutorovsk, Tyumen Oblast
Янаул, Республика Башкортостан -> Yanaul, Republic of Bashkortostan
Яранск, Кировская область -> Yaransk, Kirov Oblast
Яровое, Алтайский край -> Yarovoye, Altai Krai
Ярославль, Ярославская область -> Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast
Ярцево, Смоленская область -> Yartsevo, Smolensk Oblast
Ясногорск, Тульская область -> Yasnogorsk, Tula Oblast
Ясный, Оренбургская область -> Yasny, Orenburg Oblast
Яхрома, Московская область -> Yakhroma, Moscow Oblast
Область/Край/Республика России на английском языке для визовой анкеты США
Адыгея | Республика Адыгея -> Republic of Adygea
Алтай | Республика Алтай -> Altai Republic
Алтайский край -> Altai Krai
Амурская область -> Amur Oblast
Архангельская область -> Arkhangelsk Oblast
Астраханская область -> Astrakhan Oblast
Башкортостан | Республика Башкортостан -> Republic of Bashkortostan
Белгородская область -> Belgorod Oblast
Брянская область -> Bryansk Oblast
Бурятия | Республика Бурятия -> Republic of Buryatia
Владимирская область -> Vladimir Oblast
Волгоградская область -> Volgograd Oblast
Вологодская область -> Vologda Oblast
Воронежская область -> Voronezh Oblast
Дагестан | Республика Дагестан -> Republic of Dagestan
Еврейская автономная область -> Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Забайкальский край -> Zabaykalsky Krai
Ивановская область -> Ivanovo Oblast
Ингушетия | Республика Ингушетия -> Republic of Ingushetia
Иркутская область -> Irkutsk Oblast
Кабардино-Балкария | Кабардино-Балкарская Республика -> Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Калининградская область -> Kaliningrad Oblast
Калмыкия | Республика Калмыкия -> Republic of Kalmykia
Калужская область -> Kaluga Oblast
Камчатский край -> Kamchatka Krai
Карачаево-Черкесия | Карачаево-Черкесская Республика -> Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Карелия | Республика Карелия -> Republic of Karelia
Кемеровская область -> Kemerovo Oblast
Кировская область -> Kirov Oblast
Коми | Республика Коми -> Komi Republic
Костромская область -> Kostroma Oblast
Краснодарский край -> Krasnodar Krai
Красноярский край -> Krasnoyarsk Krai
Крым | Республика Крым -> Republic of Crimea
Курганская область -> Kurgan Oblast
Курская область -> Kursk Oblast
Ленинградская область -> Leningrad Oblast
Липецкая область -> Lipetsk Oblast
Магаданская область -> Magadan Oblast
Марий Эл | Республика Марий Эл -> Mari El Republic
Мордовия | Республика Мордовия -> Republic of Mordovia
Московская область -> Moscow Oblast
Мурманская область -> Murmansk Oblast
Ненецкий автономный округ -> Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Нижегородская область -> Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Новгородская область -> Novgorod Oblast
Новосибирская область -> Novosibirsk Oblast
Омская область -> Omsk Oblast
Оренбургская область -> Orenburg Oblast
Орловская область -> Oryol Oblast
Пензенская область -> Penza Oblast
Пермский край -> Perm Krai
Приморский край -> Primorsky Krai
Псковская область -> Pskov Oblast
Ростовская область -> Rostov Oblast
Рязанская область -> Ryazan Oblast
Самарская область -> Samara Oblast
Саратовская область -> Saratov Oblast
Саха | Республика Саха (Якутия) -> Sakha Republic (Yakutia)
Сахалинская область -> Sakhalin Oblast
Свердловская область -> Sverdlovsk Oblast
Северная Осетия | Республика Северная Осетия — Алания -> Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Смоленская область -> Smolensk Oblast
Ставропольский край -> Stavropol Krai
Тамбовская область -> Tambov Oblast
Татарстан | Республика Татарстан -> Republic of Tatarstan
Тверская область -> Tver Oblast
Томская область -> Tomsk Oblast
Тульская область -> Tula Oblast
Тыва | Республика Тыва -> Tyva Republic
Тюменская область -> Tyumen Oblast
Удмуртия | Удмуртская Республика -> Udmurt Republic
Ульяновская область -> Ulyanovsk Oblast
Хабаровский край -> Khabarovsk Krai
Хакасия | Республика Хакасия -> Republic of Khakassia
Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра -> Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Челябинская область -> Chelyabinsk Oblast
Чечня | Чеченская Республика -> Chechen Republic
Чувашия | Чувашская Республика -> Chuvash Republic
Чукотка | Чукотский автономный округ -> Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ -> Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Ярославская область -> Yaroslavl Oblast
На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.
На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.
Перевод «Республика Марий Эл» на английский
Republic of Mari El
Mariy El Republic
Mari El Republic
С 9 декабря 1992 года республика стала называться Республика Марий Эл.
Республика Марий Эл — демократическое правовое государство в составе Российской Федерации.
The Republic of Mari El is a sovereign state under jurisdiction of the Russian Federation.
Заявитель, господин Борис Федорович Ржавин, гражданин России, родился в 1937 году и проживает в городе Йошкар-Ола, Республика Марий Эл.
The applicant, Mr Boris Fyodorovich Rzhavin, is a Russian national who was born in 1937 and lives in the town of Yoshkar-Ola, Mariy El Republic.
Дмитрий Малышев, 16 лет, воспитанник Савинской общеобразовательной школы-интерната для детей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья III, IV вида, г. Йошкар-Ола, п. Савино, Республика Марий Эл. Фотография — «Рыбалка на закате»
«Fishing at Sunset» by Dmitry Malyshev, Savinskaya special education boarding school for children with disabilities, the village of Savino, Yoshkar Ola, Mariy El Republic.
Ключевые слова: здравоохранение, регионы, сельское хозяйство, социальная сфера, спорт, Республика Марий Эл
Tags: agriculture, healthcare, regions, social services, sport, Republic of Mari El
Родился в 1981 году (г. Йошкар-Ола, Республика Марий Эл), в семье художников.
He was born on January 6, 1981 (Yoshkar-Ola, Republic of Mari El), in the family of artists.
22 марта 1992 года Республика Марий Эл в числе других субъектов Российской Федерации подписала Федеративный договор.
March 22, 1992, among other subjects of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Mari El signed a federal treaty.
На основе показателей индекса развития человеческого потенциала сделан вывод о том, что лидирующие позиции занимает Республика Коми, а замыкает рейтинг рассматриваемых регионов Республика Марий Эл.
Basing on figures from the Human Development Index it concludes that Komi Republic takes the leading positions, and the Republic of Mari El is he last in the rating.
1 место — Галлямов Муса (Республика Марий Эл)
02.07.2018 — 08.07.2018 Каримуллин Камиль и Аржанов Артем приняли активное участие в организации и проведении Тринадцатой международной научной школе «Наука и инновации — 2018» (Республика Марий Эл).
02.07.2018 — 08.07.2018 Karimullin Kamil and Arzhanov Artem took an active part in organizing and holding the 13th International Scientific School «Science and Innovations — 2018» (Republic of Mari El).
Республика Марий Эл также может стать «воротами» Волжского пути: есть маршруты из Йошкар-Олы в Козьмодемьянск и далее в чувашские Чебоксары.
The Republic of Mari El is another gateway to the Volga route: there are routes from Yoshkar-Ola to Kozmodemyansk and further to Cheboksary in Chuvashia.
По-прежнему наиболее тяжелая пожарная обстановка наблюдается в Центральном, Приволжском, Уральском и Южном федеральных округах (в наибольшей степени страдают от пожаров сейчас Рязанская, Московская, Нижегородская области, Республика Марий Эл).
The most serious fire situation continues to be in the Central, Volga, Urals and Southern federal districts (the Ryazan, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod Oblasts and the Republic of Mari El are currently the worst affected).
16-17 II чемпионат финно-угорских регионов по конному спорту в Йошкар-Оле (Республика Марий Эл, Россия).
16 — 17 The 2nd Horse Racing Championship of the Finno-Ugrian Territories in Yoshkar-Ola (Republic of Mari El, Russia).
Следом идут Курская, Кировская области, Республика Марий Эл, Тамбовская и Ленинградская области.
Next are Kursk, Kirov regions, Republic of Mari El, Tambov and Leningrad regions.
Остальные золотые медали разделили между собой Республика Марий Эл — Иванов Арслан (90кг.), Кировская область — Ахматханов Ильдан (60кг.).
And the Republic of Mari El — Ivanov Arslan (90kg), Kirov region — Akhmatkhanov Ildan (60kg).
7-10 В Йошкар-Оле (Республика Марий Эл, Россия) состоялась международная конференция «Структура и развитие волжско-финских языков», организованная Марийским Университетом и Фондом развития культуры финно-угорских народов.
7 to 10 An international conference The Structure and Development of Volga-Finnic Languages was held in Yoshkar-Ola (the Republic of Mari El, Russia) by the Mari University and the Finno-Ugric Peoples Culture Development Fund.
17-22 В Йошкар-Оле (Республика Марий Эл, Россия) состоялся III международный фестиваль театров финно-угорских народов «Майатул» с участием театров из Карелии, Республики Коми, Коми-Пермяцкого автономного округа, Марий Эл, Мордовии, Удмуртии, Финляндии и Эстонии.
17 to 22 The 3rd theatre festival of Finno-Ugric peoples Majatul took place in Yoshkar-Ola (Republic of Mari El, Russia) with the participation of theatres from Estonia, Finland, Karelia, Komi Republic, Mari El, Mordovia, Permian Komi Autonomous District and Udmurtia.
Исключением являются республика Марий Эл (-5,9%) и Ростовская область (-3,6%).
The only exceptions were the Rostov Region (-3.6%) and the Republic of Mari El (-5.9%).
Республика Марий Эл, 37 результатов
Елене Анатольевне Тимофеевой, педагогу дополнительного образования и Ольге Николаевна Тайковой, учителю английского языка ГОУ РМЭ «Савинская специальная (коррекционная) общеобразовательная школа-интернат для обучающихся, воспитанников с ограниченными возможностями здоровья III, IV вида», республика Марий Эл, г. Йошкар-Ола, село Савино;
Elena Timofeyeva, additional education coordinator, and Olga Taikova, English teacher, Savinskaya special education boarding school for children with disabilities, the village of Savino, Yoshkar Ola, Mariy El Republic
Результатов: 46. Точных совпадений: 46. Затраченное время: 187 мс
Documents
Корпоративные решения
Спряжение
Синонимы
Корректор
Справка и о нас
Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900
Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200
Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200
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Результаты (английский) 1: [копия]
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the Republic of Mari El
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Результаты (английский) 2:[копия]
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Mari El Republic
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Результаты (английский) 3:[копия]
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Republic of Mordovia
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- dea familiae est
- need to open foreign currency account
- на день рождения?
- Люблю рисовать
- на день рождения?
- знаю несколько слов на испанском
- bakers
- я вчера решала школьную задачу
- how do
- ваши слова меня ужасно огорчают
- Ты можешь не
- поднимитесь наверх
- Usually l get up at 7 o’clock on week-da
- dinner
- Usually l get up at 7 o’clock on week-da
- собака ест мясо
- How was your the students day
- Usually l get up at 7 o’clock on week-da
- It’s will like guests room
- Я не решаю подобные вопросы
- Дана
- Ne, já ho neznám.Я знаю. С победой
- need to open foreign currency account
- free dreamsofhisbetare we oni am so sorr