Республика татарстан на английском как пишется - Граматика и образование на Pisanino.ru

This article is about the republic in Russia. For the ship Tatarstan, see Gepard class frigate.

Not to be confused with Tartary.

Republic of Tatarstan Республика Татарстан
Republic
Other transcription(s)
• Tatar	Татарстан Республикасы
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Государственный гимн Республики Татарстан (Russian) Татарстан Җөмһүрияте Дәүләт гимны (Tatar) «State Anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan»^[2]

Coordinates: 55°33′N 50°56′E / 55.550°N 50.933°ECoordinates: 55°33′N 50°56′E / 55.550°N 50.933°E
Country	Russia
District^[1]	Volga Federal
Region^[3]	Volga Economic
Capital	Kazan^[4]
Government
• Type	State Council^[5]
• President	Rustam Minnikhanov^[6]
Area ^[7]
• Total	67,847 km² (26,196 sq mi)
Population (2021 Census)^[8]
• Total	4,004,809
• Rank	8th
• Density	59.03/km² (152.9/sq mi)
• Urban	76.8%
• Rural	23.2%
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK^[9])
ISO 3166 code	RU-TA
Vehicle registration	16, 116, 716
Official language(s)	Russian,^[10] Tatar^[11]
Website	http://tatarstan.ru/eng/

Tatarstan (Russian: Татарстан; Tatar: Татарстан), officially the Republic of Tatarstan,^{[note 1]} sometimes also called Tataria,^{[note 2]} is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is a part of the Volga Federal District; and its capital and largest city is Kazan, an important cultural centre in Russia.

The republic borders the oblasts of Kirov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, and Orenburg, as well as the republics of Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, and Bashkortostan. The area of the republic is 68,000 square kilometres (26,000 sq mi). As of the 2021 Census, the population of Tatarstan was 4,004,809.^[8]

Tatarstan has strong cultural, linguistic, and ethnic ties with its eastern neighbour Bashkortostan.^[15]^[16]

The official languages of the republic are Tatar and Russian.^[17]

Etymology[edit]

«Tatarstan» derives from the name of the ethnic group—the Tatars—and the Persian suffix -stan (meaning «state» or «country» of, an ending common to many Eurasian countries). Another version of the Russian name is «Тата́рия» (Tataria), which was official along with «Tatar ASSR» during Soviet rule.

Geography[edit]

Map of the Republic of Tatarstan

The republic is located in the center of the East European Plain, approximately 800 kilometers (500 mi) east of Moscow. It lies between the Volga River and the Kama River (a tributary of the Volga), and extends east to the Ural mountains.

Borders:
- internal: Kirov Oblast (N), Udmurt Republic (N/NE), Republic of Bashkortostan (E/SE), Orenburg Oblast (SE), Samara Oblast (S), Ulyanovsk Oblast (S/SW), Chuvash Republic (W), Mari El Republic (W/NW).
Highest point: 381 m (1,250 ft)^[18]
Maximum N–S distance: 290 km (180 mi)
Maximum E–W distance: 460 km (290 mi)

Rivers[edit]

View on the Toyma River from Devil’s Tower in Yelabuga

Major rivers include (Tatar names are given in parentheses):

Azevka River (Äzi)
Belaya River (Ağidel)
Ik River (Iq)
Kama River (Çulman)
Volga River (İdel)
Vyatka River (Noqrat)
Kazanka River (Qazansu)
Zay River (Zäy)

Lakes[edit]

Major reservoirs of the republic include (Tatar names are given in parentheses):

Kuybyshev Reservoir (Kuybışev)
Lower Kama Reservoir (Tübän Kama)
Zainsk Reservoir (Zäy susaqlağıçı)

The biggest lake is Qaban. The biggest swamp is Kulyagash.

Hills[edit]

Bugulma-Belebey Upland
Volga Upland
Vyatskiye Uvaly

Natural resources[edit]

Major natural resources of Tatarstan include oil, natural gas, gypsum, and more. It is estimated that the Republic has over one billion tons of oil deposits.^[19]

Climate[edit]

Average January temperature: −15 °C (5 °F)
Average July temperature: +18 °C (64 °F)
Average annual temperature: +4 °C (39 °F)
Average annual precipitation: up to 500 to 550 mm (20 to 22 in)

Administrative divisions[edit]

Administrative and territorial division: 43 municipal districts and 2 urban districts (Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny), as well as 39 urban settlements and 872 rural settlements.
The Republic of Tatarstan consists of districts and cities of republican significance, the list of which is established by the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. The districts consist of cities of district significance, urban-type settlements and rural settlements with subordinate territories that make up the primary level in the system of administrative-territorial structure of the Republic. Cities of national significance can be geographically divided into districts in the city.

History[edit]

Middle Ages[edit]

The earliest known organized state within the boundaries of Tatarstan was Volga Bulgaria (c. 700–1238). The Volga Bulgars had an advanced mercantile state with trade contacts throughout Inner Eurasia, the Middle East, and the Baltic, which maintained its independence despite pressure by such nations as the Khazars, the Kievan Rus, and the Cuman-Kipchaks. Islam was introduced by missionaries from Baghdad around the time of Ibn Fadlan’s journey in 922.

Bolgar archeological works

Volga Bulgaria finally fell to the armies of the Mongol prince Batu Khan in the late 1230s (see Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria). The inhabitants, a large amount of them killed and the rest mixing with the Golden Horde’s Kipchaks, became known as the «Volga Tatars». In the 1430s, the region again became independent as the base of the Khanate of Kazan, a capital having been established in Kazan, 170 km (110 mi) up the Volga from the ruined capital of the Bulgars.

The Khanate of Kazan was conquered by the troops of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in the 1550s, with Kazan being taken in 1552. A large number of tatars were forcibly converted to Christianity and were culturally Russified.^{[citation needed]} Cathedrals were built in Kazan; by 1593 all mosques in the area were destroyed. The Russian government forbade the construction of mosques, a prohibition that was not lifted until the 18th century by Catherine the Great. The first mosque to be rebuilt under Catherine’s auspices was constructed in 1766–1770.

19th century[edit]

In the 19th century, Tatarstan became a center of Jadidism, an Islamic movement that preached tolerance of other religions. Under the influence of local Jadidist theologians, the Bulgars were renowned for their friendly relations with other peoples of the Russian Empire. However, after the October Revolution religion was largely outlawed and all theologians were repressed.

20th century[edit]

During the Civil War of 1918–1920 Tatar nationalists attempted to establish an independent republic (the Idel-Ural State, Idel being the name of the Volga in Tatar) along with the neighboring Bashkirs. Initially supported by the Bolsheviks, the state existed up until March 1918, when high-ranking members of its parliament were arrested by the Bolsheviks (who had turned on the state and denounced it as bourgeois) before the official declaration of its constitution. The Soviets later set up the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which was established on May 27, 1920.^[20] The boundaries of the republic did not include a majority of the Volga Tatars. The Tatar Union of the Godless were persecuted in Stalin’s 1928 purges.

The left wing of the White Mosque

A famine occurred in the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921-1922 as a result of the policy of war communism. The famine deaths of over 2 million Tatars in the Tatar ASSR and in the Volga-Ural region in 1921–1922 was catastrophic as half of the Volga Tatar population in the USSR died.^[21]

Present day[edit]

On August 30, 1990, Tatarstan declared its sovereignty with the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic^[22] and in 1992 Tatarstan held a referendum on the new constitution.^[23] Some 62% of those who took part voted in favor of the constitution. In the 1992 Tatarstan Constitution, Tatarstan is defined as a Sovereign State. However, the referendum and constitution were declared unconstitutional by the Russian Constitutional Court.^[24] Articles 1 and 3 of the Constitution as introduced in 2002^[23] define Tatarstan as a part of the Russian Federation, removing the «sovereignty» term.

On February 15, 1994, the Treaty On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Authority between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan^[25] and Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan (On Delimitation of Authority in the Sphere of Foreign Economic Relations) were signed. The power-sharing agreement was renewed on July 11, 2007, though with much of the power delegated to Tatarstan reduced.^[26]

On December 20, 2008, in response to Russia recognizing Abkhazia and South Ossetia, the Milli Mejlis of the Tatar People organization declared Tatarstan independent and asked for United Nations recognition.^[27] However, this declaration was ignored both by the United Nations and the Russian government. On July 24, 2017, the autonomy agreement signed in 1994 between Moscow and Kazan expired, making Tatarstan the last republic of Russia to lose its special status.^[28]

Demographics[edit]

Population: 4,004,809 (2021 Census);^[8] 3,786,488 (2010 Census);^[29] 3,779,265 (2002 Census);^[30] 3,637,809 (1989 Census).^[31]

Settlements[edit]

Largest cities or towns in Tatarstan 2010 Russian Census
	Rank		Administrative Division	Pop.
Kazan Naberezhnye Chelny	1	Kazan	City of republic significance of Kazan	1,143,535	Nizhnekamsk Almetyevsk
2	Naberezhnye Chelny	Tukayevsky District	513,193
3	Nizhnekamsk	Nizhnekamsky District	234,044
4	Almetyevsk	Almetyevsky District	146,393
5	Zelenodolsk	Zelenodolsky District	97,674
6	Bugulma	Bugulminsky District	89,204
7	Yelabuga	Yelabuzhsky District	70,728
8	Leninogorsk	Leninogorsky District	64,127
9	Chistopol	Chistopolsky District	60,755
10	Zainsk	Zainsky District	41,803

Vital statistics[edit]

Life expectancy at birth in Tatarstan

Russian Orthodox Church in Tatarstan

^[32]

	Average population (1000s)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Fertility rates
1970	3,146	47,817	25,622	22,195	15.2	8.1	7.1
1975	3,311	55,095	29,686	25,409	16.6	9.0	7.7
1980	3,465	54,272	32,758	21,514	15.7	9.5	6.2
1985	3,530	64,067	34,622	29,445	18.1	9.8	8.3
1990	3,665	56,277	36,219	20,058	15.4	9.9	5.5	2.05
1991	3,684	50,160	37,266	12,894	13.6	10.1	3.5	1.88
1992	3,706	44,990	39,148	5,842	12.1	10.6	1.6	1.71
1993	3,730	41,144	44,291	−3,147	11.0	11.9	−0.8	1.57
1994	3,746	41,811	48,613	−6,802	11.2	13.0	−1.8	1.58
1995	3,756	39,070	48,592	−9,522	10.4	12.9	−2.5	1.47
1996	3,766	38,080	45,731	−7,651	10.1	12.1	−2.0	1.43
1997	3,775	37,268	46,270	−9,002	9.9	12.3	−2.4	1.38
1998	3,785	37,182	45,153	−7,971	9.8	11.9	−2.1	1.37
1999	3,789	35,073	46,679	−11,606	9.3	12.3	−3.1	1.29
2000	3,788	35,446	49,723	−14,277	9.4	13.1	−3.8	1.29
2001	3,784	35,877	50,119	−14,242	9.5	13.2	−3.8	1.30
2002	3,779	38,178	51,685	−13,507	10.1	13.7	−3.6	1.37
2003	3,775	38,461	52,263	−13,802	10.2	13.8	−3.7	1.36
2004	3,771	38,661	51,322	−12,661	10.3	13.6	−3.4	1.34
2005	3,767	36,967	51,841	−14,874	9.8	13.8	−3.9	1.26
2006	3,763	37,303	49,218	−11,915	9.9	13.1	−3.2	1.25
2007	3,763	40,892	48,962	−8,070	10.9	13.0	−2.1	1.36
2008	3,772	44,290	48,952	−4,662	11.8	13.0	−1.2	1.45
2009	3,779	46,605	47,892	−1,287	12.4	12.7	−0.3	1.55
2010	3,785	48,968	49,730	−762	12.9	13.1	−0.2	1.60
2011	3,795	50,824	47,072	3,752	13.4	12.4	1.0	1.65
2012	3,813	55,421	46,358	9,063	14.5	12.2	2.3	1.80
2013	3,830	56,458	46,192	10,266	14.7	12.1	2.6	1.83
2014	3,847	56,480	46,921	9,559	14.7	12.2	2.5	1.84
2015	3,862	56,899	46,483	10,416	14.7	12.0	2.7	1.86
2016	3,878	55,853	44,894	10,959	14.4	11.6	2.8	1.86
2017	3,889	48,115	43,957	4,158	12.4	11.3	1.1	1.65
2018	3,894	46,320	44,720	1,600	11.9	11.5	0.4	1.62
2019		42,871	42,691	180	11.0	11.0	0.0	1.54
2020		41,320	54,310	-12,981	10.6	13.9	-3.3	1.54

Note: TFR source.^[33]

Ethnic groups[edit]

Ethnic group	1926 Census	1939 Census	1959 Census	1970 Census	1979 Census	1989 Census	2002 Census	2010 Census	2021 Census¹^[34]
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Tatars	1,263,383	48.7%	1,421,514	48.8%	1,345,195	47.2%	1,536,430	49.1%	1,641,603	47.6%	1,765,404	48.5%	2,000,116	52.9%	2,012,571	53.2%	2,091,175	53.6%
Russians	1,118,834	43.1%	1,250,667	42.9%	1,252,413	43.9%	1,382,738	42.4%	1,516,023	44.0%	1,575,361	43.3%	1,492,602	39.5%	1,501,369	39.7%	1,574,804	40.3%
Chuvash	127,330	4.9%	138,935	4.8%	143,552	5.0%	153,496	4.9%	147,088	4.3%	134,221	3.7%	126,532	3.3%	116,252	3.1%	90,474	2.3%
Others	84,485	3.3%	104,161	3.6%	109,257	3.8%	112,574	3.6%	140,698	4.1%	166,756	4.6%	160,015	4.2%	150,244	4.1%	146,914	3.8%
¹ 101,442 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.^[35]

Ethnic map of Tatarstan (2010)

There are about 2 million ethnic Tatars and 1.5 million ethnic Russians, along with significant numbers of Chuvash, Mari, and Udmurts, some of whom are Tatar-speaking. The Ukrainian, Mordvin, and Bashkir minorities are also significant. Most Tatars are Sunni Muslims, but a small minority known as Keräşen Tatars are Orthodox and some of them regard themselves as being different from other Tatars even though most Keräşen dialects differ only slightly from the Central Dialect of the Tatar language.^[36]

There is a fair degree of speculation as to the early origins of the different groups of Tatars, but most Tatars no longer view religious identity as being as important as it once was, and the religious and linguistic subgroups have intermingled considerably. Nevertheless, despite many decades of assimilation and intermingling, some Keräşen demanded and were awarded the option of being specifically enumerated in 2002. This has provoked great controversy, however, as many intellectuals have sought to portray the Tatars as homogeneous and indivisible.^[37] Although listed separately below, the Keräşen are still included in the grand total for the Tatars. Another unique ethnic group, concentrated in Tatarstan, is the Qaratay Mordvins.

Jews[edit]

Tatar and Udmurt Jews are special territorial groups of the Ashkenazi Jews, which started to be formed in the residential areas of mixed Turkic-speaking (Tatars, Kryashens, Bashkirs, Chuvash people), Finno-Ugric-speaking (Udmurts, Mari people) and Slavic-speaking (Russians) populations. The Ashkenazi Jews on the territory of Tatarstan first appeared in the 1830s.^[38] The Jews of Udmurtia and Tatarstan are subdivided by cultural and linguistic characteristics into two territorial groups: 1) Udmurt Jews (Udmurt Jewry), who lived on the territory of Udmurtia and the north of Tatarstan; 2) Tatar Jews, or Kazan Jews (Tatar Jewry or Kazan Jewry), who lived mainly in the city of Kazan and its agglomeration.^[39]

Languages[edit]

In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the two state languages of the republic are Tatar and Russian. According to the 2002 Russian Federal Law (On Languages of Peoples of the Russian Federation), the official script is Cyrillic. Linguistic anthropologist Dr. Suzanne Wertheim notes that «some men signal ideological devotion to the Tatar cause by refusing to accommodate to Russian-dominant public space or Russian speakers», whilst women, in promoting «the Tatar state and Tatar national culture, index their pro-Tatar ideological stances more diplomatically, and with linguistic practices situated only within the Tatar-speaking community… in keeping with normative gender roles within the Tatar republic.»^[40]

Religion[edit]

Today,^[when?] Islam is a major faith in Tatarstan, adhered to by 55 percent^[43]^[44] As of 2012, Islam was the most common faith in Tatarstan, as, 53.8% of the estimated 3.8 million population is Muslim while the remaining population is mostly Russian Orthodox Christian and non-religious.^[45]^[41]^[42]

Established in 922, the first Muslim state within the boundaries of modern Russia was Volga Bulgaria from which the Tatars inherited Islam. Islam was introduced by missionaries^[46] from Baghdad around the time of Ibn Fadlan’s journey in 922. Islam’s long presence in Russia also extends at least as far back as the conquest of the Khanate of Kazan in 1552, which brought the Tatars and Bashkirs on the Middle Volga into Russia.

Sergius Church.Island-city Sviyazhsk

In the 1430s, the region became independent as the base of the Khanate of Kazan, a capital having been established in Kazan, 170 km up the Volga from the ruined capital of the Bulgars. The Khanate of Kazan was conquered by the troops of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible in the 1550s, with Kazan being taken in 1552. Some Tatars were forcibly converted to Christianity and cathedrals were built in Kazan; by 1593, mosques in the area were destroyed. The Russian government forbade the construction of mosques, a prohibition that was not lifted until the 18th century by Catherine II.

In 1990, there were only 100 mosques but the number, as of 2004, rose to well over 1,000. As of January 1, 2008, as many as 1,398 religious organizations were registered in Tatarstan, of which 1,055 were Muslim. In September 2010, Eid al-Fitr as well May 21, the day the Volga Bulgars embraced Islam, were made public holidays.^[47]

The Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest active religion in Tatarstan, and has been so for more than 150 years,^[48] with an estimated 1.6 million followers made up of ethnic Russians, Mordvins, Armenians, Belarusians, Mari people, Georgians, Chuvash and a number of Orthodox Tatars which together constitute 38% of the 3.8 million population of Tatarstan. On 23 August 2010, the «Orthodox monuments of Tatarstan» exhibition was held in Kazan by the Tatarstan Ministry of Culture and the Kazan Eparchy.^[49] At all public events, an Orthodox Priest is called upon along with an Islamic Mufti.^[50]

The Muslim Religious Board of Tatarstan frequently organizes activities, like the ‘Islamic graffiti Contest’ which was held on November 20, 2011.^[51]

Politics[edit]

Cabinet of Ministers building

The head of the republic is the president, who has been Rustam Minnikhanov since 2010.^[52]

Tatarstan’s unicameral State Council has 100 seats: fifty are for representatives of the parties, and the other fifty are for deputies from the republic’s localities. The Chairman of the State Council is Farit Mukhametshin, who has served since May 27, 1998. The government is the Сabinet of Ministers. The Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan is Alexei Pesoshin.

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the President can be elected only by the people of Tatarstan, but due to Russian federal law, this law was suspended for an indefinite term. The Russian law on the election of governors says they should be elected by regional parliaments and that the candidate can be presented only by the president of Russia.

In December 2022, regional lawmakers voted to change the title of the head of the republic from president to rais (an Arabic title for «leader»); lawmakers were expected to adopt new amendments to Tatarstan’s constitution so that it would be in line with the 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia and a federal law in 2021 which abolished regional presidencies. The title of president was seen as the last remaining symbol of federalism following the centralization reforms under Vladimir Putin.^[53] Incumbent president Rustam Minnikhanov however will retain the title of president until his term expires in 2025 under transitional agreements.^[54]

Political status[edit]

The Republic of Tatarstan is a constituent republic of the Russian Federation. Most of the Russian federal subjects are tied with the Russian federal government by the uniform Federal Treaty, but relations between the government of Tatarstan and the Russian federal government are more complex and are precisely defined in the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. The following passage from the Constitution defines the republic’s status without contradicting the Constitution of the Russian Federation:

«The Republic of Tatarstan is a democratic constitutional State associated with the Russian Federation by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Powers between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan, and a subject of the Russian Federation. The sovereignty of the Republic of Tatarstan shall consist in full possession of the State authority (legislative, executive and judicial) beyond the competence of the Russian Federation and powers of the Russian Federation in the sphere of shared competence of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan and shall be an inalienable qualitative status of the Republic of Tatarstan.»^[55]

Economy[edit]

Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. The republic is highly industrialized and ranks second to Samara Oblast in terms of industrial production per km².^[56] in 2017 Tatarstan’s GDP per capita was $10,000,^[57] with total GDP at about $35 billion.^[58]

The region’s main source of wealth is oil. Tatarstan produces 32 million tonnes of crude oil per year and has estimated oil reserves of more than 1 billion tons.^[19]^[59] Industrial production constitutes 45% of the Republic’s gross regional domestic product. The most developed manufacturing industries are petrochemical industry and machine building. The truck-maker KamAZ is the region’s largest enterprise and employs about one-fifth of Tatarstan’s workforce.^[59] Kazanorgsintez, based in Kazan, is one of Russia’s largest chemical companies.^[60] Tatarstan’s aviation industry produces Tu-214 passenger airplanes and helicopters.^[19] The Kazan Helicopter Plant is one of the largest helicopter manufacturers in the world.^[61] Engineering, textiles, clothing, wood processing, and food industries are also of key significance in Tatarstan.^[56]

Hydroelectric power station in Naberezhnye Chelny

Tatarstan consists of three distinct industrial regions. The northwestern part is an old industrial region where engineering, chemical, and light industry dominate. In the newly industrial northeast region with its core in the Naberezhnye Chelny–Nizhnekamsk agglomeration, major industries are automobile construction, the chemical industry, and power engineering. The southeast region has oil production with engineering under development. The north, central, south, and southwest parts of the republic are rural regions.^[62] The republic has huge water resources—the annual flow of rivers of the Republic exceeds 240 billion m³ (8.5 trillion cu ft). Soils are very diverse, the best fertile soils covering one-third of the territory. Due to the high development of agriculture in Tatarstan (it contributes 5.1% of the total revenue of the republic), forests occupy only 16% of its territory. The agricultural sector of the economy is represented mostly by large companies as Ak Bars Holding and «Krasnyi Vostok Agro».

The republic has a highly developed transport network. It mainly comprises highways, railway lines, four navigable rivers — Volga (İdel), Kama (Çulman), Vyatka (Noqrat) and Belaya (Ağidel), and oil pipelines and airlines. The territory of Tatarstan is crossed by the main gas pipelines carrying natural gas from Urengoy and Yamburg to the west and the major oil pipelines supplying oil to various cities in the European part of Russia.

Tourism[edit]

There are three UNESCO world heritage sites in Tatarstan—Kazan Kremlin, Bulgarian State Museum-Reserve, and Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk.^[63]

The annual growth rate of tourist flow to the republic is on average 13.5%; the growth rate of the volume of services in the tourism sector is 17.0%.^[64]

At the end of 2016, on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan there were 104 tour operators, of which 32 dealt in domestic tourism, 65 in domestic and inbound tourism, 1 in domestic and outbound tourism, and 6 in all three.^{[citation needed]}

As of January 1, 2017, 404 collective accommodation facilities (CSR) operate in the Republic of Tatarstan; 379 CSR are subject to classification (183 in Kazan, 196 in other municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan).^[65] 334 collective accommodation facilities received the certificate of assignment of the category, which is 88.1% of the total number of operating.

In 2016, special attention was paid to the development of tourist centers of the Republic of Tatarstan—Kazan, Bolghar, the town-island of Sviyazhsk, Yelabuga, Chistopol, and Tetyushi. The growth of tourist flow in the main tourist centers of the Republic compared to 2015 amounted to an average of 45.9%.

Currently, sanatorium and resort recreation is developing rapidly in Tatarstan. There are 46 sanatorium-resort institutions in the Republic of Tatarstan. The capacity of the objects of the sanatorium-resort complex of Tatarstan is 8847 beds; more than 4300 specialists are engaged in the service of residents. In 2016, more than 160 thousand people rested in the health resorts of the Republic of Tatarstan.^[66] 22 health resort institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan are members of the Association of health resort institutions «Health resorts of Tatarstan,» including 11 sanatoriums of PJSC «Tatneft.»

Since 2016, the Republic of Tatarstan has been operating the Visit Tatarstan program, the official tourism brand of the Republic, the purpose of which is to inform tourists, monitor the reputation of the Republic, develop the tourism potential of the regions of Tatarstan, conduct market research, create partner projects with local companies, and expand internationally. «Tatarstan: 1001 pleasure» is the main message that tourists receive. The Visit Tatar website, where there is information about the main sights and recreation in Tatarstan, is available in 8 languages: Tatar, Russian, English, Chinese, German, Spanish, Finnish, and Persian.^[67]^[68]

Tourist resources of historical and cultural significance[edit]

Kazan Kremlin
Kazan University
Bolghar
Sviyazhsk
Temple of All Religions
Qolşärif Mosque
Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral
Söyembikä Tower
Millennium Bridge
Old Tatar Quarter
Galiaskar Kamal Tatar Academic Theatre
The Jalil Opera and Ballet Theatre
The National Museum of Tatarstan

Culture[edit]

Major libraries include Kazan State University Nikolai Lobachevsky Scientific Library and the National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan. There are two museums of republican significance, as well as 90 museums of local importance. In the past several years, new museums appeared throughout the Republic.

There are twelve theatrical institutions in Tatarstan.^[69] The state orchestra is the National Tatarstan Orchestra.

In 1996, the Tatar singer, Guzel Ahmetova, cooperated with the German Eurodance group named Snap!, when she sang the lyrics of the song «Rame».^[70]^[71]

Aida Garifullina was born in 1987 to a Tatar family in Kazan. Following studies in Nuremberg, Germany and Vienna, Austria, she has achieved fame as a lyric soprano, in high demand both on the international operatic stage and concert platform. She is also a celebrated recording artist and a promoter of the Tatar culture.^{[citation needed]}

Sports[edit]

Tatarstan has Rubin Kazan, a major European football team which has played in the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League. Twice Russian champions, Rubin Kazan play in the Russian Premier League. Also, Tatarstan has Unics Kazan which has gained a significant role in European basketball, playing in Euroleague and EuroCup for decades.

It also has two KHL teams, the successful Ak Bars Kazan, which is based in the capital city of Kazan, and the Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk, who play in the city of Nizhnekamsk. The state also has a Russian Major League team (the second highest hockey league in Russia), Neftyanik Almetyevsk, who play in the city of Almetyevsk. There are also two Minor Hockey League teams which serve as affiliates for the two KHL teams. A team also exists in the Russian Hockey League, the HC Chelny, which is based in the city of Naberezhnye Chelny. Another team plays in the MHL-B (the second level of junior ice hockey in Russia).

Nail Yakupov is an ethnic Tatar who was drafted first overall in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft.

Former ATP No. 1 Marat Safin and former WTA number 1 Dinara Safina are of Tatar descent.

Kazan hosted the XXVII Summer Universiade in 2013. Kazan also hosted the FINA World championship in aquatic sports in August 2015.

Education[edit]

The most important facilities of higher education include Kazan Federal University, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan National Research Technological University, World Information Distributed University, Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N.Tupolev and Russian Islamic University, all located in the capital Kazan.

Public spaces[edit]

Tatarstan takes a unique participatory approach to the development of public spaces that has earned it recognition. The Tatarstan Public Spaces Development Programme aims to create spaces for meeting or recreation.^[72] The programme covers a wide spectrum of projects, including streets, squares, parks, river banks, pavilions, and sports facilities.^[72]

Since 2016^[72] (and continuing until 2022), the Architecturny Desant Architectural Bureau in Kazan^[73] is improving public spaces in each of Tatarstan’s 45 municipal districts, from large cities to small villages.^[74] As of April 2019, the project had revamped 328 public spaces.^[75] By creating and rehabilitating public spaces, the programme aims to be a catalyst for positive social, economic, and environmental change.^[76]

One notable example is the «Beach» at Almetyevsk, which includes public swimming pools and a terrace.^[72] Other examples include an amphitheatre in Black Lake Park, Kazan; the Central Square in Bavly; a children’s playground in Bogatye Saby village, which has a unique wooden play structure; the Cube container centre in the green beach at Gorkinsko-Ometievsky forest, Kazan; and the square on Festival Boulevard, Kazan.^[76]

The programme used an innovative participatory design approach,^[77] which later became mandatory for similar projects across Russia.^[76] This approach partners specialists with local residents at every stage of the project, from development, to implementation, to the ongoing use of the space.^[77]

The Tatarstan Public Spaces Development Programme was announced as one of the six winners of the 2019 Aga Khan Award for Architecture.^[78]^[79]^[80] The jury was impressed by the programme’s systematic approach and involvement of residents to decide the future of each space.^[77]^[81]

Each public space expresses the unique identity of that particular place,^[76] tying in its history while incorporating traditional materials.^[77] Major goals of the projects include improving the quality of life for residents and improving the environment.^[77] The Arhitekturnyi Desant team aims to provide a high quality public space, no matter the size of the settlement, including quality design, infrastructure, and materials.^[77]

Spending on the public spaces projects is helping the local economy.^[when?]^[72] For example, the number of street furniture manufacturers in the area increased from 12 to 75 since the programme started.^[72]

Notes[edit]

^ Russian: Республика Татарстан, romanized: Respublika Tatarstan; Tatar: Татарстан Республикасы, romanized: Tatarstan Respublikası
^ Russian: Татария, Tatar: Татария^[12]^[13]^[14]

References[edit]

^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: «Собрание законодательства РФ», No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
^ Law #2284, Chapter III
^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
^ Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, Article 122
^ Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, Article 9.2
^ «Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 12.07.2022 No. 445 ∙ Официальное опубликование правовых актов ∙ Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации». publication.pravo.gov.ru. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
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Sources[edit]

Закон №2284 от 14 июля 1999 г. «О государственных символах Республики Татарстан», в ред. Закона №23-ЗРТ от 18 марта 2013 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Татарстан «О государственных символах Республики Татарстан» в части утверждения текста Государственного гимна Республики Татарстан»». Вступил в силу со дня опубликования (28 августа 1999 г.). Опубликован: «Республика Татарстан», No. 174, 28 августа 1999 г. (Law #2284 of July 14, 1999 On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Tatarstan, as amended by the Law #23-ZRT of March 18, 2013 On Amending the Part of the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan «On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Tatarstan» Adopting the Text of the State Anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan. Effective as of the day of publication (August 28, 1999).).
6 ноября 1992 г. «Конституция Республики Татарстан», в ред. Закона №79-ЗРТ от 22 ноября 2010 г. «О внесении изменений в статьи 65 и 76 Конституции Республики Татарстан». Опубликован: «Ведомости Верховного Совета Татарстана», №9–10, ст. 166, 1992. (November 6, 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, as amended by the Law #79-ZRT of November 22, 2010 On Amending Articles 65 and 76 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. ).
Госкомстат РФ. Государственный комитет Республики Татарстан по статистике. «Административно-территориальное деление Республики Татарстан» (Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of Tatarstan). Казань, 1997.

External links[edit]

Media related to Tatarstan at Wikimedia Commons
Tatarstan travel guide from Wikivoyage

Official website of the Republic of Tatarstan
Official website of the Republic of Tatarstan Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
Official website of the Republic of Tatarstan (in Tatar)
Tatar-Inform information agency
Official Tourist Portal of the Republic of Tatarstan

Источник

Welcome to the Republic of Tatarstan

Tatarstan is situated at the confluence of two large rivers – the Volga and the Kama, being a kind of bridge connecting Russia’s European and Asian parts.

Covering an area of 67,800 km², the republic is bigger than such European countries as Belgium and the Netherlands and is approximately equal to Ireland.

Throughout many centuries, Tatars (53,2%) and Russians (39,7%), Chuvashes and Udmurts, Mordovians and Maris, Ukrainians and Bashkirs — altogether representatives of more than 173 ethnic origins – have lived in Tatarstan in peace and harmony. Today, its population is 3.8 million.

Tatarstan is a dynamically developing region, with its success being based on a solid foundation of economic stability. The republic is an oil production and petrochemical center; it makes KAMAZ heavy-duty trucks and Mi helicopters; it doesn’t forget about agriculture being one of Russia’s leaders.

As a meeting point of civilizations, a symbolic crossroads of eastern and western, Asian and European religious and cultural traditions, Tatarstan has accumulated extensive experience in maintaining inter-ethnic and inter-faith accord. This experience serves a perfect background for the republic to develop its contacts with the world, build trade, scientific and cultural links.

Tatarstan’s capital city of Kazan

The capital of the republic is the city of Kazan with a population of over 1.1 million. In 2005, it celebrated its 1000^th anniversary. More than forty percent of its residents are young people for whom Tatarstan offers an outstanding opportunity to attend its forty universities, including Kazan University that celebrated its 200^th anniversary in 2004 and received the status of a federal university in 2009, Kazan National Research Technical University and Kazan National Research Technological University.

Kazan is making an emphasis on developing infrastructure as it is going to host the 27^th Summer Universiade in 2013, the FINA World Championships in 2015 and matches of the World Cup in 2018.

Tatarstan is a historical region
	Standing on the crossroads of trade routes, Tatarstan has always played a role of a political, trade and economic center. The pearl of the thousand-year-old city is the Kazan Kremlin that is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The town of Bolgar, the capital of the early feudal state of Volga Bulgaria, has long been the subject of legend. It is the place where the ancestors of Kazan Tatars adopted Islam and where Volga Bulgaria blossomed in the 13^th-14^th centuries. In the picturesque mouth of the Sviyaga River lays the island of Sviyazhsk, a unique historical and architectural complex of the late16^th-20^th-centuries. Following Kazan, the town of Yelabuga also celebrated its 1000^th anniversary. The town, still full of unique merchants’ architecture dating back to the 19^th century, has preserved its inimitable outline.

Culture

Among the republic’s famous cultural events are large international festivals such as the Feodor Chaliapin International Opera Festival, the Rudolf Nuriev International Classical Ballet Festival, the Europe-Asia Contemporary Music Festival, the Rashit Vagapov Tatar Song Festival. Each fall, Kazan hosts the Kazan International Muslim Film Festival. The Creation of the World Music Festival has been held here annually since 2008.

Tatarstan has more than a hundred museums attended by more than 1.7 million visitors a year.

Religion

Islam and Orthodox Christianity are traditional religions in Tatarstan, while Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism and other faiths are also presented here.

Balance of interests of the two faiths and full equality before the law for all religions lay in the basis of inter-faith agreement in the republic.

Tatarstan is implementing a large-scale project to restore historical and cultural monuments and sacred places in the ancient town of Bolgar and the island town of Sviyazhsk.

The panorama of the Kazan Kremlin with the Kul Sharif Mosque and the Annunciation Cathedral standing surrounded by the fortress walls has become Tatarstan’s symbol recognizable all around the world.

Sports

The development of sports, both professional and mass, is a priority for the republic.

Various Tatarstan teams became champions of Russia, won the country’s cups and showed high results in international competitions. Kazan was named the sports capital of Russia, following the achievements of the football club Rubin-Kazan, the hockey club Ak Bars, the water polo men team Sintez, the volleyball club Zenit-Kazan, the bandy team Dinamo-Kazan and the basketball club UNICS.

At the Beijing Olympics Tatarstan presented twelve athletes, five of which won medals including three gold ones.

Photographs from http://www.kzn.ru, http://gokazan.ru, http://yanarysh.tatarstan.ru/, http://www.photokzn.ru and Andrew Shlykoff were used.

When you visit Tatarstan, do not forget: