Вологда по английски как пишется

Vologda Вологда
City[1]
Kremlin Square in Vologda
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Vologda
Vologda Location of Vologda Vologda Vologda (Vologda Oblast)
Coordinates: 59°13′N 39°54′E / 59.217°N 39.900°ECoordinates: 59°13′N 39°54′E / 59.217°N 39.900°E
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Vologda Oblast[2]
First mentioned	1147
Government
• Body	City Duma[3]
• Head[3]	Yury Sapozhnikov[4]
Area [5]
• Total	116 km2 (45 sq mi)
Elevation	120 m (390 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[6]
• Total	301,755
• Estimate  (2018)[7]	312,420 (+3.5%)
• Rank	63rd in 2010
• Density	2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi)
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	city of oblast significance of Vologda[2]
• Capital of	Vologda Oblast[2], Vologodsky District[8]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Vologda Urban Okrug[9]
• Capital of	Vologodsky Municipal District[10], Vologda Urban Okrug[9]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [11])
Postal code(s)[12]	160000-160530
Dialing code(s)	+7 8172[13]
OKTMO ID	19701000001
City Day	Last Sunday of June[14]
Website	vologda-portal.ru/en/

Vologda (Russian: Вологда, IPA: [ˈvoləɡdə]) is a city and the administrative center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population: 313,944 (2021 Census);^[15] 301,755 (2010 Census);^[6] 293,046 (2002 Census);^[16] 282,802 (1989 Census).^[17]

The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia. The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as a historic city, one of 41 in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast.^[18] 224 buildings in Vologda have been officially recognized^{[by whom?]} as cultural heritage monuments.^[19]

History[edit]

Foundation[edit]

The official founding year of Vologda is 1147,^[20][21] based on the 17th century «Tale of Miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda» and Ivan Slobodsky’s 1716 «Chronicler», which tells the story of the arrival of the monk Gerasimus who founded the Trinity Monastery near the Vologda river.^[22][23] This date, which would make Vologda about the same age as Moscow, was introduced by the historian Aleksey Zasetsky in 1780.^[24]

However, historians and archaeologists have expressed doubts on the official founding year,^[22] due to the age and secondary nature of the sources and also due to archaeological excavations dating no earlier than the 13th century.^[25] Instead, they believe that the city was founded in the 13th century with Vologda being mentioned in a 1264 agreement between the Novgorod Republic and the Grand Prince of Vladimir as an outlying possession of the Novgorod Republic.^[26]

The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center, but rather the area known now as «Lazy ground» (Ленивая площадка), close to the Resurrection church. This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565. Until that year, no stone constructions existed in Vologda; all of the city fortifications, bridges, houses, churches, and industrial enterprises were made of wood.^[21]

Early history[edit]

The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow, Novgorod, and the White Sea (via the Northern Dvina) made it attractive for the Novgorod Republic, as well as for the princes of Tver and Moscow, who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries.

In 1371, Dmitry Prilutsky, a monk from the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky, founded Nikolsky Monastery, now known as Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery, close to the city. Dmitry Donskoy, the Grand Prince of Moscow, was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod.

In 1397, during the reign of Vasily I, Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Subsequently, the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces. During the Muscovite Civil War, Vologda played a key role. After Vasily II the Blind, the Grand Prince of Moscow, was defeated by Dmitry Shemyaka in 1447, he swore to never start a war against Shemyaka, was exiled to Vologda, and got the city as a personal possession. From there Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery where the hegumen released him from the oath. The civil war continued, and in 1450, Vologda was besieged by the troops of Dmitry Shemyaka; however, they did not manage to occupy the town.

After the death of Vasily in 1462, Vologda passed to the possession of his son Andrey Menshoy and became the center of the Principality of Vologda. In 1481, after the death of Andrey who had no successors, Vologda passed to Ivan III, the Grand Duke of Moscow, and was included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

Under Ivan the Terrible[edit]

During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russia’s trade. The foreign trade was conducted mostly with England, Holland, and other western countries via the White Sea. Arkhangelsk was the major foreign trade haven, and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk. The trade with Siberia was conducted via the Sukhona and the Vychegda, and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center. The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of the Vologda. In 1553, Vologda was visited by the English seafarer Richard Chancellor who officially established diplomatic relations between the Tsardom of Russia and England. In 1554, trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and Novgorod, and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda. Following the reports of John Gass, in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city, and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became Osip Nepeya, a native of Vologda.

In 1565, Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of Oprichnina and included Vologda in the structure of Oprichnina lands. That year, he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently the capital of the country. The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress. It was decided to build it not in the former town center, but rather in another part of the town, limited on the one side by the river, and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya, Oktyabrskaya, and Mira Streets. The fortress was surrounded by a moat. Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of the fortress on April 28, 1566, which was the day to celebrate the memory of Saint Jason (Nason in the Russian tradition) and Saint Sosipater. Therefore, the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the «Nason-gorod» (Nason-town). The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin (currently, the name is sometimes referred only as the Bishop’s courtyard).

Between 1568 and 1570, a new cathedral was built in the new fortress. The Saint Sophia Cathedral became the first stone building in Vologda. The design of the cathedral copied the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow. He personally supervised the construction, headed by the architect Razmysl Petrov. In 1571, Vologda became the center of the Diocese of Vologda and Perm that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of Ust-Vym in Perm lands. Thereby, Vologda was strengthened not only in trading, military and political influence, but also in ecclesiastical affairs.

However, in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good. Presumably, this was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina, and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer. According to the legend, when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral, a little stone fell from the roof on his head. The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as a sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city. In any case, it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish the cathedral, and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime. The consecration took place only during the reign his son Feodor I in 1587. Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building.

Time of Troubles[edit]

The Time of Troubles for Vologda began with a plague epidemic in 1605. In 1608, when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar Vasily Shuysky and areas controlled by the pretender False Dmitry II supported by Polish troops, the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry. By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses, but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia. However, abuses and property seizures by the new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population. As a result, Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky. Moreover, in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II.

In 1612, people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, which eventually defeated Polish troops. However, after the city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard, it remained without sufficient protection, and on September 22, 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance, later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants.

Under the Romanovs[edit]

After 1613, Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade. During the reign of Peter the Great, Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia. Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there. Vessels which delivered food supplies to Arkhangelsk were constructed in Vologda. Peter intended to hold them on Lake Kubenskoye, 30 kilometers (19 mi) north of Vologda. However, after personally inspecting the lake in 1692, he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose.

Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions, on six of which (in 1692, 1693, 1694, 1702, 1722, and 1724) he stayed in the city for extended time. He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman, which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities, and in 1885 was transformed into the memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda.

However, after St. Petersburg was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea, the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed. In 1722, Peter issued the decree restricting trade through Arkhangelsk, which damaged Vologda even further. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708, Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and was included as a town of Archangelgorod Governorate.

The revival began only during the reign of Catherine the Great who in 1780 made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty, a successor of Archangelgorod Governorate. In 1796, the viceroyalty, administered by a governor-general, was transformed into Vologda Governorate, the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east. The center of Vologda was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781. The street network is still in use now.

A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the Sukhona and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow (1872), with Arkhangelsk (1898), with St. Petersburg and Vyatka (1905).

In 1871, the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye, 13 kilometers (8.1 mi) from Vologda. It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia. Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry, and the Vologda butter, a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman, became a world trademark. In 1911, the manor of Fominskoye together with the Buman’s creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute. Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia.^[27]

Since the 15th century, Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as «Siberia close to the capital». In the 19th–20th centuries, such persons as Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov (later the Minister of Foreign Affairs), Nikolai Berdyaev (the famous Russian philosopher), Boris Savinkov (later known as a successful terrorist), Mariya Ulyanova, and Alexander Bogdanov were sent to Vologda. Anatoly Lunacharsky chose to go there to join Bogdanov, and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya, Bogdanov’s sister.

Soviet period[edit]

Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917, and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the zemstvo and municipal administration. In February 1918, Vologda became the «diplomatic capital of Russia» for several months. Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by the German army, so Western powers, led by American Ambassador David R. Francis, relocated them to Vologda. However, pressured by the Bolsheviks, on July 24, 1918 the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via Arkhangelsk.

During the Russian Civil War, Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the 6th Red Army. The army opposed the White Army under command of Evgeny Miller and the military forces of Entente in northern Russia.

In 1924 the government ordered to close the Vsegradsky cathedral, that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city.^[28][29] In 1929, the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation, Northern Krai, which also included former Arkhangelsk and Northern Dvina Governorates, as well as the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast. The administrative center of Northern Krai was located in Arkhangelsk. In December 1936, Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and Northern Oblast, with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk. On September 23, 1937, Northern Oblast was divided into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. According to the same decision, districts of former Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast were attached to Vologda Oblast. These districts currently make for the western part of Vologda Oblast. Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined.

In the 1930s, a flax factory, a coach-repair factory, and a sawmill, «Northern Communard,» were constructed.

During World War II, martial law was declared in Vologda, and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production. In the fall of 1941, Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast, and Vologda thus became a front city. The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches. In the city, bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction, systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed. As a result, though attempts of bombardments were numerous, no bombs fell on the city. To commemorate these events, a monument to the air defense forces was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda. The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun. In addition, Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment. It also served as a large hospital center. Residents of Vologda donated blood, money, and jewellery. The tank detachment «Vologda Collective Farmer» was funded by these donations. To commemorate these events the monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street.

Between 1961 and 1985, Anatoly Drygin was the first secretary of the CPSU Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast. During this period, notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred. In particular, a bearing plant, a mechanical plant, and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda. A polytechnical university was opened. A large-scale poultry farm was established. A major construction initiative was carried out, and, in particular, the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed. The city expanded, with new residential areas built; in particular, Byvalovo, GPZ, the fifth and the sixth Microdistricts. In 1976, the Vologda trolleybus system opened.

Post-Soviet period[edit]

In November 1991, the city administration was formed and the reform of local governments began. In October 1993, the Soviets of People’s Deputies of all levels were abolished. After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet, the City Duma was established. The first Duma elections took place on March 20, 1994. This first Duma only had six seats, but in 1995, after the next elections, it was expanded to thirty deputies.

On July 25, 1996, the City Duma adopted the main city document: the Charter of Vologda. On October 6, 1996, the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place. Alexey Yakunichev was elected and became the head of the city. His term ended in 2008.

In 2003, the construction of a ring road started. Before that, the М8 highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center, causing congestion. Since the completion, the ring road connects the highways А114 (Vologda – Novaya Ladoga), Р5 (Vologda – Medvezhyegorsk), and М8 (Moscow – Arkhangelsk). On August 25, 2005, the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda. Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996, the changes were relatively minor. On October 12, 2008, Yevgeny Shulepov was elected to be the City Head.

Administrative and municipal status[edit]

Vologda is the administrative center of the oblast^[2] and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Vologodsky District,^[8] even though it is not a part of it.^[1] As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality, incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Vologda (one of the four in Vologda Oblast)—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[2] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as Vologda Urban Okrug.^[9]

Climate[edit]

Vologda’s climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification Dfb) bordering on a mild subarctic climate (Dfc). Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months. Spring and autumn are cool, summer is warm, the coldest months are December and January, the warmest month is July. Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn.

• Mean-annual temperature: +3.1 °C (37.6 °F)
• Mean-annual speed of wind: 3.0 m/s
• Mean-annual humidity of air: 80%

Demographics[edit]

The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic Russians. A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of different levels – according to various estimates, their number reaches fifty thousand people. The reason is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast. Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused, hence government has announced giving away free land. Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose.^{[citation needed]}

Culture and art[edit]

Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments. In Vologda, 193 monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance.^[32] The most known of them are

• Vologda Kremlin (Bishop’s courtyard)
• Saint Sophia cathedral
• Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery
• ensemble of the Vladimir churches
• Konstantin and Elena church, St. John the Baptist Church in Roshcheniye with its frescoes
• Dmitry Prilutsky church
• Church of the Intercession on Kozlyona
• architectural ensembles of the Stone bridge and of the Revolyutsii Square

Of 116 historical cities of Russia only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture. Vologda is among them.

Trademarks[edit]

Vologda’s trademark products include Vologda lace, butter, and flax.

Museums[edit]

In Vologda, there are ten museums, four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery, and the gallery «Red bridge». The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve. Its structure now includes the following museums,

• Vologda Kremlin (Bishop’s courtyard)
• Peter the Great’s house museum (Peter’s house) – the first museum of Vologda (opened in 1885)
• Expocenter «Vologda at a boundary of centuries»
• Museum «World of the forgotten things»
• K. N. Batyushkov’s apartment museum
• Museum «Literature. Art. 20th century»
• Alexander Mozhaysky’s house museum
• Museum «Vologda exile»
• Museum of Architecture and Ethnography (Semyonkovo)

Additionally, Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the Museum of Diplomatic Corps which highlights the short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918.

Theaters[edit]

• Drama theater
• Theater for children and youth
• Puppet theater «Teremok»
• Chamber theater
• Philharmonic society of Valery Gavrilin
• Children’s musical theater

Annual festivals[edit]

The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda:

• «Voices of History» (the beginning of July, every year)
• Valery Gavrilin international music festival (every year, from October until December)
• «Summer in the Kremlin» (every even year, from June until July)
• The annual open international festival of multimedia art «Multimatograf»^[33]

Exhibitions[edit]

Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following:

• «Russian Flax»^[34]
• «Russian Wood»^[35]
• «Gates of the North»^[36]
• «Your Home»

Literature[edit]

Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda. The best known of them were Konstantin Batyushkov, Varlam Shalamov, Nikolay Rubtsov, and Vasily Belov and Vladimir Gilarovsky. Contemporary literature of Vologda is represented by a number of authors which include Nata Suchkova, Maria Markova, Galina Schekina, and Anton Chorny.

Institutions of higher education[edit]

• Vologda State Technical University
• Vologda State Pedagogical University
• N.V. Vereschagin Vologda State Dairy Academy
• Vologda Institute of Law and Economy of the Federal Penal Service
• Vologda Institute of Business
• Branches:
  • Vologda branch of the Moscow State Law Academy
  • Vologda branch of the Northwestern Academy of Public Service
  • Vologda branch of the Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics
  • Vologda branch of the International Academy of Business and New Technologies

Transportation[edit]

Vologda is a major transportation hub, located at the intersection of highways, railways, and waterways.

The public transport network is well developed in the city: There are both bus and trolleybus lines. The city has four big automobile bridges: two automobile bridges across the Vologda and two bridges across railways. There is one pedestrian bridge (the Red bridge) in the city center.

Railway[edit]

Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the Northern Railway. It includes the stations Vologda-1, Vologda-2, Rybkino, and Losta. The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the Russian Federation, with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily. Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from the railway station of Vologda-1.

Air[edit]

The Vologda Airport is situated 10 km from the city centre along the Arkhangelsk highway. Yak-40 aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow, Ukhta, Velikiy Ustyug, Kichmengsky Gorodok, and Vytegra. Helicopters Mi-2 and Mi-8 are used by the Vologda aviation company. They are used for the emergency aircraft and for the oil pipeline service.

Highways[edit]

The following highways go through Vologda:

• Federal highway М8 (Moscow – Yaroslavl – Vologda – Arkhangelsk – Severodvinsk). The entrance to Vologda from the Moscow side (south) is Okruzhnoe shosse and Koneva street, from the Arkhangelsk side (north) – Chernyshevskaya street.
• Road А-114 (Vologda – Cherepovets – Novaya Ladoga). The entrance to Vologda is Leningradskoe shosse and Okruzhnoe shosse.
• Line Р-5 (Vologda – Kirillov – Vytegra – Pudozh – Medvezhyegorsk). The entrance to Vologda is Alexander Klubov street.
• Roads of local importance lead to
  • Mozhaiskoye and Norobovo,
  • Fetinino (through Semyonkovo)
  • Gryazovets and Rostilovo (old Moscow highway).

The new ring road with modern exits connecting roads A-114, Р-5 and М-8 (the Arkhangelsk destination) is under construction around Vologda. The Arkhangelsk direction is still not connected by the ring road.

Urban public transport[edit]

The municipal transportation of Vologda is carried out by bus and trolleybus routes, and also by lines of fixed-route taxis. Regular bus service started in Vologda in 1929, the trolleybus service was open in 1976. As of November 2009, in Vologda there were five trolleybus routes, nineteen municipal bus routes, and about forty marshrutkas (routed taxis). The main transport companies are the open society «VologdaElectroTrans» (trolleybuses), PATP-1 and PATP-32 (municipal bus routes).

• 

• 

  PAZ-4230 «Aurora»

• 

  Mercedes-Benz O345

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

  Trolleybus VMZ-5298

• 

  VMZ-375

Industry[edit]

Currently, there are more than ten thousand enterprises of various patterns of ownership in Vologda. The most notable ones are:

• Closed joint-stock company «Vologda Bearing Factory» – produces bearings of various types
• Open joint stock company «Vagron» – alcohol production
• Open joint stock company «Vologda Machine-Building Plant» – produces various processing equipment for agriculture
• Open joint stock company «Vologda Optical and Mechanical Plant» – produces optical devices
• State-owned enterprise «Vologda Railway-Carriage Repair Works», branch of the Open Society of the Russian Railway – produces various trains, makes repair and reconstruction of old carriages
• Open joint stock company «Byvalovsky machinery plant» – the leading enterprise of the Northwest of Russia that produces cranes
• Open joint stock company «ElectroTechMash» – produces electric household and technological products
• Limited liability company «Central operating company» – building, designing, management of dwellings, management of the commercial real estate
• Open joint stock company «Trans-alpha» (former «Vologda mechanical factory») – produces trolleybuses and buses
• Opened joint-stock company «Vologda building designs and road machines factory» – produces mobile buildings for household, public, and industrial use
• Closed joint-stock company «SoyuzLesMontazh» – produces a wide range of equipment for wood processing and equipment for the paper industry

Traditional national crafts are presented by the closed joint-stock company «Snowflake» (lace), limited liability company «Hope» and other enterprises.

Sports[edit]

Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums «Dynamo», «Locomotive», «Vityaz», the swimming pools «Dynamo» and «Lagoon», the sports and concert complex «Spectrum», fitness centers, regional athletic spots.
Vologda is a home to:

• the male soccer team «Dynamo»
• the female basketball team «Chevakata»

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Vologda is twinned with:^[37]

Notable people[edit]

Arts[edit]

• Konstantin Batyushkov (1787–1855), poet
• Valery Gavrilin (1939–1999), composer
• Varlam Shalamov (1907–1982), writer, poet
• Georgi Vasilyev (1899–1946), film director, screenwriter
• Apollo Korzeniowski and his son Joseph Conrad, writers, were expelled to Vologda via court-martial order
• Anya Monzikova (born 25 August 1984), model and actress

Sciences[edit]

• Alexander Bykov (born 1962), historian, numismatist
• Khariton Chebotaryov (1746–1815), historian, rector of the Moscow University
• Nikolay Devyatkov (1907–2001), engineer and inventor
• Grigory Landsberg (1890–1957), physicist

Sports[edit]

• Yuliya Chekalyova (born 1984), cross-country skier
• Zhanna Gromova (born 1949), figure skating coach
• Nikolay Gulyayev (born 1966), speed skater
• Aleksandr Vladimirovich Kulikov (born 1988), football player
• Natalia Podolskaya (canoeist) (born 1993), canoeist
• Artur Rylov (born 1989), football player
• Tamara Rylova (born 1931), speed skater
• Adam Vishnyakov (born 1991), former professional football player
• Artem Yashkin (born 1975), football player

See also[edit]

• Northern Thebaid

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Вологодская городская Дума. Решение №301 от 25 августа 2005 г. «О принятии Устава муниципального образования «Город Вологда»», в ред. Решения №649 от 4 мая 2011 г «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования «Город Вологда»». Вступил в силу 1 января 2006 г.. Опубликован: «Вологодские новости», №34, 31 августа 2005 г. (Vologda City Duma. Decision #301 of August 25, 2005 On the Adoption of the Charter of the «City of Vologda» Municipal Formation, as amended by the Decision #649 of May 4, 2011 On Amending the Charter of the «City of Vologda» Municipal Formation. Effective as of January 1, 2006.).
• Законодательное Собрание Вологодской области. Закон №371-ОЗ от 4 июня 1999 г. «О вопросах административно-территориального устройства Вологодской области», в ред. Закона №2916-ОЗ от 7 декабря 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон области «О вопросах административно-территориального устройства Вологодской области»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Красный Север», №124–125, 29 июля 1999 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast. Law #371-OZ of June 4, 1999 On the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vologda Oblast, as amended by the Law #2916-OZ of December 7, 2012 On Amending the Oblast Law «On the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vologda Oblast». Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
• Правительство Вологодской области. Постановление №178 от 1 марта 2010 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц Вологодской области», в ред. Постановления №686 от 25 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые Постановления Правительства области». Вступил в силу 20 марта 2010 г. Опубликован: «Красный Север», №29, 20 марта 2010 г. (Government of Vologda Oblast. Resolution #178 of March 1, 2010 On Adopting the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Vologda Oblast, as amended by the Resolution #686 of June 25, 2012 On Amending Various Resolutions of the Oblast Government. Effective as of March 20, 2010.).
• Законодательное Собрание Вологодской области. Закон №1103-ОЗ от 6 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципального образования «Город Вологда» и наделении его статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №2809-ОЗ от 5 июля 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные законы области, устанавливающие границы и статус муниципальных образований области». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования (21 декабря 2004 г.). Опубликован: «Красный Север», №242, 11 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast. Law #1103-OZ of December 6, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the «City of Vologda» and on Granting It Urban Okrug Status, as amended by the Law #2809-OZ of July 5, 2012 On Amending Various Laws of the Oblast, Establishing the Borders and the Status of the Municipal Formations of the Oblast. Effective as of after 10 days from the day of the official publication (December 21, 2004).).
• Законодательное Собрание Вологодской области. Закон №1112-ОЗ от 6 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ Вологодского муниципального района, границах и статусе муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав», в ред. Закона №2809-ОЗ от 5 июля 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы области, устанавливающие границы и статус муниципальных образований области». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Красный Север», №242, 11 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast. Law #1112-OZ of December 6, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of Vologodsky Municipal District, on the Borders and Status of the Municipal Formations It Comprises, as amended by the Law #2809-OZ of July 5, 2012 On Amending Various Laws of the Oblast, Establishing the Borders and the Status of the Municipal Formations of the Oblast. Effective as of after 10 days from the day of the official publication.).
• Brumfield, William. Vologda Album (Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2005) ISBN 5-94607-050-9 (in English and in Russian)

Sources[edit]

• Vinogradova, E. A.; Fedyshin, I. N.; Fedyshin, N. N. (2013). «Икона из Вологодского Спасо-Всеградского собора «Спас Всемилостивый (Обыденный)» и её списки в собрании Вологодского музея-заповедника» [The Icon «Saviour, the Most Merciful (everyday)» and Its Copies in the Collection of Vologda Museum]. Вестник Псковского Государственного Университета. Серия: Социально-Гуманитарные Науки (in Russian). Vologda: Pskov State University (2): 188–202.

External links[edit]

• Official website of Vologda
• «Vologda (town)» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 197.
• Official website of Vologda (in Russian)
• Vologda in photos: photoarchive by William Brumfield (in Russian and English)
• Tracing Russia’s Past and Present in Vologda
• Detailed information on Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery (in Russian)
• Unofficial website of Vologda (in Russian)
• View from St. Sophia Cathedral bell tower
• Russian Pillow Lace (in Russian)
• Historic architecture of Vologda Archived April 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine (in English and Russian)
• Russia Beyond the Headlines. Treasures of the Vologda Region

Перевод «вологда» на английский

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Вологда

ж.р.
существительное

Склонение

Vologda

Штрафы за несанкционированную уличную торговлю в Вологде вырастут в разы

Fines for unauthorized street vending in Vologda to increase severalfold

Контексты

Так, этим фактором затронуты Петрозаводск (ансамбль памятников деревянного зодчества), Вологда (крепостные стены Кремля), Череповец (исторический центр), Звенигород Московской области (стены Саввино-Сторожевского монастыря) и т.д.
This factor is affecting objects in Petrozavodsk (ensemble of wooden architecture monuments), Vologda (fortress walls of the Kremlin), Cherepovets (historical centre), Zvenigorod in the Moscow province (walls of the Savvino-Storozhevski monastery), etc.

Штрафы за несанкционированную уличную торговлю в Вологде вырастут в разы
Fines for unauthorized street vending in Vologda to increase severalfold

Победу в нем одержал профессор из расположенного на северо-востоке страны города Вологды.
It was won by a history professor from the northwestern city of Vologda.

По мнению городских властей, увеличение размеров штрафов поможет навести порядок в Вологде и освободить улицы от стихийных палаток и лотков.
Municipal authorities believe that increased fines will help bring order to Vologda and free the streets from spontaneous booths and stalls.

Однако вскоре американским войскам пришлось встать на защиту ряда опорных пунктов вдоль железнодорожных путей, шедших в Мурманск и соединявших Архангельск с Вологдой.
But U.S. troops were soon defending a series of strongpoints strung along the railway lines running to Murmansk and connecting Arkhangelsk to Vologda.

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вологда

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Перевод «Вологда» на английский

Вологда была отправным пунктом важных водных путей, что также способствовало динамичному развитию города.

Vologda was the starting point of important waterways, which also contributed to the dynamic development of the city.

В XVI-XVII веках Вологда занимала особое место в установлении торговых отношений с заграницей.

In the 16th-17th centuries, Vologda occupied a special place in the establishment of trade relations with foreign countries.

Богатый центр средневековой русской культуры, Вологда имеет многочисленные церкви.

A rich center of medieval Russian culture, Vologda has numerous churches.

К середине 16 века Вологда стала важнейшим торговым и административным центром в северной России.

By the middle of the 16th century, Vologda had become the major trading and administrative center in northern Russia.

Сектор непростой, но благодаря профессиональной команде, мы рассчитываем на успешную реализацию новой стратегии развития «Вологда текстиль».

The sector is not an easy one, but thanks to a professional team, we look forward to the successful implementation of the new development strategy of «Vologda textile».

С приходом железной дороги на север во время трех последних десятилетий девятнадцатого века, Вологда стала важным региональным транспортным центром.

With the coming of railroads to the north during the last three decades of the nineteenth century, Vologda became an important regional transportation center.

Поэтому Вологда входит в число городов, обладающих особо ценным историческим наследием.

Vologda is among the cities that have particularly valuable historical heritage.

1985 — прошла специализацию по эндоскопии, г. Вологда.

1985 — passed the specialization in endoscopy, Vologda.

Вологда приятно удивит своих гостей богатым выбором интересных ресторанов и кафе, отдых в которых оставит только приятные впечатления.

Vologda will pleasantly surprise its guests with a rich choice of interesting restaurants and cafes, which a vacation in them will leave only pleasant impressions.

Третий раз подряд Вологда станет местом встречи мастеров кино и телевидения с туристическим сообществом и зрителями разных возрастов.

For the third time in a row Vologda will become a platform for discussion between masters of film and television, tourism community and audience of different types of age groups.

В настоящее время Вологда представляет собой крупный областной центр, где активно развивается туризм и сохраняется культурно-историческое наследие.

Now Vologda is a large regional center, actively developing tourist infrastructure and preserving cultural and historical heritage.

Вологда была и остается одним из признанных центров кружевного дела, бережно хранящим вековые традиции ручного кружевоплетения.

Vologda has been and is one of the recognized centers of lacemaking, treasuring age-old traditions of hand lacemaking.

Вологда — город с 800-летней историей, где так сильно любят букву О, что даже памятник ей поставили.

Vologda is a city with an 800-year history, where the letter O is so strongly loved that even a monument was dedicated to it.

В настоящее время Вологда — тихий провинциальный город с богатым историческим наследием: прекрасными архитектурными памятниками и интересными культурными традициями.

Now Vologda is a quiet provincial city with a rich historical heritage: beautiful architectural monuments and interesting cultural traditions.

Вологда и Вологодская область занимают отдельное почетное место в его работе.

Vologda and the Vologda region occupy an especially distinguished place in his work.

Вологда стала местом концентрации сторонников возвращения Василия II.

Vologda became a place of concentration of supporters of Vasily II’s return.

Благодаря поддержке банка в г. Вологда было завершено строительство трех семейных домов и проведены строительно-ремонтные работы.

With the Bank’s help, the city of Vologda completed the construction of three family homes and carried out other construction and repair work.

23 марта в городе Вологда рабочие местного машиностроительного завода пришли к плакатами к резиденции областного губернатора и едва не начали штурмовать здание.

Today, March 23, workers from the local machine plant in the city of Vologda came to the residence of the region’s governor and almost stormed the building.

Те, кто недавно были в старинном русском городе Вологда, наверняка приметили новые автобусы с очень оригинальным дизайном, обслуживающие городские маршруты.

Those who have recently been in the ancient Russian city of Vologda, certainly noticed the new buses with a very original design, serving the city routes.

По мнению специалистов на сегодняшний день Вологда — один из наиболее сохранившихся старинных городов страны, национальное достояние русского народа.

In opinion of experts for today Vologda is one of the most surviving ancient cities of the country and national property of Russian people.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 921. Точных совпадений: 198. Затраченное время: 202 мс

Documents

Корпоративные решения

Спряжение

Синонимы

Корректор

Справка и о нас

Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Морфемный разбор слова:

Однокоренные слова к слову:

Вологда

1 Вологда

2 Вологда

3 Вологда

4 Вологда

5 Вологда

6 Вологда

См. также в других словарях:

Вологда-1 — Станция Вологда 1 Северная железная дорога … Википедия

Вологда — город, центр Вологодской области РСФСР, на р. Вологда. Впервые упоминается в 1147. В XV XVII вв. крупный торговый и ремесленный центр. На территории старого центра города Архиерейского двора, окружённого каменными стенами и башнями (1671… … Художественная энциклопедия

Вологда — Вологда. Ансамбль Соборной площади на территории Архиерейского двора. 16 18 вв. ВОЛОГДА, город, центр Вологодской области, в России, на реке Вологда. 289,8 тысяч жителей. Железнодорожный узел, пристань. Машиностроение, пищевая (в том числе… … Иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь

ВОЛОГДА — город в Российской Федерации, центр Вологодской обл., пристань на р. Вологда. Железнодорожный узел. 290,2 тыс. жителей (1992). Машиностроение, пищевая, легкая (льнокомбинат, трикотажная, меховая фабрики) и др. промышленность. 3 вуза. 3 театра.… … Большой Энциклопедический словарь

ВОЛОГДА — ВОЛОГДА, город, центр Вологодской обл., пристань на р. Вологда. Ж. д. узел. 303,1 тыс. жителей (1998). Машиностроение, пищевая, лёгкая (льнокомбинат, швейная, меховая фабрики) и др. промышленность. 3 вуза. 2 театра. Дом музей Петра I,… … Русская история

вологда — сущ., кол во синонимов: 2 • город (2765) • река (2073) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 … Словарь синонимов

вологда-18 — сущ., кол во синонимов: 1 • федотово (1) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 … Словарь синонимов

Вологда — губернский город Вологодской губернии на широте северной59 … Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Ефрона

Вологда — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Вологда (значения). Город Вологда … Википедия

Вологда I — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Вологда (значения). Координаты: 59°12′25″ с. ш. 39°52′56″ в. д. / 59.206944° с. ш. 39.882222° в. д. … Википедия

Источник

Vologda city, Russia

Vologda is one of the largest cities of Russian North, the administrative center of Vologda Oblast. Located about 470 km north of Moscow, it is one of the Russian cities with a particularly valuable historical heritage.

Vologda city flag

Vologda city coat of arms

Vologda city map, Russia

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History of Vologda

Foundation of Vologda

The official year of foundation of Vologda is 1147. However, many historians and archaeologists express doubts about it and are more inclined to believe that Vologda was founded in the middle of the 13th century. In 1264, Vologda was first mentioned in written sources. The birch bark manuscript found in Vologda dates back to 1320-1340.

Until the end of the 14th century, Vologda was subordinate to the Novgorod Republic. But since the end of the 13th century, due to its favorable geographical position at the crossroads of waterways, it repeatedly became the object of wars between Novgorod, the princes of Tver and Moscow.

In 1397, the Moscow prince Vasily I by military means de facto annexed Vologda to his possessions. Under Ivan III (1440-1505), Vologda became a gathering place for troops during military campaigns, storage of the treasury and grain reserves, as well as a place of exile.

During the reign of Tsar Ivan IV (1530-1584), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, Vologda became one of the most important transit centers in Russia’s foreign trade with England, the Netherlands, and other European countries, as well as with Siberia.

In 1565, Ivan IV decided to turn Vologda into the capital of the Oprichnina (the first political police in Russian history) and ordered the construction of the stone Vologda Kremlin. In 1568, on the territory of the fortress, the construction of the St. Sophia Cathedral, the first stone building in Vologda, began. The construction lasted until 1570 and was carried out on the model of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

In 1571, Ivan IV unexpectedly stopped construction work in Vologda and left it forever. As possible reasons, historians identify the abolition of Oprichnina (and, consequently, its center), the raid of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray to Moscow, as a result of which it was almost completely burned down, and the plague epidemic.

There is also a legend that during one of his visits to St. Sophia Cathedral, a stone (or a piece of plaster) fell from its roof on Ivan IV’s head, which the tsar took as a bad sign. In support of this legend, the fact is cited that the St. Sophia Cathedral, which Ivan IV even wanted to disassemble, wasn’t consecrated during his reign. It was done only during the reign of his son Fyodor Ioannovich in 1587.

Vologda in the 17th-19th centuries

After the end of the Time of Troubles, Vologda experienced a new heyday. According to the census of 1678, the town had 1,420 households, second only to Moscow (4,845 households) and Yaroslavl (2,236 households).

During the reign of Peter I (1672-1725), Vologda, in addition to its trade and craft importance, became a major military base and a shipbuilding center. Peter I stayed in the town 5 times. The place of his stay in Vologda was the house of the Dutch merchant I. Goutman. In 1885, it was turned into the House-Museum of Peter I.

However, with the founding of St. Petersburg, which opened the sea route to Europe through the Baltic Sea, the importance of Vologda as a center of Russia’s foreign trade fell sharply. In addition, Vologda ceased to be an administrative center. In 1722, by Peter’s decree on the restriction of trade through Arkhangelsk, Vologda found itself completely aside from trade routes and turned into an ordinary provincial town.

Some revival came under Catherine II, who made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty in 1780. In 1791, the Russian writer and traveler Peter Chelishchev recorded that there were 8,156 people in Vologda, 1,572 wooden and 38 stone houses, 49 stone churches, 129 shops, and 72 manufactories. In 1796, by the decree of Paul I, Vologda Viceroyalty was renamed into Vologda Governorate.

The new economic growth of Vologda was associated with the launch of the Mariinsky and Severo-Dvinskaya water systems, steamship traffic along the Sukhona River, and with the construction of a railway line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow (1872), with Arkhangelsk (1898), with St. Petersburg and Vyatka (1905).

In 1871, entrepreneur Friedrich Bouman opened the first Russian specialized butter factory in the village of Marfino of the Vologda county, and in 1872, another butter factory in the nearby village of Fominskoye (13 km from Vologda). Vologda became the center of the Russian dairy industry, and “Vologda butter” became a global brand.

Vologda continued to be a place of exile and received the nickname “near-capital Siberia” in the 19th century. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, such famous figures as I.V. Stalin, V.M. Molotov, N.A. Berdyaev, B.V. Savinkov, M.I. Ulyanova, A.V. Lunacharsky, and A.A. Bogdanov were in exile in Vologad. According to rough estimates, a total of about 10 thousand people passed through the Vologda exile.

According to the First All-Russian Census of 1897, 27,872 people lived in Vologda. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, a power station, a water supply system, and a telephone station were built. Traditional folk crafts continued to develop, primarily lace-making. In 1912, there were up to 40,000 lace makers in the vicinity of Vologda.

Vologda in the 20th century

Soviet power in Vologda was established in January 1918. In February 1918, Vologda became the “diplomatic capital of Russia” for several months. Fearing the capture of Petrograd (St. Petersburg) by German troops, about 11 embassies, consulates and diplomatic missions headed by the US ambassador David Rowland Francis were evacuated here. On July 24, 1918, under pressure from the Bolsheviks, diplomats were forced to leave Vologda. During the Russian Civil War, due to refugees, the military, the migration of peasants, the population of Vologda at times reached 60,000 people.

In 1929, Vologda lost its status as a regional center for some time. In the 1930s, industrialization took place in the city: a flax mill, a plant for the manufacture of sawmill equipment “Northern Kommunar”, a garment factory named after Clara Zetkin, and other plants. In 1931, the Oktyabrsky Bridge, the first stone bridge across the Vologda River, was opened. In 1937, a separate Vologda Oblast was established again.

By the beginning of World War II, about 100,000 people lived in Vologda. During the war, the city turned into a large evacuation (mainly for residents of besieged Leningrad) and hospital center. In the winter and spring of 1942, Vologda accepted about 550,000 refugees from Leningrad. A lot of them died of disease and exhaustion in Vologda.

In the postwar years, Vologda became a major center of mechanical engineering. The rapid growth of industry caused an intensive influx of population. In 1973, the city’s population exceeded 200,000. In 1989, the population of Vologda was about 283,000 people.

The 1990s were very difficult for Vologda, as well as for the whole of Russia. Economic and business ties changed significantly or even stopped altogether.

Vologda views

Author: Andrey Litvin

In the historic center of Vologda

Author: Aleksey Backlushin

On the territory of the Vologda Kremlin

Author: Sergey Duhanin

This city is a large economic center of Vologda Oblast and the Northwestern Federal District with a developed industry and a diverse range of services. The backbone of the city’s economy is industry formed mainly in the 1950s-1980s.

Vologda is one of the cultural centers of the Russian North: civil wooden architecture, Vologda lace, stone church architecture, icon painting. Historically, the Vologda culture was formed as a fusion of Novgorod (wooden architecture), Rostov and Moscow (stone church building and icon painting) traditions, while the role of the indigenous Finno-Ugric population is small and manifests itself mainly in toponymy and folk culture.

The city has an interesting historical and architectural heritage. The historical appearance of Vologda was formed by a harmonious combination of monuments of stone and wooden architecture. With the exception of churches destroyed during the Soviet era and rebuilt squares, the historical buildings of the city center are relatively well preserved.

In Vologda, there are more than 190 monuments of architecture and history of federal significance. Among the historical cities of Russia, Vologda occupies a special place in terms of the number and importance of monuments of wooden architecture.

Main Attractions of Vologda

Vologda Lace Museum. Vologda lace is a well-known tourist brand that plays a key role in the theme of many Vologda excursions along with wooden architecture. The collection of this unique museum has not only works of local artisans, but also exhibits that tell about the world history of lacemaking, magnificent costumes, home textiles, jewelry, and paintings.

There is also a shop, a cafe, a creative workshop, and a classroom here. In the shop, visitors can purchase a variety of lace products (most of the items are made in a single copy). Kremlyovskaya Square, 10.

Museum “Vologda Exile”. In pre-revolutionary Russia, Vologda was one of the places where political prisoners were exiled. In 2007, a museum dedicated to these events was opened in a wooden house on Maria Ulyanova Street, 33. The building is notable for the fact that Joseph Stalin, who was in exile, lived here for several months in 1911-1912. The exposition tells about famous political prisoners and their activities.

Center for Folk Arts and Crafts “Carved Palisade”. This center hosts lectures on topics related to the folk culture of the Vologda region, historical and archaeological discoveries; personal and thematic exhibitions of artists; master classes on patchwork, traditional dolls, lace-making, birch-weaving, carving, and painting on wood, ceramics, etc.; concerts of Vologda performers of folk songs. Here you can also find a permanent exhibition of folk arts and crafts and a shop with a great selection of handmade designer souvenirs. Zasodimskogo Street, 5.

Источник

Субъекты Российской Федерации.

Тетратека

НАЗВАНИЯ СУБЪЕКТОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Часто у переводчиков возникает вопрос, как правильно писать на английском языке названия субъектов Российской Федерации. На наш взгляд самым логичным было посмотреть перевод Конституции Российской Федерации, выложенный на каком-то из заслуживающих доверие сайтах, например, на www.constitution.ru.

Согласно переводу статьи 65 Конституции РФ на английском языке субъекты РФ имеют следующие названия:

Республика Адыгея (Адыгея) Republic of Adygeya Республика Алтай Republic of Altai Республика Башкортостан Republic of Bashkortostan Республика Бурятия Republic of Buryatia Республика Дагестан Republic of Daghestan Республика Ингушетия Republic of Ingushetia Кабардино-Балкарская Республика Kabardino-Balkarian Republic Республика Калмыкия Republic of Kalmykia Карачаево-Черкесская Республика Karachayevo-Circassian Republic Республика Карелия Republic of Karelia Республика Коми Komi Republic Республика Крым Republic of Crimea Республика Марий Эл Republic of Mari El Республика Мордовия Republic of Mordovia Республика Саха (Якутия) Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Республика Северная Осетия – Алания Republic of North Ossetia – Alania Республика Татарстан (Татарстан) Republic of Tatarstan Республика Тыва Republic of Tuva Удмуртская Республика Udmurtian Republic Республика Хакасия Republic of Khakassia Чеченская Республика Chechen Republic Чувашская Республика – Чувашия Chuvash Republic

Territories Алтайский край Altai Territory Забайкальский край Trans-Baikal Territory Камчатский край Kamchatka Territory Краснодарский край Krasnodar Territory Красноярский край Krasnoyarsk Territory Пермский край Perm Territory Приморский край Primorye Territory Ставропольский край Stavropol Territory Хабаровский край Khabarovsk Territory

Амурская область Amur Region Архангельская область Arkhangelsk Region Астраханская область Astrakhan Region Белгородская область Belgorod Region Брянская область Bryansk Region Владимирская область Vladimir Region Волгоградская область Volgograd Region Вологодская область Vologda Region Воронежская область Voronezh Region Ивановская область Ivanovo Region Иркутская область Irkutsk Region Калининградская область Kaliningrad Region Калужская область Kaluga Region Кемеровская область Kemerovo Region Кировская область Kirov Region Костромская область Kostroma Region Курганская область Kurgan Region Курская область Kursk Region Ленинградская область Leningrad Region Липецкая область Lipetsk Region Магаданская область Magadan Region Московская область Moscow Region Мурманская область Murmansk Region Нижегородская область Nizhny Novgorod Region Новгородская область Novgorod Region Новосибирская область Novosibirsk Region Омская область Omsk Region Оренбургская область Orenburg Region Орловская область Orel Region Пензенская область Penza Region Псковская область Pskov Region Ростовская область Rostov Region Рязанская область Ryazan Region Самарская область Samara Region Саратовская область Saratov Region Сахалинская область Sakhalin Region Свердловская область Sverdlovsk Region Смоленская область Smolensk Region Тамбовская область Tambov Region Тверская область Tver Region Томская область Tomsk Region Тульская область Tula Region Тюменская область Tyumen Region Ульяновская область Ulyanovsk Region Челябинская область Chelyabinsk Region Ярославская область Yaroslavl Region

Города федерального значения

Cities o f Federal Importance

Москва Moscow Санкт-Петербург St. Petersburg Севастополь Sevastopol

Autonomous Region s

Еврейская автономная область Jewish Autonomous Region

Ненецкий автономный округ Nenets Autonomous Area Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ – Югра Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area – Yugra Чукотский автономный округ Chukotka Autonomous Area Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area

Мы в своей работе используем именно этот вариант.

Справедливости ради следует отметить, что перевод Конституции РФ, размещенный на сайте www.kremlin.ru, несколько отличается. Перевод названий субъектов в статье 65 полностью соответствует приведенной таблице, но вот в переводе статьи 66 мы видим следующую картину: «The status of a kray, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast, autonomous okrug shall be determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the charter of the kray, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast and autonomous okrug which is adopted by the legislative (representative) body of the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation.» – т.е. «Territory» превращается в «Kray», «Region» в «Oblast», «City of Federal Importance» в «City of Federal Significance», «Autonomous Region» в «Autonomous Oblast», а «Autonomous Area» в «Autonomous Okrug». Все, что можно было перевести по-другому, было переведено по-другому.

Но это, скорее всего, временное явление и в ближайшем будущем размещенный текст будет заменен, дабы устранить разночтение.

Источник