Волгоград как пишется на английском языке

Volgograd Волгоград
City[1]
Top-down, left-to-right: The Motherland Calls on Mamayev Kurgan, the railway station, Eternal flame, The Metrotram, Gerhardt’s Mill, Central embankment
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: none[3]
Location of Volgograd
Volgograd Location of Volgograd Volgograd Volgograd (European Russia) Volgograd Volgograd (Europe)
Coordinates: 48°42′31″N 44°30′53″E / 48.70861°N 44.51472°ECoordinates: 48°42′31″N 44°30′53″E / 48.70861°N 44.51472°E
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Volgograd Oblast[2]
Founded	1589[4]
City status since	1780[1]
Government
• Body	City Duma[5]
• Head[5]	Alexander Chunakov[citation needed]
Area
• Total	859.35 km2 (331.80 sq mi)
Elevation	80 m (260 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[6]
• Total	1,021,215
• Estimate  (2018)[7]	1,013,533 (−0.8%)
• Rank	12th in 2010
• Density	1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	city of oblast significance of Volgograd[2]
• Capital of	Volgograd Oblast[2], city of oblast significance of Volgograd[2]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Volgograd Urban Okrug[8]
• Capital of	Volgograd Urban Okrug[8]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [9])
Postal code(s)[10]	400000–400002, 400005–400012, 400015–400017, 400019–400023, 400026, 400029, 400031–400034, 400036, 400038–400040, 400042, 400046, 400048–400055, 400057–400059, 400062–400067, 400069, 400071–400076, 400078–400082, 400084, 400086–400089, 400093, 400094, 400096–400098, 400105, 400107, 400108, 400110–400112, 400117, 400119–400125, 400127, 400131, 400136–400138, 400700, 400880, 400890, 400899, 400921–400942, 400960–400965, 400967, 400970–400979, 400990–400993
Dialing code(s)	+7 8442
OKTMO ID	18701000001
City Day	Second Sunday of September[1]
Website	www.volgadmin.ru

Volgograd (Russian: Волгогра́д, IPA: [vəɫɡɐˈɡrat] (listen)), formerly Tsaritsyn (Цари́цын, Tsarítsyn; [tsɐˈrʲitsɨn]) (1589–1925), and Stalingrad (Сталингра́д, Stalingrád; [stəlʲɪnˈɡrat] (listen)) (1925–1961), is the largest city and the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The city lies on the western bank of the Volga, covering an area of 859.4 square kilometres (331.8 square miles), with a population of slightly over 1 million residents.^[11] Volgograd is the sixteenth-largest city by population size in Russia,^[12] the second-largest city of the Southern Federal District, and the fourth-largest city on the Volga.

The city was founded as the fortress of Tsaritsyn in 1589. By the nineteenth century, Tsaritsyn had become an important river-port and commercial centre, leading to its population to grow rapidly. In November 1917, at the start of the Russian Civil War, Tsaritsyn came under Bolshevik control. It fell briefly to the White Army in mid-1919 but returned to Bolshevik control in January 1920. In 1925, the city was renamed Stalingrad in honor of Joseph Stalin, who then ruled the country. During World War II, Axis forces attacked the city, leading to the Battle of Stalingrad, one of, if not the largest and bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, from which it received the title of Hero City. In 1961, Nikita Khrushchev’s administration renamed the city to Volgograd as part of de-Stalinization. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city became the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast.

Volgograd today is the site of The Motherland Calls, an 85-meter high statue dedicated to the heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad, which is the tallest statue in Europe, as well as the tallest statue of a woman in the world. The city has many tourist attractions, such as museums, sandy beaches, and a self-propelled floating church. Volgograd was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.^[13] It is most known for The Motherland Calls ^[14]

Etymology[edit]

Tsaritsyn has been linked to Turkic Sāriğšin or *Sāriğsın meaning «Yellow tomb» or Sāriğšın «City of the Yellow (Golden) Throne».^[15]

History[edit]

Tsaritsyn[edit]

Although the city may have originated in 1555, documented evidence of Tsaritsyn at the confluence of the Tsaritsa [ru] and Volga rivers dates from 1589.^[4] Grigori Zasekin established the fortress Sary Su («yellow water» in the local Tatar language), or Sary Sin («yellow river»), as part of the defenses of the unstable southern border of the Tsardom of Russia. The structure stood slightly above the mouth of the Tsaritsa River on the right bank. It soon became the nucleus of a trading settlement.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the garrison consisted of 350 to 400 people. In 1607 the fortress garrison rebelled for six months against the troops of Tsar Vasili Shuisky. In the following year saw the construction of the first stone church in the city, dedicated to St. John the Baptist.

In 1670 troops of Stepan Razin captured the fortress; they left after a month. In 1708 the insurgent Cossack Kondraty Bulavin (died July 1708) held the fortress. In 1717 in the Kuban pogrom [ru], raiders from the Kuban under the command of the Crimean Tatar Bakhti Gerai [ru] blockaded the town and enslaved thousands in the area. In August 1774 Cossack leader Yemelyan Pugachev unsuccessfully attempted to storm the city.

In 1691 Moscow established a customs-post at Tsaritsyn.^[16] In 1708 Tsaritsyn was assigned to the Kazan Governorate; in 1719^{[citation needed]} to the Astrakhan Governorate. According to the census in 1720, the city had a population of 408 people. In 1773 the settlement was designated as a provincial and district town. From 1779 it belonged to the Saratov Viceroyalty. In 1780 the city came under the newly established Saratov Governorate.

In the nineteenth century, Tsaritsyn became an important river-port and commercial center. As a result, it also became a hub for migrant workers; in 1895 alone, over 50,000 peasant migrants came to Tsaritsyn in search of work.^[17] The population expanded rapidly, increasing from fewer than 3,000 people in 1807 to about 84,000 in 1900. By 1914, the population had again jumped and was estimated at 130,000.^[18] Sources show 893 Jews registered as living there in 1897, with the number exceeding 2,000 by the middle of the 1920s.^[19] At the turn of the nineteenth century, Tsaritsyn was essentially a frontier town; almost all of the structures were wooden, with neither paved roads nor electricity.^[18] The first railway reached the town in 1862. The first theatre opened in 1872, the first cinema in 1907. In 1913 Tsaritsyn got its first tram-line, and the city’s first electric lights were installed in the city center.

Between 1903 and 1907, the area was one of the least healthy in Europe, with a mortality rate of 33.6 for every 1000 persons. Untreated sewage spilled into the river, causing several cholera epidemics between 1907 and 1910.^[18] Although the region had an active Sanitary Executive Commission that sent out instructions on the best ways to prevent outbreaks and dispatched a delegate from the Anti-Plague Commission to Tsaritsyn in 1907, local municipal officials did not put any precautions into place, citing economic considerations. The city’s drinking water came directly from the river, the intake pipe dangerously close to both the port and the sewage drain. There were neither funds nor political will to close the port (the main hub of economic activity) or move the intake pipes. As a result, in the three years spanning 1908 to 1910, Tsaritsyn lost 1,045 people to cholera. With a population of only 102,452 at the time, that amounts to a staggering 1.01% loss of the population.^[17]

Between 1908 and 1911, Tsaritsyn was home to Sergei Trufanov, also known as the ‘mad monk’ Iliodor. He spent most of his time causing infighting and power struggles within the Russian Orthodox Church, fomenting anti-semitic zeal and violence in local populations, attacking the press, denouncing local municipal officials and causing unrest wherever he went. The most permanent mark he left on the city was the Holy Spirit Monastery (Russian: Свято-Духовский монастырь), built in 1909, parts of which still stand today.^[18]

In light of the explosive population growth, the lack of political action on sanitation and housing, the multiple epidemics and the presence of volatile personalities, it is no surprise that the lower Volga region was a hotbed of revolutionary activity and civil unrest. The inability of the Tsarist government to provide basic protections from cholera on the one hand and subjecting the populace to strict but ineffective health measures on the other, caused multiple riots in 1829, in the 1890’s and throughout the first decade of the 1900s, setting the stage for multiple Russian revolutions and adding fuel to the political fire.^[17] During the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923, Tsaritsyn came under Soviet control from November 1917. In 1918 White Movement troops under Pyotr Krasnov, the Ataman of the Don Cossack Host, besieged Tsaritsyn. The Reds repulsed three assaults by the Whites. However, in June 1919 the White Armed Forces of South Russia, under the command of General Denikin, captured Tsaritsyn, and held it until January 1920. The fighting from July 1918 to January 1920 became known as the Battle for Tsaritsyn.

• 

  1636 View of Tsaritsyn

• 

  Pre-revolutionary Tsaritsyn

• 

  1914 City tram on Gogolya St.

Stalingrad[edit]

On April 10, 1925, the city was renamed Stalingrad, in honor of Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party.^[20][21] This was officially to recognize the city and Stalin’s role in its defense against the Whites between 1918 and 1920.^[22]

Once the Soviets established control, ethnic and religious minorities were targeted. The only Jewish school in the area was closed down in 1926.^[19] In 1928, a campaign was launched by the Regional Executive Council to close down the synagogue in Stalingrad. Due to local pushback, they were not successful until 1929, when the council convened a Special Commission. The Commission convinced local municipal powers that the building was in need of major repairs, was unsafe and much too small for the over 800 worshippers who regularly showed up for high holidays.^[19]

In 1931, the German settlement-colony Old Sarepta (founded in 1765) became a district of Stalingrad. Renamed Krasnoarmeysky Rayon (or «Red Army District»), it was the largest area of the city. The first higher education institute was opened in 1930. A year later, the Stalingrad Industrial Pedagogical Institute, now Volgograd State Pedagogical University, was opened. Under Stalin, the city became a center of heavy industry and transshipment by rail and river.

Battle of Stalingrad[edit]

During World War II, German and Axis forces attacked the city, and in 1942 it was the site of one of the pivotal battles of the war. The Battle of Stalingrad was the deadliest single battle in the history of warfare (casualties estimates vary between 1,250,000^[23] and 1,798,619^[24]).

The battle began on August 23, 1942, and on the same day, the city suffered heavy aerial bombardment that reduced most of it to rubble. Martial law had already been declared in the city on July 14. By September, the fighting reached the city center. The fighting was of unprecedented intensity; the city’s central railway station changed hands thirteen times, and the Mamayev Kurgan (one of the highest points of the city) was captured and recaptured eight times.

By early November, the German forces controlled 90 percent of the city and had cornered the Soviets in two narrow pockets, but they were unable to eliminate the last pockets of Soviet resistance before Soviet forces launched a huge counterattack on November 19. This resulted in the Soviet encirclement of the German Sixth Army and other Axis units. On January 31, 1943 the Sixth Army’s commander, Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus, surrendered, and by February 2, with the elimination of straggling German troops, the Battle of Stalingrad was over.

The bombing campaign and five months of fighting that followed utterly destroyed 99% of the city.^[25]

In 1945 the Soviet Union awarded Stalingrad the title Hero City for its resistance. Great Britain’s King George VI awarded the citizens of Stalingrad the jeweled «Sword of Stalingrad» in recognition of their bravery.

A number of cities around the world (especially those that had suffered similar wartime devastation) established sister, friendship, and twinning links (see list below) in the spirit of solidarity or reconciliation. One of the first «sister city» projects was that established during World War II between Stalingrad and Coventry in the United Kingdom; both had suffered extensive devastation from aerial bombardment. In March 2022 this twinning link was paused because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[26]

Volgograd[edit]

On 10 November 1961, Nikita Khrushchev’s administration changed the name of the city to Volgograd («Volga City») as part of his programme of de-Stalinization following Stalin’s death. This action was and remains somewhat controversial, because Stalingrad has such importance as a symbol of resistance during World War II.

During Konstantin Chernenko’s brief rule in 1984, proposals were floated to revive the city’s Stalinist name for that reason. There was a strong degree of local support for a reversion, but the Russian government did not accept such proposals.^{[citation needed]}

On May 21, 2007, Roman Grebennikov of Communist Party was elected as mayor with 32.47% of the vote, a plurality. Grebennikov became Russia’s youngest mayor of a federal subject administrative center at the time.

In 2010, Russian monarchists and leaders of the Orthodox organizations demanded that the city should take back its original name of Tsaritsyn, but the authorities rejected their proposal.

On January 30, 2013, the Volgograd City Council passed a measure to use the title «Hero City Stalingrad» in city statements on nine specific dates annually.^[27][28][29] On the following dates, the title «Hero City Stalingrad» can officially be used in celebrations:

• February 2 (end of the Battle of Stalingrad),
• February 23 (Defender of the Fatherland Day),
• May 9 (Victory Day),
• June 22 (start of Operation Barbarossa),
• August 23 (start of the Battle of Stalingrad),
• September 2 (Victory over Japan Day),
• November 19 (start of Operation Uranus),
• December 9 (Day of the Fatherland’s Heroes)^[27]

In addition, 50,000 people signed a petition to Vladimir Putin, asking that the city’s name be permanently changed to Stalingrad.^[28] President Putin has replied that such a move should be preceded by a local referendum and that the Russian authorities will look into how to bring about such a referendum.^[30]

Politics[edit]

In 2011, the City Duma canceled direct election of the mayor and confirmed the position of City Manager. This was short-lived, as in March 2012, Volgograd residents voted for relevant amendments to the city charter to reinstate the direct mayoral elections.^[31]

Administrative and municipal status[edit]

Volgograd is the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast.^[32] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Volgograd—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[2] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Volgograd is incorporated as Volgograd Urban Okrug.^[8]

Economy[edit]

Although the city was on an important trade route for moving timber, grain, cotton, cast iron, fish, salt and linseed oil, the economic reach of the Volga was relatively small. When the first rail lines were linked up to Moscow in 1871, this isolated area was suddenly and efficiently connected to the rest of the empire. Thanks to that connection, the province became a major producer, processor and exporter of grain, supplying most of Russia. By the 1890s, the economy of Volgograd (then Tsaritsyn), relied mainly on the trade of grain, naphtha, fish and salt.^[17] Modern Volgograd remains an important industrial city. Industries include shipbuilding, oil refining, steel and aluminum production, manufacture of heavy machinery and vehicles at the Volgograd Tractor Plant and Titan-Barrikady plant, and chemical production. The large Volgograd Hydroelectric Plant is a short distance to the north of Volgograd.

Transportation[edit]

Volgograd is a major railway junction served by the Privolzhskaya Railway. Rail links from the Volgograd railway station include Moscow; Saratov; Astrakhan; the Donbas region of Ukraine; the Caucasus and Siberia. It stands at the east end of the Volga–Don Canal, opened in 1952 to link the two great rivers of Southern Russia. European route E40, the longest European route connecting Calais in France with Ridder in Kazakhstan, passes through Volgograd. The M6 highway between Moscow and the Caspian Sea also passes through the city. The Volgograd Bridge, under construction since 1995, was inaugurated in October 2009.^[33] The city river terminal is the center for local passenger shipping along the Volga River.

The Volgograd International Airport provides air links to major Russian cities as well as Antalya, Yerevan and Aktau.

Volgograd’s public transport system includes a light rail service known as the Volgograd Metrotram. Local public transport is provided by buses, trolleybuses and trams.

The Volga River still is a very important communication channel.

• 

• 

• 

  Riverboat Station

Population[edit]

Historical Population Data

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1897 55,186[34] —     1907 57,000[18] +0.32% 1910 99,838[34] +20.54% 1912 102,452[17] +1.30% 1913 132,000[17] +28.84% 1926 148,369[34] +0.90% 1936 445,312[34] +11.62%

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1939 445,476[35] +0.01% 1950 461,065[36] +0.31% 1960 618,287[36] +2.98% 1970 823,309[36] +2.91% 1980 938,747[36] +1.32% 1990 999,426[36] +0.63% 2000 1,010,310[36] +0.11%

Ethnic composition[edit]

At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city’s population whose ethnicity was known (999,785) was:^[37]

Ethnicity	Population	Percentage
Russians	922,321	92.3%
Armenians	15,200	1.5%
Ukrainians	12,216	1.2%
Tatars	9,760	1.0%
Azerbaijanis	6,679	0.7%
Kazakhs	3,831	0.4%
Belarusians	2,639	0.3%
Koreans	2,389	0.2%
Others	24,750	2.5%

Culture[edit]

Mamayev Kurgan Memorial Complex[edit]

A memorial complex commemorating the battle of Stalingrad, dominated by an immense allegorical sculpture The Motherland Calls, was erected on the Mamayev Kurgan (Russian: Мамаев Курган), the hill that saw some of the most intense fighting during the battle. This complex includes the Hall of Military Glory, a circular building housing an eternal flame and bearing plaques with the names of the fallen heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad. This memorial features an hourly changing of the guard that draws many tourists during the warmer months. Across from this Hall, there is a statue called Mother’s Sorrow, which depicts a grieving woman holding a fallen soldier in her arms. During the summer months, this statue is surrounded by a small water feature, called the Lake of Tears. Further down the hill of this complex, there is a Plaza of Heroes (also known as Heroes’ Square), featuring multiple allegorical sculptures of heroic deeds. This plaza is sometimes referred to by the title of the most famous of these sculptures, called «Having withstood, we conquered death».

Panorama Museum[edit]

The Panorama Museum of the Battle of Stalingrad is a large cultural complex that sits on the shore of the Volga river. It is located on the site of the «Penza Defense Junction», a group of buildings along Penzenskaya Street (now Sovetskaya Street), which was defended by the 13th Guards Rifle Division. The complex includes Gerhardt’s Mill, which is preserved in its bombed out state. The museum on the complex grounds houses the largest painting in Russia, a panoramic painting of the battlefield as seen from Mamayev Kurgan, where «The Motherland Calls» statue now stands. This museum also features Soviet military equipment from the 1940s, numerous exhibits of weapons (including a rifle of the famous sniper Vasily Zaytsev), uniforms, personal belongings of generals and soldiers involved in the battle and detailed maps and timelines of the battle.

Planetarium[edit]

The Volgograd Planetarium was a gift from East Germany in honor of what would have been Stalin’s 70th birthday.^[38] Neoclassical in style, the building facade is designed like a Roman temple, with six Tuscan columns topped by capitals decorated with stars. Designed by Vera Ignatyevna Mukhina, the dome is crowned by a female personification of Peace, holding an astrolabe with a dove. Opened in 1954, it was only the second purpose-built planetarium in the Soviet Union. The entryway interior features a mural of Stalin in the white uniform of a naval admiral, surrounded by lilies and doves, more symbols of peace. On either side of the mural, are busts of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, a Soviet rocket scientist, and Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut and the first human to venture into outer space. On the second floor, there are large stained glass windows, featuring images related to Soviet space exploration. The planetarium was outfitted with a Zeiss projector, the first produced by the Carl Zeiss Company in their Jena plant after the end of World War 2.^[39] The projector supplied was the UPP-23/1s model, which was produced between 1954 and 1964; it is still operational and in regular use at the Volgograd Planetarium. The projector was supplemented by a digital system in 2019; the Fulldome Pro model LDX12. Zeiss also provided the 365mm refractor telescope for the observatory, which is still in operation today.^[40] The planetarium hosts scientific and educational lectures, provides Fulldome shows, has scheduled tours, features daytime and nighttime observations and runs an astronomy club for children.^[41]

Other[edit]

Across the street from the Panorama Museum, stands Pavlov’s House, another surviving monument to the Battle of Stalingrad. Several monuments and memorials can be found nearby, including a statue of Lenin, a statue in honor of children who survived war and another to the Pavlov’s House defenders.

The Musical Instrument Museum is a branch of the Volgograd regional Museum of local lore.

Religion[edit]

As a port city along an important and busy trading route, Volgograd has always been a diverse place. An 1897 survey reveals 893 Jews (512 men and 381 women), 1,729 Muslims (938 men and 791 women), and 193 Catholics (116 men and 77 women).^[42]

Holy Spirit Monastery[edit]

Land for the Holy Spirit Monastery was originally allocated in 1904, but construction did not begin until 1909 and was not complete until 1911. Sergei Trufanov, also known as the ‘mad monk’ of Tsaritsyn, was the driving force behind fundraising and getting the project off the ground.^[18] The original complex had a church that could accommodate 6,000 people, the monastery itself could house 500 and an auditorium that held 1,000. There was a school, space for workshops, a printing office and an almshouse. The land the monastery stood on also hosted multiple gardens, a fountain and several inner yards.^[43]

In 1912, the monastery was divided to a male and female section, housing both monks and nuns. In 1914, the school on the grounds of the Holy Spirit Monastery became part of the city school system and in 1915, housed 53 girls whose fathers were on the front lines. During the Russian Civil War, an infirmary was set up and the complex was alternately used by both the Bolsheviks and the Whites. In 1923, once the area was under firm Bolshevik control, the monastery was closed. During the following decades, the complex was used as an orphanage, a library, a cinema and a student hostel. Eventually, many of the buildings fell into disuse and became dilapidated. At the onset of World War 2, the complex was given to the military and many of the original buildings were demolished.^[44]

After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the Volgograd diocese was established and the military began the process of transferring what was left of the Holy Spirit Monastery back to the church. A theological school was established in 1992 and restoration of the site continues today.^[45]

Alexander Nevsky Cathedral[edit]

Construction of the cathedral began on April 22, 1901, with the laying of the foundation stone by Bishop Hermogenes. The domes were installed in 1915 and consecration took place on May 19, 1918. Almost as soon as it was built, the cathedral fell out of use. The Soviet powers closed it down officially in 1929, with the crosses and bells removed and the liturgical objects confiscated. The cathedral was then used as a motor depot and eventually demolished in 1932. In 2001, the long project of rebuilding the cathedral was begun. The first foundation stone was laid in 2016 and the finished replica was finally consecrated in 2021 by Patriarch Kirill.^[46]

The new church stands in central Volgograd, bounded by Communist Street (Russian: Коммунистическая Улица) and Mir Street (Russian: Улица Мира) on the north and south and Volodarsk Street (Russian: Улица Володарского) and Gogol Street (Russian: Улица Гоголя) on the west and east, respectively. This area is also a park, called Alexander’s Garden (Russian: Александровский Сад). The cathedral stands across the street from a World War 2 monument, and a statue of and chapel for, the eponymous Alexander Nevsky.

Floating Churches[edit]

Volgograd hosts one of the few self-propelled floating churches in the world: the chapel boat of Saint Vladimir of Volgograd. Spearheaded by Vladimir Koretsky and assisted by a Dutch Orthodox priest who was part of the organization Aid to the Church in Need (ACN), the Saint Vladimir was consecrated in October 2004 on the shore of the Volga. Originally a decommissioned landing craft found in a shipyard outside St. Petersburg, it took two years to convert it into a floating church. The boat chapel sports three shining domes and was decorated with icons and religious motifs by a local Volgograd artist. On its maiden voyage, the Saint Vladimir reached Astrakhan in the south and Saratov in the north; traveling an 800 kilometer (~500 mile) span of the Volga River.^[47]

In addition to this self propelled church, Vladimir Koretsky first built two other floating churches in Volgograd, both of which must be towed by another craft. The Saint Innocent was originally a repair vessel and was located in a shipyard in Volgograd. Despite it being in poor condition, the boat had good sized cabins and a kitchen unit; the hull was restored, the largest cabins were merged and a single shining dome was added. Icons and sacred relics were donated by parishes from all over the country and the floating church was consecrated on 22 May 1998. During its first year in operation, it visited 28 villages, where 446 people were baptised and 1,500 received communion. The Saint Innocent was mobile for four months of the year, operating mostly on the Don River, and spent the rest of the time moored in Pyatimorsk, providing a semi permanent church for that rural locality.^[47]

Due to the success of the Saint Innocent, the ACN launched the creation of a second floating church, this time built atop an old barge. Christened the Saint Nicholas, in honor of the original floating church built in 1910, it was moored at a yacht club in Volgograd for several years, serving as a place of worship for passing ships crews. It was later towed to Oktyabrsky, a remote southern village of the Volgograd Oblast, to serve as a semi-permanent church.^[47]

All of these floating churches were inspired by the original; a retrofitted tug-passenger steamer, which ran between Kazan and Astrakhan, named the Saint Nicholas. Commissioned in 1858, it was first christened the Kriushi, then the Pirate, until it was purchased by the Astrakhan diocese in 1910 and converted into a church. It served for 8 years, traveling up and down the Volga River, sometimes clocking 4,000 miles a year. Much like every other church in Russia, it was decommissioned in 1918 by the Soviets. It made such an impact on the local population however, that almost 80 years later, it was the inspiration for a new «flotilla of God».^[47]

Volgograd Synagogue[edit]

Also known as Beit David Synagogue, it was named after David Kolotilin, a Jewish leader during the Soviet period. Although some sources claim that this was the first synagogue to serve the Jews of Volgograd, was constructed in 1888, and its original purpose was exclusively that of a synagogue, there is little evidence to support this. What little documentation exists suggests that it was indeed built at the turn of the century, but its original purpose is unknown.^[34] In fact, a 1903 tourist guide to Tsaritsyn, warns that almost all of the buildings in the town are wooden and makes no mention of this structure, so an 1888 construction date is highly unlikely.^[18] It is a two-story, rectangular building, made of brick and richly decorated. The architectural style is typical of residential buildings constructed in Tsaritsyn after the turn of the century.^[48] The original building barely survived the Battle of Stalingrad; it was in ruins as late as 1997, with broken windows and gaping holes made by Nazi bombs. Some sources suggest that the building was reconstructed, but not restored, by 1999.^[34] Emissaries of the Chabad-Lubavitch organization launched a campaign to return the building to the Jewish community and were finally successful in 2003. With the help of multiple fundraising campaigns and generous donors, including Edward Shifrin and Alex Schneider, the synagogue was restored. An annex was constructed in 2005 to mimic the original style and the building was rededicated in 2007.^[49] The prayer hall can be found on the first floor, with communal offices on the second.^[34] Located at 2 Balachninskaya Street in the center of Volgograd. In addition to regular religious services, it also hosts a soup kitchen, a Jewish day school and an overnight children’s camp. As of 2022, the community is led by Rabbi Zalman Yoffe.^[50]

Education[edit]

Higher education facilities include:

• Volgograd State University
• Volgograd State Technical University (former Volgograd Polytechnical University)^[51]
• Volgograd State Agriculture University
• Volgograd State Medical University^[52]
• Volgograd State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
• Volgograd Academy of Industry
• Volgograd Academy of Business Administration^[53]
• Volgograd State Pedagogical University

Sports[edit]

Club	Sport	Founded	Current League	League Tier	Stadium
Rotor Volgograd	Football	1929	Russian Professional Football League	1st	Volgograd Arena
Olimpia Volgograd	Football	1989	Volgograd Oblast Football Championship	5th	Olimpia Stadium
Kaustik Volgograd	Handball	1929	Handball Super League	1st	Dynamo Sports Complex
Dynamo Volgograd	Handball	1929	Women’s Handball Super League	1st	Dynamo Sports Complex
Krasny Oktyabr Volgograd	Basketball	2012	VTB United League	2nd	Trade Unions Sports Palace
Spartak Volgograd	Water Polo	1994	Russian Water Polo Championship	1st	CVVS

Volgograd was a host city to four matches of the FIFA World Cup in 2018. A new modern stadium, Volgograd Arena, was built for this occasion on the bank of the Volga River to serve as the venue. The stadium has a seating capacity for 45,000 people, including a press box, a VIP box and seats for people with limited mobility.^{[citation needed]}

Notable people[edit]

International relations[edit]

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2022)

Volgograd is/was twinned with:^[54]

• Several communities in France and Italy have streets or avenues named after Stalingrad, hence Place de Stalingrad in Paris and the eponymous Paris Métro station of Stalingrad.

Climate[edit]

Volgograd has a cold semi arid climate (Köppen: BSk) with hot summers and cold winters. Precipitation is low and spread more or less evenly throughout the year.^[62]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Волгоградский городской Совет народных депутатов. Постановление №20/362 от 29 июня 2005 г. «Устав города-героя Волгограда», в ред. Решения №32/1000 от 15 июля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Устав города-героя Волгограда». Вступил в силу 10 марта 2006 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: «Волгоградская газета», №7, 9 марта 2006 г. (Volgograd City Council of People’s Deputies. Resolution #20/362 of June 29, 2005 Charter of the Hero City of Volgograd, as amended by the Decision #32/1000 of July 15, 2015 On Amending and Supplementing the Charter of the Hero City of Volgograd. Effective as of March 10, 2006 (with the exception of certain clauses).).
• Волгоградская областная Дума. Закон №139-ОД от 7 октября 1997 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Волгоградской области», в ред. Закона №107-ОД от 10 июля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Волгоградской области в связи с приведением их в соответствие с Уставом Волгоградской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Волгоградская правда», №207, 1 ноября 1997 г. (Volgograd Oblast Duma. Law #139-OD of October 7, 1997 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Volgograd Oblast, as amended by the Law #107-OD of July 10, 2015 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Volgograd Oblast to Ensure Compliance with the Charter of Volgograd Oblast. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
• Волгоградская областная Дума. Закон №1031-ОД от 21 марта 2005 г. «О наделении города-героя Волгограда статусом городского округа и установлении его границ», в ред. Закона №2013-ОД от 22 марта 2010 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Волгоградской области от 21 марта 2005 г. №1031-ОД «О наделении города-героя Волгограда статусом городского округа и установлении его границ»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (22 марта 2005 г.). Опубликован: «Волгоградская правда», №49, 22 марта 2005 г. (Volgograd Oblast Duma. Law #1031-OD of March 21, 2005 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Hero City of Volgograd and on Establishing Its Borders, as amended by the Law #2013-OD of March 22, 2010 On Amending the Law of Volgograd Oblast #1031-OD of March 21, 2005 «On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Hero City of Volgograd and on Establishing Its Borders». Effective as of the day of the official publication (March 22, 2005).).
• Волгоградская городская Дума. Решение №72/2149 от 30 января 2013 г. «Об использовании наименования «город-герой Сталинград»», в ред. Решения №9/200 от 23 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в пункт 1 Порядка использования наименования «город-герой Сталинград», определённого Решением Волгоградской городской Думы от 30.01.2013 №72/2149 «Об использовании наименования «город-герой Сталинград»». Вступил в силу со дня принятия. Опубликован: «Городские вести. Царицын – Сталинград – Волгоград», #10, 2 февраля 2013 г. (Volgograd City Duma. Decision #72/2149 of January 30, 2013 On Using the Name of the «Hero City Stalingrad», as amended by the Decision #9/200 of December 23, 2013 On Amending Item 1 of the Procedures for Usage of the Name «Hero City Stalingrad», Adopted by the January 30, 2013 Decision #72/2149 of Volgograd City Duma «On Using the Name of the «Hero City Stalingrad». Effective as of the day of adoption.).

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

волгоград

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Volgograd city, Russia

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History of Volgograd

Prehistory of the founding of Volgograd

The birth of the city was given by the Volga trade route, the Don-Volga Portage and shipping on the Volga River, which began to take shape back in the 10th century, when Rus’ (in the upper Volga), Volga Bulgaria (in the Middle Volga) and Khazaria (in the Don-Volga interfluve and the lower Volga) became their main participants. The role of merchants was played by the Varangians and Arab merchants.

By the end of the 10th century, the Volga trade was disrupted due to the waves of resettlement of the Pechenegs (from the 950s), the Polovtsians (from the 1100s), the Mongol invasion (1236-1243). The Volga trade route was revived after the Mongol conquest, when the entire river was under the control of the Ulus of Jochi (the Golden Horde). Here, three trade routes from north to south and a route from east to west began to intersect. In 1260, this factor of a convenient trade location was used when Sarai Berke, the capital of the Golden Horde, was founded. It was located about 60 km from present-day Volgograd.

On the site of today’s Volgograd there was a settlement of the Golden Horde with an unknown name. Volgograd is not the successor of this settlement. It was located about 18 km north of the historical core of Volgograd and ceased to exist 200-250 years before its foundation.

In the 15th century, the Golden Horde began to disintegrate into independent khanates: Kazan, Siberian, Astrakhan, Crimean, and others. In the 16th century, the Tsardom of Russia, on the contrary, went through a period of centralization, it became stronger and conquered the khanates one after another: Kazan in 1552, Astrakhan in 1556, Siberian in 1598. At the time of the founding of Volgograd (Tsaritsyn), only the Crimean Khanate remained unconquered.

Foundation of Volgograd

The trade route along the Volga was revived again. Russia exported timber, grain, cloth, leather, wax, and honey through Astrakhan, and imported salt, fabrics, metals, and incense. The Volga became a transit route for international trade as well. The first mention of Tsaritsyn, as a seasonal guard post on Tsaritsyno Island, reached us in a letter from the merchant Christopher Burrow, written in 1579.

After the reforms of Peter the Great and the formation of the Russian Empire, Russian expansion into the Crimea, the Caucasus and Central Asia began. The year 1775 can be considered a new stage in the development of Tsaritsyn, when the Tsaritsyn fortified line and the Volga Cossack army were abolished and the Azov-Mozdok fortified line took over the function of the southern border of the country.

Volgograd in the 19th century

In 1820, a new urban development plan of Tsaritsyn was approved without a fortress wall and ramparts. From this period, the settlement of the adjacent territory by peasants from the central provinces began. In addition to Russians, German colonists settled here, invited by Catherine the Great. They brought with them new technologies and a new way of life.

The first school, pharmacy, coffee shop, the first planting of potatoes, mustard and tobacco in the Tsaritsyn region took place in the German colony of Sarepta-on-Volga, located 30 kilometers south of Tsaritsyn. Until the middle of the 18th century, the food industry developed primarily in Tsaritsyn, which was facilitated by the proximity of the Elton salt mines, the fish resources of the Volga and the Caspian Sea, and melon growing.

In 1880, on the site of the present Central Park of Culture and Leisure, the oil refining complex with the largest oil storage facilities in the Russian Empire was built by the company “Nobel Brothers” (it became known as the Nobel town). Tsaritsyn became an important oil hub. Here, Caspian oil was poured from river tankers into railway tank cars for transportation to the European part of the Russian Empire. The availability of crude oil gave impetus to the development of oil refining. With the assistance of the British company “Vickers”, the Tsaritsyn gun factory was built (sea and field artillery of large calibers).

By 1913, Tsaritsyn in terms of the number of residents, more than 110,000, overtook many regional centers of the Russian Empire. It was a period of rapid growth in the construction of residential, industrial, public, and entertainment buildings, hospitals, schools, hotels. The infrastructure also developed rapidly: the electric network (1880), the telephone (1885), the water supply (1890), the movie theater (1907), the city tram (1913).

Volgograd in 1917-1940

The growth of population and housing development was interrupted with the outbreak of the First World War and the subsequent Russian Civil War. Due to the presence of large-scale industry, there were significant masses of workers who sympathized with the Bolsheviks, which contributed to the rapid establishment of their power in the city. Soon Tsaritsyn became a “red” outpost in the south of Russia. Fighting in the vicinity and city limits of Tsaritsyn caused significant damage to the city economy and residents.

In 1921 and 1922, the grain harvest suffered from drought and famine struck the city. Famines had happened before, but this time the consequences were aggravated by the forcible withdrawal of grain for the needs of the Red Army and the introduction of the policy of war communism.

Even during the battles of 1919, the Soviet government took into account that in terms of population and industry, the city had long outgrown its district status, and this year the Tsaritsyn Governorate was formed. At the end of the Civil War, a peaceful life began to improve, forced “grain surplus” appropriation and elements of war communism were canceled, economic relations began to be determined by the New Economic Policy. Agriculture and industry were actively reviving and the city restored the rate of population growth.

On April 10, 1925, during a mass renaming campaign and getting rid of everything connected with the monarchy and religion, in honor of the recognition of Stalin’s merits in the defense of the city during the Civil War, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad.

As part of the industrialization of the USSR, in Stalingrad, the State District Power Plant (1929), the Tractor Plant (1930), the Shipyard (1931), and the Hardware Plant (1932) were built in a short time. The already existing factories were included in the Stalingrad tractor and tank cluster. The Stalingrad Tractor Institute was established to train engineers and workers in 1930. Two similar clusters were deployed on the basis of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant and Kharkov Tractor Plant.

The Stalingrad Tractor Plant was designed according to the project of the American architect Albert Kahn, the first tractor of the plant was the STZ-1 (licensed copy of the American McCormick Deering 10/20 tractor), the first tank was the T-26 (licensed British tank Vickers Mk E). In the first half of the 1930s, Stalingrad engineers launched production of new models: the STZ-3 tractor (1937) and the legendary Soviet tank T-34 (1940).

Volgograd during and after the Second World War

The damage caused by the war was enormous: 41,685 houses were destroyed (90%), only 32,181 residents of the pre-war 450,000 remained in Stalingrad (of which 30,666 were in the least affected Kirovsky district). Sapper units left for the demining of the city defused more than 300 thousand mines and 1 million shells and bombs. It was only by July 1945 that it became safe to move around the city.

After the war, it was decided to prioritize the allocation of captured German construction equipment and property to Stalingrad. For example, the children’s railway received the HF110C steam locomotives of the Wehrmacht railway troops.

A significant part of the restoration work was carried out by prisoners of war. The last of them were released in 1949, except for those with criminal sentences for personally committed war crimes. By 1949, the volume of industrial production in Stalingrad exceeded the pre-war level.

Volgograd in the second half of the 20th century and beyond

The 1950s were the heyday of Stalingrad’s architecture. In the first post-war years, the most necessary objects were rebuilt, and from the beginning of the new decade, large-scale construction of monumental buildings in the Stalinist Empire style began. In this decade, the image of Stalingrad as an exemplary socialist city was created. The entire historical center of the city, the Stalin district, was rebuilt in one style.

The Volga-Don Canal, put into operation in 1952, became another symbol of the city. After Stalin’s death in 1953, during de-Stalinization, all the monuments to Stalin were demolished, all objects named in his honor were renamed. On November 10, 1961, Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd.

By the end of the 1950s, there was a gradual rejection of the Stalinist Empire style in architecture. New buildings began to be constructed in a more functional style. To speed up the solution of the housing problem in the USSR, serial production of standard apartment buildings in the form of prefabricated panels began. Unofficially called Khrushchyovkas, they were built in large numbers in all districts and micro-districts of Volgograd without exception. Today, they constitute a huge part of the housing stock of the city.

In 1967, in memory of the Battle of Stalingrad, the memorial complex Mamayev Kurgan was built. A modern transport infrastructure began to take shape, where the main role belonged to road transport. The dismissal of Khrushchev and the beginning of Brezhnev’s rule in 1964 did not cause obvious changes in the architecture of the city. In the beginning of the 1970s, the economy of the USSR entered a period of stagnation.

In 1989, the millionth resident of Volgograd was born. September 2-3, 1989, Volgograd celebrated its 400th anniversary. Starting this year, it has become a tradition to celebrate the City Day of Volgograd on the first weekend of September.

After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, a rapid decline began in the industries of the city and its urban economy. All public construction was frozen. For a decade some objects were in a state of protracted construction.

Construction again intensified in the mid-2000s. In 2018, Volgograd hosted 4 matches of the FIFA World Cup. For this, a modern stadium “Volgograd Arena” with a capacity of 45,000 people was built.

Источник

волгоград

1 волгоград

2 Волгоград

3 Волгоград

4 Волгоград

5 Волгоград

6 Волгоград

7 Волгоград

8 Волгоград

9 волгоград

См. также в других словарях:

Волгоград — Волгоград. Улица Мира. ВОЛГОГРАД (до 1925 Царицын, до 1961 Сталинград), город, центр Волгоградской области в России. 1005,1 тысяч жителей. Порт на Волге; начальный пункт Волго Донского судоходного канала; железнодорожный узел; аэропорт.… … Иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь

Волгоград-1 — Волгоград I Приволжская железная дорога Волгоградское отделение Коо … Википедия

Волгоград-2 — Волгоград II Приволжская железная дорога Волгоградское отделение Дата открытия … Википедия

Волгоград — (до 1925 Царицын, до 1961 Сталинград), город, центр Волгоградской области РСФСР. Во время Великой Отечественной войны 1941 45 был почти полностью разрушен, в послевоенные годы восстановлен по генеральному плану (1945, архитекторы К. С.… … Художественная энциклопедия

волгоград — Сталинград, Царицын, волжская твердыня Словарь русских синонимов. волгоград сущ., кол во синонимов: 5 • волжская твердыня (1) • … Словарь синонимов

ВОЛГОГРАД — (до 1925 Царицын, до 1961 Сталинград), город, центр Волгоградской области в России. 1005,1 тысяч жителей. Порт на Волге; начальный пункт Волго Донского судоходного канала; железнодорожный узел; аэропорт. Машиностроение (в том числе тракторное) и… … Современная энциклопедия

ВОЛГОГРАД — (до 1925 Царицын до 1961 Сталинград), город герой в Российской Федерации, центр Волгоградской обл. Порт на Волге. Начальный пункт Волго Донского судоходного канала. Железнодорожный узел. 1005 тыс. жителей (1992). Машиностроение (ПО: Волгоградский … Большой Энциклопедический словарь

Волгоград — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Волгоград (значения). Запрос «Сталинград» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения. Город Волгоград … Википедия

Волгоград — (до 1925 Царицын, до 1961 Сталинград) город, центр Волгоградской области РСФСР. Расположен на изгибе нижнего течения Волги, тянется более чем на 70 км по её правому берегу. В городе начинается Волго Донской судоходный канал им. В. И.… … Большая советская энциклопедия

Источник

Открытый урок по теме: «My city is Volgograd» («Мой город – Волгоград»)

Тип урока: Урок-беседа.

Оборудование: учебник, магнитофон, словари, наглядные пособия: карта Волгограда, наглядные пособия достопримечательностей Волгограда, при возможности мультимедийный проектор для демонстрации города и т.п.

1. Организационный момент, рапорт дежурного (2 мин.)

Teacher: Good afternoon! Sit down, please! What date is it today?

Teacher: Who is absent today?

Student: Nobody is absent today. All students are present. All students are at the lesson.

Teacher: OK. Fine. Sit down, please.

2. Фонетическая зарядка:

Teacher: Look at the blackboard! There are some difficulties on it:

На доске заранее подготовлено:

The Great Patriotic War, higher educational institutions,
Magnificent, legendary Hero-City, serious consequences
Hall of Glory, Statue of Motherland, Embankment.

Преподаватель читает, и студенты хором повторяют за ним.

Teacher: Translate me, please!

Преподаватель называет слова или словосочетания, студенты переводят.

3. Постановка темы урока:

Teacher: There are many cities in our country, most of them are very beautiful and large. But Volgograd is well-known abroad, because our city is a legendary Hero-City all over the world. And as you have understood the theme of our lesson is “My city is Volgograd”

4. Контроль домашнего задания. Работа над текстом «Volgograd».

Teacher: Your homework was the text. You have to read and translate it at home. Now we will work on it. I read the text once, listen to me please and notice all difficulties in the text. And now let’s start to work.

Преподаватель читает текст, текст может быть так же записан на кассету и включен для прослушивания. Наиболее оригинальным было бы, если бы текст читал носитель изучаемого языка.

Student: Volgograd is a big city with the population of more than one million people. Magnificent, green and beautiful Volgograd stands on the Volga as a monument.

Teacher: Translate me, please. Look at the blackboard. You see a map of our city on it. Yes, sure. Our city is very beautiful, magnificent and green.

Student: Volgograd was founded in 1589 as a small fortress on the Russian river and quickly grew into a city with developed industry and culture.

Teacher: Yes. You are right. At first our city was a small fortress but now it is one of the biggest city in our country. It lasts over 80 km

Student: The city has changed its name three times: Tsaritsyn – Stalingrad – Volgograd. In the years of the Great Patriotic War the battle of Stalingrad lasted for 200 days and nights. Stalingraders stood to the death, but defended the city. Our warriors gave the country more that112 herous: Putilov, Serdukov, Panikaha, etc. Glorious generals commanded and won the battle: Khukov, Shumilov, Tchuikov, Rokossovsky and others. After the war the city was ruined. Our legendary Hero-City stands as a memorial to the people who defended it during the war and to those, who repaired it after the war.

Teacher: Look at the monitor. What square is this?

Student: This is the square of Fallen Warriors.

Teacher: (преподаватель демонстрирует Площадь Павших Борцов, или прикрепляет картинку с данным изображением) : Yes. You are right. This is the square of Fallen Warriors. This square is well-known here in Volgograd. There was a wonderful Cathedral here. Who knows its name?

Если студенты знают, то отвечают.

Teacher: There was Alexander Nevski Cathedral but it was ruined in the 30-th years of the 19-th century. There was a center of the city. There was a market here. A lot of seller sold their goods. What theatres do you know in our city?

Student: Drama Theatre…

Teacher (демонстрация НЭТ): Yes. You are right. But at first there was a building of Science. The Hotel “Volgograd” was called as “Stolitschnyje Nomera”. It was wooden and was burned out during the war.

Teacher: Who know, what else there is here?

Student: The Hotel “Intourist”.

Teacher: You are right. This hotel was built after the war in 1951 by architect Goldman and it is a symbol of the friendship among different nations. Everybody from different countries can visit our city now. There aren’t enemies now. Everything is very symbolic in out city. For example, the name of the Mira Street “Piecestreet” means friendship again…

Teacher (работая у монитора): You know now that there are many places of interests here in Volgograd. Who knows about a monument of the square of the “Fallen Warriors”?

Если студенты знают, то отвечают.

Teacher (демонстрирует обелиск Павшим Борцам): This a monument for the Fallen Warriors. It is a massgrave. And what else are there on the square of the Fallen Warriors?

Если студенты знают, то отвечают.

Teacher: There is a grave if Ruben Ibarruri. He was a son of Dolores Ibarruri. She was a president of Communist Party. They were from Spain. On the 9-th day of the war Ruben Ibarruri was in the front. He was a death wounded man and he has his grave here in Volgograd and it is a symbol, too. It means that the war was international. In general, this place of our city is a symbol of friendship and this monument is a symbol against terrorism.

Teacher: Look at the monitor. There are two graves here, too. The grave of Vladimir Kametchikov and the grave of Haffis Fattjachuldinov. They are heroes, too. Haffis struggled with 10 soldiers in the south of the city, and Kametchikov was Volgograder and perished here in his native city for the city…

Student: The symbol of the city is Mamaev Hill with its Hall of Glory, Statue of Motherland. You can hardly keep tears visiting this complex. Alley of Heroes, Panorama-Museum, Pavlov House and also the places, which attract people.

Teacher (демонстрация перечисленных достопримечательностей): Pavlov-House is well-known in Volgograd and overseas, too. Everything was ruined on the square of Pavlo-House. But only this House was.. Pavlov and three soldiers struggled here on the third floor of the house. They had been struggling for 2 days. And 24 soldiers with lieutenant Afanasjev had been struggling on the first floor of the house. The battle had lasted for 58 days. This house deals with the mane of one woman. Who knows her name?

Если студенты знают, то отвечают.

Teacher: Her name was Tcherkassova. She built this house again like it was before the war and the people can live in it.

Teacher: Not far from the House there is Panorama-Museum. This is the third Panorama on the territory of our country. There are 2 Panoramas in our country. In Moscow there is “Borodino Battle” and in Volgograd “Stalindrad Battle”. And you can see, of course, the ruined Mill near this Panorama – Museum. The war- technique can be seen before Panorama Museum and Mill

Teacher: As for Mamaev Hill, so it is difficult to speak. Many people were perished here. There are a lot of monuments on Mamev hill. You can visit this place of interests. But some people say that it is very difficult to visit it, because they mean that this monument is a very big grave for all soldiers, who defended the city during the war. We can read a lot of names here. And Statue of Motherland is the biggest Statue all over the world.

Демонстрация достопримечательностей Волгограда.

Student: I am proud that I live in Volgograd, the city which gave us such famous people as comporses Pakhmutova, Panomarenko, poets Agashina, Lukonin, actors: Rybnikov, Lapikov, Smoktunovsky.

Teacher (демонстрирует фотографии выдающихся людей Волгограда): Yes, our city has a lot of famous people, who knows all over the world. There is a monument for a poetress Agashina in our city, near Medicine University.

Student: Now my city is an industrial, cultural, education and sport center. We have a lot of plants,factories, offices, business-centers here.

Teacher: Name me, please, what factories, business-centers do you know in our city?

Student: It is a city of students. There are over ten higher education institutions, a lot of colleges and technical schools here. I love my city, its green squares, its Embankment, charming rest-centers.

Teacher: Name me, please, how many universities do you know in our city?

Если студенты знают, то отвечают.

Now you know more about Volgograd. And answer my questions to the text….

6. Завершение урока:

Thanks a lot. Prepare for your homework. Learn English. Good-bye!

Источник

Субъекты Российской Федерации.

Тетратека

НАЗВАНИЯ СУБЪЕКТОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Часто у переводчиков возникает вопрос, как правильно писать на английском языке названия субъектов Российской Федерации. На наш взгляд самым логичным было посмотреть перевод Конституции Российской Федерации, выложенный на каком-то из заслуживающих доверие сайтах, например, на www.constitution.ru.

Согласно переводу статьи 65 Конституции РФ на английском языке субъекты РФ имеют следующие названия:

Республика Адыгея (Адыгея) Republic of Adygeya Республика Алтай Republic of Altai Республика Башкортостан Republic of Bashkortostan Республика Бурятия Republic of Buryatia Республика Дагестан Republic of Daghestan Республика Ингушетия Republic of Ingushetia Кабардино-Балкарская Республика Kabardino-Balkarian Republic Республика Калмыкия Republic of Kalmykia Карачаево-Черкесская Республика Karachayevo-Circassian Republic Республика Карелия Republic of Karelia Республика Коми Komi Republic Республика Крым Republic of Crimea Республика Марий Эл Republic of Mari El Республика Мордовия Republic of Mordovia Республика Саха (Якутия) Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Республика Северная Осетия – Алания Republic of North Ossetia – Alania Республика Татарстан (Татарстан) Republic of Tatarstan Республика Тыва Republic of Tuva Удмуртская Республика Udmurtian Republic Республика Хакасия Republic of Khakassia Чеченская Республика Chechen Republic Чувашская Республика – Чувашия Chuvash Republic

Territories Алтайский край Altai Territory Забайкальский край Trans-Baikal Territory Камчатский край Kamchatka Territory Краснодарский край Krasnodar Territory Красноярский край Krasnoyarsk Territory Пермский край Perm Territory Приморский край Primorye Territory Ставропольский край Stavropol Territory Хабаровский край Khabarovsk Territory

Амурская область Amur Region Архангельская область Arkhangelsk Region Астраханская область Astrakhan Region Белгородская область Belgorod Region Брянская область Bryansk Region Владимирская область Vladimir Region Волгоградская область Volgograd Region Вологодская область Vologda Region Воронежская область Voronezh Region Ивановская область Ivanovo Region Иркутская область Irkutsk Region Калининградская область Kaliningrad Region Калужская область Kaluga Region Кемеровская область Kemerovo Region Кировская область Kirov Region Костромская область Kostroma Region Курганская область Kurgan Region Курская область Kursk Region Ленинградская область Leningrad Region Липецкая область Lipetsk Region Магаданская область Magadan Region Московская область Moscow Region Мурманская область Murmansk Region Нижегородская область Nizhny Novgorod Region Новгородская область Novgorod Region Новосибирская область Novosibirsk Region Омская область Omsk Region Оренбургская область Orenburg Region Орловская область Orel Region Пензенская область Penza Region Псковская область Pskov Region Ростовская область Rostov Region Рязанская область Ryazan Region Самарская область Samara Region Саратовская область Saratov Region Сахалинская область Sakhalin Region Свердловская область Sverdlovsk Region Смоленская область Smolensk Region Тамбовская область Tambov Region Тверская область Tver Region Томская область Tomsk Region Тульская область Tula Region Тюменская область Tyumen Region Ульяновская область Ulyanovsk Region Челябинская область Chelyabinsk Region Ярославская область Yaroslavl Region

Города федерального значения

Cities o f Federal Importance

Москва Moscow Санкт-Петербург St. Petersburg Севастополь Sevastopol

Autonomous Region s

Еврейская автономная область Jewish Autonomous Region

Ненецкий автономный округ Nenets Autonomous Area Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ – Югра Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area – Yugra Чукотский автономный округ Chukotka Autonomous Area Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area

Мы в своей работе используем именно этот вариант.

Справедливости ради следует отметить, что перевод Конституции РФ, размещенный на сайте www.kremlin.ru, несколько отличается. Перевод названий субъектов в статье 65 полностью соответствует приведенной таблице, но вот в переводе статьи 66 мы видим следующую картину: «The status of a kray, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast, autonomous okrug shall be determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the charter of the kray, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast and autonomous okrug which is adopted by the legislative (representative) body of the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation.» – т.е. «Territory» превращается в «Kray», «Region» в «Oblast», «City of Federal Importance» в «City of Federal Significance», «Autonomous Region» в «Autonomous Oblast», а «Autonomous Area» в «Autonomous Okrug». Все, что можно было перевести по-другому, было переведено по-другому.

Но это, скорее всего, временное явление и в ближайшем будущем размещенный текст будет заменен, дабы устранить разночтение.

Источник

History of Volgograd

Prehistory of the founding of Volgograd

The birth of the city was given by the Volga trade route, the Don-Volga Portage and shipping on the Volga River, which began to take shape back in the 10th century, when Rus’ (in the upper Volga), Volga Bulgaria (in the Middle Volga) and Khazaria (in the Don-Volga interfluve and the lower Volga) became their main participants. The role of merchants was played by the Varangians and Arab merchants.

By the end of the 10th century, the Volga trade was disrupted due to the waves of resettlement of the Pechenegs (from the 950s), the Polovtsians (from the 1100s), the Mongol invasion (1236-1243). The Volga trade route was revived after the Mongol conquest, when the entire river was under the control of the Ulus of Jochi (the Golden Horde). Here, three trade routes from north to south and a route from east to west began to intersect. In 1260, this factor of a convenient trade location was used when Sarai Berke, the capital of the Golden Horde, was founded. It was located about 60 km from present-day Volgograd.

On the site of today’s Volgograd there was a settlement of the Golden Horde with an unknown name. Volgograd is not the successor of this settlement. It was located about 18 km north of the historical core of Volgograd and ceased to exist 200-250 years before its foundation.

In the 15th century, the Golden Horde began to disintegrate into independent khanates: Kazan, Siberian, Astrakhan, Crimean, and others. In the 16th century, the Tsardom of Russia, on the contrary, went through a period of centralization, it became stronger and conquered the khanates one after another: Kazan in 1552, Astrakhan in 1556, Siberian in 1598. At the time of the founding of Volgograd (Tsaritsyn), only the Crimean Khanate remained unconquered.

More Historical Facts…

Streets of Volgograd

Volgograd — Features

Volgograd is located in the lower reaches of the Volga River on its western bank with various forms of relief. The part of the city adjacent to the Volga is low-lying, with a height of 0-40 meters above sea level, at a distance of 1-3 kilometers from the Volga there is a chain of gentle hills (50-140 meters): Mamaev Kurgan (102 meters), Lysaya Gora and others.

The city got its original name (Tsaritsyn) from the Tsaritsa River, which flows into the Volga. The name was probably based on the Tatar words “sari-su” (yellow river) or “sari-chin” (yellow island), since a Russian settlement with a wooden fortress originally arose on Tsaritsyn Island.

In 1965, after Volgograd received the status of a hero city, its coat of arms that is still in use was adopted: in the upper red field — the Star of the Hero and the battlements of the fortress wall symbolizing the Stalingrad fortress, in the lower blue field — a gear wheel and a sheaf of wheat, as symbols of advanced mechanical engineering and agriculture.

The climate in Volgograd is moderately continental. Winters are mild, with frequent thaws, summers are hot and long. In all seasons, sharp temperature changes are possible. The average temperature in February is minus 5.9 degrees Celsius, in July — plus 24.2 degrees Celsius.

After the collapse of the USSR, the industrial potential of Volgograd significantly decreased. Traffic on the Volga-Don Canal dropped significantly in 1990-2010. However, now it is close to record numbers again.

Volgograd is an important junction of highways leading to Moscow, Astrakhan, Syzran, Elista, Samara, Donetsk (Ukraine). Volgograd airport “Gumrak” is located about 20 km from the city center and offers regular flights to such cities as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sochi, Krasnodar, Kaliningrad, Ufa, Nizhny Novgorod, and a number of others.

The specificity of the Volgograd road network comes from its unusual shape: a built-up strip with a width of 1 to 5 and a length of about 90 kilometers, in which multi-storey buildings, private residential buildings, industrial zones, and areas of undeveloped steppe alternate several times. Public transport in Volgograd is represented by buses, trams, trolleybuses, minibuses, as well as an underground high-speed tram — a kind of analogue of the metro.

Tourism in Volgograd

Today, Volgograd is quite an interesting place from a tourist point of view. Here you can see the largest river island in Europe, the only underground tram in Russia, the largest river port in Europe, and unique museums. In addition, Volgograd attracts tourists with its natural and climatic conditions and recreational resources — a huge water area, kilometers of sandy beaches and more than 200 sunny days a year.

Volgograd has the tallest sculpture-statue in Europe — the famous Motherland Calls monument, one of the largest monuments to a person who actually lived — a 57-meter-high monument to Lenin, installed at the entrance to the Volga-Don canal, the longest street in Russia — Vtoraya Prodolnaya magistral (more than 50 km), the longest residential building in the world (1,142 meters).

On the territory of Volgograd Oblast, you can visit the amazing lake of lotuses (flowering period: August-September), Lake Elton, “Volga Switzerland” — the natural park Shcherbakovsky, as well as the natural parks “Tsimlyanskie Sands”, “Donskoy”, “Nizhnekhopersky”, “Ust-Medveditskiy”, etc. Today, Volgograd is one of the twenty most popular Russian tourist destinations.

To help those traveling in the Volgograd region, there are two tourist information centers in the city. The first one is located at Gagarina Street, 12, not far from the Volgograd Planetarium, and the second — in the museum-reserve “Staraya Sarepta” (Izobilnaya Street, 10).

Traditional Volgograd souvenirs can be found in shops and kiosks on Mamayev Kurgan, in Staraya Sarepta and other museums in the city. Usually tourists buy small figurines in the form of the Motherland Monument, St. George ribbons and other items related to the glorious military past of the city.

Main Attractions of Volgograd

Mamaev Kurgan and the statue “The Motherland Calls!” In the very center of Volgograd, on the right bank of the Volga, Mamayev Kurgan (hill) rises — the place of the fiercest fighting during the Stalingrad Battle. Each of the belligerents tried at all costs to take and hold this strategically important height.

The central element of the monument-ensemble “The Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad” on Mamayev Kurgan is the statue “The Motherland Calls!” — a grandiose statue of a woman with a sword in her hands, 85 meters high. In addition to it, the ensemble includes the Square of Those Who Fought to Death, the Hall of Military Glory with an eternal flame, Ruined Walls, the Square of Heroes, and the Square of Sorrow.

There are also several mass graves on Mamayev Kurgan, in which the ashes of more than 35 thousand defenders of Stalingrad rest. A staircase of 200 granite steps leads from the foot of the hill to its top — the number of days of the Stalingrad Battle.

Museum-Panorama “The Battle of Stalingrad”. In the 8 halls of this museum, Soviet and German weapons, military equipment, uniforms, battle flags, photographs, and documents are exhibited. The main exhibit of the museum is a huge panoramic painting “The Defeat of the German Troops in Stalingrad” devoted to the fighting for Mamayev Kurgan.

The first version of the painting was created in 1948-1950. Completed only in 1982, it became the largest battle painting in the Soviet Union. The viewers of the panorama are, as it were, on the top of Mamayev Kurgan and see all the surroundings and the events of January 26, 1943. Some of the exhibits are displayed in the open air: military equipment, several monuments. Imeni Marshala V.I. Chuykova Street, 47.

Gerhardt’s Mill. Near the museum-panorama “The Battle of Stalingrad”, you can see the ruins of a 5-storey brick building. Before the Second World War, it housed a mill that belonged to the Volga German A. Gerhardt. The war turned this building into what we see today.

Its walls are covered with traces of bullets and shell fragments, the roof and part of the ceilings have collapsed, the empty eye sockets of the windows are distorted by explosions. The building was left in a dilapidated state as a reminder of what happened here during the Second World War, as a monument to the heroism of the city’s defenders.

Fountain “Barmaley” — one of the most famous fountains in the world created on the basis of the tale of Korney Chukovsky “Barmaley” and consisting of figures of children dancing around a huge crocodile. The original fountain was created in 1930. In 2013, two replicas of the fountain were installed in its memory: near the Gerhardt’s mill and on the square near the railway station of Volgograd (Privokzalnaya Square, 1), where the original fountain once stood.

Embankment named after the 62nd Army. The central embankment of Volgograd got its name in honor of the 62nd Army, which defended the riverside during the Battle of Stalingrad. The Volgograd embankment is considered one of the most beautiful on the Volga. It consists of two levels: the first one is directly adjacent to the river, the second one runs near residential buildings. The most beautiful place on the embankment is its central stairs, built after the war and called the “front gate” of Volgograd.

Volgograd River Station — the largest river station in Russia and Europe (296 m long and 47 m high). Inside there is a concert hall for almost 1,000 spectators where organ music concerts are held. In addition, there are cafes, restaurants, a fitness center, and nightclubs. However, ships continue to dock here: a trip along the Volga River, during which you can enjoy the panoramas of Volgograd from the water, takes about one hour. Embankment of the 62nd Army Street, 6.

Pictures of Volgograd

Pavlov’s House — a residential building famous for the fact that during the Battle of Stalingrad a group of Soviet fighters defended it for 58 days. The soldiers were led by senior sergeant Yakov Pavlov, hence the name of the building. In 1985, in honor of the 40th anniversary of the Victory, a memorial wall was erected next to it from the original material. Lenin Square (Sovetskaya Street, 39).

Volgograd Memorial Historical Museum. The collection of this museum is exhibited in a mansion (1903) that once belonged to the Repnikov merchant family. The building itself is a valuable architectural monument constructed in the new Russian style from bright red bricks.

This museum has more than 1,000 exhibits that tell primarily about the events of 1917-1923. Here you will see paintings and graphics from the Russian Civil War, military posters and historical photographs, leaflets and rare books, collectible coins, postage stamps and postcards, household items of the early 20th century. Gogol Street, 10.

Museum of Fine Arts named after Ilya Mashkov. The collection of this art gallery has paintings of the 18th-20th centuries. The history of Russian landscape painting is well represented here. There is a separate section dedicated to the works of Volgograd painters. Lenin Avenue, 21.

Tower of the Tsaritsyn Fire Brigade. This architectural structure of the late 19th century was built in an eclectic style. It is an excellent observation deck, from a 36-meter height you can see most of the city’s streets and the Volga Hydroelectric Station. Visiting the observation deck is carried out by excursion groups from the Museum of Local Lore (Lenin Avenue, 7). Kommunisticheskaya Street, 5.

Museum-Reserve “The Old Sarepta” — an open-air museum covering an area of 5 hectares and located on the site where the German colony of Sarepta-on-Volga was located in the past, about 30 km from the center of Volgograd. The memorial complex includes 26 buildings, 23 of which are architectural monuments of federal importance. It was organized for preserving the architectural heritage of the 18th-19th centuries, as well as reviving the traditions of the peoples of the Volgograd region.

The museum collection consists of ethnographic, archaeological and artistic exhibits. On the territory of the museum there are excursion programs that will help you learn the history, culture and way of life of the people of Sarepta. Here you can also listen to organ music, visit the Mustard Museum, and other interesting exhibition halls.

Volga-Don Canal. About one kilometer from “The Old Sarepta”, you can find the arch of the first sluice of the Volga-Don Canal. This is a kind of “gate” of the canal, reminiscent of a triumphal arch. The height of the structure is 40 m. More information about the canal can be found in the nearby Museum of the History of the Volga-Don Navigable Canal.

Near the approach to the sluice, a monument to Vladimir Lenin is erected (previously there was a monument to Joseph Stalin) — the largest among the monuments to people who actually lived (57 m). On the other side of the canal there is a monument-lighthouse to the sailors of the Volga military flotilla, who defended Tsaritsyn, and later Stalingrad.

Kazan Cathedral (1896-1899) — a picturesque building constructed in the eclectic style, combining the architectural styles of different eras. Perhaps that is why it looks so festive and picturesque. In 2010, the cathedral was restored to its original appearance during the reconstruction. Lipetskaya Street, 10.

Volgograd Underground Tram. The Volgograd high-speed underground tram, also known as the metro-tram, is a unique type of urban transport. This is essentially a hybrid of a metro and a tram: most of the route of two-car trains runs underground (there are only two ground stations).

Except for Volgograd and Krivoy Rog (Ukraine), such a project was not implemented anywhere else, and therefore it became a tourist attraction of Volgograd. Today, it passes through five districts and includes 22 stations. The metro-tram of Volgograd carries over 50 million passengers annually.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

Перевод «Волгоград» на английский

За последние несколько лет Волгоград вновь познакомился на международном уровне с современным искусством.

For the past few years Volgograd got acquainted with modern art on an international level again.

Ежегодно Волгоград принимает на своей территории до полумиллиона туристов.

Annually Volgograd welcomes on its territory up to half a million tourists.

Говоря о южных городах, следует отметить и Волгоград.

Speaking about the southern cities, it should be noted and Volgograd.

Волгоград является не только культурным, образовательным и историческим, но и важнейшим спортивным центром страны.

Volgograd is not only a cultural, educational and historical, but also a major sporting centre of the country.

Ниже Волгоград река теряет около 2% воды через испарения.

Below Volgograd the river loses about 2 percent of its waters in evaporation.

Ветераны выразили готовность поехать в Волгоград, чтобы помочь с проведением голосования.

Veterans expressed their willingness to travel to Volgograd to help in holding such a referendum.

Экскурсионнй тур в Волгоград познакомит вас с героической историей этого города.

Today excursion tours to Volgograd will introduce you to the heroic history of this city.

Сегодня Волгоград — современный город-миллионник с развитой инфраструктурой и огромным количеством культурных учреждений и торговых площадей.

Today, Volgograd is a modern city with developed infrastructure and a huge number of cultural institutions and shopping areas.

А потом была поездка в Волгоград.

One day there was a trip to Volgograd.

Первым этапом инвестиционного проекта стала реконструкция гостиницы, расположенной в г. Волгоград.

The first stage of the investment project was the reconstruction of the hotel, located in the city of Volgograd.

Сегодня Волгоград является побратимом 45 городов.

Today, Volgograd has sister city relationships with 45 cities.

Самую впечатляющую динамику показал Волгоград, где число киосков выросло на 76%.

Most impressive dynamics was demonstrated in Volgograd, where the number of kiosks has increased by 76 percent.

Самара и Волгоград отнесены к начинающим, остальные попали в категорию развивающихся.

Samara and Volgograd are classified as beginners, the rest are in the developing category.

Согласно данным ассоциации строителей, Волгоград лидирует в области обвала цен.

According to the Association of builders of Volgograd region leads to the collapse of prices.

После этого олимпийский огонь отправится в Волгоград.

On that date the Olympic flame relay goes to Volgograd.

Волгоград — один из самых динамично развивающихся туристических центров Юга России с многолетними традициями исторического туризма.

Volgograd is one of the fastest growing tourist centers in the south of Russia with a long tradition of historical tourism.

Сданы в эксплуатацию радионавигационные и телекоммуникационные системы управления транспортом в городах Волжский и Волгоград.

Radio navigation and telecommunication systems for transport management have come into operation in the cities of Volzhsky and Volgograd.

Группа американских дипломатов собралась посетить Волгоград.

A group of American diplomats gathered to visit Volgograd.

За годы Советской власти Волгоград превратился в один из крупнейших индустриальных и культурных центров страны.

During the years of Soviet power, Volgograd has become one of the country’s largest industrial and cultural centers.

Вместимость стадиона «Волгоград Арена» составляет 45000 человек.

The new Volgograd Arena stadium has a capacity of 45,000 people.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 2591. Точных совпадений: 770. Затраченное время: 100 мс

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